Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HGRS-CTS/MT
J. Waltisberg
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2
SYMBOL LIST
3
1. "RAW VALUES" AND CONVERTED VALUES
Conversion to
National Standard
Holcim Standard
Flow Meter
Dust Monitor
p and T Sensors
T, p "Raw Values"
"Monitor Values"
Internal Standard
Gaseous Compounds
SO2, NO, (NO2), (CO),
(HCl), (NH3), O2, H2O,
VOC
4
2. THE STANDARDS
4. Nitrogen oxides NOx (nitrogen monoxide NO and nitrogen dioxide NO2) shall be
expressed as nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
1
Standard 1 = so-called "normal conditions"
5
4. Generally nitrogen oxides NOx (nitrogen monoxide NO and nitrogen dioxide
NO2) shall be expressed as nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
6
3. CONVERSION
"Raw Values"
yes Conversion
wet to dry
yes Conversion
[ppm] to [mg/m3S]
yes Correction to
O2|ref reference O2
Values according
Holcim Standard
National Standard
7
3.1.2 "Raw Values"
The three continuous measuring devices, recommended by Holcim, as well as most
of the other measuring devices indicate the "Raw Values" as follows:
8
3.1.3 Conversion to Dry Gas Condition
First all values must be converted to dry gas state.
Remark: It is possible that the instrument(s) indicates some values in dry state
and the others in wet.
Example: All components are converted internally to dry standard, except the
oxygen measurement.
mg mg 1
c dry ppm or 3 = c wet ppm or 3
m S m S H O [%]
1 2
100
9
Factors for Different Compounds
The factors for different compounds are indicated in the following table.
Holcim Standard 2
mg mg 21 10 [%] mg 11
c Holcim 3 = c dry,s 3 = c dry,s 3
m N m N 21 O 2 m N 21 O 2
2
Standard 1: [m3S] = [m3N] normal-m3
10
3.2 Volume Stream
A flow meter measures the velocity w in the chimney at actual chimney conditions.
The volume stream is product of the velocity and the cross section area.
V& wet = A w
"Raw Values"
w V& wet
Conversion
to dry
Calculation of
[m3S]
(Standard
condition)
yes Correction to
O2|ref reference O2
Values according
Holcim Standard
National Standard
11
3.2.2 Conversion to Dry Gas Condition
m3 & m3 H 2 O [%]
V& dry = Vwet 1
s s 100
Holcim Standard 3
m3 m 3 p Stack [mbar ] 273.15 [K ]
V& dry,N N = V& dry
s s 1013 [mbar ] TStack [K ]
Stack pressure
Very often in the stack only the temperature is measured and not the pressure. In
first approximation the stack pressure is equal to the barometric pressure.
3
Standard 1: [m3S] = [m3N] normal-m3
12
3.3 Dust Measurement
Dust monitors measure the concentration referred to the exhaust gas at stack condi-
tions (temperature, pressure, wet).
"Raw Values"
Conversion
to dry
Calculation of
[mg/m3S]
(Standard
condition)
yes Correction to
O2|ref reference O2
Values according
Holcim Standard
National Standard
13
3.3.2 Conversion to Dry Gas Condition
mg mg 1
c dry 3 = c wet
m 1 H2 O [%]
3
m
100
mg mg p S Tstack
c dry,s 3 = c dry 3
m S m S p Stack TS
Holcim Standard 4
mg mg 1013 [mbar ] TStack [K ]
c dry,N 3 = c dry 3
m N m N p Stack [mbar ] 273.15 [K ]
Stack pressure
Holcim Standard
mg mg 21 10 [%] mg 11
c Holcim 3 = c dry,s 3 = c dry,N 3
m N m N 21 O 2 m N 21 O 2
4
Standard 1: [m3S] = [m3N] normal-m3
14
4. EMITTED MASS FLOW
mg mg & m 3
& kg = 1
General: m s 1000000 kg c 3 V s
m
Rule: The concentration and the volume stream must be defined at the gas
conditions (wet or dry, standard, oxygen)
mg m3
& kg = 1 mg &
m s 1000000 kg c wet 3 Vwet
m s
mg m3
& kg = 1 mg &
m s 1000000 kg c dry 3 Vdry
m s
mg mg & m 3S
& kg = 1
m s 1000000 kg c dry,S V
3 dry,S
m S s
kg 1 mg mg & m 3S
m =
& c dry,S,ref 3 Vdry,S,ref
s 1000000 kg m S s
15
5. REALATON BETWEEN DIFFERENT STANDARDS
Some Holcim Cement must report the kiln emissions to Holcim and to the local au-
thorities. In various countries the Holcim standard is different from the National
standard.
Example:
Holcim standard (S1): pS1 = 1013 [mbar], TS1 = 273.15 [K] (0 [C]).
National standard (S2): ps2 = 1013 [mbar], TS2 = 293.15 [K] (20 [C]).
The relation between the values of two different standards (n and m) is:
mg T p Sn mg mg T mg
c n 3 = Sm c m 3 c n 3 = Sm c m 3
m Sn TSn p Sm m Sm m Sn TSn m Sm
m3 T p Sm & m 3Sm m3 T & m 3Sm
V& n Sn = Sn Vm V& n Sn = Sn Vm
s TSm p Sn s s TSm s
Example:
mg T mg 293.15 mg mg
c 1 3 = S 2 c 2 3 = c 2 3 = 1.073 c 2 3
m S1 TS1 m S 2 273.15 m S2 m S 2
& m S1 TS1 & m S 2 273.15 & m S 2
3 3 3
& m 3S2
V1
=
V2 s = 293.15 V2 s = 0.932 V2 s
s TS 2
16