Reference Ranges 2008

018592_Roche_Titel_Pre_Analytic 04.06.
2008 9:36 Uhr Seite 1
Reference Ranges
for Adults and Children
Pre-Analytical Considerations
Heil/Ehrhardt Reference Ranges for Adults and Children 2008

2008
www.roche.de
11322524001 608
W. Heil
V. Ehrhardt
Roche Diagnostics GmbH
68298 Mannheim
Germany
Preface, 9th Edition
In order to fulfill increased regulatory stan-

dards the contents of this brochure are now
to orientate closer by the information in-
cluded in the package inserts of Roche Diag-
nostics test kits. As a consequence a number of
changes and modifications concerning the in-
dicated reference ranges as well as the citated
literature turned out to be necessary. The
resulting number changes compared to the
8th edition of this brochure necessitated the
publication of a revised 9th edition.
As a result of differing printing dates, it is
possible that differences may occur between
the information given here and that appears
in the package inserts. In such cases the data
given in the insert, enclosed with the kit, applies.
The reference ranges listed in this brochure are
guide values which may depend on the specific
method used. Therefore, each laboratory
should investigate the transferability of the ex-
pected values to its own patient population
and if necessary determine its own reference
ranges.
PD Dr. W. Heil, Wuppertal
Dr. V. Ehrhardt, Mannheim
Mannheim, March 2008

Authors
Dr. Wolfgang Heil, Wuppertal
Dr. Volker Ehrhardt, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim
Roche Diagnostics GmbH
Status: July 2008
1
Contents
Page Page
List of abbreviations 4 3.6 Age dependence of immunoglobulin synthesis 152

3.7 Complement system, classical and
1 Pre-analytical considerations 7 alternative mechanism 153
1.1 Factors affecting blood collection 8 3.8 Tumor markers 154
1.2 Sample collection 9 3.9 Serological diagnosis of hepatitis A and B 155
1.3 Transport and storage of sample material 10 3.10 Urinary sediment 156
1.4 Assessment of sample material 12 3.11 Nomogram for diagnosing acid-base disorders 158
2 Reference ranges 14 4 Conversion tables 159

2.1 Clinical chemistry and immunological tests, 4.1 Conversion table from conventional units
serum/plasma 14 to SI units and vice versa (/U refers to urinalysis) 159
2.2 Hematology 76 4.2 Conversion factors for enzyme activities:
2.3 Coagulation 86 U/L mkat/L and nkat/L 171
2.4 Blood gases 100
2.5 Therapeutic drug monitoring 102 5 Sample stability 172
2.6.1 Urinalysis, urinary sediment and status 108
2.6.2 Clinical chemical urinalysis 112 6 References 189
2.7 Urinary calculi, gallstones 120
2.8 CSF 122 7 List of key words 225
2.9 Stool 124
2.10 Spermiogram 126
2.11 Extravascular body fluids 128
2.12 Function tests 137
2.13 Characteristic analytes for identification of
body fluids 144
3 Decision supports 145

3.1 Enzyme patterns 145
3.2 Lipids 146
3.3 Electrophoretic patterns of plasma proteins 147
3.4 Schematic representation of blood coagulation 149 COBAS; CARDIAC M; INTEGRA; ELECSYS; REFLOTRON;
3.5 Thrombophilia, risk factors 150 Roche CARDIAC und TINA-QUANT sind Marken von Roche.
2 3
List of abbreviations
BSA Body surface area L Liter

