1

Hkkjrh; U;k; nkZu

dkWystP;k Inter Arts ;k nql;k okkZyk Western
Logic gk fok; eyk Qkj fiz; kkyk gksrk- R;k
osGha dkGs-gqY;kGdj ;kapsa VsDVcqd&T;kyk
lksuksiar nkaMsdjkaph izLrkouk gksrh&rsa rj eh
ckjdkbZusa vH;klysp i.k ;kfkok; okfM;k
dkWystps izkpk;Z n- ns- okMsdj ;kaphDeduction
vkf.k Induction gh nksUgha iqLrdas eyk Qkj
mi;ksxha iMyh- rlsp nksUgha Hkkx ,d= vlysysa
uk- lh- QMds ;kapsa ,dp eksBs iqLrd&tas R;kauh
euksjatd Ik)rhusa vkf.k yfyr HkkkkkSyhar
fyfgysysa&R;kP;k okpukeqGsa eyk rdZkkL=kph
vf/kdp xksMh ykxyh-
ikfpekR; rdZkkL=karhy vxnh vk/kqfud
fopkj izokg&T;kyk Symbolic Logic EgVys tkrs
R;kP;kdMs eh laiw.kZ nqyZ{k dsys-R;k dkGkar ,d
xksV eh izkeq[;kusa dsyh dha] ;k Westarn Logic
eqGsa Hkkjrh; U;k;kkL=kfok;ha ek;k euha
dqrqgy fuekZ.k kkys- iq.ks fo|kihBkarhy
xzaFkky;akr eh ;klkBha 15 fnol dehrdeh
3 rkl osG fnyk- vkf.k U;k;kkL=kojhy loZ
 2

ok~e; ckjdkbZusa ikgwu ?ksrys- [kwi eksB;k uksV~l

dk<Y;k- R;k tiwu BsoysY;k uksV~Lkpk vkrka
eyk mi;ksx kkyk- 1958 uarj eh rdZkkL=kyk
nqjs?kh ekjyh vkf.k roKku ;k Kkukk[ksdMs
oGyks- vkrk eyk ^o`fkizHkkdj* vFkok /keZjkt
v/ofjUnzpk ^osnkUr ifjHkkkk* vls xzaFk vo?kM
tkr ukghr- 59@60 ;k dkGkar ek;k laxzgha
^Hkkjrh; roKku* izk- Jhfuokl fnf{kr] Indian
philosophy , Hindu view of life. by
pro. Radhakrishan. vkk Lo:ikph dakgha
iqLrdsa gksrh- uarjP;k dkGkar roKku ;k
fok;kojhy rhu,dkas xzaFk&vR;ar egRokps
vkf.k nqfeZG vlysys&eh tek dsys- R;kaP;k
okpu] fparu] euuakrwu ek;k roKku ;k
fok;kyk dekyhph iw.kZrk izkIr kkyh-
lw= ok~e;
Jqfrok~e; LQwfrZiz/kku vkgs- nkZusa euuiz/kku
vkgsr- ckSf)d vkf.k oSpkfjd Hkwfedso:u JkSr-
fl)akrkapsa ijh{k.k dj.ksa gsa nkZudkjkapsa /;s;
vkgs- roKku Eg.kts vuqHkokph laxrh yko.kkjs
kkL=] izR;{k vuqHko uOgsa- Jqfr gk izR;{k
vuqHko vkgs- nkZusa gh vuqHkokph ehekalk vkgs-
 3

Science of Interpritention. ehekalsusp nkZu

ok~e;kl bloh lu iwoZ 1500 okhZ izkjaHk
kkyk- Jqfr gs eU=-ok~e; vkgs- rj nkZusa gs
lw=-ok~e; vkgs- lw=kph O;k[;k e/oHkk;kar
vkh vkgs] --
- vYik{kja vlafnX/ka lkjor~ foorkseq[ke~ A
vLrksHka vuo|a p lw=a lw=fonks fonq% AA
LrksHk ;kpk vFkZ Hkk;kar vlk vkgs]^^vFkZkwU;ks
xkukfnLojifjiwj.kkFkZ% kCnfoksk%A**
lw=kar vFkZkwU; vkh ,d ek=kfg vk<G.kkj
ukgh- rj ex fujFkZd kCn vFkok okD;
;kfok;ha cksy.ksp udks- vYik{kjRo] lkjxzg.k]
vlafnX/krk] foorkseq[kRo Maltidiamentional
cgqvk;keh] vLrksHkRo Eg.kts fujFkZd kCnkapk
vHkko] vuo|Ro Eg.kts nkskjkfgR;- ^^ lw=a
lw=fonks fonq%A** ;k loZ xksVh vlrhy rj lw=k
laca/khaps tk.kdkj R;kykp lw= vlsa Eg.krkr-
;k lw=kapk mi;ksx iwokZpk;Z fVIi.khlkj[kk
djhr- R;k vkpk;akZuk] R;kaP;k fk;kauk] JksR;kauk
ts vFkZ vfHkizsr vlrhy rsp uarjP;k
Vhdkdkjkauk miyC/k gks.ks vkD; kkys- Eg.kwup
cknjk;.kakP;k czlw=akoj lgk fofo/k Hkk;sa gksa
kdyh- lafnX/krk gk nksk lw=ok~e;akr
 4

