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Introduction: Sources of Energy

Class Instructor :
RINO D.A. FERNANDEZ

Introduction: Sources of Energy

01 INTRODUCTION

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Introduction: Sources of Energy Introduction: Sources of Energy

Electrical Sub-station Distribution Panelboard

Introduction: Sources of Energy Introduction: Sources of Energy

Plan showing Electrical Loads

Service Entrance

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Introduction: Sources of Energy Introduction: Sources of Energy

OFF-SITE ON-SITE
Nuclear Power Plant

Power Plant - photovoltaic

- geothermal - wind turbine
- hydropower - geothermal
- nuclear, etc - stream hydro electric

Introduction: Sources of Energy Introduction: Sources of Energy

Global Sources Oil

of Energy

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Introduction: Sources of Energy Introduction: Sources of Energy

OFF-SITE ON-SITE
Wind
Turbine
Power Plant - photovoltaic
- geothermal - wind turbine
- hydropower - geothermal
- nuclear, etc - stream hydro electric

Introduction: Sources of Energy Introduction: Sources of Energy

Hydroelectric Power Plant Photovoltaic or

Solar Panels

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Introduction: Sources of Energy Introduction: Sources of Energy

Photovoltaic or Wind Turbine

Solar Panels

Introduction: Sources of Energy Introduction: Sources of Energy

Photovoltaic or Geothermal Source

Solar Panels

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Basic Theory: Electron Theory

Elements of an Atom

02 BASIC THEORY

Basic Theory: Defining Electricity Basic Theory: Electron Theory

Free Electrons
electricity
a form of energy resulting from the existence
of charged subatomic particles such as the
electron and proton.

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Basic Theory: Electrical Charges Basic Theory

Conductors
Positive & Negative Charges

Insulators

Basic Theory: Electrical Charges Basic Theory

Conductors
Attraction & Repulsion
of Electrical Charges Gold - Best
Silver - Best
Copper - Good
Aluminum - Good
Steel - Fair
Iron - Fair
Other metals - Fair
Salt Water - Fair

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Basic Theory Basic Theory

Insulators
Common Insulators for
Glass - Good Electrical Wires & Cables
Porcelain - Good
Plastic
Dry Wood - Good
Paper - Good
Thermoplastic
Plastic - Good
capable of softening when heated & of
Rubber - Good
hardening again when cooled
Water (pure) - Fair
Thermosetting
An insulating material is sometimes called a becomes permanently rigid when heated &
dielectric cannot be softened again

Basic Theory Basic Theory

Thermoplastic
Types of Insulated Conductors - polycarbonate
- polyethylene
Wire - polypropylene
a pliable metallic strand or a twisted or - polystyrene
woven assembly of such strands, often - polyvinyl & vinyl
insulated w/ dielectric material & used as a
conductor of electricity Thermosetting
- polyester
Cable - polyurethane
a single insulated conductor or a bound or - epoxy
sheathed combinations of conductors - melamine
insulated from one another - phenolic

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Basic Theory
Insulation
Codes for
Electrical Cross sections & ratings of common wires
Wires

Basic Theory

Insulated Wire Coding

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Basic Theory Basic Theory

Types of Cables
Non-metallic Sheated Cable and
Service Entrance Cable (SE & USE)
SE cable
Non-metallic
Non-metallic Sheathed Cable (NM or NMC)
Underground Feeder (UF)
Metal-clad Cables
Flexible Armored Cable (AC)
Metal Clad Cable (MC)
Communication Cable
Coaxial Cable
Telephone Cable

Basic Theory Basic Theory

Service Non-metallic
Entrance Sheathed
Cable Cable (NM)

Type SE - also called Romex

for above-ground - for indoor use, dry locations
use - protected with paper insulation & a
thermoplastic jacket
Type USE
for underground
use

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Basic Theory Basic Theory

Underground Metal
Feeder (UF) Clad (MC)

- for outdoor & indoor use, damp or wet
locations
- should be buried directly in the ground
- factory assembled cable w/ two or more
insulated conductors
- used for services feeders, either concealed or
exposed
- for indoor or outdoor use

