International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Computer July - August 2015
Applications, Vol 3, Issue 4 ISSN 2320-6349
Boiler burner and fuel firing system
Sravan Kumar Varnasi1, Vommi Pradeep Kumar2
#1Student of M.Tech in Mechanical Engineering Department with specialization in Thermal Engineering,
#2 Assoc.Prof, Department of Mechanical Engineering in Gokul group of Institutions, Bobbili, vizianagaram, AP.
Abstract
Boilers play an exceptionally obvious and imperative
part in any thermal power plant. When we go to the
heater assistants, every one of them is a subject in
itself. In our report we make a point by point note of
two of the most imperative heater connections
burners and fuel injectors. The previous assumes a
critical part in warming the liquid to deliver steam
while the last hold obligation to supply the fitting
measure of fuel.
An exhaustive examination and sharp study on the
different fuel igniters, burners and the fuel
terminating frameworks have been watched. What's
more, we likewise watched the different stream
procedures occurring in the heater and its assistants.
Heater can likewise be called as "the Burner". The
primary Function of the Boiler is to Burn the Fuel
and Make Combustion conceivable. In this venture
we are going to concentrate on how coal is pounded
and smoldered keeping in mind the end goal to
acquire heat.
Most coal let go force station boilers utilization
pummeled coal. This innovation is very much
created, and there are a huge number of units around
the globe, representing great more than 90% of coal
let go limit. The coal is pummeled to a fine powder,
so that under 2% is +300 smaller scale meter (m)
and 70-75 % is beneath 75 microns, for a bituminous
coal. This framework has numerous favorable
circumstances, for example, capacity to flame
fluctuating nature of coal, fast reactions to changes in
burden, utilization of high pre-warmth air
temperatures and so on. A standout amongst the most
prevalent frameworks for Terminating pounded coal
is the tangential Firing utilizing four burners corner
to corner to make a fireball at the focal point of the
heater.
Keywords: Boiler, Rankine Cycle; Condenser;
Dearator; Economiser; Reheater; fuel firing system.
Introduction
A warm power station chips away at the fundamental
rule that warmth freed by smoldering fuel is changed
over into Mechanical work by method for a suitable
working liquid. The mechanical work is changed
over into electrical vitality by method for generator.
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In a steam force station, warmth is acknowledged by
blazing fuel, this warmth is taken by water, which
fills in as the working fuel. Water is changed over
into steam as it gets heat in the kettle. The steam then
grows in turbine creating mechanical work, which is
then changed over into electrical vitality through a
generator. The fumes steam from the turbine is then
consolidated in the condenser and the condensate
arrives after pumped to the evaporator where it again
gets warmth and the cycle is rehashed. The essential
hypothetical working cycle is of a steam force plant
is 'THE RANKINE CYCLE'. The present day steam
force plant uses 'Changed RANKINE CYCLE',
which incorporates warming, superheating and
regenerative food water warming.
Combustion
Everywhere, at all times, oxygen
consolidates with different components. This general
procedure is called Oxidation
Burning,, or Combustion, is an exceptional
type of oxidation:
- Oxygen consolidates quickly with specific sorts of
fills, for example, coal, oil, gas or wood, and
considerable measures of warmth are freed.
The Degree of Flammability relies on upon
that it is so natural to transform into a gas, on the
grounds that nothing really smolders until it is a gas.
This thusly relies on upon the nature and amount of
the substance, contrasted with measure of warmth
accessible with begin ig
Burning Commercial Fuels In Actual Furnaces
1) Preparing the fuel and air;
2) Converting the complex fuel into elementary fuels;
3) Bringing these fuels and air together in the right
propositions and at the proper temperature for
ignition and combustion;
4) Transferring heat from the products of combustion
to the boiler or other surfaces, while retaining enough
heat in the combustion zone to maintain volatilization
and ignition.
All these actions occur at the same time in any
furnace, and each particle of fuel traces the entire
sequence, in order, in its brief passage through the
furnace.
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Applications, Vol 3, Issue 4 ISSN 2320-6349

dampers. Each of the auxiliary and end air nozzles

are provided with louver type regulating dampers, at
the air entry to individual air compartment.
The damper regulates on elevation basis, in unison, at
all corners.
