Office Use Only

Semester Two 2015

Examination Period

Faculty of Engineering

EXAM CODES: MEC3451

TITLE OF PAPER: FLUID MECHANICS - II

EXAM DURATION: 3 hours writing time

READING TIME: 10 minutes

THIS PAPER IS FOR STUDENTS STUDYING AT:( tick where applicable)

! Berwick " Clayton " Malaysia ! Off Campus Learning ! Open Learning
! Caulfield ! Gippsland ! Peninsula ! Enhancement Studies ! Sth Africa
! Parkville ! Other (specify)

During an exam, you must not have in your possession, a book, notes, paper, electronic device/s, calculator,
pencil case, mobile phone or other material/item which has not been authorised for the exam or specifically
permitted as noted below. Any material or item on your desk, chair or person will be deemed to be in your
possession. You are reminded that possession of unauthorised materials, or attempting to cheat or cheating in an
exam is a discipline offence under Part 7 of the Monash University (Council) Regulations.

No exam paper or other exam materials are to be removed from the room.

AUTHORISED MATERIALS

OPEN BOOK ! YES " NO

CALCULATORS " YES ! NO

(only calculators with an approved for use Faculty of Engineering or Faculty of Science sticker are
permitted)
SPECIFICALLY PERMITTED ITEMS ! YES " NO
if yes, items permitted are:

Candidates must complete this section if required to write answers within this paper

STUDENT ID: __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ DESK NUMBER: __ __ __ __ __

Page 1 of 9
MEC3451 Monash University
2015 Final Exam Mech. & Aerosp. Eng.

This exam has a total of 5 questions, for a total of 100 marks.

Answer all questions in the answer booklet.

Question 1
ANSWER ALL THE PARTS BELOW IN THE ANSWER BOOKLET!

(a) In order to obtain a closed set of equations for the density , pressure p, and [2]
velocity v for compressible flows, we need an equation-of-state relating ........
and .........
(b) A vortex is .... [2]
A. a region with non-zero vorticity.
B. a region with non-zero vorticity, and circular streamlines.
C. a region with zero vorticity, but circular streamlines.
D. a region with circular streamlines.
E. a region with non-zero vorticity, and straight streamlines.
F. a region with zero vorticity, and straight streamlines.
G. a region with straight streamlines.
(c) Obtain the dilatation rate for the velocity field v = x(y+z)i+y(x+z)j+z(x+y)k. [2]
(d) Sketch the shear stress xy as a function of y for the following profiles of the [2]
x-component of the velocity u in a Newtonian fluid. The other two velocity
components are zero.
y

O
u
(e) In an incompressible, irrotational flow field, the streamlines are straight and [2]
radial; how do equipotential lines look?
A. They are also radial.
B. Concentric circles.
C. Straight, parallel lines
(f) Which three of the following conditions are essential for the application of po- [2]
tential flow analysis?
A. The flow is turbulent at high Reynolds numbers.
B. The flow is laminar at high Reynolds numbers.
C. The flow is laminar at low Reynolds numbers.

2
MEC3451 Monash University
2015 Final Exam Mech. & Aerosp. Eng.

D. The flow is far away from no-slip surfaces.

E. The flow occurs within the wake behind a body.
F. The flow is irrotational.
(g) In a planar, incompressible, irrotational AND viscous flow: [2]
A. r2 = 0 AND r2 6= 0
B. r2 6= 0 AND r2 = 0
C. r2 = 0 AND r2 = 0
D. r2 6= 0 AND r2 6= 0
(h) Which one of the following is true for the potential-flow solution for uniform [2]
flow U of a fluid of density past a rotating circular cylinder of radius a, with a
free-vortex of circulation and a doublet of strength U a2 located at the cylinder
centre? (D and L denote drag and lift forces, respectively.)
A. D = 0; L = U ;
B. D = + U ; L = U ;
C. D = U ; L = U ;
D. D = 0; L = 0;
(i) A significant Magnus eect is observed in which of the following cases? [2]

1 2

A. Case 1;
B. Case 2;
C. both cases;
D. neither case.
(j) Which three of the following statements are true of the turbulent viscosity? [2]
A. It is a property of the fluid.
B. It depends on the Reynolds number.
C. It depends on the flow geometry.
D. It is a rapidly fluctuating quantity.
E. It is caused by turbulent fluctuations in fluid velocity.
Total for Question 1: 20