Basic Theory Basic Theory

Flexible Metal
Armored (AC) Clad (MC)

- also BX or Greenfield Cable

- used both in exposed and concealed work

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Basic Theory Basic Theory

Metal
Clad (MC) Various Forms of
Electrical
Conductors

Basic Theory Basic Theory

Various Forms of Various Forms of

Electrical Electrical
Conductors Conductors

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Basic Theory Basic Theory

Wire and Cable Additional Protection.. Purpose of Conduit

CONDUIT 1. Protect the enclosed wiring from mechanical

injury and damage from the surrounding
Non-metallic atmosphere
- PVC
2. Provide a grounded metal enclosure for the
Metallic wiring in order to avoid a shock hazard
- Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC)
- Electric Metallic Tubing (EMT)
- Flexible Metal Conduit (FMC)

Basic Theory Basic Theory

Conduit Purpose of Conduit

A tube, pipe, or duct for 3. Provide a system ground path

enclosing and protecting
electric wires and cables 4. Protect surroundings against a fire hazard as a
result of overheating or arcing of the
enclosed conductors

5. Support the conductors

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Basic Theory Basic Theory

PVC Conduit Rigid Steel

Conduit

Basic Theory Basic Theory

Metal Conduit
Rigid Steel
Conduit
Rigid Steel (RS)
Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC)
Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT)
Aluminum Conduit (AL)

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Basic Theory Basic Theory

Flexible Metallic
Electrical
Conduit
Metallic
Conduit known to the trade
as Greenfield

Basic Theory Basic Theory

RMC threadless
connector & Flexible Metallic
coupling Conduit

used principally for motor connections and

other locations where vibration is present,
where movement is encountered, or where
physical obstructions make its use
necessary

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Basic Theory Basic Theory

Raceways & Cablebus

Flexible
Metallic Types:
Conduit
Surface Raceways
Metallic
Nonmetallic
Floor Raceways
Underfloor raceways
Cellular metal floor raceways
Cellular concrete floor raceways
Full Access Floor

Basic Theory Basic Theory

Aluminium Conduit Raceways & Cablebus

Advantages: Types:

Lighter than steel, even lighter than EMT Surface Metal Raceways
Has better corrosion resistance in most
atmospheres may be utilized only in dry,
Nonmagnetic, giving a lower voltage drop nonhazardous,
Nonsparking noncorrosive locations
Does not require painting and may generally contain
only wiring operating
below 300 V

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Basic Theory Basic Theory

Raceways & Cablebus Raceways & Cablebus

Types: Underfloor Raceways

Multichannel An arrangement of parallel

Nonmetallic rectangular metal or heavy
Surface plastic raceways laid on
Raceways the structural slab and
covered with concrete fill

Basic Theory

Underfloor
Raceways & Cablebus Raceways
Types:

Surface Raceways
Metallic
Nonmetallic
Floor Raceways
Underfloor raceways
Cellular metal floor raceways
Cellular concrete floor raceways
Full Access Floor

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Basic Theory

Underfloor
Raceways Raceways & Cablebus

Cellular Metal Floor

Raceways

a fully accessible
floor raceways,
provided by a
cellular (metal) floor
that is an integrated
structural or
electrical system

Basic Theory

Underfloor
Raceways Raceways & Cablebus

Precast Cellular Concrete Floor

Disadvantages:
Raceways
Underfloor duct systems are expensive
An enclosed, tubular space in a floor
made of precast cellular concrete
Can add 50% to the buildings electric
slabs for electrical, data, and signal
system cost
wiring systems

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Basic Theory
Precast Cellular Concrete Floor
Raceways
Raceways & Cablebus

Types:

Surface Raceways
Metallic
Nonmetallic
Floor Raceways
Underfloor raceways
Cellular metal floor raceways
Cellular concrete floor raceways
Full Access Floor

Basic Theory
Precast Cellular Concrete Floor
Raceways
Full-access Floor

applicable to spaces with

very heavy cabling
requirements, particularly
if frequent recabling and
reconnection are required

