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Module 1
Q1. Define fluid and distinguish between ideal and real fluids. [D-15-Q1 (a)-5m]

Ans:

Definition of fluid:

A fluid is a substance which is capable of flowing.


Or.
A fluid is a substance which deforms continuously when subjected to external shearing force.

Characteristics of Fluid:
It has no definite shape of its own, but conforms to the shape of the containing vessel.
Even a small amount of shear force exerted on a liquid/ fluid will cause it to undergo a deformation which
continues as long as the force continues to be applied.

Difference between ideal and real fluids

Sr.no. Ideal fluids. Real Fluids.


1. A fluid, which is incompressible and is having A fluid, which possesses viscosity, is known as real
no viscosity, is known as an ideal fluid. fluid.

2. An ideal fluid is only an imaginary fluid and do All the fluids, in actual practice, are real fluids.
not exist in the nature.

Q2.How fluids are classified? Represents different types of fluids on shear stress Vs velocity gradient plot.
[M-14-Q1-(1) -5m]
Ans:
The fluids are classified are as follows:

a. Ideal fluid: A fluid, which is incompressible and is having no viscosity, is known as an ideal fluid.
An ideal fluid is only an imaginary fluid as all the fluids, which exist, have some viscosity.

b. Real fluid: A fluid, which possesses viscosity, is known as real fluid.


All the fluids, in actual practice, are real fluids.

c. Newtonian fluid: A fluid, which follows Newtons law of viscosity, is known as Newtonian fluid.
Example: water, kerosene, air, etc.

d. Non-Newtonian fluid: A fluid, which does not follows Newtons law of viscosity, is known as Newtonian
fluid.
Example: Solution, slurry, mud flow, blood flow,

e. Plastic fluid:
In the case ofa plastic substance which is non-Newtonian fluid an initial yield stress is to be exceeded to cause a
continuous deformation. These substances are represented by straight line intersecting the vertical axis at the
"yieldstress" (Refer to Fig. 1 ).

An ideal plastic (or Bingham plastic) has a definite yield stress and a constant linear relation between shear stress
and the rate of angular deformation.
Examples: Sewage sludge, drilling mudsetc.

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A thyxotropic substance, which is non-Newtonian fluid, has a non-linear relationship between the shear stress and
the rate of angular deformation, beyond an initial yield stress Theprinters ink is an example of thyxotropic
substance.

Q3.Figure 1 shows the rheological behavior of four types of viscous fluids. With reference to this figure, match the
following two lists.
[D-14-Q1-(a) -5m]
List I List II

a. Curve A 1. Dilatant.
b. Curve B 2. Ideal Bingham.
c. Curve C 3. Pseudo Plastic.
d. Curve D 4. Ideal Bingham.

Ans:
The curves correspond to the following fluid classes:

List I List II

a) Curve A 1. Dilatant.
b) Curve B 4. Ideal Bingham.
c) Curve C 3. Pseudo Plastic.
d) Curve D 2. Ideal Bingham.

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Q4.Explain Newtons law of viscosity and concept of continuum of fluid.


[M-15-Q1-(A) -5m]
Ans:
Newtons law of viscosity states that, shear stresses produced at any layer in fluid are directly proportional to the
relative velocity of that fluid layer and is inversely proportional to the distance of layer from fixed surface over
which fluid flows.

By Newtons law of viscosity

=
Where, =
.
=

Unit:

And = .

Concept of continuum of fluid:

Fluid properties are treated to be same at a point and identical in all directions from a specified point.
A continuous and homogeneous fluid medium is called continuum.
From the continuum view point, the overall properties and behavior of fluids can be studied without regard
of its atomic and molecular structure.

Q5.Two disc of 250 mm diameter are placed 1.5 mm apart and the gap is filled with oil. A power of 500 w is
required to rotate the upper disc at 500 rpm while keeping the lower one stationary. Determine the viscosity of the
oil. [M-14-Q1-(5) -5m]

Ans:
Given:
= = .

= = . = .
=
=

= = . /
Solution:
Consider an elemental layer at a distance of r having thickness dr and area dA= 2rdr
By Newtons law of viscosity
=

=
Also, Torque is,

= =
Equating equation (i) and (ii), we get

=

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Now, elemental torque required to rotate bearing


=

=

=

=

=
Now putting given conditions in equation (A)
. .
=
=
.
= . . / /

Q6.Explain hydrostatic Law.


[D-15-Q1-(c) -5m]
Ans:
The hydrostatic law is a principle that identifies the amount of pressure exerted at a specific point in a given area of
fluid.
Consider an arbitrary fluid element which is below the surface of the liquid as shown in the figure.

