DESIGN CRITERIA FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE

RESERVOIRS

REINFORCED CONCRETE-STATIC STRUCTURES DESIGN

CRITERIA shall be in fully compliance with the Requirements of the
Tender Documents, especially with SECTION VI, Volume III, Particular
Technical Specification Chapter 7: Requirements for Structure.
Therefore, Engineer recommends to Contractor to incorporate and
utilize the below given provisions in their Design Criteria Documents.
Further, Contractor should also consider the followings:

STRUCTURAL DESIGN REPORTS:

i) Designer will provide a comprehensive design report for all the structures showing the details
of the calculations for all elements of the structure including the manoeuvre room walls for all
load cases including seismic loads as requested in The particular Contract Document Section
4. Volume III, Chapter 7.

ii) The analytical models should also cover the holes on the walls in order to determine the stress
concentrations around these holes and to provide reinforcement details accordingly.

iii) Designer will also provide seismic design calculations as per the Particular Technical
Specification, for the above-ground manoeuvre room of the pumping station, considering that
the beams can not be stiffer than the columns, so the plastic hinge shall develop first on the
beams, but not on the columns.

DRAWINGS:

Contractor should prepare the Detailed Design Good for Construction considering the following bullets:
The acceptable scale of the detailed reinforcement drawings depending the sizes of the
structures and elements, are re-defined below:
o 1/50 1/25 for formworks,
o 1/50 - 1/25 for general wall reinforcement and big elements,
o 1/25 1/ 20 for reinforcements small of elements and sensitive regions,
o 1/10 1/ 5 for details.

The drawings should also show the places of the construction joints in conformity with the
Construction Method Statement given by the Contractor, his formwork dimensions, design and
schedule,

Layout of rebars, overlaps, lap splices, confinements should be shown on the drawings explicitly
and clearly, so misalignment and bad erection of the reinforcements could be avoided,

Water-stops bars at some construction joints were missing. Water stop bars at all construction
joints and all other possible or designed joints, the types, dimensions and installation details of
the water-stops through the reinforcement bars should be given on the drawings,
GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA FOR THE

DETAILED DESIGN OF WAT E R

R E TA I N I N G S T R U C T U R E S
 Table of Contents

1 GENERAL................................................................................................................................. 2
2 Codes and Standards................................................................................................................ 2
3 Abbreviations............................................................................................................................. 2
4 Units.......................................................................................................................................... 2
5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN............................................................................................................ 3
5.1 Materials............................................................................................................................ 3
5.2 Serviceability Limit States.................................................................................................. 3
5.2.1 General.......................................................................................................................... 3
5.2.2 Flotation......................................................................................................................... 3
5.2.3 Cracking......................................................................................................................... 3
5.2.4 Deformations................................................................................................................. 4
5.3 LOADS.............................................................................................................................. 4
5.3.1 Load Cases.................................................................................................................... 4
5.3.2 Load Calculations.......................................................................................................... 4
5.3.3 Design Data................................................................................................................... 7
5.3.3.1 Unit Weight..............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.3.3.2 Internal Friction Angle & Cohesion........................................................................7
5.3.3.3 Friction Coefficient with Concrete.........................................................................7
5.3.3.4 Allowable Steel Stresses in Reinforcement Calculations........................................7
5.3.3.5 Allowable Bearing Capacity of the Foundations.....................................................7
5.4 STABILITY CALCULATIONS............................................................................................. 8
5.4.1 Overturning.................................................................................................................... 8
5.4.2 Sliding............................................................................................................................ 8
5.4.3 Bearing Capacity of Foundation.....................................................................................9
5.4.4 Safety Factors................................................................................................................ 9
5.5 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN...............................................................................9
5.5.1 Covering Depth of Concrete to Reinforcing Bars...........................................................9
5.5.2 Minimum Reinforcing Bars............................................................................................. 9
5.5.3 The Diameters and bar spacing...................................................................................10

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1 GENERAL
The purpose of this Design Criteria Report is to define the methodology and to put
forward the general design principles that will be followed for the detailed design of
normal reinforced concrete water reservoirs to be constructed.
All the structural design works should be in compliance with the Requirements of
the Tender Documents: SECTION VI, Volume III, Particular Technical Specification
Chapter 7: Requirements for Structure.
The major concern in the design is to achieve to an adequate and acceptable degree of
safety, serviceability and durability conditions for the concrete reservoirs that will keep the
water, which is treated and has been transported a great distance. Therefore, it is
proposed that the structural design including sizing the elements and the amounts of the
reinforcement will be assessed on the basis of the Serviceability Limit States that will
provide the watertightness under normal service loading conditions by limiting the crack
widths. For the abnormal overloading cases such as earthquake loads, increased
allowable stresses will be used.