C4bBP C4-binding Protein dL Deciliter (101 L)
CA Tumour-related carbohydrate antigen mL Milliliter (103 L)
CO2 Carbon dioxide mL Microliter (106 L)
CSF Cerebrospinal fluid nL Nanoliter (109 L)
CTAD Citrate, theophylline, adenosine, dipyridamole pL Picoliter (1012 L)
d Day fL Femtoliter (1015 L)
DGKC German Society of Clinical Chemistry m Male
EDTA Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid m Meter
EGTA 1,2-bis (2-amino ethoxyethane)tetraacetic acid mm Millimeter (103 m)
ELISA Enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay mm Micrometer (106 m)
Eq Equivalent m2 Square meter
mEq milliequivalent mm3 Cubic micrometer
f Female MCH Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
g Gram Hb/RBC (hemoglobin content of one red cell)
mg Milligram (103 g) MCHC Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
mg Microgram (106 g) MCV Mean corpuscular volume
ng Nanogram (109 g) mil Million
pg Picogram (1012 g) min Minute
h Hour mol Mole
H2 Hydrogen mmol Millimole (103 mol)
Hb Hemoglobin mmol Micromole (106 mol)
Hct (PCV) Hematocrit (packed cell volume) nmol Nanomole (109 mol)
HPLC High pressure liquid chromatography pmol Picomole (1012 mol)
IFCC International Federation of Clinical Chemistry fmol Femtomole (1015 mol)
INR International Normalized Ratio mosmol Milliosmole (103 osmole)
IU International Unit mth Month
kat Katal NACB National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry
mkat Millikatal (103 kat) NCEP National Cholesterol Education Program
mkat Microkatal (106 kat) NGSP National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program
nkat Nanokatal (109 kat) O2 Oxygen
pkat Picokatal (1012 kat) Pa Pascal
kPa (103 pascal)
pCO2 Partial pressure of carbon dioxide
4 5
pH Negative decimal logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity 1 Pre-analytical
pO2 Partial pressure of oxygen
ppm Parts per million considerations
pt Particle
Mpt Megaparticle (106 particle)
Gpt Gigaparticle (109 particle)
Tpt Teraparticle (1012 particle) Assay findings in the field of clinical chemistry
s Second can be divided into the following categories:
U Unit (international)
preanalytical phase
kU Kilo unit (103 units)
analytical phase
UV Ultraviolet
analytical evaluation
w Week
medical evaluation.
yr Year
The following chart illustrates details of the
preanalytical and analytical phases as well as
analytical and medical evaluation and how the
individual steps are related to one another.
The accuracy of a laboratory analysis greatly
depends on the preanalytical phase.
PATIENT FINDINGS
Patient Patient
preparation data
Clinical
Influence Sample Medical questions
factors collection evaluation
Plausibility
Sample check
transport
Sample Quality Analytical
material Interferences
Identity control evaluation
check
Sample Sample Analysis Value

