W4 Testing Traffic Billing PDF

EETP/BSNL
SILVER
CERTIFICATION COURSE
DIGITAL SWITCHING SYSTEM
TESTING, TRAFFIC & BILLING
ADMINSTRATION
Version 2 June 2014
Digital Switching Systems (DSS) Testing , Traffic & Billing Administration

ADMINSTRATION
INDEX
5.1 Objective .................................................................................. 2

5.2 Introduction ............................................................................. 3
5.3 Testing ...................................................................................... 3
5.4 Types Of Supervision ............................................................ 10
5.5 Various Uses Of Processed Traffic Data ........................... 10
5.6 Traffic Measurements ........................................................... 11
5.7 Data Collection ...................................................................... 12
5.8 Data Storage........................................................................... 12
5.9 Backup Management ............................................................ 13
5.10 Charging ................................................................................. 13
5.11 CDR ........................................................................................ 15
5.12 Traffic Administration.......................................................... 18
5.13 Summary ................................................................................ 18
5.14 Self Assessment Questions .................................................... 18
EETP / BSNL Silver Certification Course/Ver.02/June2014 Page 1 of 19

For Restricted Circulation

ADMINSTRATION
STRUCTURE
5.1 OBJECTIVE
5.2 INTRODUCTION
5.3 TESTING
5.4 TYPES OF SUPERVISION
5.5 VARIOUS USES OF PROCESSED TRAFFIC DATA
5.6 TRAFFIC MEASUREMENTS
5.7 DATA COLLECTION
5.8 DATA STORAGE
5.9 BACKUP MANAGEMENT
5.10 CHARGING
5.11 CDR
5.12 TRAFFIC ADMINISTRATION
5.13 SUMMARY
5.14 SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
5.1 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this unit is to
Explain the parameters related to external plant and testing of subscriber
List the importance of traffic administration
List the various uses of processed data
Enumerate the different classification of traffic measurements
To make the reader understand the various activities performed by the
system software to decide the charges for calls

5.2 INTRODUCTION
Administration of a telephone exchange involves such day-to- day operations as
putting new subscriber lines into service, modifying subscriber's entitlements, transfer of
a subscriber line and taking a subscriber line out of service. In the same way the
connectivity with other exchanges in the network is also maintained for efficient working
of the exchanges.
Traffic administration is one of the most important tasks performed by the
administration software because it provides a meaningful index to the exchange
performance. Traffic administration consists of various types of supervisions of traffic
flow, which accrues from different entities of the exchange. Supervision and
measurement of the traffic handled by an exchange have two distinct sets of objectives,
corresponding to two types of supervisions.
Billing or charging is one of the important functions done by the exchange during
the course of performing the switching functions, a number of events are significant from
the billing or charging point of view. These events are recognized and recorded by the
system software which is used for deciding the charging.
5.3 TESTING
CABINET PILLAR
PILLAR
Primary cable
OVER HEAD LINE
D.P.
EX SECONDARY CABLE
CH DISTRIBUTION CABLE SUBS EQUIPMENT
Wedging of subscriber line at MDF is required to separate the internal side from external
side for testing purposes. MML may be used with directory number or internal equipment
number of any subscriber to test any line.
5.3.1 Parameters For External Plant:
The primary condition to provide a good service is to avoid any loss or

distortion caused by the line. Line parameters must be maintained to the desired values
otherwise it will be impossible to achieve the commitment. In other words speed of
operation will fall, distance up to which the service can be provided shall be reduced and
in worst possible case the service can not be provided at all.
Every network suffers from three types of impairments;
Attenuation, challenge
Delay Distortion

Noise.
Attenuation:
It is the strength of signal off with distance over any transmission medium.
Noise:
For any data transmission event, the received signal will consist of the transmitted
signal, modified by the various distortions imposed by the transmission system, plus
additional unwanted signals that are inserted somewhere between transmission and
reception.
Impulse Noise
Thermal noise
Crosstalk
Inter-modulation noise
a) Impulse noise:
It is noncontiguous consisting of irregular pulses or noise spikes of short duration
and of relatively high amplitude. It is generated from lightning and faults and
flaws in the communications system. Impulse noise is the primary source of error
in digital data communication
b) Thermal Noise:
Results from thermal agitation of electrons in a conductor. Evenly distributed over
the entire radio frequency spectrum: white noise. It is present in all electronic devices and
transmission media and is a function of temperature. In the FM broadcast band where
there is no station, the hiss in the background is the thermal noise. Thermal noise cannot
be eliminated.
c) Cross talk:
Whenever a current flows through a conductor, a magnetic field is set up around
the conductor inducing the current flows in other conductor. It is the most important of
the capacity limiting noise. It is caused by electromagnetic radiation of other phone lines
in close proximity or may be from within the same cable. The crosstalk will decrease as
the bandwidth increases. The closer the different wires get to each other the stronger the
coupling increases. The crosstalk is typically worse between two pairs in the same binder
than in the adjacent binders.
Near End Crosstalk (NEXT)

