Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Where:
WLx = 9.0 KN/m, WLy = 15 KN/m, RL = 13.5 KN/m, LL = 17.5 KN/m, P1 = 135
KN, P2 = 35 KN
Members 1, 3, & 4 are a UC356X368X129, Members 5, 6, & 7 are a
UB533X210X82, Member 2 is a UC254X254X73, Members 8 through 13 are a
UB457X152X52. All other members comprising the truss are a UA100X100X8
Every input has to start with the term STAAD. The term PLANE signifies that the structure is a
plane frame structure and the geometry is defined through X and Y axes.
UNIT METER KN
Joint number followed by X and Y coordinates are provided above. Since this is a plane
structure, the Z coordinates need not be provided.
Semicolons (;) are used as line separators to allow for input of multiple sets of data on one
line.
MEMBER INCIDENCE
1 1 3 ; 2 3 7 ; 3 2 6 ; 4 6 8 ; 5 3 4
6 4 5 ; 7 5 6 ; 8 7 12 ; 9 12 14
10 14 16 ; 11 15 16 ; 12 13 15 ; 13 8 13
14 9 12 ; 15 9 14 ; 16 11 14 ; 17 11 15
18 10 15 ; 19 10 13 ; 20 7 9
21 9 11 ; 22 10 11 ; 23 8 10
Member properties are from the British steel table. The term ST stands for standard single
section.
MEMB TRUSS
14 TO 23
The above command defines that members 14 through 23 are of type truss. This means that
these members can carry only axial tension/compression and no moments.
MEMB RELEASE
5 START MZ
Member 5 has local moment-z (MZ) released at the start joint. This means that the member
cannot carry any moment-z (i.e., strong axis moment) at node 3.
UNIT KN MMS
CONSTANTS
E 210. ALL
DEN 76.977E-09 ALL
POISSON STEEL ALL
BETA 90.0 MEMB 3 4
UNIT METER
The CONSTANT command initiates input for material constants like modulus of elasticity,
Poisson's ratio, etc. The length unit is changed from METER to MM to facilitate the input in
familiar units. The BETA command specifies that members 3 and 4 are rotated by 90 degrees
around their own longitudinal axis. See Section 1.5.3 of the Technical Reference Manual for
the definition of the beta angle.
SUPPORT
1 FIXED ; 2 PINNED
The above PRINT commands are self-explanatory. The LIST option restricts the print output
to the members listed.
LOADING 1 DEAD AND LIVE LOAD
One of the components of load case 1 is the selfweight of the structure acting in the global Y
direction with a factor of -1.0. Since global Y is vertically upward, the factor of -1.0 indicates
that this load will act downwards.
JOINT LOAD
4 5 FY -65. ; 11 FY -155.
Load 1 contains joint loads also. FY indicates that the load is a force in the global Y direction.
MEMB LOAD
8 TO 13 UNI Y -13.5 ; 6 UNI GY -17.5
Load 1 contains member loads also. GY indicates that the load is in the global Y direction
while Y indicates local Y direction. The term UNI stands for uniformly distributed load.
Loads are applied on members 6, and 8 to 13.
CALCULATE RAYLEIGH FREQUENCY
The above command at the end of load case 1, is an instruction to perform a natural
frequency calculation based on the Rayleigh method using the data in the above load case.
LOADING 2 WIND FROM LEFT
MEMBER LOAD
1 2 UNI GX 9.0 ; 8 TO 10 UNI Y -15.0
The above command identifies a combination load (case no. 3) with a title. The second line
provides the load cases and their respective factors used for the load combination.
The above command activates load cases 1 and 3 only for the commands to follow. This also
means that load case 2 will be made inactive.
PRINT MEMBER FORCES
PRINT SUPPORT REACTION
The above PRINT commands are self-explanatory. Also note that all the forces and reactions
will be printed for load cases 1 and 3 only.
PARAMETER
CODE BRITISH
NSF 0.85 ALL
BEAM 1 ALL
KY 1.2 MEMB 3 4
RATIO 0.9 ALL
The PARAMETER command is used to specify steel design parameters such as net section factor
(NSF), effective length factor for bending about the minor axis (KY), etc. Information on these
parameters can be obtained from the manual where the implementation of the code is
explained. The BEAM parameter is specified to perform design at every 1/12th point along the
member length which by the way is the default too. The RATIO parameter specifies that the
ratio of actual loading over section capacity should not exceed 0.9.