evaluation preparation Result
measured
Method
6 7
1.1 Factors The following should be taken into account 1.2 Sample Clinical chemistry:
affecting blood during sample collection: collection Clinical chemical assays are almost exclusively
collection performed on serum or plasma. Serum is ob-
After food intake glucose, cholesterol, tri-
tained from spontaneously coagulated whole
glycerides, iron, inorganic phosphate and
blood, plasma via the addition of antico-
amino acids are present in elevated concen-
agulants (EDTA, citrate, oxalate or hepari-
trations in blood (102).
nate). Differences between serum and
If the patient is moved from a recumbent to
plasma are generally only observed in the de-
an upright position, the concentration of
termination of potassium, inorganic phos-
corpuscular and macromolecular substances
phate and LDH, and in electrophoresis of
such as leucocytes, erythrocytes, hemo-
fibrinogen (286). In thrombocytosis patients
globin, hematocrit, total protein, enzymes,
with thrombocyte values above 500 000/mL
lipoproteins and protein-bound ions (e. g.
(Gpt/L) a potassium determination cannot
calcium, iron) increases by up to 10 %.
be performed in serum; it is necessary to use
Some drugs may affect the test performed.
heparinized plasma instead.
Compress vein for maximum 1 min.
Large quantities of alcohol over an extended Glucose:
period of time cause an increase in g-GT Since the rate of glycolysis is around 7 % per
activity, CDT and MCV. hour, a glycolysis inhibitor, e.g. sodium fluo-
Smokers have elevated CO-Hb- and CEA- ride, mannose or iodoacetate must be added
concentrations. to the blood sample prior to determination
Substantial diurnal variations can be ob- of the glucose concentration.
served in the case of some analytes, e. g.
Hematology:
hormones (epinephrine, aldosterone, corti-
In the vast majority of hematological analyses,
cotropin, cortisol, norepinephrine, prolac-
venous blood treated with EDTA is used.
tin, somatotropin, testosterone), electrolyte
In isolated cases, EDTA-induced pseudo-
excretion in urine, serum hemoglobin and
thrombocytopenia can develop, which is of
iron. Therefore it is recommended to collect
no significance clinically. Use of citrated
samples between 7 and 9 a.m.
blood returns cell numbers to normal.
Patients undergoing tolerance tests should
be prepared as described in section 2.12 Coagulation:
Function tests. In coagulation tests, citrated plasma (one
part 3.2 % [0.11 mol/L]* sodium citrate solu-
If possible, sample collection should always
tion and nine parts blood) is used for assay
take place under standardized conditions, i. e.
purposes. It is essential to mix the sodium
when the patient is fasting, always with the
citrate solution and the blood exactly in the
patient in the same position (seated or recum-
relationship 1 + 9. Blood treated with EDTA or
bent), around the same time of day and
oxalate cannot be used for coagulation assays,
following brief venous stasis.
since these substances may cause more rapid
* sometimes one part 3.9 % [0.129 mol/L] is used
8 9
inactivation of factors V and VIII, for example. tion of LDH, Lp[a] or a-HBDH. Repeated
Hemolytic samples or samples which have thawing should be avoided.
started to coagulate should be discarded.
Plasma glucose determinations:
Urine: Plasma should be separated from cellular con-
In urinalysis it must be noted that there are stituents (centrifuged) no later than 30 minutes
considerable diurnal variations in the excre- after collection of the blood sample. Avoid he-
tion of some substances, that urine must be molysis. Sample material which has been sepa-
pretreated for stabilization of catecholamines, rated from cellular constituents or in which
for example, and that it is essential to collect glycolysis has been prevented via the addition
all the urine excreted during the specified of a glycolysis inhibitor, e. g. sodium fluoride
period. For the determination of calcium, (NaF), can be refrigerated for up to 7 days.
the entire amount of urine excreted over 24
Hematology (95):
hours must be acidified and heated.
When kept in the closed tube, the cellular
CSF: constituents and hemoglobin are stable for
CSF collected for the assay of clinical chem- one day. It should, however, be noted that
istry analytes should be treated with EDTA to the blood smear must be prepared within
preclude fibrin clot formation since an accurate 3 hours (93).
cell count can otherwise not be obtained.
Coagulation (94, 100):
In coagulation analysis, determination of the
