Rules of Inference

1, 2 1, 2
CONJ SIMP
Conjunction Simplification
p pq
q p
pq q
1, 2
ADD Restrictions
Addition
v
p
1. Only one rule may be used at a time.
pvq
2. No rule of inference may be used on a component
1, 2
DS of a numbered statement.
Disjunctive
Syllogism 3. When removing a quantifier and replacing each
v
occurrence of the variable bound by that quantifier
+ ~ pvq with an individual term, you must use the SAME
~p term for each occurrence of the bound variable.
q
4. When adding a quantifier and replacing each
1, 2 1, 2
MP HS occurrence of a individual term with a variable,
Modus Ponens Hypothetical you must use the SAME variable for each
pq Syllogism occurrence of that term and no other term.

p pq 5. You may NOT use EI if the term you are
q qr instantiating is a constant.
pr 6. You may NOT use EI if the term you are
1, 2 instantiating is a variable that occurs free in the
MT proof previously.
Modus Tollens
7. You may NOT use UG if the term you are
+ ~ pq replacing is a constant.
~ ~q
~p 8. You may NOT use UG if the term you are
replacing previously occurs free in a numbered
1, 2
CD statement obtained by EI.
Constructive Dilemma 9. You may NOT use UG if the term you are
+ pq replacing previously occurs free in an assumed
+ v rs premise that has not yet been discharged.
v pvr
qvs
1, 2, 3 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9
UI UG
Universal Instantiation Universal Generalization
()
()(. . . . . .) (. . . . . .)
(. . . . . .) ()(. . . . . .)
1, 2, 3, 5, 6 1, 2, 4
EI EG
Existential Instantiation Existential Generalization
()
()(. . . . . .) (. . . . . .)
(. . . . . .) ()(. . . . . .)
1, 2 1
ID IP
Identity Identity Principle
= (. . . . . .) ()( = )
=
(. . . . . .)