SELECT ALL
The above command instructs the program to select the most economic section for all the
members based on the results of the analysis.
GROUP MEMB 1 3 4
GROUP MEMB 5 6 7
GROUP MEMB 8 TO 13
GROUP MEMB 14 TO 23
Although the program selects the most economical section for all members, it is not always
practical to use many different sizes in one structure. Grouping is a procedure by which the
cross section which has the largest value for the specified attribute, which in this case is the
default and hence the AREA, from among the associated member list, is assigned to all
members in the list. Hence, the cross sections for members 1, 3 and 4 are replaced with the
one with the largest area from among the three.
PERFORM ANALYSIS
As a result of the selection and grouping, the member sizes are no longer the same as the ones
used in the original analysis. Hence, it is necessary to reanalyze the structure using the new
properties to get new values of forces in the members.
PARAMETER
BEAM 1.0 ALL
RATIO 1.0 ALL
TRACK 1.0 ALL
A new set of values are now provided for the above parameters. The actual load to member
capacity RATIO has been redefined as 1.0. The TRACK parameter tells the program to print out
the design results to the intermediate level of descriptively.
CHECK CODE ALL
With the above command, the latest member sizes with the latest analysis results are checked
to verify that they satisfy the CODE specifications.
STEEL TAKE OFF
This command instructs the program to list the length and weight of all the different member
sizes.
FINISH
In the case of loads such as joint loads and member loads, the magnitude and direction of the
load at the applicable joints and members is directly known from the input. However, the area
load is a different sort of load where a load intensity on the given area has to be converted to
joint and member loads. The calculations required to perform this conversion are done only
during the analysis. Consequently, the loads generated from the AREA LOAD command can be
viewed only after the analysis is completed.
Where:
Every input has to start with the term STAAD. The term FLOOR signifies that the structure is a
floor structure and the structure is in the x z plane.
UNIT METER KNS
Joint numbers followed by X, Y and Z coordinates are provided above. Since this is a floor
structure, the Y coordinates are all the same (in this case, zero). Joints between 1 and 5 (i.e.,
2, 3, 4) are generated in the first line of input, taking advantage of the equal spacing between
the joints (see Section 5.11 of the Technical Reference manual for more information).
Semicolons (;) are used as line separators to allow for input of multiple sets of data on one
line.
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 2 4 ; 5 7 8 9 ; 10 13 14 13 ; 14 18 19
15 20 21 ; 16 18 20 ; 17 13 18 ; 18 1 13
19 7 14 ; 20 2 7 ; 21 9 15
22 3 8 ; 23 11 16 ; 24 4 10 ; 25 19 21
26 17 19 ; 27 12 17 ; 28 5 12
Member properties are specified from the British steel table. The term ST stands for standard
single section.
* MEMBERS WITH PINNED ENDS ARE RELEASED FOR MZ
MEMB RELEASE
1 5 10 14 15 18 17 28 26 20 TO 24 START MZ
4 9 13 14 15 18 16 27 25 19 21 TO 24 END MZ
The first set of members (1 5 10 etc) have local moment-z (MZ) released at the start joint.
This means that these members cannot carry any moment-z (i.e., strong axis moment) at the
start joint. The second set of members have MZ released at the end joints.
The CONSTANT command initiates input for material constants like modulus of elasticity,
Poisson's ratio, etc. Here, the modulus of elasticity, E, has been assigned as 210 (210.0
KN/sq.mm.). The program default value for Poissons ratio for steel is used during the
analysis.
UNIT METER
SUPPORT
1 5 13 17 20 21 FIXED
All the 28 members are subjected to an Area load of 14.5 KN/sq.m. The program converts
area loads into individual member loads.
PERFORM ANALYSIS PRINT LOAD DATA
This command instructs the program to proceed with the analysis. The PRINT LOAD DATA
command is specified to obtain a listing of the member loads which were generated from the
AREA LOAD.