1.3 Transport Centrifugation should generally take place no analytes should always take place as soon as
and storage of more than 1 hour after sample collection. If possible. If this is not feasible, platelet-poor
sample material samples are to be despatched, only serum or plasma must be frozen immediately at 20 C
plasma should be used unless whole blood is or 40 C. Plasma for Quick, PTT, thrombin
absolutely necessary for the analysis. time and fibrinogen can be stored for about
With regard to clinical chemical determina- 4 h at room temperature or in a refrigerator.
tions, the use of a separation gel in the collec- Fibrinogen, protein C and AT III are stable
tion tube has proved advantageous in prevent- for 7 days, protein S and factors V and VIII
ing cellular constituents from entering the for 4 hours only.
serum.
Urine:
Clinical chemistry (101): Urine sediment should be evaluated within 2
Electrolytes, substrates and enzymes in the to 3 hours at the latest. Freezing or refrigera-
sample (serum, plasma) are usually stable tion of the specimen is not possible because of
for 4 days when stored in the refrigerator at salt precipitation.
+ 4 C (exceptions: acid phosphatase, ammo-
CSF (215):
nium, lactate) and are stable for at least one
CSF cells must be counted within the period of
day at room temperature. If long-term storage
one hour.
is necessary, it is advisable to freeze the sample
at 20 C unless it is to be used for determina-
10 11
Blood gases (185): In the following list of analytes, any additional points not covered in
Blood gas determinations should be performed the above sections 1.1 to 1.4 are specified in the Notes column.
immediately. If this is not possible, the blood
specimens collected in glass containers can be
placed in iced water for up to 2 hours.
1.4 Assessment Hemolysis (101):
of sample Determination of potassium, magnesium or
material LDH is not possible even in slightly hemolytic
serum. Considerable hemolysis also affects
other tests. If hemolysis is observed, then a
fresh sample must be requested immediately.
Bilirubinemia:
Bilirubin concentrations above 5 mg/dL
(86 mmol/L) may affect the determination of
uric acid (PAP method). Uric acid plus
(liquid) from Roche Diagnostics GmbH does
not show bilirubin interferences up to 40 mg/
dL (685 mmol/L). Similarly, bilirubin con-
centrations above 10 mg/dL (170 mmol/L)
may affect the determination of triglycerides
(GPO-PAP method) and, depending upon the
sample, the assay of creatinine (Jaff and en-
zymatic methods). Roche Diagnostics Crea-
tinine Plus (liquid) test is not affected by
bilirubin up to 25 mg/dL (430 mmol/L). Bili-
rubin interference can be precluded in the
determination of creatinine by centrifuging
serum using a disposable filter to give a biliru-
bin-free ultrafiltrate (52).
Lipemia:
Lipemic sera may interfere with photometric
determinations. In this case, it is necessary to
remove the lipoproteins.
12 13
2 Reference ranges
2.1 Clinical chemistry and immunological tests, serum/plasma
Analyte Reference Ranges Refe- Notes
Group Conventional SI rences
Acetoacetate Adults 0.20.4 mg/dL 2040 mmol/L 16
a1-Acid glyco- 50120 mg/dL 0.51.2 g/L 239 CRM 470 standardization
protein
Acid phosphatase f < 6.5 U/L <0.108 mkat/L 220 Roche Diagnostics,
(ACP), total m < 6.6 U/L <0.110 mkat/L a-naphthyl phosphate, pentandiole-ac-
prostatic < 3.5 U/L <0.058 mkat/L tivated, Roche/Hitachi, cobas instru-
ments
total m < 7.3 U/L <0.120 mkat/L 220 COBAS INTEGRA instruments
prostatic < 1.9 U/L <0.030 mkat/L
Adenosine Adults f 4.37.6 ng/mL 1323 nmol/L 43 EDTA plasma
monophosphate, m 4.68.6 ng/mL 1426 nmol/L
3l-5l, cycl. (cAMP)
Adrenocortico- 7.263.6 pg/mL 1.613.9 pmol/L 220 Roche Diagnostics, ACTH Elecsys,
throphic hormone samples drawn 710 a.m.
(ACTH)
Alanine amino- Newborns, children,
transferase, adolescents 1d <31 U/L <0.50 mkat/L 69 IFCC, without pyridoxal phosphate
glutamate pyruvate 25 d <52 U/L <0.85 mkat/L
transaminase 6 d6 mth <60 U/L <1.00 mkat/L
(GPT, ALAT, ALT) 712 mth <57 U/L < 0.95 mkat/L
13 yr <39 U/L <0.65 mkat/L
46 yr <39 U/L <0.65 mkat/L
712 yr <39 U/L <0.65 mkat/L
1317 yr f <23 U/L <0.40 mkat/L
m <26 U/L <0.45 mkat/L
Children, adolescents w/o pyp with pyp w/o pyp with pyp 139 IFCC, with and without pyridoxal
<1 yr <56 U/L <71 U/L <0.93 mkat/L <1.18 mkat/L phosphate
13 yr <29 U/L <31 U/L <0.48 mkat/L <0.52 mkat/L
Adults, >17 yr f <33 U/L <0.52 mkat/L 220 IFCC, without pyridoxal phosphate
m <41 U/L <0.68 mkat/L
Adults f <35 U/L <0.60 mkat/L 137, 220, IFCC, with pyridoxal phosphate,
m <50 U/L <0.85 mkat/L 273 consensus values
f <34 U/L <0.56 mkat/L 240 IFCC, with pyridoxal phosphate,