To measure NEXT, a test tone (or sweep of tones) is transmitted on one pair and
any coupled signal is detected by a receiver connected to an adjacent pair, preferably with
both lines terminated for highest accuracy A high level of NEXT indicates cable faults
near to the tested end.

Far End Crosstalk (FEXT)

Far End Crosstalk (FEXT) is measured at both ends of a cable, by transmitting a
signal into one pair at one end and measuring the resulting signal power on an adjacent
pair at the other end.
d) Inter-modulation noise:
It results when signals of different frequencies share the same transmission
medium. It produces signals at a frequency that is the sum or difference of the two
original frequencies or multiples of those frequencies.
Factors introducing noise are:

Radio and television transmitters broadcast electromagnetic fields which
can be coupled into transmission lines resulting in noise.
Power distribution systems create very strong magnetic fields which can
also be coupled into nearby telecommunications lines.
Electrical machinery creates both magnetic fields in the armatures and
electric fields in the commutators.
Mechanical vibration of lines can cause noise because movement of a
conductor through a magnetic field (e.g. the Earths magnetic field)
induces current.
Electrical switchgear produces high energy transient fields especially when
switching reactive loads such as motors and fluorescent lighting.
5.3.2 Reason for fault in the external plant
Components of external plant are
MDF
Cable
Cabinet / Pillar termination
DP termination
Customers loop
Customer premises
a) Fault in MDF
Fault in the jumpers Disconnection fault in jumpers
Fault in tag blocks Disconnection fault in the tag blocks due to broken
tag blocks or improper punch

b) Fault in cable
Basically two components are responsible for deterioration of the performance of
a cable the resistance and the capacitance of the wires. So long as the parameters of the
cable, mainly different resistance components and capacitance, are within the prescribed
limit, the plant is called a Healthy Plant
Value of such components gets affected due to
Cut in cable When a cable is hit either the wires are cut causing disconnection
or the insulation is damaged so that resistance is affected
The following parameters which can tell the health of the pair which must be
measured:
(i) A.C. potential on limbs (L1, L2) Ideally there shall not be any A.C.
potential. A.C. potential is caused for one or more of the following reasons.
Direct contact.
Induction from power cable.
Induction by the ringing current in other pair.
Partial or direct contact with other pair in the same cable carrying ringing
current.
(ii) D.C. potential on limbs (L3, L4) Ideally no D.C. potential other than
exchange potential shall be available. D.C. potential from other source comes
in for one or more of the following reasons.
Direct contact with power cable.
Partial or direct contact with other live pair in the same cable.
(iii) Limb to earth resistance (L5, L6) In a good pair it is of the order of
MOhm.
(iv) Cross insulation of a pair (L7) It is the resistance between the limbs
(cross insulation) of a pair. In a good pair it is of the order of Mohm.
(v) Capacitance (L8)

Note: Fig - 3 explains that while testing a pair, it is disconnected from the
exchange earth & battery; therefore in ideal condition no potential and resistance of the
order of Mohm will be available.
c) Fault in cable joint

