You are on page 1of 5

2004 7 J ul.

2004
25 4 Foreign Language Educat ion V ol. 25 N o. 4

:
,
( 317000; BS81HH)

:
: 1) ; 2) ; 3)


, :
: ; ; ; ;
: H0: A : 1000-5544( 2004) 04-0025-05
Abstract: L ang uag e t est ing resear ch, a ty pica l exam ple o f positiv ism, is usually considered the most conserv ativ e field
in social science resear ch . T his ar ticle ex amines lang ua ge t esting r esearch fr om three per spectiv es : 1) establishment
of seco nd lang ua ge acquisition theor y; 2) tex t inter pr etations o f r eading compr ehensio n ; and 3) ethics o f languag e
testing r esearch. I t points o ut that w hile languag e testing resear ch as a so cial pr actice still tries to be in t he cam p o f
modernism, it is nonetheless infring ed by po stmodernism thoug hts, and t hat languag e testing resear cher s have actual-
ly been adopting postmo der nism theor etical perspect ives - indiv idualit y, indeter minancy, inter pr etation, and imm e-
diat eness - and g radually chang ing their r esearch methodolo gy .
Key words : languag e testing ; r eliable; modernism ; responsible; po stmoder nism


1.


2.
, :
,
: 1) ; 2) ; 3)
; :
, ,

, ,
,

don: A llen & U nw in, 1987. [ 13] , . [ M ] . : , 1980.


[ 4] Hor nby A S. Oxf ord Ad v anced L earner s D ict ionary of Curr ent [ 14] , . [ M ] . :
Eng li sh [ Z] . O xf ord: O U P, 1997. , 1989.
[ 5] Lauf er B. Th e development of pass ive an d act ive vocabu lar y in a [ 15] . 5000+ 5000[ M ] . :
second language: same or dif ferent ? [ J ] . App li ed L ig uistic s, 1998 , 1999.
( 2) : 255-271. [ 16] . [ M ] . : ,
[ 6] R ichards R & M M cCarth y . Vocabul ary and L ang uage T eachi ng 2002.
[ M ] . London: Longman G roup U K Lt d, 1988. [ 17] , . [ J] . , 1995( 2) .
[ 7 ] Sin clair J. CO L L I N S C OB UI L D E ssent ial Eng li sh Di cti onary [ 18] , . [ A ] . .
[ Z] . W illiams Coll ins Sons & Co Lt d, 1988. [ C] . : , 1996.
[ 8] Sum mers D. L ongman D i ctionary of Comtemp orary E ngl ish[ Z ] . [ 19] , . : [ J ] . ,
London: Longman Group Lt d, 1995. 1995( 1) .
[ 9 ] Cambri dg e I nter national Di cti onary of E ngl ish [ Z] . Combri dge:
CU P, 1995. : , ,
[ 10] .
,
[ J ] . , 1995( 2) .

[ 11] . [ ]
,
( ) [ S ] . : , :
, ,
, 1999.
[ 12] . 2003-04-14
[ S] . : , : , 2000.
25
2004 7 J ul. 2004
25 4 Foreign Language Educat ion V ol. 25 N o. 4

, ,
,
( O lssen ,

1999: 176) Fo ucault ,
( ) ( ) , ,
, ; , ,


R ichard Ro rt y ,
;
, ( G renz , 1996;
( G renz, 1996) R or ty, 1979: 393) , R osena u ( 1992: 8)
,
: ,
( Gr enz, 1996)
,



, ,
, ,
, , ( u-
, niv erse)

( uni -) ,
, ;
,
( Eagleton , 1996: vii) ( Gr enz , 1996)


( A tkinso n, 20002002; Bereit er, 1994; Ber eiter et al. , , ,
1997; Co nst as, 1998; Gr eene , 1993) , ,
,



, ( Ro senau, 1992: 170) ,
, , , ( )
, ,
( D allmayr , 1987: 107)

; ,

,
( ) , :
, ,
,
, ,
,
, , Best
( Ly ota rd, 1984)
K ellner ( 1997)


, Fo uca ult :
, , 1) ,

2) ,
Jacques Der r ida
F oucault ( 19771980) 3) ,
, 4)

3.