m <45 U/L <0.74 mkat/L hospital patients
14 15
Alanine amino- Newborn12 mth f <45 U/L <0.77 mkat/L 220, 304 IFCC, with pyridoxal phosphate
transferase, m <45 U/L <0.77 mkat/L
glutamate pyruvate 13 mth60 yr f <35 U/L <0.60 mkat/L
transaminase m <40 U/L <0.68 mkat/L
(GPT, ALAT, ALT) 61 a90 yr f <28 U/L <0.48 mkat/L
m <40 U/L <0.68 mkat/L
>90 yr f <24 U/L <0.41 mkat/L
m <38 U/L <0.65 mkat/L
Adults, 18 yr f <46 U/L <0.77 mkat/L 229 Nordic Reference Interval Project
m <45 U/L <0.75 mkat/L (NORIP), methods traceable to IFCC
Adults f <32 U/L <0.53 mkat/L 220 Reflotron, blood, serum, plasma
m <41 U/L <0.68 mkat/L
Albumin Adults 3.974.94 g/dL 39.749.4 g/L 220 Roche Diagnostics, bromocresol-green
method
3.564.61 g/dL 35.646.1 g/L 220 Roche Diagnostics, immunoturbidi-
metric method
3.494.75 g/dL 34.947.5 g/L 220 Roche Diagnostics, bromocresol-purple-
method
Adults 3.55.2 g/dL 3552 g/L 220, 239 CRM 470 standardization, consensus
values
4 d 2.84.4 g/dL 2844 g/L 220, 304 Bromocresol-green/bromocresol-
5 d14 yr 3.85.4 g/dL 3854 g/L purple/immunoturbidimetric/nephelo-
1518 yr 3.24.5 g/dL 3245 g/L metric methods
Aldosterone Recumbent 29145 ng/L 80400 pmol/L 116 RIA, method-dependent
Standing 65285 ng/L 180790 pmol/L
16 17
Alkaline Children, 1d <600 U/L <10.00 mkat/L 69 DGKC, optimized, recommendations 1972,
phosphatase (AP), adolescents 25 d <553 U/L <9.20 mkat/L calculated with a conversion factor of 1.52
total 6 d6 mth <1076 U/L <17.95 mkat/L (25 C 37 C)
712 mth <1107 U/L <18.45 mkat/L
13 yr <673 U/L <11.20 mkat/L
46 yr <644 U/L <10.75 mkat/L
712 yr <720 U/L <12.00 mkat/L
1317 yr f <448 U/L <7.45 mkat/L
m <936 U/L <15.60 mkat/L
Adults f <240 U/L <4.00 mkat/L 226 DGKC (calculated for 37 C)
m <270 U/L <4.50 mkat/L
Children, <1 yr <390 U/L <6.50 mkat/L 139 IFCC
adolescents 13 yr <409 U/L <6.82 mkat/L
46 yr <347 U/L <5.78 mkat/L
712 yr f <312 U/L <5.20 mkat/L
m <316 U/L <5.27 mkat/L
1317 yr f <329 U/L <5.48 mkat/L
m <381 U/L <6.35 mkat/L
2050 yr f <98 U/L <1.65 mkat/L 275 IFCC
m <128 U/L <2.15 mkat/L
> 60 yr f <141 U/L <2.35 mkat/L
m <119 U/L <2.00 mkat/L
Adults f <105 U/L <1.75 mkat/L 273 Consensus values of DGKC and VDGH
m <130 U/L <2.20 mkat/L
Children, 1d <250 U/L <4.17 mkat/L 220, 69 Calculated from data published for the ALP opt.
adolescents 25 d <231 U/L <3.84 mkat/L method (DGKC) using a factor of 0.417.
6 d6 mth <449 U/L <7.49 mkat/L
712 mth <462 U/L <7.69 mkat/L
13 yr <281 U/L <4.67 mkat/L
46 yr <269 U/L <4.48 mkat/L
712 yr <300 U/L <5.00 mkat/L
1317 yr f <187 U/L <3.11 mkat/L
m <390 U/L <6.51 mkat/L
Adults f <104 U/L <1.75 mkat/L 1 IFCC, modified liquid
m <129 U/L <2.15 mkat/L
Adults f <104 U/L <1.75 mkat/L 1, 220 Roche Diagnostics, Reflotron
m <129 U/L <2.15 mkat/L
bone Adults f <120 U/L <2.00 mkat/L 226 DGKC (calculated for 37 C)
m <150 U/L <2.50 mkat/L
Aluminium Adults <3 mg/L <0.11 mmol/L 68 Only use tubes specifically designed for deter-
mination of trace elements
18 19
Ammonia Adults f <82 mg/dL <48 mmol/L 220 Roche/Hitachi instruments
m <94 mg/dL <55 mmol/L
f <87 mg/dL <51 mmol/L 220 COBAS INTEGRA/cobas instruments
m <102 mg/dL <60 mmol/L
a-Amylase, total Adults <100 U/L <1.67 mkat/L 220 Reflotron, COBAS INTEGRA, cobas,
Roche/Hitachi instruments
a-Amylase, <1 yr <8 U/L <0.13 mkat/L 2
pancreatic 19 yr <31 U/L <0.52 mkat/L
1018 yr <39 U/L <0.65 mkat/L