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Full-
access
Floor

03 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

Basic Theory: Electrical Charges

Full-
Attraction & Repulsion
access
of Electrical Charges
Floor

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Basic Theory: Electrical Charges
Coulombs Law of Charges
Charles A. Coulomb discovered that charged
bodies attract or repel each other with a force
that is directly proportional to the product of
the charges, and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them
Basic Theory: Electrical Charges
The flow of free electrons is referred to as
CURRENT
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Basic Theory: Electrical Charges
CURRENT
- designated by the symbol I
- determined by the number of electrons that
pass through a cross-section of a
conductor in one second
- unit of measurement is amperes, A
Basic Theory: Electrical Charges
The force that is applied to a conductor that
causes electric current to flow is referred to as
VOLTAGE
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Basic Theory: Electrical Charges Basic Theory: Electrical Charges

VOLTAGE

- designated by the symbol E

- potential difference and electromotive force

expressed in volts; analogous to
pressure in water flow

- unit of measurement is volts, V

The opposition of a conductor to the flow of
current is referred to as RESISTANCE

Basic Theory: Electrical Charges Basic Theory: Electrical Charges

Source of Voltage RESISTANCE

- designated by the symbol R

-unit of measurement is ohms,

- resistance of a conductor increases with an

increase of length or a decrease of
cross-section

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Basic Theory: Electrical Charges
RESISTANCE
Basic Theory: Electric Circuit
Electric Circuit
A simple electric circuit consists of a voltage
source, some type of load, and a conductor to
allow electrons to flow between the voltage
source and the load
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Basic Theory: Electric Circuit
Battery provides the voltage source
Electrical Wires as the conductor for the current
Bulb provides the Resistance
Basic Theory: Electric Circuit
A CIRCUIT is a complete path of an electric
current, including the source of the electric
energy
In a CIRCUIT, there is a fundamental relationship
that exists between Current, Voltage, and
Resistance.that will lead us to..
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Basic Theory: Electric Circuit Basic Theory: Electric Circuit

Ohms Law
OHMS LAW
- formulated by Georg Simon Ohm, a German
physicist

- when the voltage in a circuit increases the

current increases

Basic Theory: Electric Circuit Basic Theory: Electric Circuit

Sample Application #1:

A lightbulb is plugged into a wall outlet. If the

lightbulb has a resistance of 440 and the
current in the lightbulb is 0.5 A, what is the
voltage provided by the outlet?

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Basic Theory: Electric Circuit Basic Theory: Electric Circuit

Sample Application #2: Kinds of Electrical Circuits:

What is the current in a flashlight bulb with a

- Series Circuits
resistance of 30 if the voltage provided by the
flashlight batteries is 3.0 V?
- Parallel Circuits

Basic Theory: Electric Circuit Basic Theory: Electric Circuit

Series Circuits:
Sample Application #3:
An arrangement of component in an electric
What is the resistance of a lightbulb connected to circuit in which the same current flows through
a 220-V wall outlet if the current in the lightbulb is each component in turn without branching
1.0 A?

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Basic Theory: Electric Circuit Basic Theory: Electric Circuit

Parallel Circuits:
General Purpose Branch Circuits:
An arrangement of component in an electric
circuit in which all positive terminals are
Supplies outlets for lighting, and appliances,
connected to one conductor & all the negative
including convenience receptacles
terminal are connected to the second
conductor, the same voltage are being applied
to each component

Basic Theory: Electric Circuit Basic Theory: Electric Circuit

Electrical Circuits Classified by NEC: Appliance Branch Circuit:

- General Purpose Branch Circuit Supplies outlets intended for feeding

appliances.
- Appliance Branch Circuit

- Individual Branch Circuit

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Basic Theory: Electric Circuit Load Chart for Residential Appliances:

Appliances Watts Rqrd Breaker Appliance/s

Amperage in Circuit
Individual Branch Circuit:
Water Heater (MP) 4,500 30 AT 1
Designed to supply a single specific item Water Heater (SP) 1,600 20 1
Television 300 20 1 or more
Audio Centre 350 20 1 or more
PC & Peripherals 1,000 20 1 or more
Pumps 1,200 20 1