PARAMETERS
CODE BRITISH
BEAM 1 ALL
DMAX 0.6 ALL
DMIN 0.3 ALL
UNL 0.3 ALL
The PARAMETER command is used to specify steel design parameters (See Table 2B.1 in
Section 2B.6 of the International Design Codes manual). Design is to be performed per the
specifications of the BS 5950 2000 Code. The BEAM parameter is specified to perform design
at every 1/12th point along the member length. DMAX and DMIN specify maximum and
minimum depth limitations to be used during member selection. UNL is used to specify
unsupported length of the compression flange to be used for calculation of allowable bending
stress.
SELECT MEMB 2 6 11 14 15 16 18 19 21 23 24 27
The above command instructs the program to select the most economical section from the
British steel table for the members listed.
FINISH
Where:
B = 6 m, H = 3 m, F1 = 1.2 m, F2 = 2.4 m
= 30,000 KN/m
Table 1-1: Spring constant calculation
Springs of Joints Spring Constant
2, 3, 4, 11, 12, & 13 (Interior) 2.4 x 0.6 x 41,666.67
= 60,000 KN/m
Every input has to start with the term STAAD. The term PLANE signifies that the structure is a
plane frame structure and the geometry is defined through X and Y axes.
UNIT METER KNS
Joint number followed by X, Y and Z coordinates are provided above. Since this is a plane
structure, the Z coordinates are given as all zeros.
Semicolons (;) are used as line separators to allow for input of multiple sets of data on one
line.
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 2 4
5 3 6 ; 6 6 7
7 7 8 ; 8 6 9
9 8 9 ; 10 9 12
11 10 11 14
The first two lines define member properties as prismatic (PRIS) followed by depth (YD) and
width (ZD) values. The program will calculate the properties necessary to perform the
analysis. See Section 1.7.1 of the Technical Reference manual for additional information.
Member properties for the remaining members are chosen from the British steel table. The
term ST stands for standard single section.
UNIT MMS
CONSTANTS
* E FOR STEEL IS 210 (KN/sq.mm.) AND FOR
* CONCRETE 21 (KN/sq.mm.)
E 210 MEMB 5 TO 10
E 21 MEMB 1 TO 4 11 TO 14
DEN 76.977E-09 MEMB 5 TO 10
DEN 23.534E-09 MEMB 1 TO 4 11 TO 14
POISSON CONCRETE MEMB 1 TO 4 11 TO 14
POISSON STEEL MEMB 5 TO 10
The CONSTANT command initiates input for material constants like modulus of elasticity,
Density, and Poisson's ratio. The length unit is changed from METER to MM to facilitate the
input in familiar units.
The supports for the structure are specified above. The first set of joints are supports
restrained in all directions except global moment-z (MZ). Also, a spring having a spring
constant of 60 KN/mm is provided in the global Y direction at these nodes. The second set is
similar to the former except for a different value of the spring constant.
UNIT METER
LOADING 1 DEAD AND WIND LOAD COMBINED
The selfweight of the structure is specified as acting in the global Y direction with a -1.0
factor.
Since global Y is vertically upwards, the -1.0 factor indicates that this load will act
downwards.
JOINT LOAD
6 7 FX 20.0
Load 1 contains joint loads also. FX indicates that the load is a force in the global X direction.
MEMBER LOAD
7 8 UNI GY -45.0
Load 1 contains member loads also. GY indicates that the load acts in the global Y direction.
The term UNI stands for uniformly distributed load, and is applied on members 7 and 8,
acting downwards.
PERFORM ANALYSIS
The above PRINT command instructs the program to print analysis results which include joint
displacements, member forces and support reactions.
FINISH
Every input has to start with the term STAAD. The term PLANE signifies that the structure is a
plane frame structure and the geometry is defined through X and Y axes.
UNIT METER KNS
This structure has to be analyzed for three primary load cases. Consequently, the modeling of
our problem requires us to define three sets of data, with each set containing a load case and
an associated analysis command. Also, the members which get switched off in the analysis
for any load case have to be restored for the analysis for the subsequent load case. To
accommodate these requirements, it is necessary to have two commands, one called SET NL
and the other called CHANGE. The SET NL command is used above to indicate the total number
of primary load cases that the file contains. The CHANGE command will come in later (after
the PERFORM ANALYSIS command).