dkyizokgkusa fuf{kIr dsyk vkgs- jpukdkyha gh

lw=sa fu%lafnX/k gksrha- fdaok vlsfg Eg.krk ;sbZy
dha] ^foorkseq[kRo* gk xq.k czlw=kar
vlY;keqGsa lgkp dk; lgLjko/kh Hkk;sa kkyh
rjh rh lkgthdp vlwu vko;dfg vkgsr-
fofo/k Hkk;sa lw=kaP;k lafnX/krseqGsa fuekZ.k kkyh
ulwu R;ak;k loZLifkZRokeqGsa fuekZ.k kkyh
vkgsr- fofo/kkFkZokk gk xq.kfoksk vkgs] nkskLFky
uOgs-a
nkZu ok~e;kpk fodkl fk;izfk;kaP;k
ijaijsusa fl) kkyk vkgs- ewG nkZukoj ,d
Hkk;]uarjP;k dkGkar ;s.kk;k vk{ksikaP;k fujluk
lkBha vFkok dkykuqlkj lqyHkrslkBha nqljsa Hkk;
R;koj ;kp dkj.kkalkBha frljsa Hkk; vlk
nkZulw=kapk xa~xk-izokg vfofPNi.ksa o`f)axr
kkyk vkgs- Hkkjrh; roK fo|kfouhr gksrs-
izR;sd Hkk;dkj] Vhdkdkjkph izfrHkk Lo;aHkw o
Lo;aizHk vls-i.k vkiY;k ,o<;k Lora= rhfg
rs vkiY;k ijaijsyk vkf.k vk| iz.ksR;kyk
fuosnu d:u] iwokZpk;akZph fc:nsa fejohr vlr-
;klkBha rs fo|kfouhr gksrs vls eh EgVys-
Lor% k~djkpk;Z gs O;klkaps Hkk;dkj vkgsr
lqjsoj] e/kqlwnu] izdkkkuUn gs Hkk;dkjkaps Hkk;
 5

dkj vkgsr- ;k nkZuHkk;akph ikouh xaxk Eg.kts

Lora=] Lo;aizHk fopkjkaP;k vfu:) izokgkpsa ,d
n;axe ; vkgs- ,dsdk Vhdkdkjkph ;ksX;rk
toG toG vk| iz.ksR;k,o<hp vkgs ek=
izR;sdkus vkiY;k mtZLoy izfrHksP;k izHkkrjy
T;ksrhph vkjrh R;k R;k vk| iz.ksR;kiq<sp
forjyh vkgs-
nkZu kCn roKku] ;FkkFkZKku] nkZukkL=
vkk fofo/k vFkkZus mi;ksftyk tkrks-
nkZu Eg.kts ukkjk] ns[kkok- nkZu gsa oLrq
fuB vlrsa- R;kp izek.ks rsa O;ffuBfg vlrsa
O;ffuBsoj nkZukuqHkokar vf/kd Hkj vlrks-
Every system of thought is perspective . vls
EgVys tkrs- vkRedsanzkrp ija lR;kpk vuqHko
;sr vlrks- ;keqGsa roKkukyk nkZu gh laKk
vR;Ur leiZd vkgs-
IysVks]LisUlj]dkUV ;kaP;k ersa varhe oLrwpsa
Eg.kts lR;kpsa ewyLo:i vki.kkl d/khp
letr ukgh- IysVksph Ideal World dkUVph
Thing in Itself vkf.k LisUljps Unknowable
;k frUgh dYiuk varhe oLrwpsa [kjsa Lo:Ik
cq)hyk d/khp letr ukgh] ;k fl)kUrkoj
vf/kfBr vkgsr- gk R;kapk fl)kUr vUrhe
 6

oLrwfok;ha vkgs- lkekU; inkFkZ Kkukph fpfdRlk

R;kauh lw{ei.ksa vkf.k kkL=h; Vhusa dsyh ukgh-
R;kaP;k ojhy fl)kUrkl lkekU; KkukP;k
Ik`Fk%dj.kkpsa vf/kBku ukgh- izFke loZlkekU;
oLrw izfrrhpsa ifjiw.kZ Ik`Fk%dj.k dsys ikfgts
vkf.k uarj miyC/k fl)kUrkP;k vk/kkjkoj varhe
oLrwfok;ha vuqeku dsys ikfgts- vkh ;Fkkuqe
fpfdRlk ikfpekR; roKakuh dsyh ukgh-
KkukP;k ;FkkFkZrsph izek.ksa izFke fufpr dsyh
ikfgtsr rjp varhe oLrwpsa Kku ;FkkFkZ dha
v;FkkFkZ kpk fu.kZ; ?ksrk ;sbZy- ;FkkFkZ Kkukph
dlksVh&fudkp&vki.kktoG ulsy rj Hkze o
izek ;akrhy Hksn dG.kkj dlk\ Hkkjrh;
nkZudkjkaP;k ;k kkL=kq) Hkwfedsfok;ha
eWDlewyj ;kauhSix system of Indian philosophy
;k R;akP;k xzaFkkr /kU;ksn~xkj dk<ys vkgsr-
^^ Such an examination of the
authorities of human knowledge, pramanas
ought, of cours, to form the introduction of
every system of philosophy and to have
clearly seen this is, as it seems to me, a
every high distinction of Indian philosophy.
How much useless controversy would have
been avoided particularly among Jewish,
 7

