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FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE tau

electron neutrino
The Big Bang Theory muon neutrino
tau neutrino
Big bang theory- universe was very small
and very hot, and then expanded over time atom - smallest constituent unit of ordinary
until it reached its peak around 13.7 billion matter that has the properties of a chemical
years ago. element. Every A is composed of a nucleus
Big bang model asserts that seconds after and 1 / more electrons bound to the nucleus.
the explosion, the surroundings were at a Nucleus- made of one or more protons and
high temperature of about 10 billion degrees typically a similar number of neutrons.
Fahrenheit (5.5 billion Celsius) with Protons & neutrons- called nucleuons. The
aggregates of fundamental particles such as protons have a positive electric charge to
neutrons, electrons, and protons. which it is composed of 2 Up (+2/3) Quarks
As the universe cooled in later phases, these & 1 Down (-1/3) Quarks. Neutrons are
particles either combined with each other or composed of 2 Down (-1/3) Quarks and 1 Up
decayed. The universe was also said to (+2/3) Quarks. Meanwhile, electrons do not
continue to expand. contain quarks as it is a lepton.
Evidence for the Big Bang includes:
all galaxies are moving away from us Steady State Theory
the further away a galaxy is, the faster it
is moving away. Universe is always expanding & further
claims that the universe has no beginning or
Composition of a matter: end in time, and that the appearance
remains the same over time. (Later on was
Atom > Nucleus > (Proton/Neutron/ disproved when certain galactic bodies were
Electrons) > Quark / Leptons found at a certain far distances, which then
implied that the universe is evolving.)
Basic Building Blocks of Matter
Cosmic Inflation Theory
Quarks elementary particle and
Inflation - hypothesis that for a very short
fundamental constituent of
time, the universe expanded at a sharply
matter. Quarks combine to form composite
increasing rate, rather than at the decreasing
particles called hadrons, the most stable of
rate such like that of a vacuum energy.
which are protons and neutrons, the
It became an accepted hypothesis because
components of atomic nuclei.
it help answer many observations that came
Leptons is an elementary, half integer spin
from big bang theory.
(spin 1/2) particle that does not undergo
One observation- homogeneity of objects in
strong interactions.
space. Objects used to be in contact got
farther away from each other.
There are six types of quarks and six types of Second observation- appearance of
leptons, both known as flavours. flatness or smoothness of the universe. The
Quarks continuous expansion dilutes or gradually
loss the curvature of objects. Therefore,
up some kind of dispersal occurred.
down Third observation- formation of stars and
charm star systems in later years. Gravity attract
top gas into masses, arising to the birth of stars
strange and eventually galaxies.
bottom

Leptons

electron
muon
FORMATION OF STAR SYSTEM EARTH and the SPACE

Nebular Hypothesis Light-Year

It was the model used to explain the Distance without a referent point can be
formation and evolution of the solar system. measured in terms of angels or time. The unit
A star system was formed from a rotating gas of astronomical distance that light travels in
cloud or nebula of extremely hot gas. When one year, about 9.5 x 10^12 km (about 6 x
the gas cooled, the nebula began to shrink, 10^12 miles.)
and as it became smaller, it rotated faster,
forming a disklike shape (accretion). The Origin of Star
nebulas rotation and gravitational force from
the mass of the nebula formed the rings of Stars are born from swirling clouds of
gas outside. As the nebula, continued to hydrogen gas in the deep space between
shrink, these rings condensed into various other stars, which we call a nebulae. The
densities of planets and their satellites. cloud gas atoms begins to condense by
gravitational attraction to a protostar, an
accumulation of gas that will become star.
It takes around 17 millions of years for a
nebulae to form into a protostar until a star is
born, and the star then continues for the next
10 billion years.

The Sun

Ave. star, converts about 1.4 x 10^17 kg of


matter to energy every year as hydrogen
The Planetesimal and Tidal Theories nuclei are fused to produce helium.
Born about 5 billion years ago and has
The gravitational pull of the passing star sufficient hydrogen in the core to continue
raised tides found on the surface of the sun. Some shining for another 4 or 5 billion years.
of this erupted matter was detached and plunged Higher temperatures mean increased kinetic
into elliptical orbits around the sun. Some of the energy, which results in increased numbers
smaller masses quickly cooled to become solid of collisions between hydrogen nuclei with
space, eventually forming larger clumps and the end result being an increased number of
gathering more and more matter. fusion reactions.
At the present, the four inner planets are
called terrestrial or telluric planets because they Supernova
have solid surfaces and are mostly of silicate rocks
and metals. These were Mercury, Venus, Earth and Gigantic explosion in which a massive star
Mars. collapses and its outer layers are blasted
The four outer planets are called gas into space.
planets because they are made up of only primary Produces a brilliant light in the sky that may
materials (helium and hydrogen) that make up the last for months before it begins to dim as
sun. The lower temperature, known to be observed the new elements that were created during
beyond the frost line, allowed the condensation of the life of the star diffuses into space.
gas, forming a less dense huge planet. These were
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Neutron Star

Very small (10 to 20 km diameter), super


dense remains of a supernova with a center
core of pure neutrons.
Pulsar
Earth in Space
Very strongly magnetized neutron star that
emits a uniform series of equally spaced The shape of Earth is a slightly pear-
electromagnetic pulses. If a neutron star is shaped, slightly lopsided oblate spheroid.
spinning, it is called a pulsar. Earth moves constantly around the sun in a
slightly elliptical orbit that requires an
Black Hole average of one year for one complete
Collapsed star will become so dense that circuit.
even light cannot escape. The star will now The movement around the sun is called a
be a black hole. revolution, and all points on Earths orbit lie
in a plane of the ecliptic.
Galaxy Rotation is the spinning of Earth around an
A galaxy is an extremely large collection of
stars bound together by mutual gravitational
attraction. The Milky Way contains an
estimated 100 billion to 200 billion stars.

TYPES OF SPHERES

Atmosphere- it envelopes the Earth.


Consists of a mixture of gases composed
Canis Major Dwarf primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide,
argon, and water vapor.
Closest to the Milky Way Galaxy
42,000 light years away Hydrosphere all of the water on Earth. 71%
of the earth is covered by water and only
Quasars 29% is terra firma.

Most distant objects observed in the Lithosphere the Earths solid surface,
universe, and emit tremendous amounts of often called the crust of the earth. It includes
electromagnetic radiation (energy) at all continental and oceanic crust
wavelengths.
Starlike sources of energy that are located Biosphere all life on Earth, including man,
in the centre of galaxies. and all organisms.
Cryosphere the portion of the Earths
Comet surface where water is in a solid form. Snow
or ice
Anthrosphere man and his direct
Small object composed of dust and ice and
ancestors, hominids. The human
that revolves about the sun in a highly
population, its buildings, dams, and other
elliptical orbit. As a comet near the sun, some
constructions.
of the surface vaporizes to form a gaseous
head and a long tail.

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