IGNITORS
Oil and gas are ignited by a pilot flame. This pilot
torch may be a
Oil ignitor
Gas ignitor
High energy arc ignitor
The burners aretiltable +/- 30o about horizontal, in
unison at all elevations and corners. This shifts the
flame zone across the furnace height and enables
BURNERS: control over steam temperature.
Burners undertake the task of delivering coal and air Each burner is associated with an ignitor arranged at
in a proper proportion, facilitate ignition energy to the side
the coal air stream, sustain the ignition and provide a COMBUSTION AIR DISTRIBUTION
stable flame during the operation, complete the task The Combustion air, referred to as Secondary Air, is
of combustion and delivering heat to the intended provided from FD Fans. A portion of secondary air
purpose. called `Fuel Air', is admitted immediately around the
Burners are broadly classified as follows: burners (annular space around the oil/gas burners)
(1) Tangential Burners into the furnace. The rest of the secondary air, called
(2) Wall Burners Auxiliary Air, is admitted through the auxiliary air
(3) Down shot or fan tail burners nozzles and end air nozzles. The quantity of
Burner Arrangement: secondary air (fuel air + auxiliary air) is dictated by
In a tangentially fired boiler, four tall wind boxes boiler load and controlled by FD Fan inlet guide vane
(combustion air boxes) are arranged, one at each regulation.
corner of the furnace. The oil and gas burners are
located at different levels or elevations of the wind
boxes.
The coal, oil and gas burners are sandwiched between
air nozzles or air compartments. That is, air nozzles
are arranged between gas spuds, one below the
bottom gas spud and one above the top gas spud. The
fuel and combustion air streams from these burners
or compartments are directed tangentially to an
imaginary circle at the centre of the furnace. This
creates a turbulent vortex motion of the fuel, air and
hot gases which promotes mixing, ignition energy
availability and thus combustion efficiency.
Modern Burners are equipped with:
(a) Separate flame envelope ports for coal, oil and
gas
(b) Secondary air control to adjust the flame
envelops.
(c) Ignitors.
(d) Flame Scanners to detect the distinct flames in an
enclosure.
(e) Flame Stabilisers.
(f) Flame Analysers
The proportioning of air flow is done based on boiler
TANGENTIAL BURNERS
load, individual burner load, by a series of air

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Computer July - August 2015
Applications, Vol 3, Issue 4 ISSN 2320-6349
FURNACE FIRING ANGLES AND ELEVATIONS
Boiler Drum
The function of steam drum is to separate the water
from the steam generated in the furnace walls and to
reduce the dissolved solid contents of the steam to
below the prescribed limit of 1 ppm. The drum is
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located on the upper front of boiler.
Economiser
The purpose of economizer is to preheat the boiler
feed water before it is introduced into the steam drum
by recovering heat from the flue gases leaving the
boiler. The Economiser is located in the boiler rear
gas pass below the rear horizontal super heater. The
economizer is continuous unpinned loop type and
water flows in upward direction and gas in the
downward direction.
FIG. SHOWING ECONOMIZER INTERNAL TUBES
Super Heater
There are three stages of super heater besides the side
walls and extended sidewalls. The first stage consists
of horizontal super heater of convection mixed flow
type with upper and lower banks located above
economizer assembly in the rear pass. The upper
bank terminates into hanger tubes, which are
connected to outlet header of the first stage super
heater. The second stage super heater consists of
pendant platen which is of radiant parallel flow type.
The third stage super heater pendant spaced is of
convection parallel flow type. The outlet temperature
and pressure of the steam coming out from the super
heater are 540C and 157 Kg/Cm2 respectively for
H.P.units.
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Applications, Vol 3, Issue 4 ISSN 2320-6349
FIG. SHOWING SUPER HEATER OF BOILER
Reheater
The function of Reheater is to reheat the steam
coming out from high pressure turbine to a
temperature of 540C. The Reheater is composed of
two sections, the front pendant section and the rear
pendant section.
The rear pendant section is located above the furnace
arc and the rear water wall and front pendant section
is located between the rear water hanger tubes and
the super heater platen section.
FIG. SHOWING REHEATER WITH 600 NIPPLES
Burners
There are total twenty four pulverized coal burners
for corner fired C.E. type boilers and twelve oil
burners provided each in between two pulverized fuel
burner.