Mohammedan & Christian philosophers, if a

proper place had been assigned in limine
to the question of what constitutes our
legitimate or our only possible channels
of knowledge, whether perception, inference,
revelation or anything else ! Supported by
these inquiries into the evidences of truth,
Hindu philosophers have built up their
various systems to philosophy, or their
conceptions of the world, telling us
clearly what they take for granted, and
then advancing step by step, from the
foundations to the highest pinnacles of
their systems** eWDlewyjus Hkkjrh; nkZudkjkaps
oSfkB; ojhy mrk;kar fokn dsys vkgs-
izek.kppkZ gk izR;sd roi)rhpk ik;kp vkgs-
izR;{k] vuqeku] Jqfr bR;kfn Kkulk/kukaps
izkek.; izFke ifjf{kysa ikfgts- fganw roKkauh
vkiY;k roKkukpk lqo.kZegky kkL=iwr
vf/kBkukoj mHkkjyk vkgs-txrkP;k vR;Urk
Hkkokph flf) vuqiyfC/k izek.kkus d:u nkkZfu
dakuh czkuqHkwrhyk cqf)izkek.;kpsa vf/kBku fnys
vkgs- izek.kfpfdRlk dj.;kar vxziwtspk eku
U;k; nkZukpk vkgs- U;k; nkZukar Ik)rhpsa Qkj
egRo vkgs- fl)kUr dks.krk vkgs ;k izukis{kak
 8

fl)kUrkph izek.ksa dks.krha vkgsr] rks dlk fl)

dsyk vkgs] gh xksV uS;kf;dkauk vf/kd egRokph
okVrs- loZ nkZudkjkauh U;k;nkZukph Ik)fr]
izf;k vkRelkr dsyh vkgs- vk| kadjkpk;Z]
lqjsoj] e/kqlwnu] izdkkkuan] fpRlq[kkpk;Z ;kaP;k
lkj[;k osnkUrnkkZfudkauh vkiys loZ fl)kUr
U;k;?kfVr Ik)rhusa foosfpys vkgsr- Hkkjrh;
laLrhar osnkUrnkZukyk yk/kysyk LFkk;hHkko
U;k;?kfVr izf;susa miyC/k dsyk vkgs-
U;k;nkZukusa vkiyh izek.ki)fr izpk:u loZ
nkkZfudkauk mir dsys vkgs-
1958 ;k okhZ Inter Arts ;k dWkystP;k
f}rh; okkZyk ekkk Logic gk fok; gksrk]
T;kyk rdZkkL= EgVys tkrs- 1960 iklwu eh
roKku ;k fok;kpk vH;kl lq: dsyk- R;kpk
ik;k etcwr gks.;kyk eyk ;k rdZkkL=kpk Qkj
mi;ksx kkyk- ,su rk:.;akr vlys kq)
cqf)izkek.;oknh vuqie kkL= gkrha vkys(
;kfok;ha eh fk{k.k [kkR;kpk lnSo _.kh vkgs-
rlsp ifgY;k okhZ ^es?knwr* gsa vizrhe lkaSn;Z-
dkO; gksrs vkf.k rsa fg laLre/;sa] Eg.kts nq/kkar
lk[kj iMyh-S. S. C.i;ZUr ekkh ekufld ikrGh
vxnh loZlkekU;klkj[kh gksrh- ek= dWkystP;k
 9

izFke vkf.k f}rh; okkZusa tkf.kosph {kerk

KnowingCapacity rlsp mP;fok;klaca/khaph
vfHk:ph dekyhph le`) vkf.k [k;kvFkhZ
fodflr kkyh- T;k dWkyst thoukusa ekkk
roKkukP;k izkUrkar vHkkfori.ksa izosk djfoyk
R;k thoukkha eh lnSo rK jkfgyks vkgs-
dWkystP;k R;k nksUgh fo|k eafnjkauk f=okj oanu!
T;k osGha 1 :Ik;k fdyks lk[kj gksrh
R;k 1958 lkyha 10 :Ik;kl ?ksrysyk
rdZkkL=kpk eksBk xzaFk vtwu eh O;ofLFkr
Bsoyk vkgs- Syllogism ps 151 izdkj] R;kP;k
uksV~l vtwufg eh tiwu BsoY;k vkgsr- vkiY;k
dMhy U;k;kkL=kP;k fDyVrsizek.ksa Deductive
Logic gk fDyV fok; vkgs-R;kekukusa Inductive
Logic gk fok; lqyHk-lksik vkgs- ek= dk;
vlsy rs vlks Deductive Logic gkp fok;
eyk Qkj vkoMyk- ;akrhy fdR;sd Concepts
eyk eq[kksn~xr gksrs- ;sFks cq)hpk [kjk dl
ykxrks- FkksMs dV djk;ph r;kjh vlY;kl
cqf) rstLoh gksrs] gk ekkk vuqHko vkgs- -

