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Dr.

Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Antennas and Propagation


Chapter 1: Introduction Part 2
Radiation Mechanism
z
30
30

0
60 60

0 dB
Dr. Dung Trinh
-10 dB

-20 dB m
-30 dB
120 120

150 150

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Radiation Mechanism

Electric lines of force are detached from


the antenna to form the free space waves.

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Current distribution of TL
The field generated by the current of each
wire are essentially canceled by those of the
other

The TL begins to flare. The fields generated by


one do not cancel those of other.

The fields generated by two arms of the


dipole reinforce the field.

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Antenna Radiation
We consider here the radiation from an arbitrary antenna.

S z
r r , ,
r

+- y
"far field"

x r

The far-field radiation acts like a plane wave going in the radial direction.
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Antenna Radiation
How far do we have to go to be in the far field?
Sphere of minimum diameter D
that encloses the antenna. r r , ,

2D 2
r
+
- 0

This is justified from later analysis.

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Review of vector calculus


Spherical or Polar Coordinates
Unit vectors:

ir i i , i i ir , i ir i

x r.sin .cos ,
y r.sin .sin , r

z r.cos

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Review of vector calculus


Spherical or Polar Coordinates

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Review of vector calculus


Scalar field: can be thought of as a function which associates a
number (scalar) with every point in space. Examples include temperature,
wind speed, electric charge distribution, a terrain map etc.

Vector field: can be thought of as a function which associates a


vector with every point in space. Some examples are electric fields, fluid
velocity fields etc.

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Review of vector calculus



Del operator: x y z
x y z

f f f
Gradient f x y z (Vector)
x y z
Ax Ay Az
Divergence A (Scalar)
x y z
Az Ay Ax Az Ay Ax
Curl (rot) A x y z (Vector)
y z z x x y

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Review of vector calculus


Gradient: The direction of grad(f) is the orientation in which the directional
derivative has the largest value.
Example: Compute the gradient of the scalar field: f 2 xy
f f
f 2 xy f , = 2 y, 2 x
-10 200 15
x y
-8
150
10
-6
100
-4
5
50
-2

0 0 0

2
-50
-5
4
-100
6
-10
-150
8

10 -200 -15
-10 -5 0 5 10 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Review of vector calculus


Divergence: expansion or contraction of the vector fields at each point
Curl operator: If every point in the region A= 0,0,0 then the vector field
is called ir-rotational.
Example: Compute the divergence of the radial field: A = ( x, y , 0)
2.5

Ax Ay
A 2 2

x y 1.5

A positive divergence implies flow 1

expands outward all points at a 0.5

constant rate (measure the outward 0

flux). -0.5

-1

Ay Ax
A z 0, 0, 0
-1.5

x y -2

-2.5
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Review of vector calculus


Divergence: expansion or contraction of the vector fields at each point

Example: Compute the divergence of the rotation field: A = ( y, x)


2.5

Ax Ay
A 0
2

x y 1.5

1
A positive divergence implies flow
0.5
expands outward all points.
0

-0.5

Ay Ax
A z 0, 0, 2
-1

x y -1.5

-2

-2.5
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Review of vector calculus


Example: Electric field generated by 3nC charge located at P(0,0,0):
Q 3 109 26.96 x y z
E ar ar 2 x y z
4 0 r 2
4 8.854 1012 r
2
r r r r

3nC charge -3nC charge


1 1

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0

-0.2 -0.2

-0.4 -0.4

-0.6 -0.6

-0.8 -0.8

-1 -1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Review of vector calculus


Example: Electric field generated by (case 1: two 3nC, case 2: one 3nC and
one -3nC) charges located at P0(-1,-1) and P1(1,1):
Q0 Q0 26.96 x y 26.96 x x1 y y1
E a r1 a x y x y
r r r r r1 2 r r1
r
4 0 r r0
2
4 0 r r1
2 2
r r1
2

500 500

400 400

300 300

200 200

100 100

0 0

-100 -100

-200 -200

-300 -300

-400 -400

-500 -500
-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Review of Maxwells equation

+-

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Maxwells Equation
Differential form: Integral form:
B

