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ECE 308
Sampling of Analog Signals
Quantization of Continuous-Amplitude
Signals
Z. Aliyazicioglu
ECE 308-3 1
Solution:
a = 100 F = 50 Hz
The minimum sampling rate is Fs = 2 F = 100Hz
1
Sampling of Analog Signals
Solution:
b If Fs = 200 Hz , the discrete-time signal is
100 1
x(n) = 3cos n = 3cos n = 3cos 2 n
200 2 4
x( n ) = 3cos
100
n = 3cos
4
n = 3cos 2
2 n = 3cos 2 1 n
3
75 3 3
c For the sampling rate Fs = 75 Hz ,
1
F = fFs = f 75 and f = in part in (c). Hence
3
75 So, the analog sinusoidal signal is
F= = 25Hz
3
ya (t ) = 3cos 2 Ft
= 3cos50 t
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Fi < Fmax
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2
The Sampling Theorem
Fs > 2 Fmax
1 F 1
fi = i
2 Fs 2
or in radians
i = 2 fi
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Solution
ECE 308-3 6
3
The Sampling Theorem
Example: The analog signal
xa (t ) = 3cos 2000 t + 5sin 6000 t 10cos12000 t
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1 2 1
So that normalize frequencies are f1 = f2 = f3 =
5 5 5
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4
The Sampling Theorem
Solution (cont)
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5
Quantization of Continuous-Amplitude Signals
n xq (n) x ( n) eq (n)
eq (n)
2 2
xmax xmin
=
L 1
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6
Quantization of Continuous-Amplitude Signals
In the example xmin = 0 , xmax = 1 , and, L = 11 , which leads to = 0.1 .
Note:
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ECE 308-3 14
7
Quantization of Sinusoidal Signal
The analog signal xa (t ) is almost linear between quantization levels.
The quantization error
eq (t ) = xa (t ) xq (t )
eq(t)
/2
- t
-/2 0
Here eq (t ) = t t
2
1 t 3 2
2 2
1 1 1 2
Pq = e (t )dt =
2
eq2 (t )dt Pq = t dt = =
2
q
0 0
2 2 3 0 12
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2A
=
2b
Hence, the mean-square error power Pq for the signal xa (t ) is
4 A2 A2
Pq = 2b
=
(12)2 (3)22b
The ratio of the signal average power to the noise power is the
signal-quantization noise ratio (SQNR) gives
Px 3 2b
SQNR = = 2 In dB, SQNR(dB) = 10log10 SQNR = 1.76 + 6.02b
Pq 2
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8
Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Some cases we may need to convert digital signal to analog
signal again.
The process of converting a digital signal into an analog signal is
called Digital-to-Analog (DAC).
All D/A converters use some kind of interpolation. A simple form
of D/A conversion is zero-order hold or staircase
approximation. Simply holds constant the value of one sample
until the next one is received.
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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
A Linear interpolation is connect successive samples with strait-
line. It needs T second delay so that has knowledge about next
sample values.
9
Problem
Problem 1.7
An analog signal contains frequencies up to 10Khz.
a. What range of sampling frequencies allows exact
reconstruction of this signal from the samples?
b. Suppose that we sample this signal with a sampling
frequency Fs=8 KHz. Examine what happens to the
frequency F1=5Khz.
c. Repeat part (b) for a frequency F2=9Khz.
Fs = 8Khz. Fs
b Ffold = = 4 Khz.
2
So, F = 5 Khz will be alias of 3KHz
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Problem
Problem 1.15 xa (t ) = sin 2 F0t < t <
F0
and x ( n ) = x ( nT ) = sin 2 n
Fs
Fs = 5 Khz. and F0 = 0.5 Khz. 0 n 99
Solution 1.15
>> n=0:99;
>> x=sin(2*pi*0.1*n);
>> stem (n,x)
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10