xf.krklkj[ks kkL= ukgha-

jlksbZlkj[kh dyk ukgh-
 10

vkf.k osnkUrklkj[kk vuqHko ukgh-

ifgysa Logic yk ykxw gksrs- ekks

gk;Ldwye/;sa xf.kr vkf.k Hkwfefr gs vxnh
vkoMrs fok; gksrs- Hkwferhph 65 izes;sa vkf.k
100 jk;MlZ ekkh lnSo r;kj gksrh- xf.krakr
vadxf.kr vkf.k chtxf.kr gs nksUgha ekks Qkj
ftOgkG;kps fok; gksrs- 80 iklwu vxnh
90@95 i;ZUr ekd~Zl eyk R;kosGha feGr
vlr- lkaxk;psa rkRi;Z vls dha] ifgY;kiklwup
vkk izdkjP;k fok;kapk vH;kl vlY;keqGsa
eyk rdZkkL= gk fok; eqGhp vo?kM okVyk
ukgh-
dWkystP;k ifgY;k okkZyk ^es?knwr* ;k
dkfynklkP;k [kaMdkO;kpk eyk vlkp ykHk
kkyk- dkfynkl Eg.kts es?knwr vkf.k es?knwr
Eg.kts dkfynkl vlsa lehdj.kp kkys vkgs-
dkfynklkus uSlfxZd dkO;khyk mnaM
O;klaxkph tksM nsu vkiyh vtksM dkO;laink
fuekZ.k dsyh vkgs- kkL=h; vkf.k yfyr
lkfgR;kpk vH;kl dkfynklkP;k vksfGvksGharwu
izrhr gksrks- rkRi;Z] rRdkyhu lqlaLr
ek.klkyk vko;d R;k loZ fo|k] kkL=sa]
 11

vkf.k dyk ;kapk O;klax o izR;{k Kku ;kaP;k

lgk;kusa dkfynklkus vkiyh izfrHkk lai
dssysyh gksrh- dkfynklkP;k ;k loZ xksVhapk
;ksxk;ksxkus ek;k LoHkkokkha rarksrar esG clrks-
;keqGsap dha] dk;] dkfynkl gk ekkk Qkj
vkoMrk dfo vkgs-

Hkkjrh; rdZkkL=
U;k;nkZu
XkkSrekP;k U;k; lw=koj izFke okRL;k;ukus^^Hkk;*
fyfgys-R;koj m|ksrdkjkus^^Hkk; okfrZd**fyfgys-
uarj okpLifr feJkus^^okfrZd rkRi;Z Vhdk**
fyfgyh- iqu% mn;ukpk;kZus^^okfrZd rkRi;Z Vhdk
ifjkqf)** fyfgyh- rnqkj ifjkq)hoj o/kZekukus
^^U;k; fuca/k izdkk** fyfgyk- iq<s izdkkkoj
^^o/kZekusUnq** gh Vhdk iukHk feJkus fyfgyh-
R;koj ^^U;k; rkRi;Z eaMG** gsa Hkk; kadj
feJkus fyfgys- izR;sd Vhdsoj izfrif{k;kdMwu
vk{ksi mRi gksr o R;k vk{ksiakps fujlu
 12

dj.;kdfjrk iqu% ,dknk lkaiznkf;d ewG Vhdspk

vfHkizk; fokn dj.;kdfjrk uohu Hkk; fygh-
okRL;k;u Hkk;kP;k fn~ukx uked ckS)
rkfdZdkus fpa/kM;k mMfoY;k vkf.k fn~ukxkyk
izR;qkj Eg.kwu m|ksrdkjkauh vkiys ^^Hkk;
okfrZd** fyfgys- izR;sd nkZukyk lai izfrHksps
vls mnaM Hkk;dkj ykHkys- bloh lu iwoZ 500
rs bloh lukuarj 700 Eg.kts 1200 okakZpk
dky[kaM lw=ok~e;kus vkf.k VhdkxzaFkakuh le`)
vkgs- 17 O;k krdki;ZUr gh nkZu eankfduh
vO;kgr vfu:) izokgkus ogkr vkyh vkgs-
vkrak ;k U;k; nkZukpk rikhyakrhy foLrkj
igk- dks.kR;kfg fok;kkh ftrdk ifjp; vf/kd
frrds R;kps egRo deh Hkklkos gk ekuoh
LoHkkop vkgs- izdkk]gok]ik.kh ;kapk thoukkh
fdrh fuxfMr laca/k vkgs- ekuoh O;ogkjkkha
Hkkkspk laca/kfg ;kp izdkjpk vkgs- HkkksP;k
mrhdMs lkekU; eu;kps y{k tkr ukgha- ;kpsa
dkj.k frpsa egRo R;kl dGysysa ulrsa gsp gks;-
Hkkksis{kkfg vR;Ur egRokph oLrwa Eg.kts Kku-
iapsafnz;kl izfr{k.k ;kizek.ks 12 efgusvBjk dkG
gks.kkjsa Kku- Hkkksfkok; lca/k fnol tk kdsy
i.k Kkukfkok; ,d iGfg] ,d {k.kfg tk.ks
 13