The most difficult fault is the trouble in the cable joint because
A damaged cable joint cannot be seen without digging
In the existing jelly filled cable network growth of fault is gradual and thus
it remains out of notice unless there is close monitoring
Detection technique is difficult
In cable joint the individual twists i.e., the limbs are electrically insulated from
each other by the use of button and jelly. When water enters into a joint, with time
insulation property of the filling material (jelly) deteriorates and a leaky current starts
flowing, in other words
Insulation between limbs (cross insulation Rx) or between limb and earth
(Ra, Rb) starts decreasing (fig 3).
A.C. potential comes into picture from other pair carrying ringing tone etc.
D.C. potential of other live pairs (from exchange battery) interferes.
Insulation among pairs starts decreasing (because of exchange earth from
other live pairs).
Under such circumstances performance of operation degrades (resistance &
capacitance changes) and under extreme condition one limb of the pair breaks and thus
operation on the pair stops.
Tes
t
equipment
d) Fault in cabinet / Pillar
Disconnection fault due to broken tag block A tag block broken due to
overuse causes such fault and this an indication that there is trouble in
cable network.
Disconnection fault due to improper punch It may be due to wrong
punch / defect of punching tool / use of wire of lower gauge
Low insulation fault Such fault is caused inside the module and it is due
to seepage of water in the module
e) Fault at DP termination
Fault at DP termination is similar to that of cabinet / pillar termination
f) Fault in customers loop

Fault due to broken drop wire
Fault due to rupture of drop wire insulation

g) Fault in customers premises

Problem in LJU
Problem of telephone instrument
Analysis to know occurrence of fault
In actual practice, a close monitoring is required to know whether a fault is being

developed in a cable. One can find it by keeping observation in the following manner.
Analyze jumper change information A jumper at MDF or at any of the
termination point in cabinet or pillar is changed if the corresponding cable pair is faulty
(either low insulation or disconnection). Therefore repeated change of jumper in a
particular cable indicate that a fault has occurred in the cable. However if the jumper
change increases continuously with time probability of a joint being faulty is more where
as if jumper change stops after some time probability of the cable being damaged is more.
Analyse all line test result cable wise Analysis of all line test result of a cable
indicate health of cable.
Analyse cable wise repeat fault / monthly average c/o fault / Fault per
hundred DELs in a cable Abnormal repeat fault or monthly average c/o fault indicates
trouble in the cable. In such case it is advisable to perform all line test and analyse test
result
SUBSCRIBER INSTALLATION
DIGITAL
EXCHANGE TELEPHONE TERMINALS
TE1
DIGITAL DIGITAL
NETWORK SUBSCRIBER S
CSN 30B+D TERMINAL TERMINAL TE2
2048 kb/s
B
TABN U
TNR TNR S
LT CARD
NT1 NT2 TE3
2B+D
192 kb/s
TE4
TE5
INTERFACE INTERFACE INTERFACE INTERFACE

V U T S
HDLC
protocol LAP-D protocol
Digital subscriber's connection with exchange

Tests on request
Tests on request are mainly used :
When installing a new line or a new set, to check they are working correctly,
following a subscriber complaint, in order to confirm and possibly refine the
diagnostic given by the routine line testing command.
5.3.3 Types of measurement:
Measurements on a line
To check whether the electrical characteristics are correct on an open-loop line.On
4-wire equipment units measurements are made first on the reception pair and then on the
transmission pair.
a) Measurements on a set (analogue subscriber)
The purpose of these measurements is to check whether the subscriber equipment
(push-button or dial set) is working correctly. Communication must be set up between the
subscriber and the operator prior to these measurements.
b) Measurements concerning the subscriber premises meter (specific for export)
These tests consist in sending a number of remote charging pulses (they can be of
several kinds) to the subscriber's meter and then the operator communicates with the
subscriber to check if the results are in compliance. During subscriber premises meter
testing no increments are added to the subscriber's charge meter.
5.4 TYPES OF SUPERVISION

5.4.1 PERMANENT SUPERVISION
Permanent supervision is designed to monitor the instantaneous quality of service
offered by an exchange and the traffic loading of its main equipment. The supervision is
permanent and it concerns the exchange as a whole. Typical measurements are the total
incoming and total outgoing traffic. Key parameter values are displayed to the operating
personnel and updated at frequent intervals. Alarms are triggered when exchange traffic
exceeds certain set limits and more detailed information is output from time to time.
5.4.2 TEMPORARY SUPERVISION,
Temporary supervision, on the other hand, concerns limited subsets of various
entities of the exchange such as subscriber lines, trunks, processors and parts of the
switching network etc. The collected data are not necessarily exploited immediately by
the operating personnel. They may be subjected to more sophisticated and rigorous
processing off-line by a computer. The data are generated to provide an accurate picture
of the traffic handled by the entities in question with a view to, for example, optimizing
use of exchange resources, or assisting in location of faults concerning trunks, or
procuring information for planning the evolution of exchange capacities and network
structures or preparing traffic matrices.
5.5 VARIOUS USES OF PROCESSED TRAFFIC DATA
a) Performance Evaluation of Exchange as a whole. This may involve measurement
of various delays involved in the service. Traffic reports indicate the call failures due to

