Introduction

This project aims to solve the water supply problems for a town with a forecast of increase in
population to about 3000 by the year 2019. Due to increase in population water demands also
increase in terms of residential, industrial and emergency utilization. To meet the increasing
demand of water supply local counsel has to manage the water supply facility or to manage the
existing water supply by optimizing and restricting the water utilization.

It is often seen in many cases that enough of water may run short because of no regulations
and no metering of water utilization. Therefore, managing the water supplies in one of vital
step to fulfill the water supplies for increasing population in an area. Managing and metering
the existing water supply can be a short-term solution considering the increasing population
and existing water supply facilities, therefore, a focus on infrastructure solutions is necessary
for the said problem.

Client has provided with the complete population forecast, analysis of water utilization, project
specification and the severity of existing problem in their client brief. The solution focuses on
each dimensions of water supply which include residential, industrial and for emergency
purposes. Two targets have been presented by the local counsel as to provide the solution for
water supply,

1. To expand the water treatment facility in order to be able to supply 155kl/hr, this would
require the expansion of treatment facility and will cost about $1.5 million.

2. To reduce the residential demand of water supply by at least 120,000 kl/year for town
population of 3000. This is about 30% of reduction in water supply. Several managing
solutions can be applied to achieve this goal.

Local council has approved a budget of $1.5 million, which should be spent for this purpose.
Therefore, keeping in mind the above given targets this report targets to provide the viable
solution for the water problems of the community.

There are two types of solution which can be utilized to overcome the water supply issue for
the community, first is the infrastructure solutions which include expanding the facility or
building residential water storage tanks, second is the management solutions which aim on
managing the existing water supply resources and reducing the per capita utilization of water in
the community.
Problem overview
Due to increase in population of the town, water supply has been disrupted, existing water
sources are inadequate to meet the demands of community. It is estimated that the towns
population will increase by 3000 by the year 2019. Therefore, a long term solution is needed to
meet the consistent water supply. Population has been forecasted to grow consistently even
after 2019 therefore solution has to provide the continuous water supplies for over long period
of time. Expanding the existing water supply sources in one of the option but it might be costly
and it is not as long term solution as needed in this case. Therefore, other infrastructure
options which include the rain water storage tanks and management reforms are to be
considered as part of the solutions

It has been estimated in the client brief that one person on average utilizes about 40kl of water
per year. Therefore, with the population size of 3000 the project has to be able to meet the
demand of 120,000 kl/year. On the other hand management strategies can be utilized to
overcome this barrier and residential water utilization can be minimized by the same rate of
40kl/year per person. As part of management strategies pricing and metering can be
considered as potential solutions but there are constraints to these factors also. Pricing can be
increased more than 10% and metering cannot be restricted below the average usage of per
person. There is a certain quantity of water required by per person in order to fulfill the daily
chores. Residential water can only be limited to certain extent and below this limit metering
cannot be applied.

It has been elaborated in the client brief that existing water distribution network is capable of
meeting the demands for 3000 residents and population growth pattern will be same as
provided in the appendix B. It has been assumed that population will grow maximum up to
3000 residents. Along with the residential utilization of water industrial usage and emergency
usage must also be considered.

The project has to be completed in limited budget of $1.5 dollars, this budget will cover the
capital costs for the proposed solutions and extra maintenance will be covered by the funding
provided by the local counsel. The maximum raw water supplies of the community are
1450ML/year.

Considering the above given problem statement below given are suitable recommended
solutions for the water supply problem of the community.
Potential Problem Solution
Augmentation of Existing Water Treatment Plant and Storage Facility
The expansion of water treatment plant will be carried out according to the peak demand of the
residential water for a population of 3000 residents. The current capacity of the water treatment plant
output is limited to 96000 liters/hour and the storage capacity is 8 ML. Considering the rise is population
to 3000 in 2019, the water demand and reservoir capacity is bound to increase.