dBh.k vkgs- tksi;ZUr euq; ftoar vkgs rksi;ZUr

{k.kks{k.kha R;kP;k euakr fdR;sd fopkj ?kksGr
vlrkr- i.k ;k fopkjkaph fdaok Kkukph
fop{k.kk dj.kkjs rdZkkL= vH;klkos vls
dks.kkP;k y{kakr ;sr ukgh- Kkukkha vFkok
fopkjkkha vfrifjp; gsp ;k mis{kspas dkj.k
vkgs- Kkukpk [kjs [kksVsi.kk nk[kfo.kkjs rdZkkL=
tk.kwu u ?ksrk] brj fdrhfg kkL=akpsa v/;;u
dsys rjh rsa O;FkZp letkos-;k rdZkkL=kpsa o.kZu
djrakuk loZ fo|koj ikM.kkjk t.kwa iznhi] loZ
deakZpk mik;] loZ /keakZpsa vkJ;LFkku vlsa gsa
rdZkkL= vkgs vls U;k;Hkk;akr EgVys vkgs-
iznhi% loZfo|kuak mik;% loZdeZ.kke~A
vkJ;% loZ/kekZ.kaak fo|kssks izdhfrZrkAA
lR;klR;kph dlksVh nk[kowu ns.ks gsap ;k
kkL=kpsa mfV vkgs-^^izek.kS%vFkZijh{k.ka U;k;%**
&U;k;Hkk;- i.k ;k uqlR;k dlksVhpk mi;ksx
dk;\ Eg.kwu ;k kkL=koj izFke izFke xzaFk gks
kdys ukghr-v/;kRe fo|soj izkphu dkGkiklwu
vusd xzaFk kkysys vkgsr-izR;sd xzaFkdkjkus vFkok
nkZudkjkus vkikiyh rdZi)fr Lohdkjyh vkgs-
;k loZxzaFkakr vkf.k nkZuakr lR;Kkukph lk/kus
dks.krh ;k izukpkfg fopkj dsysyk vlrks i.k
 14

rks izkeq[;kus uOgsa] vkuqkafxd Eg.kwu vlrks-

izek.kakpk izkeq[;kus fopkj dj.kkjs nkZu
^U;k;nkZu* gsap vkgs- nkZu kCnkph O;kIrh
fopkjakr ?ksryh rj U;k;nkZu ,d nkZu vkgs-
R;keqGsa Western Logic kha ;k kkL=kph ,d:irk
ukgh gs /;kuha ;srs- Eg.kwu R;k fVdksuakrwu
ikg.ks Eg.kts Hkkjrh; U;k;kkL= vusd fok;kapk
xksa/kG vkgs vlsp okV.;kpk laHko vkgs-
Hkkjrh; rdZkkL= gsa loZizdkjP;k Kkulk/kuakpk
lkdY;kus fopkj dj.kkjs vlY;keqGsa dsoG
vuqeku fopkjakr xdZ vl.kk;k Logickha rsa
,d:Ik ukgh U;k;kkL=kar loZ Kkulk/kusa] vkRek]
iqutZUe bR;kfn izes;s vkf.k oknfo|k vls rhu
fok; izkeq[;kus ;srkr-
ekxs U;k;nkZukpk =ksVd bfrgkl fnyk-
vkrak rks rikhyakr nsrks- U;k;kkL=kojhy lokZr
izkphu xzaFk xkSrekph U;k; lw=sa gkp gks;- ek=
egfkZ xkSre gk R;kpk vk| izorZd Bjr ukgh-
R;kP;kp xzaFkko:u R;kP;kiwohZ fdR;sd krds gsa
kkL= ifj.kr gksrs vls fnlwu ;srs- NkUnksX;
mifuknakr 7( 1]2- ^okdksokD;e~* vls ,dk
kkL=kpsa uako vkysys vlwu vkpk;akZuh R;kpk
vFkZ^^rdZkkL=e~**vlk dsysyk vkgs-;kkCnkis{kkfg
 15