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 0 3 12. 0. 0.
4 0 4.5 0 6 12. 4.5 0.
7 6. 9. 0. ; 8 12. 9. 0.
Joint number followed by X, Y and Z coordinates are provided above. Since this is a plane
structure, the Z coordinates are given as all zeros.
Semicolons (;) are used as line separators to allow for input of multiple sets of data on one
line.
MEMBER INCIDENCE
1 1 4 2 ; 3 5 7 ; 4 3 6 ; 5 6 8 ; 6 4 5 7
8 7 8 ; 9 1 5 ; 10 2 4 ; 11 3 5 ; 12 2 6
13 6 7 ; 14 5 8
The above command defines that members 9 through 14 are of type truss. This means these
members can only carry axial tension/compression and no moments.
MEMBER PROP BRITISH
1 TO 5 TABLE ST UB305X165X40
6 7 8 TA ST UB457X152X52
9 TO 14 TA LD UA150X150X10
Properties for all members are assigned from the British steel table. The word ST stands for
standard single section. The word LD stands for long leg back-to-back double angle. Since the
spacing between the two angles of the double angle is not provided, it is assumed to be 0.0.
UNIT MMS
CONSTANTS
E 210. ALL
POISSON STEEL ALL
The CONSTANT command initiates input for material constants like E (modulus of elasticity),
Poissons ratio, etc. Built-in default value of steel is used for the latter. Length unit is
changed from METER to MMS.
SUPPORT
1 2 3 PINNED
Pinned supports are specified at Joints 1, 2 and 3. The word PINNED signifies that no
moments will be carried by these supports.
INACTIVE MEMBERS 9 TO 14
The above command makes the listed members inactive. The stiffness contribution of these
members will not be considered in the analysis till they are made active again.
UNIT METER
LOADING 1 DEAD AND LIVE LOAD
Load case 1 is initiated followed by a title. The length UNIT is changed from MMS to
METER for input values which follow.
MEMBER LOAD
6 8 UNI GY -4.5
7 UNI GY -6.75
Load 1 contains member loads. GY indicates that the load acts in the global Y direction. The
word UNI stands for uniformly distributed load. The load is applied on members 6, 7, and 8.
PERFORM ANALYSIS
This command instructs the program to proceed with the analysis. It is worth noting that
members 9 to 14 will not be used in this analysis since they were declared inactive earlier. In
other words, for dead and live load, the bracing members are not used to carry any load.
CHANGES
The members inactivated earlier are restored using the CHANGE command.
INACTIVE MEMBERS 10 11 13
A new set of members are made inactive. The stiffness contribution from these members will
not be used in the analysis till they are made active again. They have been inactivated to
prevent them from being subject to compressive forces for the next load case.
LOADING 2 WIND FROM LEFT
Load 2 contains joint loads. FX indicates that the load is a force in the global X direction.
Nodes 4 and 7 are subjected to the loads.
PERFORM ANALYSIS
This command instructs the program to proceed with the analysis. The analysis will be
performed for load case 2 only.
CHANGE
Members 9, 12 and 14 are made inactive. The stiffness contribution of these members will
not be used in the analysis till they are made active again. They have been inactivated to
prevent them from being subject to compressive forces for the next load case.
LOADING 3 WIND FROM RIGHT
Load 3 contains joint loads at nodes 6 and 8. FX indicates that the load is a force in the global
X direction. The negative numbers
(-135 and -65) indicate that the load is acting along the negative global X direction.
LOAD COMBINATION 4
1 0.75 2 0.75
LOAD COMBINATION 5
1 0.75 3 0.75
Load combination case 4 involves the algebraic summation of the results of load cases 1 and
2 after multiplying each by a factor of 0.75. For load combinations, the program simply
gathers the results of the component primary cases, factors them appropriately, and combines
them algebraically. Thus, an analysis in the real sense of the term (multiplying the inverted
stiffness matrix by the load vector) is not carried out for load combination cases. Load
combination case 5 combines the results of load cases 1 and 3.