Adults <53 U/L <0.90 mkat/L 220 Reflotron, COBAS INTEGRA, cobas,
Roche/Hitachi instruments
Amyloid A 0.89.7 mg/L 0.89.7 mg/L 156
Anion gap 816 mmol/L 816 mmol/L 195
Antibody to cyclic 17 U/mL 17 U/mL 220 Anti-CCP Elecsys
citrullinated pep- Optimum cut-off (sensitivity: 67.7 %;
tide (Anti-CCP) specificity: 97.0 %)
Anti-DNAse B 2 yr <240 U/mL <240 kU/L 131
3 yr <60 U/mL < 60 kU/L
4 yr <240 U/mL <240 kU/L
5 yr <320 U/mL <320 kU/L
6 yr <480 U/mL <480 kU/L
710 yr <640 U/mL <640 kU/L
11 yr <800 U/mL <800 kU/L
12 yr <480 U/mL <480 kU/L
Antistreptolysin O Children 2 yr <160 U/mL <160 kU/L 131 Reference ranges vary with season and
(ASLO) 34 yr <120 U/mL <120 kU/L geographical area.
5 yr <160 U/mL <160 kU/L
69 yr <240 U/mL <240 kU/L
1012 yr <320 U/mL <320 kU/L
Adults <200 U/mL <200 kU/L 220, 297 Immunoturbidimetric method, COBAS
Children <6 yr <150 U/mL <150 kU/L INTEGRA, cobas, Roche/Hitachi instruments
618 yr 200240 U/mL 200240 kU/L
Anti-thyreoglobu- Children, adolescents
lin, thyreoglobulin Newborn <134 IU/mL <134 kIU/L 221 Anti-TG Elecsys, reference range study
autoantibodies 6 d3 mth <146 IU/mL <146 kIU/L
(Anti-TG) 412 mth <130 IU/mL <130 kIU/L
16 yr <38 IU/mL <38 kIU/L
711 yr <37 IU/mL <37 kIU/L
1220 yr <64 IU/mL <64 kIU/L
Healthy subjects <115 IU/mL <115 kIU/L 220 Anti-TG Elecsys
20 21
Anti-thyroidea Children, adolescents
peroxidase, thyroid Newborn <117 IU/mL <117 kIU/L 221 Anti-TPO Elecsys
peroxidase anti- 6 d3 mth <47 IU/mL <47 kIU/L
bodies (Anti-TPO) 412 mth <32 IU/mL <32 kIU/L
16 yr <13 IU/mL <13 kIU/L
711 yr <18 IU/mL <18 kIU/L
1220 yr <26 IU/mL <26 kIU/L
Healthy subjects <34 IU/mL <34 kIU/L 220
a1-Antitrypsin <1 mth 124348 mg/dL 23.265.1 mmol/L 55 Immunonephelometric assay,
26 mth 111297 mg/dL 20.855.5 mmol/L CRM 470 standardization
7 mth2 yr 95251 mg/dL 17.846.9 mmol/L
3 yr19 yr 110280 mg/dL 20.652.4 mmol/L
Adults 90200 mg/dL 16.636.8 mmol/L 220, 239 Immunoturbidimetric assay, CRM 470
standardization
Anti-TSHR Healthy subjects Negative: <1.5 U/L Negative: <1.5 U/L 220 Anti-TSHR Elecsys
(antibodies to Indeterminate: 1.51.75 U/L Indeterminate: 1.51.75 U/L
TSH receptor) Positive: >1.75 U/L Positive: >1.75 U/L
Apolipoprotein A-I Adults f 104163 mg/dL 1.041.63 g/L 220
m 109172 mg/dL 1.091.72 g/L
Apolipoprotein B Adults f 0.601.17 g/L 1.172.28 mmol/L 220
m 0.661.33 g/L 1.282.59 mmol/L
Aspartate amino- Children, adolescents
transferase, gluta- 1d <122 U/L <2.05 mkat/L 69 IFCC, without pyridoxal phosphate
mate oxaloacetate 25 d <110 U/L <1.85 mkat/L
aminotransaminase 6 d6 mth <84 U/L <1.40 mkat/L
(GOT, ASAT, AST) 712 mth <89 U/L <1.50 mkat/L
13 yr <56 U/L <0.95 mkat/L
46 yr <52 U/L <0.85 mkat/L
712 yr <51 U/L <0.85 mkat/L
1317 yr f <27 U/L <0.45 mkat/L
m <33 U/L <0.60 mkat/L
Children, adolescents w/o pyp with pyp w/o pyp with pyp 139 IFCC, with and without pyridoxal
<1 yr <58 U/L <96 U/L <0.97 mkat/L <1,60 mkat/L phosphate
Adults, >17 yr f <31 U/L <0.52 mkat/L 69, 220 IFCC, without pyridoxal phosphate
m <37 U/L <0.62 mkat/L
22 23
Aspartate amino- Adults f <35 U/L <0.60 mkat/L 137, 220, IFCC, with pyridoxal phosphate
transferase, gluta- m <50 U/L <0.85 mkat/L 273
mate oxaloacetate
aminotransaminase f <31 U/L <0.52 mkat/L 240 IFCC, with pyridoxal phosphate,
(GOT, ASAT, AST) m <35 U/L <0.58 mkat/L hospitalized patients
f <35 U/L <0.58 mkat/L 229 Nordic Reference Interval Project