^^vkfUof{kdh** ;k kCnkpk iz;ksx ek= foiqy

vk<Gwu ;srks- U;k; lw=kojhy okRL;k;ur
Hkk;akr ;k nkZukl vkfUof{kdh vls LiVi.ks
EgVys vkgs-izR;{k o vkxe ;kaP;k lgk;kus Kku
kkY;koj R;k Kkukph fop{k.kk dkh djkoh gsa
lkax.kkjs kkL= rh vkfUof{kdh gks; vls Eg.kwu
;k kCnkph O;qRifkfg rsFks fnyh vkgs- dkSfVY;h;
vFkZkkL=karfg ^vkfUof{kdh* vlkp kCn ;k
kkL=kyk okijyk vkgs- Eg.kwu xkSrekiwohZ
^okdksokD;e~* fdaok ^vkfUof{kdh* ;k uakokus gsa
kkL= izpfyr gksrs vls ekuko;kl tkxk vkgs-
Hkkjrh; fo|k o ;K ;kapk laca/k izfl)p vkgs-
T;ksfrk] Hkwfefr] laxhr ;kaph ok<fg ;KlaLFksP;k
vk/kkjkusp kkyh gksrh- izLrqr rdZkkL=kpsa ewGfg
;KlaLFksrp lkiMrs- ;KkP;kosGha lnL; o izs{kd
;kauh mifLFkr dsysY;k izukapsa mkj ns.;klkBha
vlysyk ^czk* uakokpk ^_fRot* LokHkkfodp
rdZkkL=kpk voyac djhr vls- ;k Vhus vkt
ts czk.k uakokps xzaFk miyC/k vkgsr] R;kaps
fujh{k.k dsY;kl R;kar R;k osGsP;k czk uakokP;k
_fRotkus dsysY;k dksVhekpk laxzg fnlwu ;sbZy
iwoZehekalsph iz.kkyh rdZkkL=kuarjph vkgs]Eg.kts
rdZkkL=h; ijaijsP;k uarjph vkgs-iwoZehekalk T;k
 16

izdkjps dksVhe djrs rlys dksVhe osnxzaFkkr

Qkjls vk<Gr ukghr-ek= uS;kf;d FkkVkps dksVh
e tkxkstkx vk<Grkr-czk.k xzaFkkuarj rSfkjh;
vkj.;dakr izR;{k o vuqeku ;k nksu izek.kkapk
mYys[k lkiMrks- ^^Jqfr% izR;{ka ,sfr vuqeku
prqV;e~A** rSfk- vkj.;d 1( 2-jkek;.k vkf.k
egkHkkjr ;k xzaFkkr ^^gsrqfo|k**vlk ;k kkL=kpk
okpd kCn izkeq[;kus fnlwu ;srks-
^^U;k; lw=sa** xzaFkkpk drkZ vusd uakokauh
izfl) vkgs-xkSre] v{kikn] v{kpj.k oxSjs- U;k;
lw=kapk dkG dks.kkykfg fufpr Bjfork vkyk
ukgh- ;k lw=koj okRL;k;ukpsa foLr`r Hkk;
vkgs- ewG lw=karhy fok; ;k Hkk;kar pkaxykp
fokn dsysyk fnlwu ;srks-;kpk dkG bloh luk
uarjpsa 4 Fks krd vlk eku.;akr vkyk vkgs-
;k Hkk;kuarj m|ksr~dkjkpsa U;k;okfrZd iq<s vkys-
R;kus ewG lw=sa vkf.k okRL;k;ukpsa Hkk; ;k
nksUghapk ;ksX; ijkekZ ?ksu U;k;kkL=h;
foospukar pkaxyhp Hkj ?kkryh vkgs-ckS) o tSu
xzaFkdkjkauh ?ksrysY;k vk{ksiakP;k fujlukFkZ gsa
okfrZd fyfgys xsys vkgs- ;kpk dky bloh lu
635 vlk vkgs- m|ksr~dkjkuarj nksu krdkauh
bloh lu 841] okpLifrfeJ iq<s vkys- R;kauh
 17

U;k;okfrZdkoj ^^rkRi;ZVhdk** ;k uakokph mRV

Vhdk fyfgyh vkgs-R;akuh^^U;k;lwfpfuca/k**uakokpk
xzaFk fygwu ewG lw=akpk kq) ikB vkf.k R;kph
vokUrj izdj.kas LiV d:u nk[kfoyh- ;k
xzaFkkP;k ksoVha^^dqfuca/k:i fp[kykar :rysyh
U;k;lw=sa eh oj dk<hr vkgs-**vls R;akuh
Lor%p EgVys vkgs- ;ko:u U;k;nkZukP;k
[k;k ijaijspk R;kosGha fdrh yksi kkyk gksrk rs
fnlwu ;srs- ;kuarj t;UrHkkus ewG lw=koj
^^U;k;eaftjh** uakokph Vhdk fyfgyh- ;kyk
^o`fk* Eg.krka ;s.kkj ukgh- frps egRo o foLrkj
/;kuha ?ksu R;kl Hkk; vlsp uako |kos ykxsy-
t;UrHkkus ;k xzaFkkar dsoG R;k dkGki;ZUrP;k
U;k;nkZukojhy xzaFkdkjkaP;k erakpkp uOgsa]rj
osnkUr] lka[;] tSu] ckS)] eheaklk bR;kfn brj
kkL=karhy ererakrjkpkfg Hkjiwj mgkiksg dsyk
vkgs- vkk vusd fDyV fok;koj ppkZ dj.kkjk
xzaFk ok~e;V;k fouksniw.kZ o euksjatd fyfgyk
xsY;keqGsa nq/kkar lk[kj iMkoh R;kizek.ksa kkys
vkgs-T;kl Hkkjrh; roKkukph ykach]:nh][kksyh
,dkp xzaFkkr igk;ph vlsy R;kus gk xzaFk
vo; igkok- t;UrHkkuarj lqekjs kaHkj okakZuh
mn;ukpk;Z bloh lu 984 e/;sa mn;kl vkyk-
 18

