Design of Reinforced

concrete
Chapter 1
Luna Al-Hasani
Concrete and Reinforced
Concrete
Concreteis a mix of aggregates, admixtures,
water and cement.
Concrete has a high compressive strength and a
very low tensile strength.
Steel resists both tension and compression.
Advantages of Reinforced
Concrete
Economical
Good fire resistance: Concrete cover protects steel
bars.
Very long service life: Increased strength with time.
Ease of casting in a variety of shapes.
Does not require highly skilled labor in comparison
with steel.
Disadvantages of Reinforced
Concrete
Low tensile strength
Concrete is a heavy material.
Weight of concrete contributes to bending moment
diagram in very long spans.
Very expensive formwork.
Properties of concrete vary from one mix to another.
Placing and curing are not carefully controlled.
When to use reinforced concrete
and when to use structural steel?
Concrete works better under fire conditions, whereas
steel structures require protection.
Concrete structures require less skilled labor than steel.
When weight of structure is a matter of concern,
structural steel is used as it is lighter.
Steel structures are erected more quickly.
Steel is used for very long spans.
Architectural clear height is an important consideration.
Compatibility of Concrete and
Steel
Concrete has a low tensile strength, which is
compensated for by using steel bars.
The two materials bond together very well. No slippage.
Concrete protects steel bars from corrosion and fire.
Thermal expansion coefficients of concrete and steel are
very close to each other, which means both materials will
work together during temperature changes (Shrinkage,
expansion).
Design Codes
ACI318M_14: American Concrete
Institute.
ASCE:
American Society of Civil
Engineers.
Properties of Reinforced
Concrete
a. Compressive Strength
- As mentioned earlier, concrete has a high compressive
strength, which is measured by testing a 28-year old
cylinders or cubes. The specimens are loaded at a specific
rate until they fail.

- Compressive strength of concrete is equal to ,

where is the maximum load at which the cylinder fails,
and is the cross-sectional area of the specimen.
Properties of Reinforced
Concrete
a. Compressive Strength
- Dimensions of the cylinder are 6" 12 (or
152.4 304.8 ).
- Concretes are available at strengths varying
between 17.2 and 70 . Most common
strengths used are between 20 50 .
- Sometimes in high-rise buildings, higher
strength is used for concrete in lower stories
and lower strength is used for upper stories,
based on the engineers judgment.
Example 1
Atest cylinder was loaded to failure, and it
was found that the load at which the
failure occurred is equal to 450 kN.
Properties of Reinforced
Concrete
Stress-strain curve of concrete:
Properties of Reinforced
Concrete
Stress-strain curve of concrete:
- Concrete behavior is linear (straight curve) from zero until it
reaches around one third to one half of concretes ultimate
strength.
- Beyond that, concrete begins to behave non-linearly.
Why, and what does that mean?
- Concrete reaches ultimate strength when strain is about
0.002, regardless of its compressive strength . And failure
(point of rupture) occurs at strains between 0.003 - 0.004.
- Weaker grades of concrete are less brittle than stronger ones,
which means they break at larger strains.
Properties of Reinforced
Concrete
b. Modulus of Elasticity
- What is modulus of elasticity, and what does it measure?

- Modulus of elasticity can be found using different ways:

1. Initial modulus: Slope of stress-strain curve at origin of
curve.
2. Tangent modulus: The slope of a tangent to a curve at
some point along the curve.
3. Secant modulus: The slope of a line down from the origin
to a point which falls somewhere between 0.25 and 0.5 .
Properties of Reinforced
Concrete
b. Modulus of Elasticity
- According to ACI code 19.2.2.1, modulus of
elasticity can be found using the following
equation for concrete weight between 1440
2560) /3 .
= 0.043 1.5 )
- For weight of concrete = 2350 /3
(normalweight concrete), use:
= 4700 )
Properties of Reinforced
Concrete
c. Poissons ratio
- When a concrete cylinder is subjected to
compressive loads, it shortens in length and
widens laterally. The ratio of lateral
expansion to longitudinal shortening is
known as Poissons ratio.
- Poissons ratio for concrete falls between
0.11 - 0.21.
- Poissons ratio is not used in most
reinforced concrete designs. It is used in
columns as will be discussed later on.
Properties of Reinforced
Concrete
d. Shrinkage and Creep
- Shrinkage: After concrete begins to dry, extra
mixing water starts to evaporate which causes
the concrete to shrink, and cracks occur. We can
solve this with different ways such as shrinkage
reinforcement.
- Creep: Deformation of a structure under
sustained loading. Concrete will continue to
deform for long periods of time.
Properties of Reinforced
Concrete
e. Tensile Strength
- Concrete tensile strength varies from about 8%
to 15% of its compressive strength.
Why so small?
- Tensile strength in concrete design is normally
neglected.
Properties of Reinforced
Concrete
e. Tensile Strength
- There are two ways to find tensile strength:
1. Modulus of rupture (flexural tensile strength of
concrete): According to ACI code 19.2.3.1
= 0.62
The value of is in accordance to 19.2.4.

2. Split Cylinder Test.

Reinforcing Steel
- Today all reinforcing steel bars are round.
- Bar sizes available in metric conversions from
American units are 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 29, 32, 36,
43 and 57.
- In Jordan, the bar sizes used are 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18,
20, 25 and 32.
- The most common used steel grades are 40 and 60.
Grade 40 is low tensile strength 280 ) and
Grade 60 is of high tensile strength 420 .
Introduction to Loads
- The most important task faced by a structural
engineer is the determination of loads, and
finding the optimum load combination.
- Before moving on to loads, lets talk about design
methods first.
- There are two main design methods:
Introduction to Loads
1. Working Stress Method
- Safety factor is used in order to ensure that capacity
remains within elastic range.
- Loads are service loads, and only capacity is subjected to
factor of safety (one safety factor).
Larger sections for predictable load.

Non-conservative approach for less predictable loads.

Introduction to Loads
2. Limit state design Strength design method.
- Load capacity is kept below nominal strength by using a
resistance factor .
- Loads are multiplied by safety load factors, which vary
depending on load type.
Introduction to Loads
- Dead Loads: Loads that have constant magnitude and remain in
one position.
a. Partition load
b. Finishes load: Tiling, mortar and fill (aggregates).
c. Own weight of structure: Rough estimates, there might be a needfor
iterations.
- Live Loads: Loads that can change in magnitude and position.

Refer to ASCE 7-05 handout for live load values.

Introduction to Loads
- Environmental Loads:
a. Snow loads
b. Earthquake loads
c. Wind loads
d. Earth pressure
e. Other
Introduction to Loads
- ACI code utilizes strength design method, which means
that all loads are to be multiplied by magnifying factors.

- Check ASCE 7-05 handout for load combinations.

Strength Reduction Factor
We use strength reduction factors to account for
some uncertainties, such as:
- Uncertainties of material strength.
- Inaccuracy of design equations.
- Approximation in analysis.
- Variation concrete dimensions and placement of
steel bars.
Strength Reduction Factor
Strength reduction factor is determined according to
ACI table 21.2.1
Strength Reduction Factor
So how do we use these factors?
Appliedforce should be less than the members
capacity times the strength reduction factor.
For example:


Example 2
Simply supported beam inside an office building has a 6 meter
span, and is subjected to dead and live loads. Beam
dimensions are 300 600 . Finishing has a thickness of
15 .Partition load is equal to 7 /.
1. Find dead and live loads.
2. Find optimum load combination.
3. Find shear and bending moment diagram.
4. What are appropriate strength reduction factors used for
shear and moment?
5. Is the beam design sufficient, assuming that = 100 .
and = 50 ?