Divergence theorem
E Faradays law
t B ds
E dl
t

Stokes theorem
D clo se

open
H J
t H
clo se
dl
t D ds J ds Amperes law
open open

D D ds dV
close V
Gausss law

B 0 B ds 0
close
Gausss law for magnetism

is the electric field intensity in volts per metre,


is the magnetic field intensity in Amperes per metre,
is the electric flux density in coulombs per metre squared,
is the magnetic flux density in Webers per metre squared
is the electric current density in Amperes per metre squared
is the electric charge density in Coulombs per metre cubed,
Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Maxwells Equation
Gausss law: total flux through any close surface must equal Q

D ds DdV dV
close V V

Divergence theorem

Differential form: D

Total charge = Q

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Maxwells Equation
Gausss law for magnetism: total flux through any close surface must equal 0

B ds BdV 0
close V

Divergence theorem

Differential form: B 0

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Maxwells Equation
Faradays law: allow us to calculate the electric field due to an magnetic current

Lenzs law: the direction of any magnetic induction effect such as to oppose the
cause of the effect.
The changing of the electric flux


clo se_ loop
E dl
t B ds
open

The induced electromotive force (emf)

Stokess theorem:


clo se_ loop
E dl
Surface
E ds

Differential form:
B
E
t
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Maxwells Equation
Amperes law: allow us to calculate the magnetic field due to an electric current.
It combines effects of electric current and changing E field on
magnetic field.

Contribution due to penetrating current: conduction current.


clo se_ loop
H dl
surface
J ds

Contribution due to changing electric field: displacement current.




clo se_ loop
H dl
t open
D ds


clo se_ loop
H dl
t D ds J ds
open open

Stokess theorem:
clo se_ loop
H dl
Surface
H ds

D
Differential form: H J
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Maxwells Equation Time harmonic


Electric and magnetic fields vary in time and in space. This makes them difficult
to compute.

The situation is simplified if we assume that all


time variation is harmonic that is

Physical quantity Space and time


depends on space dependency separated.
and time.

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Maxwells Equation Time harmonic


We can assume the same time harmonic variation for all physical quantities.

Space and time


dependency separated.
Starting with

We can write

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Vector Wave Equation

+-

Vector A and F are useful in solving for the EM field generated by a given harmonic
electric current J

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Vector Wave Equation


Start with Maxwells equations in the phasor domain:

E j H Faradays law

H j E J Amperes law

The magnetic field H can be expressed in terms of magnetic vector potential A

H A
Substituting into Faradays law, we get

E j A Arbitrary electric scalar potential


or
where e 0
E + j A 0
We obtain the solution of electric field
E = - j A e
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Vector Wave Equation


Now, we need to solve A in terms of electric current J.


Taking the curl of both side and using the vector identity A A 2 A

H j E J

A 2 A j E J


2 A j - j A e J A

2 A k 2 A J A je
Define: k0 Wavenumber

The divergence of A is chosen to satisfy: A je


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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Vector Wave Equation


Then: 2 A k 2 A J Vector Helmholtz equation

Now the electric field can be written in terms of magnetic


vector potential A

E = - j A e j A
j
1

A
J (r )G r , r d r
' ' '
where: A( r )
V
'
jk r r

'
G r, r
e
4 r r
'

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Far field Radiation


The infinitesimal dipole current element is shown below.

z The spatial variation of the current is


assumed to be constant and given by

I
l y = 0
x
The potential vector A can be written as
1 0
, , = 0 =
4 4 4
where: = 2 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 + 2 r

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Far field Radiation


The transformation between rectangular and spherical component is given by


=
0

= = 0 , we get

0
= =
4
0
= =
4
= 0

And =

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Far field Radiation


In the spherical coordinates

1
=

Substituting into previous equation, we obtain

= = 0
0 1
= 1+
4

1
And =

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Far field Radiation


2 1
In the far field region: = 1 1

0
Then:
4
0

4

Note: In the vacuum

Permittivity: 0 = 8.854 1012

Permeability: 0 = 4 107
0
Wave Impedance: 0 = = 377
0

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Q&A
Reading: Balaniss book - Chapter 1, Chapter 3 and Chapter 4.1

Thank you for your attention

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