The pulverized coal burners are arranged in such a
way that six mills
Supply the coal to the burners at 4 corners, of the
furnace. All the nozzles of the burners are inter
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Linked and can be tilted as a single unit from +30 to
30.The oil burners are fed with heavy fuel oil till
boiler load reaches to about 25%.
FIG. SHOWING BURNER OF A BOILER
Igniters
boiler. The atomizing air for igniters is taken from
plant air compressors at 7 Kg/cm2 (gauge).
The burners are located at three elevations. Each
elevation has four oil burners and igniters. These
elevations are normally known as AB elevation, CD
elevation and EF elevation. Igniters are used for
lighting the main oil gun. There are two igniter air
fans supply air for combustion of igniter oil. Mainly
two types of igniters are used. 1. Eddy Plate Igniter
2. High Energy Arc Type Ignite
FIG. SHOWING EDDY PLATE IGNITER
Coal Bunker
These are in process storage silos used for storing
crushed coal from the coal handling system.
Generally, these are made up of welded steel plates.
There are totally eight bunkers, four on each side of
the boiler. Normally, there are six such bunkers
supplying coal to the corresponding mills. These are
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Applications, Vol 3, Issue 4 ISSN 2320-6349
located on top of the mills so as to aid in gravity
feeding of coal.
Coal Feeders
Each mill is provided with a drag link
chain/rotary/gravimetric feeder to transport raw coal
from the bunker to the inlet chute, leading to mill at a
desired rate.
Mills
There are six mill (25% capacity each), for every 200
MW unit, located adjacent to the furnace at '0' M
level. These mills pulverize coal to the desired
fineness to be fed to the furnace for combustion.
P.A. Fan
The primary air fans (2 per unit - 50% capacity each)
are designed for handling atmospheric air up to a
temperature of 50 C. These fans are located at 0M
level near the boiler.
Air Pre-heater
Air pre-heater transfers heat from flue gases to cold
primary and/ or secondary air by means of rotating
heating surface elements. Beneath these regenerative
type air pre-heaters, there exists a steam coil air
preheater.
These are located in the secondary pass of the furnace
at a height of around 16 M level. Each 200 MW
unit is provided with two such air pre-heaters.
Burners
As evident from the name itself, these are used for
burning pulverized coal or oil. Every unit has a set of
such burners located at different elevations of the
furnace.
F.D.Fan
The forced draft fans (2 per unit - 50% capacity each)
are designed for handling secondary air for the boiler.
These fans are located at '0' M level near the PA Fan.
Wind Box
These act as distributing media for supplying
secondary/excess air to the furnace for combustion.
These are generally located on the left and right sides
of the furnace while facing the chimney.
Electrostatic Precipitator
These are generally two plate type located between
boiler and the chimney. The precipitator is arranged
for horizontal gas flow and is constructed with
welded steel casings.
ID Fans
There are two induced draft fans per boiler located
between the Electrostatic precipitator and the
chimney. These fans are used for sucking flue gas
from furnace.
Chimney
These are tall RCC structures with single/multiple
flues (one flue per 200 MW Unit). The heights of
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these chimneys vary depending on the location
considerations; anywhere between 150 m. to 220 m.
Seal Air Fan
These are used for supplying seal air to the mills to
prevent ingress of coal dust into gear box lubrication
oil. There are two fans per boiler for 200MW units.
Soot Blowers
FIG. SHOWING CORNER OF A TANGENTIAL
BURNER
Following three types of soot blowers, in requisite
numbers, are provided:
i. Long retractable soot blowers
ii. Wall blower
iii. Air heater blower Superheated
steam is tapped from super heater for the
purpose of soot blowing.
The pressure is reduced to 31 Kg/cm2 at 330 C by
means of pressure reducing valve. The soot blowers
are used for efficient on-load cleaning of furnace,
super heaters, reheaters and regenerative air heaters.
Fuel Firing System
Most coal fired power station boilers use pulverized
coal, and many of the larger industrial water tube
boilers also use this pulverized fuel. This technology
is well developed, and there are thousands of units
around the world, accounting for well over 90% of
coal fired capacity.