2 Codes and Standards

The design shall comply with:

- Employers Requirements,
- The current National Standards
- The relevant International Standards.

Design of all structural concrete and resistance to seismic loading shall be carried out in
accordance with the American Concrete Institution, European and the applicable Turkish
Standards.

The followings are the principal international standards that will be used:

BS 8007, Structural Use of Concrete for Containing Aqueous Liquids,

ACI - 350 Concrete Sanitary Engineering Structures,
ACI - 318 Building Design Codes.

3 Abbreviations
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
ACI American Concrete institute
AISC American Institute of Steel Construction
ASTM American Society of Testing of Materials
BS British Standards
EC Euro Code
ISO International Standards Organization
TS Turkish Standard

4 Units
SI International Unit System will be used in all design and projects.

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 Lengths : mm, m
Forces : N, kN, MN
Stresses : MPa, kPa
Moments : kNm, MNm
Unit weights: kN/m3
Masses : kg, Ton

5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
The reservoirs will be designed to have structural capacity sufficient to resist all the loads
and influences that may be expected over the life of the structure. Serviceability is
considered in terms of the deflections, crack widths, durability and watertightness.
Therefore, the concrete is assumed dense and impermeable to increase the
watertightness, and joints will be constructed properly.

5.1 Materials
All structural concrete for reservoirs, tanks, chambers, channels, and underground
structures shall be class C35 and for administration complex and other superstructures
shall be class C25 according to General Technical Specification.
Sulphate resisting cement only shall be used for sewerage manholes.
Steel reinforcement shall be hot rolled high yield, Fy=420, and comply with the
requirements and standards given in General Technical Specification.
Structural steel shall comply with the requirements and standards given in General
Technical Specification.
Painting and galvanizing of steel surfaces are covered in General Mechanical and
Electrical Specification.
Waterstops shall comply with the requirements given in General Technical Specification.

5.2 Serviceability Limit States

In the reinforced concrete design, service load (working stress-elastic design) method will
be followed. Concrete and steel stresses that will be used in the reinforced concrete
design work are presented in Section Error: Reference source not found. The allowable
stresses, concrete cover, minimum shrinkage and temperature reinforcement and bar
spacing will be established in design to control crack widths that will limit the leakage of
the potable water from as well as contaminated water into the reservoir. The development
lengths and anchorage will also be confirmed to the requirements of the relevant
standards given in Section A.

5.2.1 General
The partial safety factors for all service, test and earthquake loads will be taken as unity
(working stress-elastic design).

5.2.2 Flotation
Flotation will not be a major design consideration since the uplift pressures will reduced
by providing effective drainage to prevent a build-up of external water.

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5.2.3 Cracking
For the purpose of defining the serviceability crack width limit state, the provisions given
in BS-8007 Design of Concrete Structures for Retaining Aqueous Liquids will be
followed. The maximum permissible crack width for a nominal concrete cover of 50 mm
for the underwater structural elements will be taken as 0.2 mm.

5.2.4 Deformations
The deformations will be computed by constant modulus of elasticity given in Section
Error: Reference source not found.

5.3 LOADS
All the structural elements will be designed for both full and empty conditions, and the
arrangement of loading will be to cause the most critical effects. Particular attention will
be paid to sliding and overturning stability.

5.3.1 Load Cases

In the analyses and reinforced concrete design, the following load combinations will be
considered.

A) Service Loads

LC-1: Reservoir is full + external earth pressure and dead weights,

LC-2: Reservoir is full + external earth pressure and dead weights + live loads
LC-3: Reservoir is empty + external earth pressure and dead weights
LC-4: Reservoir is empty + external earth pressure and dead weights + live loads

B) Test Loads
LC-5: Reservoir is full up to the level of 250 mm above the spillway level + no external earth
pressure

C) Earthquake Loads

LC-6: Reservoir is full + dead weights + no external earth pressure contributing to the
stability + earthquake loads from inside towards outside
LC-7: Reservoir is empty + external earth pressure and dead weights + earthquake loads
from outside towards inside

5.3.2 Load Calculations

A) Static Loads
Hydrostatic Pressure
The hydrostatic pressure acting to the inside face of the wall is calculated by the following
formula:

p = wo h

where, p : hydrostatic pressure (kN/m2)

wo : Unit weight of water (kN/m3)
h : water depth (m)

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Lateral Earth Pressure
External earth pressure on the wall will be calculated by using the following Coulombs
earth pressure equations:

PA = KA * * x + KA * q

PP = KP* * x + KP * q
cos 2 ( )
KA = sin( )sin( ) 2
cos cos( )[1 ]
2

cos( )cos( )

cos 2 ( )
KP = sin( )sin( ) 2
cos cos( )[1 ]
2

cos( )cos( )

where,PA : active earth pressure (kN/m2)

