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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
Radiation Mechanism
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
Current distribution of TL
The field generated by the current of each
wire are essentially canceled by those of the
other
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
Antenna Radiation
We consider here the radiation from an arbitrary antenna.
S z
r r , ,
r
+- y
"far field"
x r
The far-field radiation acts like a plane wave going in the radial direction.
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
Antenna Radiation
How far do we have to go to be in the far field?
Sphere of minimum diameter D
that encloses the antenna. r r , ,
2D 2
r
+
- 0
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
x r.sin .cos ,
y r.sin .sin , r
z r.cos
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
f f f
Gradient f x y z (Vector)
x y z
Ax Ay Az
Divergence A (Scalar)
x y z
Az Ay Ax Az Ay Ax
Curl (rot) A x y z (Vector)
y z z x x y
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
0 0 0
2
-50
-5
4
-100
6
-10
-150
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10 -200 -15
-10 -5 0 5 10 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
Ax Ay
A 2 2
x y 1.5
flux). -0.5
-1
Ay Ax
A z 0, 0, 0
-1.5
x y -2
-2.5
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
Ax Ay
A 0
2
x y 1.5
1
A positive divergence implies flow
0.5
expands outward all points.
0
-0.5
Ay Ax
A z 0, 0, 2
-1
x y -1.5
-2
-2.5
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
-0.2 -0.2
-0.4 -0.4
-0.6 -0.6
-0.8 -0.8
-1 -1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
-100 -100
-200 -200
-300 -300
-400 -400
-500 -500
-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
+-
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
Maxwells Equation
Differential form: Integral form:
B
Divergence theorem
E Faradays law
t B ds
E dl
t
Stokes theorem
D clo se
open
H J
t H
clo se
dl
t D ds J ds Amperes law
open open
D D ds dV
close V
Gausss law
B 0 B ds 0
close
Gausss law for magnetism
Maxwells Equation
Gausss law: total flux through any close surface must equal Q
D ds DdV dV
close V V
Divergence theorem
Differential form: D
Total charge = Q
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
Maxwells Equation
Gausss law for magnetism: total flux through any close surface must equal 0
B ds BdV 0
close V
Divergence theorem
Differential form: B 0
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
Maxwells Equation
Faradays law: allow us to calculate the electric field due to an magnetic current
Lenzs law: the direction of any magnetic induction effect such as to oppose the
cause of the effect.
The changing of the electric flux
clo se_ loop
E dl
t B ds
open
Stokess theorem:
clo se_ loop
E dl
Surface
E ds
Differential form:
B
E
t
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
Maxwells Equation
Amperes law: allow us to calculate the magnetic field due to an electric current.
It combines effects of electric current and changing E field on
magnetic field.
clo se_ loop
H dl
surface
J ds
Stokess theorem:
clo se_ loop
H dl
Surface
H ds
D
Differential form: H J
t 20
Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
We can write
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
+-
Vector A and F are useful in solving for the EM field generated by a given harmonic
electric current J
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
E j H Faradays law
H j E J Amperes law
H A
Substituting into Faradays law, we get
or
where e 0
E + j A 0
We obtain the solution of electric field
E = - j A e
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
Taking the curl of both side and using the vector identity A A 2 A
H j E J
A 2 A j E J
2 A j - j A e J A
2 A k 2 A J A je
Define: k0 Wavenumber
E = - j A e j A
j
1
A
J (r )G r , r d r
' ' '
where: A( r )
V
'
jk r r
'
G r, r
e
4 r r
'
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
=
0
= = 0 , we get
0
= =
4
0
= =
4
= 0
And =
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
1
=
= = 0
0 1
= 1+
4
1
And =
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
Permeability: 0 = 4 107
0
Wave Impedance: 0 = = 377
0
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
Q&A
Reading: Balaniss book - Chapter 1, Chapter 3 and Chapter 4.1
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