Load Chart for Residential Appliances: Basic Theory: Electric Circuit

Appliances Watts Rqrd Breaker Appliance/s

Amperage in Circuit

Range 4,500 30 AT 1
Air Con (3/4hp) 1,200 30 AT 1
Central Air Con 5,000 40 1
Range Tops 6,000 30 1
Dryer 5,000 30 1
Dishwasher 1,200 20 1
Microwave 1,000 20 1 or more
Refrigerator 300 20 1 or more
Freezer 350 20 1 or more
Washing Machine 1,200 20 1
Hand iron 1,650 20 1

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Basic Theory: Electric Circuit Branch Protection

Branch Circuits must be protected from

OVERCURRENT

Branch Protection

OVERCURRENT

An excessive current flow in the circuit, due

to the following:

- overload in the equipment or

conductors

- short circuit
04 BRANCH PROTECTION

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Branch Protection

Overcurrent Protection Devices

Overcurrent protection devices are designed

to protect equipment and structures from
fire.

It stops the flow of current in a circuit when

the amperage is too high for the circuit.

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Branch Protection Branch Protection

Circuit Breaker
A switch that automatically interrupts an
electric circuit to prevent excess current from
damaging apparatus in a circuit or from
causing a fire

Branch Protection Branch Protection

Types of Overcurrent Protection Devices:

Circuit Breaker

Fuse

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Branch Protection Branch Protection

Ground-Fault
Circuit-Interrupter
(GFCI)
(GFCI) help protect individuals against shock,
in addition to providing current overload
protection

it detects even a very small current leak to a

ground, which may not be detected by a
conventional circuit breaker

Branch Protection Branch Protection

Ground-Fault Ground-Fault
Circuit-Interrupter Circuit-Interrupter
(GFCI) (GFCI)

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Branch Protection Branch Protection

Switchboard

Branch Protection Branch Protection

Switchboard Switchboard

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Branch Protection

Fuse
An overcurrent protective device with a circuit
opening fusible element which opens (break)
when there is an overcurrent in the circuit

Branch Protection Branch Protection

Typical Molded Case Circuit Breaker

Frame Size Trip Setting Voltage Remarks Fuse

50 A 15 20 30 40 50 240 V 1-3 poles

100 A 15 20 30 40 240 V 1-3 poles
50 70 90 100 600 V
225A 70 90 100 125 600 V 1-3 poles
150 175 200 225
400A/600A 125 150 175 200 225 600 V 1-3 poles
250 300 350 400 500 600
800A/1200A 250 300 350 400 500 600 V 1-3 poles
600 800 1000 1200
1600A 400 600 800 1000 600 V 1-3 poles
1200 1600

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Load Chart for Residential Appliances:

Appliances Watts Rqrd Breaker Appliance/s

Amperage in Circuit

Range 4,500 30 AT 1
Air Con (3/4hp) 1,200 30 AT 1
Central Air Con 5,000 40 1
Range Tops 6,000 30 1
Dryer 5,000 30 1
Dishwasher 1,200 20 1
Microwave 1,000 20 1 or more
Refrigerator 300 20 1 or more
Freezer 350 20 1 or more
Washing Machine 1,200 20 1
Hand iron 1,650 20 1

Load Chart for Residential Appliances: Branch Protection

Appliances Watts Rqrd Breaker Appliance/s Typical Molded Case Circuit Breaker
Amperage in Circuit
Frame Size Trip Setting Voltage Remarks
Water Heater (MP) 4,500 30 AT 1
50 A 15 20 30 40 50 240 V 1-3 poles
Water Heater (SP) 1,600 20 1 100 A 15 20 30 40 240 V 1-3 poles
Television 300 20 1 or more
50 70 90 100 600 V
Audio Centre 350 20 1 or more
225A 70 90 100 125 600 V 1-3 poles
PC & Peripherals 1,000 20 1 or more
150 175 200 225
Pumps 1,200 20 1
400A/600A 125 150 175 200 225 600 V 1-3 poles
250 300 350 400 500 600
800A/1200A 250 300 350 400 500 600 V 1-3 poles
600 800 1000 1200
1600A 400 600 800 1000 600 V 1-3 poles
1200 1600

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