exchange and network reasons, terminals (lines and trunks) under maintenance. Also they
indicate delays like dial tone delay, post dialling delay etc. which are indicative of the
efficiency of administrative personnel or in other words dissatisfaction that is caused to
the subscribers by the exchange performance.
b) Expansion scheduling: Gradually adding more subscribers, trunks etc. to the exchange
without deterioration in the service.
c) Telephony resource dimensioning for any exchange is done on the basis of expected
traffic flow carried by the exchange. With the help of traffic reports, it is possible to get a
feedback on the correctness of dimensioning based on the actual traffic flow carried by
the exchange and hence take necessary corrective action.
d) Network planning in order to suitably provides exchanges, tandems, trunks etc. in the
given area with optimal usage of resources.
e) Fault location on inter-exchange trunk circuits, subscriber lines, service circuits etc. by
observing the causes of call failure through various counters.
f) Port performance measurement in order to observe the quality of service being
provided to a specific port. It may be subscriber port, PBX port etc.
g) Miscellaneous observations like Busy Hour Call Attempts (BHCA), Busy Hour (BH)
and call mixes can be made which can be later used for better resource scheduling.
h) Traffic reports also indicate the calls failed due to subscriber problems. These include:
no dialling, incomplete dialling, and incorrect dialing, illegal attempts (i.e. services to
which they are not eligible), incorrect utilization of special services and long duration
conversations etc. Quite a few calls (more than 50%) fail due to these reasons. It is
possible to know these figures, even on a per subscriber basis so that subscribers can be
educated on efficient utilization of services provided by the exchange and thus prevent
unnecessary overloading of the exchange due to repeated attempts in a busy state. This
may be done through recorded announcements, etc.
5.6 TRAFFIC MEASUREMENTS
Measurement of traffic may be classified depending upon the type and purpose of
the measurement. There can be four such classes.
1. Exchange Traffic Statistics
Consists of measures that reflect the performance and utilization of exchange as a
whole. These generally include traffic intensity, call counts, ineffective attempt counts
etc.
2. Component Measurement
Consists of measures reflecting the performance and utilization of the individual
exchange entities such as trunk groups, service circuits, etc.
3. Network Measurements
Measures which reflect the performance and utilization of the switching network
e.g. usage counts of terminal interface, time switch, space switch etc.
4. Customer Measurements
Consists of measures reflecting the utilization and performance of an individual
subscriber line e.g. number of originations, call mix etc.
5.7 DATA COLLECTION

Traffic data is collected during call processing and maintenance operations. Two
types of traffic counters are maintained for accumulation of traffic data. Raw counters,
which may be up down counters or summation counters and accumulate raw or
unprocessed data. Processed data counters, on the other hand, collect processed data.
Depending upon various traffic events in the exchange, these counters are updated.
Traffic data collection consists of measurements of counts of various events, traffic
intensity and call event records.
Event registration is the process of incrementing various summation counters in
response to events like incoming seizure and invalid call attempts etc. These are suitable
for direct display purposes.
Traffic intensity is measured for a pool of resources or the exchange as a whole.
Various groups of resources are measured for traffic intensity depending upon the input
data supplied by processes of call processing (CP) subsystem, administration subsystem
and maintenance subsystem. These processes update the relevant counters with respect to
resource utilization.
Call Event Records (CERs), on the other hand, are detailed records of all the
events that occur during a call. It may include port identity, class of originating line or
incoming circuit, dialled number, call routing time, disposition of call and time of
occurrence of events, etc. CER is normally destroyed after every call unless the call was
under observation and the CER data is needed for further processing. If so, then the CER
data is used to produce a Call Detail Record (CDR) for further processing but CER is
cleared. In case a trunk port is under observation, the CER is stored in the disk.
Collection of data can be divided into two types
(i) Voluntary
(ii) Involuntary.
Voluntary data collection is done under the control of manmachine commands.
The periodicity of collection, type of observation and output device is controlled by the
operating personnel by using the man-machine commands. On the other hand,
involuntary data collection takes place automatically. All the call related data e.g. CERs
and CDRs, is involuntarily collected. Also, some sampled observations are made on the
traffic for measuring availability of exchange resources. This data is used for fine-tuning
the system to the concurrent traffic mix in order to achieve optimal utilisation of available
resources.
5.8 DATA STORAGE
Data collected as a result of both voluntary and involuntary collection is output to
any of the following devices.
To a Local or Remote Terminal for printing or displaying on MMC terminals.
Local terminal is directly connected to the exchange whereas a remote terminal is
connected to the exchange via dedicated links.
To local storage media such as disk from where it may be periodically dumped
onto off-line devices such as magnetic tapes for more rigorous post-processing.