Forces acting on the fluid element are pressure forces normal to the surface and the weight of the fluid in a
downward direction.
Let P be the pressure acting on the upper surface of the fluid element and (P+dP) be the pressure acting on the
lower surface of the fluid element.
Let dA be the elementary surface area of the fluid element and dh be the height of the fluid element.
Since, Pressure = Force/Area
Hence, =
= ---------------(1)
We know that,
=

Hence, =
= .
= ) -----------(2)
From the above figure, we can write

Force on upper area + Weight of the fluid = Force on the lower layer
+ = +


Hence, = = .

If h is taken positive in vertically upward direction, then



= = .
This is the formula for the Hydrostatic law or hydrostatic pressure.

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Q7.A sliding gate 3m and 1.5m high situated in a vertical plane has a coefficient of friction between itself and guide
of 0.18. If the gate is 19 N and its upper edge is at a depth of 9 m, what vertical force is required to raise it?
Neglect buoyancy force on gate. [D-15-Q2-(b) -10m]

Ans:
Given:
Weight of gate (W) = 19 N
Width of gate (b) = 3 m
Height of gate (h) = 1.5 m
Coefficient of friction = .
To find: Lift force
Solution:
A A = = .

Position of C.G. of gate from free surface


.
= + = + = .


=
= . .

= .

=
=
= . = . . =
Now,
=

= + = + =
Note: error in university Question Actually the weight of gate is 19 KN
= + = + =

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Q7.A hemisphere projection of diameter 0.6 m exists on one of the vertical sides of a tank. If the tank contains
water to an elevation of 1.5 m above the centre of the hemisphere, calculate the vertical and horizontal forces
acting on the projection. [M-15-Q2-(a) -10m]

Ans:
Given:Diamter of hemisphere = 0.6 m
elevation of water = 1.5 m

To find: and

Solution:

. .

1. ,

= .=

= . . . = . .

. ,

=
=
=
=
= ( )

= . .
= . .

Q8.Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant water pressure acting on a curved face of a dam which is
shaped according to the relation = as shown in figure 1. The height of the water retained by the dam is 10 m.
consider the width of the dam as unity.

[M-14-Q2-(1) -10m]

Ans:
Given:
, =
=
, =
, =
Solution:
(i) Horizontal force exerted by water,
= .
=
= =
= = , = = = =
= .

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(ii) Vertical force exerted by water


=
= [ ]
= [ ]
= [ ]

= [ ]

=
= .
(iii) Resultant Force,
= +
= .
(iv) Direction on Resultant Force

= ( )
= .

Q9.A stone weights 245 N in air and 168 N in water. Calculate the volume and specific gravity.
[D-15-Q1-(b) -05m]
Ans:
Given:
Stone weights in air = 245 N.
Stone weights in water = 168 N
To find:

Volume and specific gravity.

Solution:
Volume;
For equilibrium,

=
= 245-168 = 77 N
Also
=
= =


= .
Specific gravity:

. .
=
.

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= . /
.
=

= .

Q8. An 80 mm diameter composite solid cylinder consists of an 80 mm diameter 20 mm thick metallic plate having
specific gravity 4 attached at the lower end of an 80 mm diameter wooden cylinder of specific gravity 0.8. Find the
limits of the length of the wooden portion so that the composite cylinder can float in stable equilibrium in water
with its axis vertical. [D-14-Q2-(A) -10m]

Ans:
Given:-
d d d = ;
c = ;
cc = ;
cc d = . .

Solution:
The cylinder will float vertically in water if its metacentric height GM is +ve.
To find the metacentric height, the locations of centre of gravity G
and centre of buoyancy B of the combined cylinder is to be found.

The distance of the centre of gravity of the solid cylinder from O is given by


[ d ] + [ d ] [ + ]
O =
[ d + d ]


+ [ + ]
=
+


+ . +
=
+ .

+ . + + +
= [ ] = [ ]
+ . +

(Dividing numerator and denominator by 0.8 and simplifying)


Let, height of immersion of cylinder = +

A, cd = dcd

Or,

d + d


= d + water

= + = + water =
+ . = +
. += + .

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+ + .
, O = = = + .

+ +
= O O = [ ] + . d
+


= [ + + + + . ]
+
= [ ]
+
d4
= cd c =

= dcd = d +
d4
d4 d
= = = =
d + d + + +

= +
+ .

= =
+ . +
= =
+ +
[ . ] [ d ]
+ .
, =
+

d + d =
i.e
+ . =

or,
=
or,
+ +
= +
, = . .
, d
+ = + .
+ = + .
=
+

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