PERFORM ANALYSIS
This command instructs the program to proceed with the analysis. Only primary load case 3
will be considered for this analysis. (As explained earlier, a combination case is not truly
analyzed for, but handled using other means.)
CHANGE
At the end of any analysis, only those load cases for which the analysis was done most
recently, are recognized as the "active" load cases. The LOAD LIST ALL command enables all
the load cases in the structure to be made active for further processing.
PRINT MEMBER FORCES
The above PRINT command is an instruction to produce a report, in the output file, of the
member end forces.
LOAD LIST 1 4 5
A LOAD LIST command is a means of instructing the program to use only the listed load
cases for further processing.
PARAMETER
CODE BRITISH
BEAM 1 ALL
UNL 1.8 ALL
KY 0.5 ALL
The PARAMETER command is used to specify the steel design parameters (information on
these parameters can be obtained from the manual where the implementation of the code is
explained). The BEAM parameter is specified to perform design at every 1/12th point along
the member length. UNL represents the unsupported length to be used for calculation of
allowable bending stress. KY 0.5 ALL sets the effective length factor for column buckling
about the local Y-axis to be 0.5 for ALL members.
CHECK CODE ALL
The above command instructs the program to perform a check to determine how you defined
member sizes along with the latest analysis results meet the code requirements.
FINISH
Every input has to start with the term STAAD. The word SPACE signifies that the structure is a
space frame structure (3-D) and the geometry is defined through X, Y and Z coordinates.
UNITS METER KNS
Semicolons (;) are used as line separators to allow for input of multiple sets of data on one
line.
MEMBER INCIDENCE
1 1 2 3
4 3 5 ; 5 5 6
Defines the members by the joints to which they are connected.
UNIT MMS
MEMB PROP
1 TO 5 PRIS AX 6450 IZ 1.249E+08 IY 1.249E+08 IX 4.162E+06
Member properties have been defined above using the PRISMATIC attribute.Values of AX
(area), IZ (moment of inertia about major axis), IY (moment of inertia about minor axis) and
IX (torsional constant) are provided in MMS unit.
CONSTANT
E 210. ALL
POISSON STEEL ALL
Material constants like E (modulus of elasticity) and Poissons ratio are specified following
the command CONSTANT.
SUPPORT
1 4 6 FIXED
Load 1 is a support displacement load which is also commonly known as a sinking support.
FY signifies that the support settlement is in the global Y direction and the value of this
settlement is 15mm downward.
PERFORM ANALYSIS
Every input has to start with the term STAAD. The term PLANE signifies that the structure is a
plane frame structure and the geometry is defined through X and Y axes.
UNIT METER KNS
Semicolons (;) are used as line separators to allow for input of multiple sets of data on one
line.
MEMBER INCIDENCE
1 1 3 ; 2 3 5 ; 3 5 7 ; 4 2 4 ; 5 4 6
6 6 8 ; 7 3 4 ; 8 5 6 ; 9 7 8
Member properties are provided using the PRI (prismatic) attribute. Values of area (AX) and
moment of inertia about the major axis (IZ) are provided.
UNIT MMS
CONSTANT
E 21. ALL ; POISS CONC ALL
CONSTANT command initiates input for material constants like E (modulus of elasticity),
Poissons ratio, etc. Length unit is changed from METER to MMS to facilitate the input.
LOADING 1 PRESTRESSING LOAD
MEMBER PRESTRESS
7 8 FORCE 1350. ES 75. EM -300. EE 75.
Load case 1 is initiated followed by a title. Load 1 contains PRESTRESS load. Members 7
and 8 have a cable force of 1350 KNs. The location of the cable at the start (ES) and end (EE)
is 75 MMs above the centre of gravity while at the middle (EM) it is 300 MMs below the c.g.
The assumptions and facts associated with this type of loading are explained in section 1 of
the Technical Reference Manual.
LOADING 2 POSTSTRESSING LOAD
MEMBER POSTSTRESS
7 8 FORCE 1350. ES 75. EM -300. EE 75.