To local storage media during intermediate stages of any observation. After a

specified time, the data may be simultaneously displayed on the local terminal and
printed.
To local storage media after any preset threshold is reached. This is also called
exceptional measurement data output.
All the data is, by default, stored on the disk as sequential files. The accumulation
is done on a per day basis and these files may be stored in the disk for a few days as
decided by the local administration.
5.8.1 PRESENTATION OF STORED DATA

Stored data can be presented in various forms depending upon the purpose.
Generally, it is presented in the form of reports and Call Detailed Records (CDRs).
Reports are the predefined formats for presentation of data. Reports are generated under
the control of operating personnel using man-machine commands. Reports may be
displayed on the MMC terminal and/or printed. Usually voluntary, reports may also be
generated involuntarily under certain exceptional conditions like alarm fail report,
malicious call report, etc. In such cases, the report is displayed on the OOD terminal as
well as printed.
Call Detail Records (CDRs) are prepared for the subscribers under originating
and/or terminating observation. Details of each originating and/or terminating call are
recorded. CDRs are stored in the disk and on demand may be displayed on the MMC
terminal and printed.
5.9 BACKUP MANAGEMENT
The backup management is related to transfer of information from disk to tape
and vice versa. This management has two fold objective
1. Backup of files for post processing purposes
2. To take care of recovery of a crashed system
3. Backup of files for cleaning disk space
5.10 CHARGING
The events which are significant from the charging point of view include
the dialled digits, the moment a customer answers and the moment of disconnection.
The first step in the billing process is the recognition of the events and
immediate recording of data. This data collection is done by the call processing
software.
The next step involves processing of the data for preparing the billing records.
The type of call is checked and if the call is successful within the unit fee zone,
no Detailed Billing Record is formed For successful ISD, STD & Regional
calls, Detail Billing Records are prepared which contains detailed information
about the call and charging. Detail Billing Records are also prepared for local
calls involving those subscribers which have been put under observation for
local billing.

The third step is the storage of the processed data. Data storage is done on a
regular basis.
A facility is available in local electronic exchanges for storing detailed charge
information about calls made from each line. A printout of this information is also
available. The detailed information stored includes:
Date and time of call
Calling subscriber's directory number
Digits dialled by the subscriber
Called subscriber's directory number
Duration and number of charge pulses
5.10.1 Charging Files
Two types of data are stored in charging files : metering data, defining how calls
must be charged (including tariffs) and the contents of subscribers' individual charge
meters.
Metering data is used to compute the charge for each call completed through to
the called party. The data is supplied to the call processing software in the form of a
charging code when it analyzes the dialled digits. In the case of time and distance
(periodic pulse) metering at a rate determined locally or in accordance with information
transmitted back from a distant exchange, the metering rate (i.e., the interval between
successive incrementing of the subscriber's meter) depends not only on the distance
between the calling and called parties, but also on the time of day and day of the year,
which determines the appropriate set of tariffs.
For bulk billing, each subscriber line has an individual 'charge meter' defined in
the exchange memory to accumulate the charges payable by the subscriber. This applies
to both individual and PBX hunt group lines. As a general rule, the contents of the charge
meters cannot be modified by the operating personnel as part of normal exchange
administration. This explains why the contents of a line's meter are output by the
exchange each time an administration operation modifies the conditions governing
charging for the line. The preparation of bills usually takes place at a separate computer
center common to, for example, an entire region.
For this, the contents of all meters are periodically copied onto a portable
secondary storage device such as tape for transport to the billing center, or are directly
transmitted to the later over a data communication link. The meters are never reset/
initialised. The billing computer then calculates the bills for individual lines, based on the
difference between the current and previous meter values, and also calculates the total bill
for each customer served by a line group.
Within the exchange, charge meters can be assigned to equipment numbers or to
directory (or pseudo directory) numbers. However, bills refer only to directory numbers.
In the case of itemized billing, the exchange temporarily records all necessary
information on each successful call (called number, time and duration of call, etc.), then
outputs a message containing this information to a mass storage device e.g. hard disk, at
the end of the call.