PP :passive earth pressure (kN/m2)
KA :coefficient of active earth pressure
KP :coefficient of passive earth pressure
: unit weight of backfill material (kN/m3)
x: depth of backfill (m)
q: surcharge load (kN/m2)
: internal friction angle (deg)
: angle of backfill slope to the horizontal (deg)
: wall friction angle (for stability and stress calculations)
- earth to earth : =
- earth to concrete : = 2/3
: angle with the vertical (deg)

B) Earthquake Loads
Procedures described in ACI 350.3-06 Seismic Design of Liquid-Comtaining Concrete
Structures and Commentary will be implemented for the design of water retaining concrete
structures.
The walls of water retaining structures will be designed for the following dynamic forces in
addition to the static pressures calculated with above equations;
-Inertia forces of wall and roof
-Hydrodynamic impulsive force from the contained liquid
-Hydrodynamic convective force from the contained liquid
-Dynamic earth pressure from soil against the buried portion of the wall. The Mononobe-
Okabe pseudostatic approach (Ref. Eurocode 8) will be used to evaluate such load
effects.

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Lateral Earth Pressure under Seismic Condition

(Mononobe-Okabe Equations)

PEA = KEA* * x + KEA * q

PEP = KEP* * x + KEP * q

KEA =
cos ( o )
2

sin ( ) sin ( o ) 2
cos o cos cos ( o ) [1 ]
2

cos ( o ) cos ( - )
KEP =
cos ( o )
2

sin ( ) sin ( o ) 2
cos o cos cos ( o ) [1 ]
2

cos ( o ) cos ( )

where, PEA : active earth pressure (kN/m2)

PEP : passive earth pressure (kN/m2)
KEA : coefficient of active earth pressure
KEP : coefficient of passive earth pressure
: unit weight of backfill material (kN/m3)
x: depth of backfill (m)
q: surcharge load (kN/m2)
: internal friction angle (deg)
: angle of backfill slope to the horizontal (deg)
: wall friction angle
- earth to earth : =
- earth to concrete : = 2/3
: angle with the vertical (deg)
o : combined angle (deg)
o = tan-1 {kh/(1-kv)}
kh : horizontal component of earth coefficient
kv : vertical component of earth coefficient (kv = 0
for retaining walls)

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5.3.3 Design Data
Unless otherwise not specified particularly or not measured specifically at site, or in case
of any missing data, the following theoretical design data will be used.

1. Internal Friction Angle & Cohesion

(Subject to change depending on material test results)

Materials Internal Friction Angle Cohesion (kN/m2)

(degree)

Foundation rock
Fresh rock 35 300
Weathered rock 33 150
Embankment and backfill
Excavated fresh rock 35 0
Excavated weathered rock 33 0
Sand 30 0
Silty sand 27 0
Earth (MH) 15 50

2. Friction Coefficient with Concrete

Material Friction Cohesion

Coefficient (kN/m2)
Concrete to fresh rock 0.7 0
Concrete to weathered rock 0.6 0
Concrete to sand and gravel 0.5 0
(saturated)
Concrete to silty sand (saturated) 0.4 0
Concrete to earth (saturated) 0.3 0

3. Allowable Steel Stresses in Reinforcement Calculations

Steel Grade Service Loads Test Loads Earthquake

St lII (S 420) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) Loads
(kN/m2)
Axial Tension 160 000 180 000 200 000
Tension in Bending 160 000 180 000 200 000
Shear 160 000 180 000 200 000
Compression 200 000 220 000 240 000

4. Allowable Bearing Capacity of the Foundations

The Ultimate Bearing Capacity of foundation will be estimated from Meyerhof s Bearing
Capacity Equation.

qult = c Nc dc ic + qover Nq dq iq + 0.5 B N d i

where, c : cohesion (kN/m2)

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 : unit weight of soil (kN/m3)
qover : overburden pressure (kN/m2)
B : effective width of the footing (m)
D : overburden depth (m)
angle of resultant measured from vertical (no sign)
Nq = tan2 (45 + e tan
Nc = (Nq 1) cot
N = (Nq 1) tan( 1.4
dc = 1 + 0.2 D / B (Kp)0.5
dq, d = 1 + 0.1 D / B (Kp)0.5
ic, iq= (1 - / 90
i = (1 - /
Kp = tan2 (45 +

The Allowable Bearing Capacity of foundations will be calculated from the Ultimate
Bearing Capacity equation given above with safety factors of 3.0 for normal loading and
2.0 for earthquake loading conditions. The following table gives the first estimations for
the Allowable Bearing Capacity of different soil conditions.

all all k s = 120 all

Foundation Normal Condition Seismic Modulus of
Material (kN/m2) Condition Subgrade
(kN/m2) (kN/m3)
Rock
Fresh hard rock 5 000 7 500 600 000
Fresh fair rock 2 000 3 000 240 000
Weathered rock 750 1 000 90 000
Gravel
Dense 600 900 72 000
Medium dense 400 600 48 000
Sand
Dense 400 600 48 000
Medium dense 300 450 36 000
Clay
Hard 200 300 24 000
Stiff 100 150 12 000

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5.4 STABILITY CALCULATIONS
The stability of walls will be analyzed on bearing capacity of foundation, overturning and
sliding of structure.