Load case 2 is initiated followed by a title. Load 2 is a POSTSTRESS load. Members 7 and 8
have a cable force of 1350 KNs. The location of the cable is the same as in load case 1. For a
difference between PRESTRESS loading and POSTSTRESS loading, as well as additional
information about both types of loads, please refer to section 1 of the Technical Reference
Manual.
PERFORM ANALYSIS
The above command is an instruction to write joint displacements, support reactions and
member forces in the output file.
FINISH
Every input has to start with the term STAAD. The term PLANE signifies that the structure is a
plane frame structure and the geometry is defined through X and Y axes.
UNIT METER KNS
Joint number followed by X and Y coordinates are provided above. Since this is a plane
structure, the Z coordinates need not be provided.
Semicolons (;) are used as line separators to allow for input of multiple sets of data on one
line.
SUPPORT
1 2 PINNED
Pinned supports are specified at joints 1 and 2. The word PINNED signifies that no moments
will be carried by these supports.
MEMB INCI
1 1 3 2 ; 3 3 5 4
5 3 4 ; 6 5 6 ; 7 1 4
All member properties are from British steel table. The word ST stands for standard single
section. LD stands for long leg back-to-back double angle.
UNIT MMS
MEMB OFFSET
5 6 START 178. 0.0 0.0
5 6 END -178. 0.0 0.0
7 END -178.0 -152.0 0.0
The above specification states that an OFFSET is located at the START/END joint of the
members. The X, Y, and Z global coordinates of the offset distance from the corresponding
incident joint are also provided. These attributes are applied to members 5, 6, and 7.
CONSTANT
E 210. ALL
POISSON STEEL ALL
Material constants like E (modulus of elasticity) and Poissons ratio are provided following
the keyword CONSTANT.
LOADING 1 WIND LOAD
Load 1 contains joint loads at nodes 3 and 5. FX indicates that the load is a force in the global
X direction.
PERFORM ANALYSIS
The above PRINT commands are instructions for writing the member forces and support
reactions to the output file.
FINISH
The above example represents a space frame, and the members are made of concrete. The
input in the next page will show the dimensions of the members.
Two load cases, namely one for dead plus live load and another with dead, live and wind
load, are considered in the design.
Every input has to start with the term STAAD. The word SPACE signifies that the structure is a
space frame structure (3-D) and the geometry is defined through X, Y and Z coordinates.
UNIT METER KNS
Semicolons (;) are used as line separators to allow for input of multiple sets of data on one
line.
MEMBER INCIDENCE
1 1 7 ; 2 4 10 ; 3 2 8 ; 4 8 13
5 5 11 ; 6 11 15 ; 7 3 9 ; 8 9 14
9 6 12 ; 10 12 16 ; 11 7 8 12
13 10 11 14 ; 15 13 14 ; 16 15 16
17 7 10 ; 18 8 11 ; 19 9 12
20 13 15 ; 21 14 16
All member properties are provided using the PRISMATIC option. YD and ZD stand for depth
and width. If ZD is not provided, a circular shape with diameter = YD is assumed for that cross
section. All properties required for the analysis, such as, Area, Moments of Inertia, etc. are
calculated automatically from these dimensions unless these are explicitly defined. For this
particular example, moments of inertia (IZ, IY) and torsional constant (IX) are provided, so
these will not be recalculated. The IX, IY, and IZ values provided in this example are only
half the values of a full section to account for the fact that the full moments of inertia will not
be effective due to cracking of concrete.
CONSTANT
E 21.0 ALL
POISSON CONC ALL
UNIT METER
CONSTANT
DEN 23.56 ALL
The CONSTANT command initiates input for material constants like E (modulus of
elasticity), Poissons ratio, Density, etc. Length unit is changed from MM to METER to facilitate
input for density (DEN). The built-in value for Poissons ratio for concrete will be used in the
analysis.
SUPPORT
1 TO 6 FIXED
Load 1 contains member loads also. Y indicates that the load is in the local Y direction. The
word UNI stands for uniformly distributed load.
LOAD 2 .75 (1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7WL)
The above command will gather the load data values from load case 1, multiply them with a
factor of 0.75 and utilize the resulting values in load 2.