R;kus okpLifr feJkP;k rkRi;Z Vhdsoj Lor%ph

foLr`r Vhdk rj fyfgyhp vkgs i.k ;kfkok;
R;kps Lora= xzaFkfg izfl) vkgsr-U;k;dqlqektfy
vkf.k^^ckS) f/kDdkj** gs R;kps nksUgha xzaFk vktfg
fo}r~oxakZr fo}ksps |ksrd Eg.kwu letys
tkrkr- ckS/nerkuq;k;kkha dBksj o rdZdZk
okX;q/nsa [ksG.;kar rks iVkbZr gksrk- iqjhP;k
txkFkkfok;hP;k vk[;kf;dasr rks Eg.krks]^^tj
iqUgk ckS)kapk gYyk kkyk rj rqks thou ek;k
gkrkr vkgs-**,so;Zenekksfl ekeoKk; orZlsA
laizkIrs rq iquckSZ)s en/khuk ro fLFkfr%AA
;ko:u fujhojokn [kaMukFkZ mn;ukus dsysys
iz;Ru fdrh fudjkps gksrs gs dGwu vkY;kokpwu
jgkr ukgh- mn;ukuarj o/kZekuksik/;k;] HkkloZK
:fpnkfeJ]oYyHk bR;kfn xzaFkdkj fuekZ.k kkys-
bloh lukP;k 12 O;k krdkP;k ksoVh ksoVh
ek= U;k;kkL=h; xzaFkjpuk i)rhr kfUr fnlwu
;sa ykxyh- ;k kUrhpk ik;k xaxskksik/;k;kus
?kkryk- ewG U;k;lw=kar fnysY;k vkRek] iqutZUe]
roKku] eks{k bR;kfn v/;kRefok;d izes;kapk
fopkj] oknfo|srhy vokUrj fu;e ;kl xaxskkus
vkiY;k xzaFkkar Qkjls LFkku fnys ukgh- xaxskkP;k
;k iz;RukeqGsa Hkkjrh; rdZkkL=kpsa lqLiV osxGs
 19

:i VksRikhl ;s ykxys-xaxskkus izek.k fopkj

o izes; fopkj ;kapk osxGsi.kk LiV d:u ,d
izdkjs Hkkjrh; rdZkkL=kl mToy Lo:i izkIr
d:u fnys ;kar kadk ukgh- bloh lukP;k 15
O;k krdkP;k e/;ki;ZUr ;k xzaFkkpsa opZLo
fefFkysrhy loZ iafMroxkZoj clwu xsys- gk
loZJsB xzaFk eSfFky iafMr fefFkysckgsj tk nsr
uOgrs- ijarq oklqnso lkoZHkkSekus eksB;k dVkus rks
oaxiznskakrhy uo}hi uakokP;k izakrkr vk.kyk-
uo}hiakr ;kp oklqnsokus fo|kihB LFkkiwu R;kar
;k xzaFkkps v/;kiufg lq: dsys-;k oklqnsokps nksu
iz[;kr fk; >kys- ,d j?kqukFk rkfdZd
fkjkse.kh vlwu nqljk caxkye/khy oS.ko
laiznk;kpk laLFkkid pSrU; egkizHkw gk gks;-
fefFkysizek.ks caxkkye/;safg gk xzaFk fo}UekU;
>kyk- R;kuarj R;kpk enzkl] egkjkV] dkehj
bR;kfn ykacykacP;k izakrkrfg izlkj >kyk- xsY;k
iakpksa okkZrhy laLr xzaFk ikfgys rj izR;sd
kkL=koj ;k xzaFkkpk ifj.kke vlY;kps fnlwu
;sbZy- ;keqGsap ;k xzaFkkoj Vhdk miVhdkfg Qkj
>kysY;k vkgsr- ewG xzaFk lqekjs 300 ikuakpk
vlyk rjh R;kP;kojhy Vhdakph ikusa ekstY;kl
rh ,d yk[k Hkjrhy vls ,dk vk/kqfud rKkpsa
 20