5.10.2 The Billing Administration provides

Bulk billing information on all subscribers/trunks.
Detailed billing information on all subscribers for REG., STD and ISD calls
only.
Detailed billing for subscribers under observation for local calls and for trunks
put under billing observation.
Commercial billing records.
Charging Calendar management.
The contents of a detailed billing record for subscriber include:

Calling subscriber's directory number
Number dialled by the subscriber
Date and time of call
Special Service being utilised by the subscriber;
Chargeable duration of the call
Chargeable number of units
In order to determine the charging information to be applied to a particular call,

the following data are taken into account:
Basic Service Type (BS1, BS2 or BS3)

Type of call (local, Regional, national, international.)
The origin of the calling party.
Called subscriber directory number (metered or non metered)
Calling party category
Type of Day (Holiday or working day)
Time at which call was originated
5.11 CDR
CDR is a text record of call related data. The CDRs are collected in files so
that they can be uploaded to a CDR Buffer. CDR files are continually updated to a
centralized billing and accounting server to prevent file-overwrites and disk capacity
problems.
A typical CDR may contain the following fields:
Time : The date and time of call origination or disconnection
Qualifier : Qualifies the type of event. There are 4 qualifiers
Call Request
Call Disconnect
Setup Fail : An incoming call was denied or failed
Disc Fail : A disconnect request was denied or failed
Calling number
Called number
Incoming circuit or Trunk identifier

The bearer channel Timeslot identifier ( For eg: 1 through 31 for E1)
A description of the cause for call disconnect
All incoming call requests are recorded, time-stamped and identified by the call
request qualifier to help trace network events triggered by call request. Call failures may
occur during call setup or tear-down and the failures will be recorded in CDR files which
will include all available information identifying the call as well as failure codes. Some
examples of failure codes in mnemonics are:
Normal call clearing
No user response
Call rejected etc.
Call detail records, both local and long distance, can be used for usage
verification, billing reconciliation, network management and to monitor telephone usage
to determine volume of the phone usage as well as misuse of the companys telephone
system.CDR analysis gives the following advantages:
Review all CDRs for accuracy
Verify costs and usage
Resolves discrepancies with vendors
Disconnect unused service
Terminate leases on unused equipments
Deter or detect toll fraud of long distant services
Negotiate the most cost-effective call routing
5.11.1 CDR Based Billing

Regardless of their size, most telephone exchanges output CDRs.
Generally, these get created at the end of a call but on some phone systems
the data is available during the call.
This data is output from the phone system through a serial link to a CDR
buffer where they are temporarily stored until retrieved by a call
accounting software.
Since they provide a reliable method of safely transferring information to a
centralized call accounting or Tele-management system, call record
buffers have long been broadly accepted as the preferred storage device as
a safe-guard against cases of delayed call collection or communication
failure.
A CDR buffer would be placed at each exchange for collection of call
data. A PC with sufficient memory and installed with a suitable software
may serve as the CDR buffer.
The software has the capability of scheduling the CDR downloading
without manual intervention. The CDRs will be sent to the centralized
billing centre over LAN/WAN arrangements or over dial-up circuits.
The centralized billing and accounting centre to which all CDR buffers
will be connected is a powerful, real-time, PC based system capable of
processing call records to the tune of tens of thousands per second and
generating reports.