The coal is pulverized to a fine powder, so
that less than 2% is +300 micro meter (m) and
70-75 % is below 75 microns, for a bituminous
coal. It should be noted that too fine a powder is
wasteful of grinding mill power. On the other
hand, too coarse a powder does not burn
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completely in the combustion chamber and results In most of the power stations the types of feeders
in higher unburnt losses. used for transporting coal from Raw Coal bunker to
The pulverized coal is blown with part of the the mills are:
combustion. 1. Volumetric feeders
Air into the secondary boiler plant through 2 2. Gravimetric type feeders
series of burner nozzles. Secondary and tertiary Mills
air may also be added. Combustion takes place at Pulverised fuel firing is a method whereby
temperatures from 1300-1700C, depending the crushed coal, generally reduced to fineness
largely on the coal grade. Particle residence time such that 70-80% passes through a 200 mesh
in the boiler is typically to 5 seconds, and the sieve, is carried forward by air through pipes
particles must be small enough for complete directly to burners or storage bins from where it is
combustion to have taken place during this passed to burners.
time.This system has many advantages such as When discharged into combustion chamber,
ability to fire varying quality of coal, quick the mixture of air and coal ignites and burns in
responses to changes in load, use of high pre-heat suspension.
air temperatures etc. The economic motives for the introduction
One of the most popular systems for firing and development of pulverised fuel firing are:
pulverized coal is the tangential firing using four i. Efficient utilization of cheaper low grade
burners corner to corner to create a fireball at the coals.
center of the furnace. ii. Flexibility in firing with ability to meet
Fuels fluctuating loads.
There are two types of fuels which play a vital role in
iii. Elimination of banking losses. iv.
fuel firing system. They are:
Better reaction to automatic control.
1. Coal v. Ability to use high combustion air
2. Oil temperature; increasing the overall efficiency of
Coal boiler. vi. High availability.
Fuel (coal) is fed from mines to the boiler through the The only disadvantage is that the initial cost of
fuel feeding plant commonly known as Coal equipment for preparation of pulverised coal will be
handling plant. Selection of proper methods of coal high.
supply from the mines to the power station depends
upon the system capacity in the tons/hour, location of
available outsides storage and overhead coal bunkers.
The unloading will take place by Merry Go Round
system in which loading and unloading will take
place within 12-20 minutes. Coal is crushed to the
sizes of 25mm in the crusher house before it is fed to
the bunkers of individual units. The coal from CHP is
transferred to the bunkers through the conveyer belts
via turning points. The storage capacity of bunkers in
terms of time is 14 hours.
The coal from the bunkers enters the mills through
the coal feeders by gravity action. The quantity of
coal reaching the coal mill is controlled by feeders by
altering the speed of DC motors as per the
requirements of the unit.
Coal Bunker
These are in process storage silos used for storing
crushed coal from the coal handling system.
Generally, these are made up of welded steel plates.
Normally, there are six such bunkers supplying coal
of the corresponding mills. These are located on top
of the mills so as to aid in gravity feeding of coal.
Coal Feeders

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Computer July - August 2015
Applications, Vol 3, Issue 4 ISSN 2320-6349
Oils
A coal fired unit incorporates oil burners to a firing
capacity of 30% of boilers load for following
reasons:
a) To provide necessary ignition
energy to light off coal burner.
b) To stabilise the coal flame at low
boiler/burner loads.
c) As a safe start-up fuel and for
controlled heat input during light off. The
types of oil used in the oil burners are:
a) Light Diesel Oil
b) Heavy fuel oil
c) Low sulphur heavy stock (LSHS).
The boiler is equipped with equipment for heavy oil
firing at elevation AB, CD and EF. Heavy oil guns
are used for stabilizing flame at low load carrying.
Warm up oil guns are used for cold boiler warm up
during cold start up and igniter are used for start-up
and oil flame stabilizing.
This system requires maximum total output
of the oil burners is 30% of the boiler MCR heat
input with HFO and 7.5 % of the boiler MCR heat
input with LFO. This corresponds to
synchronisation needs before firing coal burners.
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For the preparation of fuel oil, pumping the
oil and heating are the major preparatory
functions to remove any dust, dirt, sediment,
sludge, etc.
Fuel oil atomisation is the process of
spraying the fuel oil into fine mist for better
mixing of fuel with combustion air. By passing
through the spray nozzles of the oil gun, the
pressure
Energy of the oil converts into fine particles.
