Professional Documents
Culture Documents
electron neutrino
The Big Bang Theory muon neutrino
tau neutrino
Big bang theory- universe was very small
and very hot, and then expanded over time atom - smallest constituent unit of ordinary
until it reached its peak around 13.7 billion matter that has the properties of a chemical
years ago. element. Every A is composed of a nucleus
Big bang model asserts that seconds after and 1 / more electrons bound to the nucleus.
the explosion, the surroundings were at a Nucleus- made of one or more protons and
high temperature of about 10 billion degrees typically a similar number of neutrons.
Fahrenheit (5.5 billion Celsius) with Protons & neutrons- called nucleuons. The
aggregates of fundamental particles such as protons have a positive electric charge to
neutrons, electrons, and protons. which it is composed of 2 Up (+2/3) Quarks
As the universe cooled in later phases, these & 1 Down (-1/3) Quarks. Neutrons are
particles either combined with each other or composed of 2 Down (-1/3) Quarks and 1 Up
decayed. The universe was also said to (+2/3) Quarks. Meanwhile, electrons do not
continue to expand. contain quarks as it is a lepton.
Evidence for the Big Bang includes:
all galaxies are moving away from us Steady State Theory
the further away a galaxy is, the faster it
is moving away. Universe is always expanding & further
claims that the universe has no beginning or
Composition of a matter: end in time, and that the appearance
remains the same over time. (Later on was
Atom > Nucleus > (Proton/Neutron/ disproved when certain galactic bodies were
Electrons) > Quark / Leptons found at a certain far distances, which then
implied that the universe is evolving.)
Basic Building Blocks of Matter
Cosmic Inflation Theory
Quarks elementary particle and
Inflation - hypothesis that for a very short
fundamental constituent of
time, the universe expanded at a sharply
matter. Quarks combine to form composite
increasing rate, rather than at the decreasing
particles called hadrons, the most stable of
rate such like that of a vacuum energy.
which are protons and neutrons, the
It became an accepted hypothesis because
components of atomic nuclei.
it help answer many observations that came
Leptons is an elementary, half integer spin
from big bang theory.
(spin 1/2) particle that does not undergo
One observation- homogeneity of objects in
strong interactions.
space. Objects used to be in contact got
farther away from each other.
There are six types of quarks and six types of Second observation- appearance of
leptons, both known as flavours. flatness or smoothness of the universe. The
Quarks continuous expansion dilutes or gradually
loss the curvature of objects. Therefore,
up some kind of dispersal occurred.
down Third observation- formation of stars and
charm star systems in later years. Gravity attract
top gas into masses, arising to the birth of stars
strange and eventually galaxies.
bottom
Leptons
electron
muon
FORMATION OF STAR SYSTEM EARTH and the SPACE
It was the model used to explain the Distance without a referent point can be
formation and evolution of the solar system. measured in terms of angels or time. The unit
A star system was formed from a rotating gas of astronomical distance that light travels in
cloud or nebula of extremely hot gas. When one year, about 9.5 x 10^12 km (about 6 x
the gas cooled, the nebula began to shrink, 10^12 miles.)
and as it became smaller, it rotated faster,
forming a disklike shape (accretion). The Origin of Star
nebulas rotation and gravitational force from
the mass of the nebula formed the rings of Stars are born from swirling clouds of
gas outside. As the nebula, continued to hydrogen gas in the deep space between
shrink, these rings condensed into various other stars, which we call a nebulae. The
densities of planets and their satellites. cloud gas atoms begins to condense by
gravitational attraction to a protostar, an
accumulation of gas that will become star.
It takes around 17 millions of years for a
nebulae to form into a protostar until a star is
born, and the star then continues for the next
10 billion years.
The Sun
TYPES OF SPHERES
Most distant objects observed in the Lithosphere the Earths solid surface,
universe, and emit tremendous amounts of often called the crust of the earth. It includes
electromagnetic radiation (energy) at all continental and oceanic crust
wavelengths.
Starlike sources of energy that are located Biosphere all life on Earth, including man,
in the centre of galaxies. and all organisms.
Cryosphere the portion of the Earths
Comet surface where water is in a solid form. Snow
or ice
Anthrosphere man and his direct
Small object composed of dust and ice and
ancestors, hominids. The human
that revolves about the sun in a highly
population, its buildings, dams, and other
elliptical orbit. As a comet near the sun, some
constructions.
of the surface vaporizes to form a gaseous
head and a long tail.