,
, ( F oucault , 1977: 27-28,
tr ans. A lan Sheridan, Gr enz, 1996)
,
Fo uca ult ( ) ( Lew y , 1996)
26
2004 7 J ul. 2004
25 4 Foreign Language Educat ion V ol. 25 N o. 4

: 1) :
; 2)
; 3) , ?
3. 1 , :
,
( Bachman, 1988; Bachman and Cohen, 1998 ) L anto lf A lder son
( 1996) , ( 2000:
( Ber etta, 1991 1993; Ber etta and 29)
Cro okes, 1993; Cr oo kes, 1992; Eubank and Gr egg , 1989 3. 3 : ,
1993; L o ng , 198519901993; Spo lsky , 198519891990)
( 1993) ,
, ( Beret ta, Cr oo kes, G reg g Lo ng )
[ G Y u2]
( L antolf , 1996: 714) L antolf ,
( Rea-Dickins , 1997)
, ,
, ,
( Ger g en, 1990: 295, L anto lf , 1996) ,
L antolf , , ,
Hamp-L y ons( 1998: 324)

[ G Y u 1] , ,
: ;
,
Ha mp-Ly ons ,

,
( L anto lf ) ( 1998: 329)
( L ant olf, 1996: 715) L antolf , ( A PA )
, ,
3. 2 : A P A
,
;
( ) , ( ,
)
( R osenau , 1992: 37) , ,
, ( Fulcher ) Sa muel M essick
( 1989 1996)
1992 ,
, ( M cN amar a, 1998)
, ? ,
, ,
, Shohamy ( 2001a2001b)
, ? M cN amar a( 2001)

L yo tard F oucault
,
[ G Y u3]
,
Sar ig ( 1989) Co rder ( 1973)
:
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
; ,
, , 2002 3 L T EST -List bk
IEL T S ( ) ,

,
,
A lder son ,
!
27
2004 7 J ul. 2004
25 4 Foreign Language Educat ion V ol. 25 N o. 4

Sociology of E d ucation, 2000( 10) : 81-102.


4.
[ 3] A t kins on, E. T he res ponsibl e anarchis t: Post modernism and s o-
, cial change[ J ] . B rit ish J our nal of S oc iol ogy of Ed ucati on, 2002
( 23) : 73-88.
,
[ 4] Bachman, L. F. Language t es ti ng- SLA research int erf aces[ J ] .

Annual Rev ie w of App l ied L i ngui st ics , 1988( 9) : 193-209.
,
[ 5] Bach man , L . F . A ss es sment and eval uat ion [ J] . A nnual R ev iew


of Ap pl ied L ing uistic , 1989( 10) : 210-226.
,
[ 6] Bachman, L. F. F undament al Consider ati ons in L ang uage Test ing
[ M ] . O xf ord: O xford U n ivers ity Pres s, 1990.

[ 7] Bachman, L. F. , & Cohen, A . D. Int erf aces betw e en S ec ond
, L anguag e A cquisiti on and L ang uag e T esti ng R esear ch[ C ] . Cam-
b ridge: Cambridge U nivers it y Press , 1998.
[ 8] Bereit er , C . Imp licat ions of post modernism for s cience , or , sci-
:
ence as progr ess ive discou rse [ A ] . In D . C . Ph illips ( ed. ) . Epi s-

t emol og ical P ersp ectiv es on Ed ucat ional P sychology[ C] . Law ren ce
J ean Baudrill ar d J acqu es Derri-
Erlbaum A ss ociates Inc, 1994: 3.
da !
[ 9 ] Ber eit er , C. , Scardamalia, M . , Cassell s, C. , & Hewit t , J .

Pos tm odernis m, know ledge buildi ng, and element ary science[ J ] .
,
El ementary S chool J ournal , 1997( 97) : 329-340.
, ( Blake, 1996
[ 10] Berett a , A . T heory cons tru ct ion in SLA : C om plem ent arit y and
1997; Blake et al. , 1999)
opp os it ion [ J ] . S t udi es i n S econd L ang uage A cquisit ion , 1991

( 13) : 493-551.

[ 11] Beret ta, A . A s G od s aid, and I t hink , r ight ly. . . Pers pect ives

on t heory cons tr uct ion in SLA : A n int rodu ct ion[ J] . App l ied L in-

g uisti cs, 1993( 14) : 221-224.