Eg.k.ksa vkgs- ;k xzaFkkrhy fo/kku vR;ar dkVsdksj

Hkkksar dsysysa vlwu izR;sd dYiuspk kD;
frrdk ckjhd dhl dk<yk vkgs- xaxskkpk gk
^rofaparkef.k* xzaFk U;k;kkL=h; bfrgklakrfg
kfUrdkjd Bjyk- rh kfUr Eg.kts ;k xzaFkkP;k
izHkkokiq<sa izkphu lw= Hkk;kaps rst fQds iMwu
R;kaps v/;;u v/;kiu can iMwa ykxys- ;keqGsa
xaxskkP;k izFksarhy foospukl o xzaFkkl
^^uO;U;k;** vls uako iMysa- xaxskksik/;k;kuarj
uO;U;k;kar foksk izHkkokkyh Bjysyh O;f
Eg.kts j?kqukFk rkfdZd fkjksef.k gh gks;- uo}hi
fo|kihBkar oklqnso lkoZHkkSektoG ;kus ewG
vH;kl dsyk- R;kuarj R;kus fefFkyk fo|kihBakr
tku rsFkhy o`) uS;kf;d i{k/kj feJkpk
ijkHko d:u Lor%P;k cq)hpsa oPkZLo LFkkfir
dsysa- ;kiq<s yksd U;k;fo|slkBha fefFkysis{kak
caxkydMsp ikgaw ykxys- R;kus rofparke.khoj
nf/kfr&frpsp nqljsa uako fkjksef.k&gh Vhdk
fyfgyh- tsFks roV;k ijaijk pwd fnlyh rsFks
R;kus uo-er iqjLdkjys vkgs- R;kus ijaijsps
ulrs Lrkse ektfoys ukgh- ^^fu;qZfdLrq izoknks
u J)s;%**Eg.kts ;qfjfgr uqlR;k izoknkoj
J)k Bsowa u;s- vls ,d egRoiw.kZ okD; R;kP;k
 21

xzaFkkr vk<Grs- oSksfkdakP;k inkFkZ foHkkx.khph

vkewykxz iqu?kZVuk dj.kkjk inkFkZ[kaMu uakokpk
Lora= xzaFkfg ;kus fyfgyk vkgs- U;k;kkL=kP;k
bfrgklakr j?kqukFk rkfdZd fkjkse.khpsa uako
oSfkB;kus pedwu fnlrs- dkj.k uo fopkjkaph
fufeZrh ;k xzaFkdkjkcjkscjp uV >kyh- ;kuarj
iq<hy dkGkarhy xzaFkdkjkl vkf.k fo}kukl uohu
inkFkZ kks/kukis{kka R;kP;k ekaM.kharhy dkVsdksj-
i.kkpsp egRo okVwa ykxys gksr-s ;k izFkspk
fodkl x/kk/kjkuas dsyk vls Eg.k.;kl izR;ok;
ukgh- ;k xnk/kj vFkok xnk/kj Hkkpk;kZuarj
U;k;nkZukph ok< eqGhp >kyh ukgh vls EgVys
rjh pkysy- xnk/kjkus ikafMR;kP;k vfHk:phl tas
oG.k fnys R;keqGsa ewG ^fparkef.k* vkf.k
^fkjksef.k* ;k xzaFkkapsa v/;;ufg laiqVkar vkys-
vkt Hkkjrh; iafMr oxkZe/;sa fparke.khojhy
Vhdkapk vH;kl izpfyr vlyk rjh ^ewG
fparkef.k* vH;klysyk ,dfg iafMr miyC/k
ukgh- rlsp ;k kfUrdkjd ewG xzaFkkpsa
dks.kR;kfg Hkkksar Hkkkkarj miyC/k gksr ukgh- ;k
loZ nqjoLFkspsa ewG txnhk vkf.k xnk/kjkauh
vkiY;k kkfCnd voMacjkeqGsa jksoys- U;k;
kkL=kojhy xzaFkdkjkapk xnk/kjkcjkscjp ksoV
 22

>kyk vls EgVY;kl Qkjls fc?kM.kkj ukgh-

xnk/kjkuarj Qkjls xzaFkdkj ;k kkL=kar izfl)hl
vkys ukghr- dakgha fdjdksG xzaFkdkj vxnh
lkekU; vH;kldklkBha fuekZ.k >kys-U;k;iapkuu
bloh lu 1634 vkf.k vaHk bloh lu
1623 gs nksup xzaFkdkj >kys-fooukFk iapkuukus
^HkkkkifjPNsn* fygwu R;koj R;kus Lor%p^fl)kar
eqkofy* ukaokph Vhdk fyfgyh vkgs- vaHkkus
^rdZlaxzg* uakokpk ckycks/k izkFkfed xzaFk fygwu
R;koj R;kus Lor%p ^nhfidk* uakokph Vhdk
fyfgyh vkgs-
^^U;k;kkL=h; fok;kapk vkf.k dYiuakpk
fodkl**;k fnksus fo}kuakuh v|ki Qkjlk iz;Ru
dsysyk ukgh- gh ,d eksBh m.kho jkgwu xsyh
vkgs-

vkIik Bksacjs-
fnuakd % 6@4@2007