3
MEC3451 Monash University
2015 Final Exam Mech. & Aerosp. Eng.

Question 2
A perforated vertical pipe of radius R and height H is to be used as shown below to
generate a spray. The holes cover a fraction of the total cylindrical surface area.
The pipe bottom is completely closed. A liquid enters vertically downward at the
top with a uniform speed of v0 .
v0
z

H
q
vr (z) = v02 + 2 g z

2R
If frictional eects are negligible, the liquid exits radially the pipe surface through
the holes in the cylinder surface with a speed
q
vr (z) = v02 + 2 g z at r = R ,

where z is the co-ordinate downward along the pipe axis and g is the acceleration
due to gravity.
Taking the pipe to be a control volume, use the principle of mass conservation to show
that the speed v0 required to operate such a system is a solution of the equation

3 R
(v02 + 1)3/2 v03 v0 = 0 ,
4
p
where the dimensionless v0 = v0 / 2 g H and R = R/H.
p
[Hint: (A + B x) dx can be obtained by substituting x0 = A + B x.]
Total for Question 2: 20

4
 as shown in Fig. 2B.6. Note that the "momentum in" and "momentum out" arrows are al-
ways taken in the positive coordinate direction, even though in this problem the momentum
MEC3451 Monash University
is flowing through the cylindrical surfaces in the negative r direction.
2015 Final
(a) Show that the velocity Exam in the falling filmMech.
distribution & Aerosp.
(neglecting Eng.is
end effects)

Question 3
A cylindrical rod of radius R moves axially with velocity v0 along the axis of a
(b) Obtain an expression for the mass rate of flow in the film.
cylindrical cavity of radius R as shown in the figure below ( < 1). The pressure at
theShow
both ends of (c) cavitythat
is the same,inso(b)
theresult simplifies
that to Eq.
the fluid 2.2-21through
moves if the film thickness
the annularisregion
very small.
solely because of theflow
2B.7 Annular rodwith
motion. Assumemoving
inner cylinder that gravitational eects
axially (see Fig. 2B.7).are negligible,
A cylindrical rod of radius
KR moves axially with velocity v, vo along the axis of a cylindrical
and that the flow is steady, incompressible, unidirectional, and axisymmetric.
= cavity of radius R as seen
in the figure. The pressure at both ends of the cavity is the same, so that the fluid moves
through the annular region solely because of the rod motion.

Cylinder of inside
Fluid at modified radius R Fluid at modified
pressure Yo
p0 \ I( pressure YO
p0

Rod of radius KR- L

moving with velocity vo

Fig. 2B.7 Annular flow with the inner cylinder moving axially.

(a) Find the velocity distribution in the narrow annular region.

(a) Show that
(b) the
Findassumptions imply
the mass rate of that thethe
flow through flow is also
annular fully-developed.
region. [4]
Obtain the
(b) Find the(c)velocity viscous force
distribution in acting on the rod
the narrow over the
annular length L.
region. [8]
(d) Show that the result in (c) can be written as a "plane slit" formula multiplied by a "curva-
(c) Hence, find the mass rate of fluid flow through the annular region. [Hint: [4]
ture correction."
2 Problems of this kind arise in studying the performance of wire-coating dies.'
x ln x dx = (x /4) (2 ln x 1).]
v, = -
Answers: (a) - In (r/R)
(d) Obtain the viscousvo forceIn acting
K on the rod over the length L. [Hint: zr = [4]
(@vr /@z + @vz /@r).]
Total for Question 3: 20

Question 4 -2 d p v ,
-
(d) F, = (1 - ;E - As2 + . - .) where E = 1 - K (see Problem 2B.5)
The flow generated by a helicopter &
rotor can be approximated as a free vortex of
strength . The helicopter experiences
2B.8 Analysis of a capillary flowmeter a wind(see
of with a relative
Fig. 2B.8). speed the
Determine of Urate
as of
shown
flow (in lb/hr)
below. through the capillary flow meter shown in the figure. The fluid flowing in the inclined tube is

U
y

x
Fig. 2B.8 A capillary flow meter.

(a) What is the J.velocity P. H. Squires, W.