[ 12] Berett a, A . , & Crookes, G . Cognit ive and s ocial determinant s
( LT R C: Language Test ing
of discovery in S LA [ J] . App lie d L ing uisti cs, 1993( 14) : 250-275.
R esearch Coll oqu ium) 20 70
[ 13] Best , S . , & K el lner , D . The Post mod ern T urn[ M ] . N ew Y ork :
:
The Guil f or d Press , 1997.
LTR C ,
[ 14 ] Blake, N . Betw een pos t moderni sm and an ti -moderni sm: T he

predicam ent of edu cational st udi es[ J ] . B rit ish Journal of E duca-
( Language T est ing Research
t ional S tud ies, 1996( 44) : 42-65.
Conf er ence)
[ 15] Blake, N . A pos t modern ism w or th bot hering about : A rejoinder
,
to Col e, Hill an d R ikow ski [ J ] . Br iti sh J ournal of E d ucational
( Bach man , 1989) ( Bachm an, 1990) ,
St udi es, 1997( 45) : 293-305.
: ,
[ 16] Blake, N . , S meyers , P . , S mit h, R . , & S t andis h, P. Th inking

again: Ed ucat ion aft er post modernis m [ J] . B rit ish J our nal of E d-

uc ational S tud ies, 1999( 47) : 407-408.
,
[ 17] Cons t as , M . A . T he changin g nat ur e of ed ucati on al res earch and
, ,
a critiqu e of post modernis m [ J ] . E duc at ional R esearche r, 1998
,
( 27) : 26-37.
,
[ 18] Crookes , G . Theory f ormat and SLA th eory[ J ] . S tud ies in S ec-
:
ond L ang uage A cquisiti on, 1992( 14) : 425-449.
, ,
[ 19] Dall mayr , F . R . Polit ics of t he kingd om - pann enberg' s ant hr o-

pol ogy [ J] . R ev iew of P ol iti cs , 1987( 49) : 85-111.
, ,
[ 20] Eaglet on, T . The I l lusions of P ostmod erni sm [ M ] . O xford :

Bl ackw el ls Publi shers Lt d, 1996.
R ea-D ickin s( 1997) U K
[ 21] Eubank, L. , & G regg, K . R . Et in A mygdala Ego? U g, ( S )
bk LT EST -List
La, and n eurobiol ogy[ J] . S t udi es in S econd L anguag e A cquisi-
2002 3 IE LTS t ion , 1995( 17) : 35-57.
[ 22 ] Foucaul t, M . D iscipl ine and P unish: T he Bir th of the P rison
[ M ] . N ew Y ork: V int age Book s, 1977.
[ 23] Foucau lt , M . Tr ut h and pow er[ A ] . In C. G ordon ( ed. ) . P ow -
[ 1 ] A l ders on, J . C. Assessi ng R eadi ng [ M ] . C amb ridge: Cambri dge er / K now led g e: S el ected I nter v iew s and Ot her W rit ing s 1972-1977
U nivers ity Press, 2000. [ C] . N ew Y ork: Pant h eon Book s, 1980: 133.
[ 2] A tk inson, E . The promis e of uncert ain ty : E ducat ion, post mod- [ 24] G ergen , K . J . Th e ch eckmat e of rhetoric ( but can our r easons
ernism and t h e polit ics of pos sibi lit y[ J ] . Int ernati onal S tud ies in becom e caus es ?) [ A ] . In H. W . Sim on s ( ed. ) . T he Rhet ori cal