For the current population of 300 residents expected, the water treatment capacity has to be increased
to around 160,000 liters/ day according to the analysis in the previous section.

The treatment plant capacity can be calculated based on the formula:

Required hourly capacity

= MDMM * population / number of hours of operation = 1007 *3000 / 20 = 151 050 liters / hour

Assuming there may be possible shortcomings and unidentified water demands, an expansion of the
plant to supply 155,000 liters/hour should be adequate.

Considering the storage facility expansion from the existing 8ML capacity, it is important to calculate the
peak storage required in case of a population of 3000 residents.

The storages to consider are

Operating storage To meet the peaks in supply above the

MDMM.
Based on 3 * (1629.5 1006.8)
Design operating storage = 3* (1629.5*3000
1006.8*3000)
= 5 604 300 litres = 5.61 Ml
Firefighting Storage To ensure there is sufficient supply for
firefighting purposes without compromising
supply to residential and commercial
premises.
Based on 30 l/s for 4 hours from 3 hydrants
Required firefighting storage = 30l/s *
3600s/hr * 4 hours * 3 hydrants
= 1 296 000 litres = 1.30 Ml
Emergency Storage To ensure there is sufficient supply allowing
for loss of water during pipe breaks, shut
down during repairs and refilling of the
distribution lines.
Based on 0.5 * PD
Required emergency storage = 0.5 * 1629.5
* 3000
 = 2 444 250 litres = 2.45 ML

Total Storage capacity (ground reservoir,
post treatment)
Total Storage is based on the operating
storage plus the greater of the firefighting
storage or the emergency storage
Total storage = 5.61 Ml + max(1.30 Ml, 2.45
Ml)
= 9.36 Ml

On the basis of the storage capacity required for the given population, an increase in the storage facility
of upto 0.5 ML is expected. The overall capacity would now be calculated as 8.5 ML of water.

Advantages
The important advantages of the given proposed solution include the sustainability of the expansion of
water treatment and storage facility that it would be achievable with the project constraint of cost and
also be in accordance with the first target of the report. The augmentation can be carried out in the
allotted budget for the project.

Disadvantage
The main drawback of the augmentation will be failure in reduction of residential demands as the
demand will be met and no reduction due to water wastage will be carried out.

Risk assessment:
Risk can be defined as the possibility adverse effects form the anything. There are potential
risks associated with every solution which can be considered for the water supply purposes.
The above given solutions considered for the water supply have following risks associated with
them.

Rainwater tanks

There might be many risks associated with the rain water installation in household. Supply and
demand are the foremost risks associated with the rain water storage facilities. Rain behavior is
not usually continuous and there is sometimes less or more rain depending upon the time of
year. Therefore, risk assessment of supply and demand is vital for water storage tanks.

Supply Demand Risk

When installing the rain water tanks, utilities like toilet, gardening and other residential
utilizations are to be considered. Average rain water tank has area about 210m 2. Due to the
uncertainty of climatic conditions there is possibility of demands not meeting. As the rain water
storage tanks will completely rely on the rain water and if there is no rain for longer period of
time then they tanks might not be able to meet the demands.

With each specific tank installed and using the sample of 1000 obtained by the Monte-carlo
simulation we can draw a risk assessment curve. The annual probability for the tank to exceed
the demand is show in below given figure;

Therefore, while installing the rain water storage tanks supply and demand considerations must
be taken and design should be selected to meet the optimum demand of an average
household.

Solution for Supply and demand problem

One viable solution for the meeting demand is to increase the capacity of water storage tanks.
It is evident from several researches that if the storage capacity is increased there is less chance
of demand not met. Below given figure shoes that if the tank capacity increase up to around 10
Kl, it might be effective in reducing the risk of demand not met.
The above given graph shows that with increasing the tank capacity risk of demand not meeting
is reduced but increasing the tank capacity further to the 10kL has marginal effects, this means
that increasing the capacity further to 10 kL may not be as useful but costly