CDRs are immediately available for viewing and reporting allowing

users to monitor and address business, legal and security issues those need
immediate attention such as emergency calls, internal phone abuse (sexual
harassment, bomb threats etc.) , potential toll fraud and others.
The CDR based call accounting & billing system will be fully web-
enabled and any authorized user can access the centralized billing system
over the company intranet and run reports right from their desktops using
the web browser.
The centralized call accounting application can be administered for any
number of sites, from one single location. Regardless of number of sites
and number of stations, data for multiple sites is maintained in a single
database.
The CDR buffers at the exchanges connect to a TCP/IP Ethernet network
and send data continuously over LAN/WAN to the centralized server. The
CDR retrieval for all locations would occur in real time and provide users
with instant access to all data
After the Interconnect Usage Charge (IUC) regime has been introduced, it has become
necessary to evolve suitable method of generating CDRs for all the calls of private
operators handled by BSNL switches and collecting CDRs at the Telecom Revenue
Accounting Centre for raising bills. The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)
has also stipulated that BSNL should migrate to CDR based billing from the
conventional meter reading based billing. Accuracy, speed and customer satisfaction
through viewing the reports are the important advantages of CDR based billing
Centralised 5.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1 C
D
Billing & R
Acccounting
System B Exchange
u
f
f
e
r
TCP/IP
Interface RS232 Interface
LAN |WAN or dialup CCT

5.12 TRAFFIC ADMINISTRATION

Traffic administration is one of the most important tasks performed by the
administration software because it provides a meaningful index to the exchange
performance. Traffic administration consists of various types of supervisions of traffic
flow, which accrues from different entities of the exchange. Supervision and
measurement of the traffic handled by an exchange have two distinct sets of objectives,
corresponding to two types of supervisions.
5.13 SUMMARY
This unit explains the parameters for External Plant .like Attenuation, challenge,
Delay Distortion, Noise. It also describes components of external plant with their
probable reason of fault. This unit also explains the importance of traffic reports, various
uses of traffic data. It also enumerates how the data collection is done and stored in the
system. The data is presented when asked by means of man machine commands. The
stored data is backed up for restoration purposes during crisis management This unit
also gives details about how charging is decided by the system and what are information
available in detailed billing record.
5.14 SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

1. Every network suffers from three types of impairments: Attenuation, Delay
Distortion . .( wanted signals /Noise)
2. ..results from thermal agitation of electrons in a conductor.( Impulse
noise / Thermal Noise)
3. Cross talk is caused by electromagnetic radiation of other phone lines in close
proximity . (T/F)
4. Disconnection fault in jumpers is fault in (CPE / MDF)
5. Two components are responsible for deterioration of the performance of a cable
the resistance and the . of the wires(inductance/ capacitance)
6. Ideally there should be A.C. potential between a and b limbs of subscriber pair.
(T/F)
7. The two types of supervision are permanent and .
8. No Detail Billing Records are prepared for .(unsuccessful calls /
Regional calls)
9. The CDRs will be sent to the centralized billing centre over or over dial-
up circuits.( power cable/LAN )
10. Incoming circuit or Trunk identifier is one of the field of CDR. (T/F)
11. A PC with sufficient memory and installed with a suitable software may serve as
the CDR buffer. (T/F)


W4 Testing Traffic Billing PDF

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EETP/BSNL

TESTING, TRAFFIC & BILLING

5.1 Objective .................................................................................. 2

EETP / BSNL Silver Certification Course/Ver.02/June2014 Page 1 of 19

TESTING, TRAFFIC & BILLING

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5.3.1 Parameters For External Plant:

The primary condition to provide a good service is to avoid any loss or

EETP / BSNL Silver Certification Course/Ver.02/June2014 Page 3 of 19

Near End Crosstalk (NEXT)

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Far End Crosstalk (FEXT)

Factors introducing noise are:

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(v) Capacitance (L8)

c) Fault in cable joint

f) Fault in customers loop

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g) Fault in customers premises

Analysis to know occurrence of fault

In actual practice, a close monitoring is required to know whether a fault is being

INTERFACE INTERFACE INTERFACE INTERFACE

Digital subscriber's connection with exchange

EETP / BSNL Silver Certification Course/Ver.02/June2014 Page 9 of 19

5.4 TYPES OF SUPERVISION

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5.7 DATA COLLECTION

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To local storage media during intermediate stages of any observation. After a

5.8.1 PRESENTATION OF STORED DATA

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EETP / BSNL Silver Certification Course/Ver.02/June2014 Page 14 of 19

5.10.2 The Billing Administration provides

The contents of a detailed billing record for subscriber include:

In order to determine the charging information to be applied to a particular call,

Basic Service Type (BS1, BS2 or BS3)

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5.11.1 CDR Based Billing

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CDRs are immediately available for viewing and reporting allowing

LAN |WAN or dialup CCT

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5.12 TRAFFIC ADMINISTRATION

5.14 SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

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