m <45 U/L <0.75 mkat/L (NORIP), methods traceable to IFCC
f 32 U/L 0.53 mkat/L 220 Acc. to the optimized standard

m 40 U/L 0.67 mkat/L method (comparable to the IFCC
method without pyridoxal
phosphate activation), calculated values
(25 C 37 C).
f <33 U/L <0.55 mkat/L 220 Reflotron, blood, serum, plasma

m <40 U/L <0.67 mkat/L
Bilirubin, total Neonates 1d < 8.2 mg/dL < 140 mmol/L 134
(premature) 2d < 12 mg/dL < 205 mmol/L
35 d < 24 mg/dL < 410 mmol/L
4 w < 1.5 mg/dL < 26 mmol/L
Newborns (full term),
children 1d <8.7 mg/dL <150 mmol/L 266
2d <11.3 mg/dL <193 mmol/L
3d <12.7 mg/dL <217 mmol/L
46 d <12.6 mg/dL <216 mmol/L
>1 mth <1.0 mg/dL <17 mmol/L
Adults <1.1 mg/dL <18.7 mmol/L 290
Bilirubin, direct <0.2 mg/dL <3.4 mmol/L 305
(conjugated) <0.1 mg/dL <1.7 mmol/L 266
Neonates <0.6 mg/dL <10 mmol/L 249
CA 153 <25 U/mL <25 kU/L 220 CA 153 Elecsys
CA 199 <27 U/mL <27 kU/L 220 CA 199 Elecsys
CA 724 <6.9 U/mL <6.9 kU/L 220 CA 724 Elecsys
CA 125 <35 U/mL <35 kU/L 220 CA 125 II Elecsys
C3C-complement 90180 mg/dL 0.91.8 g/L 239 CRM 470 standardization
C4-complement 1040 mg/dL 0.10.4 g/L 239 CRM 470 standardization
Cadmium <2.7 mg/L <24 nmol/L 83 Whole blood, AAS
Calcitonin <100 ng/L <28 pmol/L 259 Radioimmuno assay
24 25
Calcium, total Adults 8.610.3 mg/dL 2.152.58 mmol/L 268 Photometric assay
8.810.2 mg/dL 2.202.54 mmol/L 268 AAS
Cord blood 8.211.2 mg/dL 2.052.80 mmol/L 304
Newborns, premature 6.211.0 mg/dL 1.552.75 mmol/L
Children <10 d 7.610.4 mg/dL 1.902.60 mmol/L
11 d2 yr 9.011.0 mg/dL 2.252.75 mmol/L
312 yr 8.810.8 mg/dL 2.202.70 mmol/L
1318 yr 8.410.2 mg/dL 2.102.55 mmol/L
Adults 1860 yr 8.610.0 mg/dL 2.152.50 mmol/L
6190 yr 8.810.2 mg/dL 2.202.55 mmol/L
>90 yr 8.29.6 mg/dL 2.052.40 mmol/L
8.610.2 mg/dL 2.152.55 mmol/L 220 Roche/Hitachi, COBAS INTEGRA,
cobas systems.
Calcium, Adults 4.75.2 mg/dL 1.171.29 mmol/L 245 Perform assay immediately after anaerobic
free, ionized 4.65.3 mg/dL 1.161.32 mmol/L 269 sample collection, determine pH value.
Carcinoembryonic Non-smokers 2069 yr 3.8 ng/mL 3.8 mg/L 220 CEA Elecsys
antigen (CEA) 40 yr 5.0 ng/mL 5.0 mg/L
Smokers 2069 yr 5.5 ng/mL 5.5 mg/L
70 yr 6.5 ng/mL 6.5 mg/L
Carnitin, free 112 mth 0.711.83 mg/dL 1539 mmol/L 31
17 yr 0.851.74 mg/dL 1837 mmol/L
815 yr 1.462.02 mg/dL 3143 mmol/L
Adults f 0.852.16 mg/dL 17.945.5 mmol/L 244
m 1.182.40 mg/dL 24.651.0 mmol/L
Catecholamines
Norepinephrine 185275 ng/L 11001600 pmol/L 207 Plasma with addition of glutathione and EGTA
Epinephrine 3085 ng/L 170470 pmol/L
Dopamine 3085 ng/L 200550 pmol/L
Ceruloplasmin 2060 mg/dL 1.494.40 mmol/L 220, 239 Immunoturbidimetric method, CRM 470
standardization
Chloride Children 17 d 97108 mEq/L 97108 mmol/L 249 ISE
8 d1 mth 97108 mEq/L 97108 mmol/L
26 mth 97108 mEq/L 97108 mmol/L
7 mth1 yr 97106 mEq/L 97106 mmol/L
>1 yr 97107 mEq/L 97107 mmol/L
Adults 98107 mEq/L 98107 mmol/L 220, 304 Indirect ISE, coulometry
101110 mEq/L 101110 mmol/L 220 Direct ISE
26 27
Cholesterol, total 130 d f 62155 mg/dL 1.604.01 mmol/L 249 EDTA plasma yields 36 % lower values
m 54151 mg/dL 1.403.90 mmol/L than serum.
31182 d f 62141 mg/dL 1.603.65 mmol/L
m 81147 mg/dL 2.093.80 mmol/L
183365 d f 76216 mg/dL 1.975.59 mmol/L
m 76179 mg/dL 1.974.63 mmol/L
13 yr f 108193 mg/dL 2.794.99 mmol/L
m 85182 mg/dL 2.204.71 mmol/L
46 yr f 106193 mg/dL 2.744.99 mmol/L
m 110217 mg/dL 2.845.61 mmol/L
79 yr f 104210 mg/dL 2.695.43 mmol/L
m 110211 mg/dL 2.845.46 mmol/L
1012 yr f 105218 mg/dL 2.725.64 mmol/L
m 105223 mg/dL 2.725.77 mmol/L
1315 yr f 108205 mg/dL 2.795.30 mmol/L
m 91204 mg/dL 2.355.28 mmol/L
1618 yr f 92234 mg/dL 2.386.05 mmol/L
m 82192 mg/dL 2.124.97 mmol/L
No risk <200 mg/dL <5.2 mmol/L 46 Classification acc. to NCEP ATP III
Moderate risk 200239 mg/dL 5.26.2 mmol/L
High risk 240 mg/dL 6.2 mmol/L
Cholesterol, HDL Major risk 40 mg/dL <1.0 mmol/L 46 Classification acc. to NCEP ATP III
Negative risk 60 mg/dL <1.6 mmol/L
No risk f >65 mg/dL >1.68 mmol/L 220 European guidelines