Fuel Data
Firing Systems:
This can be broadly classified into direct firing
system and indirect firing or intermediate bunker
system. Both the systems can use any type of mill.
Either hot gas or air can be used for drying and
transporting the coal.
Direct Firing System
In this type of firing system, coal is fed to
the mill at controlled quantity. Hot air whose
temperature can be controlled with the help of
cold air is permitted to flow through the mill. The
air dries the coal and picks up the milled product
and flows through the classifier where higher size
particle is rejected back to the mill.
The fine coal is carried by the air through
the coal burner to the combustion chamber. The
flow through the system is carried out by primary
air fan or by exhauster. In case of hammer mills
forced draft itself can do the purpose of primary
air fan.
This system is simple involving minimum
equipment hence minimum initial cost and
maintenance cost. As there is no fine coal storage
the mill load is varied according to the boiler
load. Hence part load operation of mill is essential
and this means increase in power consumption
and maintenance per tonne of coal.
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Mill outage will result in reduction of boiler
output if spare mills are not provided or available.
This is best suited to use with high speed and
medium speed mills as the mill power
consumption varies in direct proportion to the
mill load. Tube ball mills with this system is also
used but to a limited extent.
Indirect Firing System
In this system, mills are operated
independent of boiler loading and pulverised coal
is stored in the intermediate bunker.
From the bunker it is taken to combustion
chamber with the help of primary air fan. Boiler
loading is controlled by the amount of pulverised
fuel fed to boiler. Hot air or gas is used for drying
and transporting.
Cyclone type separators are used to separate
the fine coal from coal, air/gas mixture for storing
in fine coal bunker. As fine coal dust cannot be
completely removed by cyclone type separators, a
certain portion of very fine particle is carried
along by air/vapour. This necessitates admissions
of vapour/air into the combustion chamber to
utilise the heating value of fine coal dust carried
along with vapour/air. This can be done by
providing separate vapour burners or the air can
be used as primary air for carrying the fine coal.
This system using gas as drying medium
requires one additional can called vapour fan for
each mill. If air is used for drying, one fan called
mill fan can be designed to carry out both the
functions of primary air fan and vapour fan.
This system favours the following
advantages:
a) Mill can be operated always at full
load, thus saving in power, maintenance cost
per tonne of coal for the selected mill. Hence
this system is adopted normally for tube ball
mill.
b) Separate spare mill is not necessary
for carrying out the maintenance. Certain
percentage as spare capacity on total basis is
normally enough.
c) Mills can be operated during off
peak hours only and hence higher power out
during the peak period.
Methods of Fuel Firing
There are many ways of firing the coal in furnace.
They are:
a) Vertical firing
b) Horizontal firing
c) Impact firing
d) Corner or tangential firing
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Vertical Firing
In vertical firing, a number of rectangular
fan shaped nozzles are set across the width of the
furnace in an arc immediately under the boiler
setting.
The pulverised fuel mixture ignites under
the arc and is directed vertically downwards to
the bottom of the furnace where the gases are
made to turn upwards to pass through the
combustion chamber this gives a long path to the
flame and is particularly suitable for coals of low
volatile content.
Horizontal Firing (Front Firing)
Horizontal firing with the turbulent type of
burner is set up usually in the front (front wall
fired) or rear walls of the furnace.
This burner consists of an inner cone for
primary air and fuel which is given a rotary
motion as it passes through the burner. This mixes
with a stream of rotating secondary air before
burning.
Impact Firing
This is the arrangement with the type of burner used
with slag tap furnaces where the ash is kept in a
molten state on the furnace floor and tapped off as
and when necessary.
Corner or Tangential Firing
Tangential firing is a method of firing a fuel
to heat air, which is the most common one in
thermal power
Stations.The flame envelope rotates
ensuring thorough mixing within the furnace,
providing complete combustion and uniform heat
distribution.
The most effective method for producing
intense turbulence is by the impingement of one
flame on another. This action is secured through
the use of burners located in each of the four
corners of the furnace, close to the floor or the
water-screen. The burner nozzles are so directed
that the streams of coal and air are projected
along a line tangent to a small circle, lying in a
horizontal plane, at the centre of the furnace.