B. Paton, potential forH.the air F.
Darnell, M. Cash,
flow around J. F. Carley,
and the Processing of Themoplastic[2]
helicopter?
Materials, E. C. Bernhardt (ed.), Reinhold, New York (19591, Chapter 4.
(b) With the origin centred on the helicopter, obtain expressions for the components [2]
vr and v of the velocity field.
(c) Determine the location of the stagnation point. [3]

5
MEC3451 Monash University
2015 Final Exam Mech. & Aerosp. Eng.

(d) If the atmospheric pressure in the wind far away from the helicopter is p0 , what [3]
is the pressure at some point (r, ) near the helicopter? Verify that the pressure
is p0 at the stagnation point.
(e) Determine the equation of the streamline through the stagnation point. (Hint: [5]
streamline and streamfunction are related.)
(f) If the drag coefficient of the helicopter is CD and the frontal area is A, what is [5]
the magnitude and direction of the total force in the x y plane exerted by the
air flow on the helicopter? (Hint: it is not just the drag force!)
Total for Question 4: 20

Question 5
Air blows over the flat-bottomed airfoil shown below.

The chord length of the airfoil c = 1 m. The shape of the top surface is given by
y = 0.8x3 1.6x2 + 0.8x m. The approach speed and the speed over the bottom
surface ar U = 1 m/s. The speed over the top surface is given by
8
>
<1 + 2.5 x , 0 x < 0.1 ,
u = 1.25 , 0.1 x < 0.5 ,
>
:
1.7 0.9 x , 0.5 < x 1 .

Neglecting friction and gravity, calculate the lift coefficient for the airfoil. Assume
unit width in the direction perpendicular to the page.
Total for Question 5: 20

6
MEC3451 Monash University
2015 Final Exam Mech. & Aerosp. Eng.

FORMULA SHEET

FLUID KINEMATICS

@ @
If exists, u= ; v= (1)
@y @x

@ @
If exists, u= ; v= (2)
@x @y

1@ @
If exists, vr = ; v = (3)
r @ @r

@ 1@
If exists, vr = ; v = (4)
@r r @
CONTROL VOLUME ANALYSIS OF MASS CONSERVATION

Rate of net mass accumulation in Rate of net advective influx of mass

= (5)
CV into CV

Rate of net advective influx of mass
= v n dA (6)
into CV
all
surface

@

Rate of net mass accumulation in
= dV (7)
CV @t
all
volume

THE EQUATIONS OF FLUID MECHANICS

@
+ v r = r v (8)
@t

@ @ v @ @ 1 @rvr 1 @v @vz
+ vr + + vz = + + (9)
@t @r r @ @z r @r r @ @z

@v
+ (v r) v = rp + r2 v + g (10)
@t

7
MEC3451 Monash University
2015 Final Exam Mech. & Aerosp. Eng.

@vr @vr v @vr @vr v2
+ vr + + vz =
@t @r r @ @z r

@p @ 1 @ 1 @ 2 vr @ 2 vr 2 @v
+ (rvr ) + 2 2 + + gr
@r @r r @r r @ @z 2 r2 @
(11a)

@v @v v @v @v vr v
+ vr + + vz + =
@t @r r @ @z r

1 @p @ 1 @ 1 @ 2 v @ 2 v 2 @v
+ (rv ) + 2 2 + + + g
r @ @r r @r r @ @z 2 r2 @
(11b)

@vz @vz v @vz @vz
+ vr + + vz =
@t @r r @ @z
(11c)
@p 1 @ @vz 1 @ 2 vz @ 2 vz
+ r + 2 2 + + gz
@z r @r @r r @ @z 2

D= p (ns ek ) dA + ( ns ) ek dA (12)
body surface body surface

L = p (ns e? ) dA + ( ns ) e? dA (13)
body surface body surface

r(y f (x)) (df /dx)i + j

n= = p (14)
| r(y f (x)) | (df /dx)2 + 1

p
dA = 1 + (df /dx)2 dx (15)

L = U1 (16)

D L
CD = 1 2
; CL = 1 2
(17)
2
A U1 2
A U1
POTENTIAL FLOWS

u = U cos (18a)
v = U sin (18b)
= U (y cos x sin ) (18c)
= U (x cos + y sin ) (18d)

8
MEC3451 Monash University
2015 Final Exam Mech. & Aerosp. Eng.

m
vr = (19a)
2r
v = 0 (19b)
m
= (19c)
2
m
= ln r (19d)
2

vr = 0 (20a)

v = (20b)
2r
= ln r (20c)
2
= (20d)
2

A cos
vr = (21a)
r2
A sin
v = (21b)
r2
A sin
= (21c)
r
A cos
= (21d)
r

p1 V12 p2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2 (22)
2g 2g