28
2004 7 J ul. 2004
25 4 Foreign Language Educat ion V ol. 25 N o. 4

T urn: Inv ent ion and P ersuasion in the Cond uct of I nqu iry [ C ] . [ 39] M ess ick, S . V alidit y of t est int erpret at ion and u se[ A ] . In M .
Ch icago: U nivers ity of Ch icago Press , 1990: 293-307. C. A l kin ( ed. ) . Encycl op edi a of E ducat ional Research ( 6th E di-
[ 25] Green e, M . R ef lect ions on pos tm od ernis m and educat ion[ J] . E- t ion ) [ Z] . N ew York : M acm illan, 1992.
d ucati onal P ol icy, 1993( 7) : 206. [ 40] M essi ck, S . V alidit y and w ashback in l ang uage t es t ing[ J] . L an-
[ 26] G regg , K . R. S econ d Language A cquisit ion t heory: T he cas e f or g uag e T esting , 1996( 13) : 241-256.
a gener at ive pers pective [ A ] . In S . M . Gass & J. S chach t er [ 41] O ls sen, M . M i chel Fouc ault : M ater iali sm and E ducat ion [ M ] .
( eds . ) . L ing uist ic Per sp ecti v es on S econd L ang uage A cquisiti on London: Bergin & G arvey , 1999.
[ C] . Cambridge: C amb ridge U niversit y Pres s, 1989: 15-40. [ 42] Rea-D icki ns, P. M . So w hy do w e need relations hips w ith st ake-
[ 27] G regg, K . R. T ak ing ex planat ion s erious ly: O r let a cou ple of h ol ders in language t es t ing [ J ] . L ang uage T est ing , 1997 ( 14 ) :
f low er s bloom[ J] . App li ed L ing uisti cs, 1993( 14) . 304-314.
[ 28] G ren z, S. J . A Pr imer on P ostmoder nism[ M ] . M ichigan, U S: [ 43] Rort y, R . P hil osophy and t he M i rror of N at ure[ M ] . Pr inceton :
W ill iam B. E erdmans Publ ishin g Co. , 1996. U niver sit y of Pr inceton Press, 1979.
[ 29] Hamp-Lyons , L . Et hics in language t es tin g [ A ] . In C . Clapham [ 44 ] R osen au , P . M . P ost-M oder nism and t he S ocial S cie nc es : In-
( ed. ) . L ang uag e T esti ng and A ssessment. Vol. 7 of the E ncy clo- sig hts , Inr oad s and I ntrusions [ M ] . Prin cet on: Princet on U niver-
p ed ia of L ang uage and Ed ucati on[ Z ] . A mst erdam : K luw er A ca- s it y Press , 1992.
demic Publis hers, 1998: 323-333. [ 45] Sarig, G. Test ing m eaning const ru ct ion: Can w e do it f airly[ J ] .
[ 30] Lant ol f , J . P. Review A rt icl e. SL A th eory bu ilding: Let t ing L anguag e Testi ng, 1989( 6) : 77-94.
all t he f low ers bloom! [ J] . L ang uage L earni ng, 1996( 46) : 713- [ 46] Shoh amy, E. Democrat ic as sessm ent as an al t ernat ive[ J ] . L an-
49. g uag e T esting , 2001a( 18) : 373-391.
[ 31] L ew y, A . Post modernis m in th e f ield of achievement t es t ing[ J] . [ 47] Sh oham y, E . T he Pow er of T ests: A Cri tical Pe rsp ect iv e on the
S t udie s in Ed ucat ional E v aluat ion, 1996( 22) : 223-244. Uses of L anguag e Tests [ M ] . London: Pearson , 2001b .
[ 32] Long , M . H . Inpu t an d second language acquisit ion th eory [ A ] . [ 48] Spols ky , B . Formul at ing at t heor y of s econd language l earning
In S . M . G as s & C. G . M adden ( eds. ) . I np ut in S econd L an- [ J] . S t udi es in S econd L anguag e Ac qui si tion, 1985( 7) : 269-288.
g uage A cqu isiti on T heory [ C ] . Row ley, M A : N ew bury Hous e, [ 49] S polsk y, B. Cond it ions f or S econd L anguag e L earni ng: A n In-
1985: 377-393. t rod uct ion t o a Gener al Theory [ M ] . O xf ord: O xf ord U nivers ity
[ 33 ] Long , M . H. The least a s econ d l angu age acqu isit ion th eory Press , 1989.
needs t o exp lai n[ J] . TE S OL Quar terl y, 1990( 24) : 649-666. [ 50] Sp ol sky , B. Int rodu ct ion t o a colloquiu m: T he s cope an d f or m of
[ 34] L on g, M . H. A s sessm ent s tr at eg ies for s econd language acquisi- a th eory of second lan guag e learning[ J] . T E S OL Q uart erly , 1990
t ion th eories[ J] . App li ed L ing uisti cs , 1993( 14) : 225-249. ( 24) : 609-616.
[ 35] Lyotard, J. F . T he P ostmod ern Condit ion: A Rep ort on K now l-
ed ge[ M ] . M anches t er: M anch est er U nivers it y Press , 1984. : , , ,
[ 36 ] M cN amara, T . Pol icy an d social con siderat ions in language as- :
sess men t [ J ] . A nnual Rev ie w of App l ied L ing uisti cs, 1998 ( 18) : , ,
304-319.
, , :
[ 37] M cN amara, T. Lan guage ass es sment as social pract ice: Chal-
lenges for research[ J] . L anguag e Test ing, 2001( 18) : 333-349.
[ 38] M ess ick , S. V alidit y [ A ] . In R . Linn, L ( ed. ) . E ducat ional 2003-06-09
M e asur ement[ C ] . N ew Y ork: M acmill an , 1989: 13-103.


, , ,
, ,
, ,

29

You might also like