Intensive mixing occurs where these streams
meet. A scrubbing action is present which assures
contact between the combustible and oxygen, thus
promoting rapid combustion and reducing carbon
loss. A relative motion, similar to that of a
cyclone, is imparted to the flame body, which
spreads out and fills the furnace area. The ignition
at each burner is aided by the flame from the
preceding one.
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With tangential firing the furnace is combustion chamber.

essentially the burner, consequently air and coal
quantities need not be accurately proportional to
the individual fuel nozzle assemblies. Turbulence
produced in the furnace cavity is sufficient to
combine all the fuel and air. This continuously
insures uniform and complete combustion so that
test performance can be maintained throughout
daily operation. With other types of firing the fuel
and air must be accurately proportioned to
individual burners making it difficult to always
equal test results.
With this type of firing, combustion is
extremely rapid and short flame length results.
The mixing is so intense that combustion rates
exceeding 35,000 Btu/ (ft3h) or 360 kW/m3 are
practical under certain conditions. However, since
there is considerable impingement of flame over
the furnace walls it is absolutely necessary that
they be fully watercooled. This sweeping of the
water-cooled surfaces, in the furnace, by the gas
increases the evaporation rate. Thus, in addition
to absorption by radiation from the flame
envelope, there is transfer by convection, and the
resulting furnace temperatures
are lower than with other types of burners, even
though the heat liberation rates may be somewhat
higher. Tangentially-fired furnaces are usually clean
in the upper zone and, as a result, both the furnace
and the boiler are comparatively free from
objectionable slag deposits.
Brief Explanation of Tangential Fuel Firing
System
In this system, burners are set at each corner
of the furnace and are directed to strike the
outside of an imaginary circle in the centre of the
furnace. Because the streams of fuel so strike
each other, extremely good mixing is obtained.
Burners and Burner Arrangement
Coal burners mainly comprise of coal nozzle, steel
tip, seal plate and tilting link mechanism. These are
housed in coal compartment in all four corners of the
furnace and connected with coal pipes. Coal nozzle's
one end (outlet) is rectangular and another end is
cylindrical. The rectangular end which forms the
nozzle is connected with nozzle tip by pivot pin. The
tip can be tilted on this pivot. The nozzle tip is
divided into several sectors to form separate coal and
air passages. Again coal and air passages are divided
into several parts for uniform distribution of flow. To
seal the air and coal passage a seal plate is provided.
Oil Burner Design Considerations
The essential requirements for an oil burner design
are:
a) It must completely atomise the oil without -
drooling, fouling or clogging.
b) The jet must be so shaped that it will
completely mix with the air necessary for
combustion.
c) Maintenance of atomisation over a
comparatively wide capacity range.
d) Combustion must be complete and excess
air at a minimum over the entire operating range.
e) A ready accessibility for effecting repairs,
thereby minimising burner outage as well as
maintenance costs.

Since the body of the flame produced is

given a rotary motion it leads to a longer flame
travel and the gases spread out-and flows through

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c) Mechanically atomised burners

Air Atomising System
The air Atomising system uses compressed air at 7
kg/ sq.cm. The quantity of air required depends on
design of burner, degree of atomization required,
grade of oil, its pressure and temperature. The air
used in the system should be free of condensate. Air
atomizing systems are not recommended for heavy
oil system as they tend to chill the oil and decrease
Atomisation quality. The guns used in this system
have two main components for Atomisation.
They are:
a) Mixing plate
Atomisation
b) Spray Plate.
Atomisation breaks the fuel into fine particles that
The role of mixing plate is to mix the air and oil
readily mixes with the air for combustion. Oil should
properly and the role of spray plate is to inject this
be divided up into small particles for effective
mixture uniformly into the furnace.
Atomisation. The advantages of Atomisation are:
Mechanical Atomisation
a) Atomising burners can be used with heavier Oil under pressure is supply to the burner gun and
grades of oil. enters the atomiser tip through slots cut tangentially
b) Can be adopted to large applications because to the periphery of the Whirling. The drop pressure is
Burner converted into velocity causing the oil to enter the
whirling chamber at a very high speed, thus
Arrangement
establishing a rapid rotation of the oil in the whirling
chamber.
Since the mechanical atomisation oil guns are limited
in range they are generally selected for boiler
operating at fixed loads.
Steam Atomisation
This system uses auxiliary steam to assist in the
atomisation of the oil. The steam used in this method
should be slightly superheated and free of moisture.