JOINT LOAD
15 16 FZ 40.0
11 FZ 90.0
12 FZ 70.0
10 FZ 40.0
Load 2 contains some additional joint loads also. FZ indicates that the load is a force in the
global Z direction.
PDELTA ANALYSIS
This command instructs the program to proceed with the analysis. The analysis type is P-
DELTA indicating that second-order effects are to be calculated.
PRINT FORCES LIST 2 5 9 14 16
Member end forces are printed using the above PRINT commands. The LIST option restricts
the print output to the members listed.
START CONCRETE DESIGN
The values for the concrete design parameters are defined in the above commands. Design is
performed per the BS 8110 Code. The TRACK value dictates the extent of design related
information provided in the output. MAXMAIN indicates that the maximum size of main
reinforcement is the 40 mm bar. These parameters are described in the manual where British
concrete design related information is available.
DESIGN BEAM 14 16
The above command instructs the program to design beams 14 and 16 for flexure, shear, and
torsion.
DESIGN COLUMN 2 5
The above command instructs the program to design columns 2 and 5 for axial load and
biaxial bending.
END CONCRETE DESIGN
This will end the concrete design.
FINISH
Example Problems
Every STAAD input file has to begin with the word STAAD. The word SPACE signifies that
the structure is a space frame and the geometry is defined through X, Y and Z axes. The
second line forms the title to identify this project.
UNIT METER NEWTON
The units for the data that follows are specified above.
JOINT COORD
1 0 0 0 ; 2 0 0 6
REP ALL 2 6 0 0
7 0 4.5 0 11 0 4.5 6
12 1.5 4.5 0 14 4.5 4.5 0
15 1.5 4.5 6 17 4.5 4.5 6
18 6 4.5 0 22 6 4.5 6
23 7.5 4.5 0 25 10.5 4.5 0
26 7.5 4.5 6 28 10.5 4.5 6
29 12 4.5 0 33 12 4.5 6
34 6 1.125 0 36 6 3.375 0
37 6 1.125 6 39 6 3.375 6
The joint numbers and their coordinates are defined through the above set of commands. The
automatic generation facility has been used several times in the above lines. See section 5.11
of the Technical Reference Manual where the joint coordinate generation facilities are
described.
MEMBER INCI
*COLUMNS
1 1 7 ; 2 2 11
3 3 34 ; 4 34 35 ; 5 35 36 ; 6 36 18
7 4 37 ; 8 37 38 ; 9 38 39 ; 10 39 22
11 5 29 ; 12 6 33
*BEAMS IN Z DIRECTION AT X=0
13 7 8 16
*BEAMS IN Z DIRECTION AT X=6.0
17 18 19 20
*BEAMS IN Z DIRECTION AT X=12.0
21 29 30 24
*BEAMS IN X DIRECTION AT Z = 0
25 7 12 ; 26 12 13 ; 27 13 14 ; 28 14 18
29 18 23 ; 30 23 24 ; 31 24 25 ; 32 25 29
*BEAMS IN X DIRECTION AT Z = 12.0
33 11 15 ; 34 15 16 ; 35 16 17 ; 36 17 22
37 22 26 ; 38 26 27 ; 39 27 28 ; 40 28 33
The member incidences are defined through the above set of commands. For some members,
the member number followed by the start and end joint numbers are defined. In other cases,
STAAD's automatic generation facilities are utilized. Section 5 of the Technical Reference
Manual describes these facilities in detail.
DEFINE MESH
A JOINT 7
B JOINT 11
C JOINT 22
D JOINT 18
E JOINT 33
F JOINT 29
G JOINT 3
H JOINT 4
The above lines define the nodes of super-elements. Super-elements are plate/shell surfaces
from which a number of individual plate/shell elements can be generated. In this case, the
points describe the outer corners of a slab and that of a shear wall. Our goal is to define the
slab and the wall as several plate/shell elements.
GENERATE ELEMENT
MESH ABCD 4 4
MESH DCEF 4 4
MESH DCHG 4 4
The above lines form the instructions to generate individual 4-noded elements from the
super-element profiles. For example, the command MESH ABCD 4 4 means that
STAAD.Pro has to generate 16 elements from the surface formed by the points A, B, C and D
with 4 elements along the edges AB & CD and 4 elements along the edges BC & DA.