5.4.1 Overturning
1) Safety factor against overturning (SF)
SF = Mr / Mo

where, M r : total resisting moment (kN.m)

Mo : total overturning moment (kN.m)

5.4.2 Sliding
SF = f V / H

where, SF : safety factor against sliding (slide friction, no cohesion)

V : total vertical force perpendicular to sliding plane (kN)
f : friction coefficient between soil and concrete
H : total horizontal force parallel with sliding plane (kN)

5.4.3 Bearing Capacity of Foundation

Reaction force of the foundation against loads given by the following equation shall be
lower than the allowable bearing capacity of foundation:
1) Condition without tension stress at base (e < B/6)
q1, 2 = (V / B) * (1 6e / B) < q allowable
Eccentricity e = B/2 - ( Mr Mo) / V
2) Condition with tension stress at base (B/3 > e > B/6)
q1 = 2V / (3d) = 4V / [3 (B-2e)] < q allowable

q2 = 0
d = B/2 - e
where, q : reaction force at base (kN/m2)
V : vertical force component of total resultant load at base (kN)
B : width base (m)

5.4.4 Safety Factors

Seismic or Short-
Stability Normal Test Loads term Loading
Condition Loading
Slide friction (no 1.5 1.4 1.2
cohesion)
Overturning 3.0 2.5 1.5
Allowable 3.0 2.5 2.0
bearing pressure

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5.5 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
In the reinforced concrete design, service load (working stress-elastic design) method will
be followed. Mechanical properties of the construction materials and the allowable
stresses that will be used in the reinforced concrete design are presented in Section
5.3.3.
The concrete cover, minimum shrinkage and temperature reinforcement, bar spacing and
development lengths will be established in the design to control crack widths that will limit
the leakage of the potable water from as well as contaminated water into the reservoir.

5.5.1 Covering Depth of Concrete to Reinforcing Bars

The minimum covering depth of concrete to reinforcing bars relates to the size of
aggregates, size and direction of reinforcing bars and situation and degree of exposure of
the surface.
The minimum cover shall be specified on the construction drawings and shall be not less
than the largest cover resulting from the requirements of Section 7.7.1 in ACI 350-06 and
Table 3.3 in BS 8110.

5.5.2 Minimum Reinforcing Bars

Minimum reinforcement will generally be in accordance with the requirements of ACI
350R, BS 8007 and DIN 1045.
For water retaining structures, the maximum design surface crack width will be 0.2 mm.
The recommended percentages of the shrinkage and temperature reinforcement for
controlling the crack widths are given below (ACI 350R).

Spacing of Minimum
movement percentages of
joints shrinkage and
temperature
Less than 9.0 m 0.0030
9.0 to 12.0 m 0.0030
12.0 to 15.0 m 0.0040
Greater than 15.0 m 0.0050*

*Maximum shrinkage and temperature reinforcement where movement joints are not
provided.
Note: This table applies to spacing between expansion joints and full contraction joints.
When used with partial contraction joints, the minimum reinforcement ratio shall be
determined by multiplying by the actual length between partial contraction joints by 1.5.

Distribution of the shrinkage and temperature reinforcement (BS 8007):

1. For the walls and suspended slabs thinner than 500 mm, assume each reinforcement
face controls h/2 depth of concrete in each direction.
2. For the walls and suspended slabs thicker than 500 mm, assume each reinforcement
face controls 250 mm depth of concrete and ignore the core.
3. For ground slab elements thinner than 500 mm, the % 60 of the total shrinkage and
temperature reinforcement will be provided for the water side face and the remaining %
40 to the other side.
4. For ground slab elements thicker than 500 mm, reinforcement will be provided to resist
cracking in the surfaces zones as follows:

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 - For the water side, each reinforcement face controls 250 mm depth of concrete,
- For the ground side, assume each reinforcement face controls 150 mm depth of
concrete and ignore the core.

5.5.3 The Diameters and bar spacing

The minimum bar diameter for water retaining structures under water and or earth, shall be
12 mm.
For providing better crack control, smaller bar diameters and closer spacing will be used.
The limits for the bar spacing are:
smin = 150 mm
smax = 300 mm

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