As in the air atomising system, the steam used for
atomising as well as the fuel pass through the tip and
into the furnace. The main advantages of steam
atomising burners over other are:
a) Simplicity of its design
b) Initial cost of installation is low
c) Low pumping pressure
d) Low preheating temperature.
The only disadvantage is the steam consumption in
burners.
Refer the figure below for air / steam atomised oil
gun compartment with wind box assembly.
of large capacity range. There are twenty four pulverised coal burners
c) Complete combustion .is assured by the arranged on the corners at a height of 18 to 25 meters
ability of the small particles to penetrate turbulent and twelve oil burners provided each in between two
combustion. pulverised fuel burners.
Classification The pulverised coal burners are arranged in such a
Oil burners are classified according to the method way that six mills supply the coal to burners at 4
used for atomization, as follows: corners, of the furnace, all the nozzle of the burners
a) Air-atomised burners are inter linked and can be tilted as a single unit from
b) Steam-atomised burners +30 deg. to -30 degree.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Computer July - August 2015
Applications, Vol 3, Issue 4 ISSN 2320-6349

The oil burners are fed with heavy fuel oil till boiler Conclusion
load reaches to about 25%. There are four wind A thorough examination and keen study on the
boxes fixed at 4 corners of the furnace. There are 13 various fuel igniters, burners and the fuel firing
nozzles in each wind box 6 for coal and 7 for air. systems have been observed in RSTPS. In addition,
In tangentially fired boilers, four tall wind boxes are we have also observed the various flow processes
arranged at each corner of the furnace. The coal taking place in the boiler and its auxiliaries.
burners are located at different elevations of wind REFRENCES:
boxes. The numbers of coal nozzles elevations are 1. L.A. Bryan and E.A. Bryan, Programmable
equivalent to the number of coal mills. The same Controllers, Second Edition, Atlanta Industrial Text
elevations of coal nozzles at four corners are fed from Company, 1997.
a single coal mill. 2. S. Fries et al., Security for the Smart Grid
The coal nozzle is sandwiched between air Enhancing IEC 62351 to
nozzles or compartments. That is, nozzles are Improve Security in Energy Automation Control,
arranged between coal nozzles, one below the Intl. J. Advances in Security, vol 3, no. 34, 2010,
bottom coal nozzle and above the top coal nozzle. pp. 16983.
If there are n numbers of coal nozzles per corner 3. Chemical Industry Digest (May-June 2001
there will be (n+1) number of air nozzles per 4. SpiraxSarco, Design of Fluid Systems
corner. (Copyright 1997), Industrial Steam Trapping
The coal fuel and combustion air streams Handbook, Yarway Corporation, Blue Bell, PA.,
from these nozzles directed tangential to U.S.A.
imaginary circle at the center of the furnace. This 5. Industrial Boilers by David Gunn and Robert
creates turbulent vortex motion of the fuel, air and Horton, Longman Scientific & Technical, New York
the hot gases which promotes the mixing, ignition 6. Boilers by Carl D. Shields, McGraw Hill Book
energy availability and thus combustion Company, U.S, 1961.
efficiency.
All the nozzles of the burners are interlinked
and can be tilted as a single unit from +30 to -
30.
The air nozzles in between are termed as
Auxiliary air nozzles, and the topmost and the
bottommost air nozzles are termed as End air
nozzles.
The coal nozzles elevations are designed as
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H from bottom to top, the
bottom end air nozzles as AA, and the top end air
nozzles as HH. The auxiliary air nozzles are
designated by the adjacent coal nozzles as, like
AB, BC, CD, DE, EF, FG, GH and HH from
bottom to top.
The four furnace corners are designated as 1,
2, 3 and 4 in clockwise direction looking from the
top, and counting front water wall left corner as
1, as shown in the figure below.
Each pair of coal nozzle elevation is served
by one elevation of oil burners located in between
the auxiliary air nozzles. In this with the eight
mills or eight elevations of coal nozzles, there are
16 oil guns arranged in four elevations at
auxiliary air nozzles at AB, CD, EF and GH.
Heavy fuel oil can be fired at the oil gun
elevations and L.D.O can be fired only in AB
elevation. Each oil gun is associated with an
igniter arranged at the side.

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