UNIT MMS
MEMB PROP
1 TO 40 PRIS YD 300 ZD 300
Members 1 to 40 are defined as a rectangular prismatic section with 300 mm depth and 300
mm width.
ELEM PROP
41 TO 88 TH 150
The modulus of elasticity and Poissons ratio are defined above for all the members and
elements following the keyword CONSTANT.
SUPPORT
1 TO 6 FIXED
Load 1 consists of a pressure load of 10 KNS/sq.m. The intensity on elements 41 to 72. The
negative sign (and the default value for the axis) indicates that the load acts opposite to the
positive direction of the element local z-axis.
LOAD 2 WIND LOAD
JOINT LOAD
11 33 FZ -90.
22 FZ -450.
Load 2 consists of joint loads in the Z direction at joints 11, 22, and 33.
LOAD COMB 3
1 0.9 2 1.3
Load 3 is a combination of 0.9 times load case 1 and 1.3 times load case 2.
PERFORM ANALYSIS
Support reactions, members forces and element stresses are printed for load cases 1 and 3.
START CONCRETE DESIGN
CODE BRITISH
DESIGN ELEMENT 47
END CONCRETE DESIGN
The above set of command form the instructions to STAAD to perform a concrete design on
element 47. Design is done according to the British code. Note that design will consist only
of flexural reinforcement calculations in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the
elements for the moments MX and MY.
FINI
Example Problems
Joint number followed by X, Y and Z coordinates are provided above. The REPEAT command
generates joint coordinates by repeating the pattern of the previous line of joint coordinates.
The number following the REPEAT command is the number of repetitions to be carried out.
This is followed by X, Y and Z coordinate increments. See section 5.11 of the Technical
Reference Manual.
ELEMENT INCIDENCES
1 1 2 7 6 TO 4 1 1
REPEAT 14 4 5
61 76 77 2 1 TO 64 1 1
65 1 6 81 76
66 76 81 82 71
67 71 82 83 66
68 66 83 56 61
69 6 11 84 81
70 81 84 85 82
71 82 85 86 83
72 83 86 51 56
73 11 16 87 84
74 84 87 88 85
75 85 88 89 86
76 86 89 46 51
77 16 21 26 87
78 87 26 31 88
79 88 31 36 89
80 89 36 41 46
Element connectivities are input as above by providing the element number followed by joint
numbers defining the element. The REPEAT command generates element incidences by
repeating the pattern of the previous line of element nodes. The number following the REPEAT
command is the number of repetitions to be carried out and that is followed by element and
joint number increments. See section 5.12 of the Technical Reference Manual.
UNIT MMS
ELEMENT PROPERTIES
1 TO 80 TH 200.0
Element properties are provided by specifying that the elements are 200.0 mm THick.
CONSTANTS
E 21.0 ALL
POISSON CONC ALL
Material constants like E (modulus of elasticity) and Poissons ratio are provided following
the keyword CONSTANTS.
SUPPORT
1 TO 76 BY 5 81 TO 89 PINNED
Pinned supports are specified at the joints listed above. No moments will be carried by these
supports. The expression 1 TO 76 BY 5 means 1, 6, 11, etc. up to 76.
UNIT METER
LOAD 1
ELEMENT LOAD
4 TO 64 BY 4 PR 50.0
3 TO 63 BY 4 PR 100.0
2 TO 62 BY 4 PR 150.0
1 TO 61 BY 4 PR 200.0
Load case 1 is initiated. It consists of element loads in the form of uniform pressure(indicated
by PR) acting along the local z-axis.
PERFORM ANALYSIS
Joint displacements for a selected set of nodes and element corner forces for some elements
are written in the output file as a result of the above commands. The forces printed are in the
global directions at the nodes of the elements. The LIST option restricts the print output to
that for the joints/elements listed.
START CONCRETE DESIGN
Slabs (i.e., elements) 9 and 12 will be designed and the reinforcement requirements obtained.
In STAAD, elements are typically designed for the moments MX and MY at the centroid of
the element.
END CONCRETE DESIGN