m >55 mg/dL >1.45 mmol/L
Moderate risk f 4565 mg/dL 1.151.68 mmol/L
m 3555 mg/dL 0.91.45 mmol/L
High risk f <45 mg/dL <1.15 mmol/L
m <35 mg/dL <0.90 mmol/L
Cholesterol, LDL Adults <155 mg/dL <4.0 mmol/L 66
Adult levels Optimum <100 mg/dL <2.60 mmol/L 46 Classification acc. to NCEP ATP III
Near/above optimum 100129 mg/dL 2.603.35 mmol/L
Borderline high 130159 mg/dL 3.364.15 mmol/L
High 160189 mg/dL 4.164.90 mmol/L
Very high >190 mg/dL >4.90 mmol/L
Low risk <100 mg/dL <2.6 mmol/L 217 Target values acc. to ATP III
Moderate risk <135 mg/dL <3.5 mmol/L
High risk >160 mg/dL >4.1 mmol/L
28 29
Cholinesterase m, w >41 yr 5.3212.92 kU/L 89215 mkat/L 29, 220 Pseudocholinesterase, butyrylthiocholine
(CHE) iodide, Roche Diagnostics.
w, 1640 yr, 4.2611.25 kU/L 71188 mkat/L Calculated with a temperature conversion factor
not pregnant, not taking of 1.52 (25 37 C)
oral contraceptives
w, 1840 yr, pregnant 3.659.120 kU/L 61152 mkat/L
or taking oral contra-
ceptives
Dibucaine Normal individuals Inhibition: >75 % Inhibition: >0.75 201

inhibition test
Chromium Fasting volunteers 1.01.5 mg/L 2030 mmol/L 243 Special tubes required
Copper <4 mth 8.946 mg/dL 1.47.2 mmol/L 160
56 mth 25108 mg/dL 417 mmol/L
712 mth 51133 mg/dL 821 mmol/L
15 yr 83152 mg/dL 1324 mmol/L
69 yr 83133 mg/dL 1321 mmol/L
1013 yr 83121 mg/dL 1319 mmol/L
1419 yr f 70159 mg/dL 1125 mmol/L
m 64114 mg/dL 1018 mmol/L
Adults f 76152 mg/dL 1224 mmol/L 172

Cortisol 710 h 6.219.4 mg/dL 171536 nmol/L 220 Cortisol Elecsys
1620 h 2.311.9 mg/dL 64327 nmol/L
C-peptide 1.14.4 ng/mL 0.371.47 nmol/L 220 C-peptide Elecsys
C-reactive Protein Adults <0.50 mg/dL <47.6 nmol/L 89, 220 Immunoturbidimetric method, CRM 470
(CRP) standardization, consensus value for adults
high sensitive Neonates <3 w <0.41 mg/dL <39.0 nmol/L 220, 235 Immunoturbidimetric method,
Children 2 mth15 yr <0.28 mg/dL <26.7 nmol/L CRM 470 standardization
Adults <0.50 mg/dL <47.6 nmol/L
f 5064 yr <0.85 mg/dL <80.9 nmol/L 104 Immunonephelometric method,

>65 yr <0.66 mg/dL <62.8 nmol/L CRM 470 standardization
m 5064 yr <0.79 mg/dL <75.2 nmol/L
>65 yr <0.68 mg/dL <64.7 nmol/L
30 31
Creatine kinase 1d <712 U/L <11.9 mkat/L 69 NAC activated, DGKC, optimized,
(CK), total 25 d <652 U/L <10.9 mkat/L recommendations 1972
6 d6 mth <295 U/L <4.90 mkat/L
712 mth <203 U/L <3.40 mkat/L
13 yr <228 U/L <3.80 mkat/L
46 yr <149 U/L <2.50 mkat/L
712 yr f <154 U/L <2.55 mkat/L
m <247 U/L <4.10 mkat/L
1317 yr f <123 U/L <2.05 mkat/L
m <270 U/L <4.50 mkat/L
Adults f <170 U/L <2.85 mkat/L 138

m <190 U/L <3.20 mkat/L
f <192 U/L <3.20 mkat/L 137, 220 Consensus values

m <308 U/L <5.15 mkat/L
f <145 U/L <2.41 mkat/L 219, 240 IFCC, hospital patients

m <171 U/L <2.85 mkat/L
f <170 U/L <2.84 mkat/L 220 Roche Diagnostics, Reflotron

m <195 U/L <3.26 mkat/L
Creatine kinase MB Adults <25 U/L <0.42 mkat/L 138, 220

(CK-MB)
Adults 2060 yr <24 U/L <40 mkat/L 220, 274 Consensus values
mass Adults f <2.88 ng/mL <2.88 mg/L 220 CK-MB Elecsys

m <4.94 ng/mL <4.94 mg/L
Creatinine Neonates, premature <1.04 mg/dL <91 mmol/L 220, 235 Jaff method, Roche Diagnostics
Neonates, full term <0.85 mg/dL <75 mmol/L
Children 212 mth <0.42 mg/dL <37 mmol/L
12 yr <0.41 mg/dL <36 mmol/L
34 yr <0.47 mg/dL <42 mmol/L
56 yr <0.59 mg/dL <52 mmol/L
78 yr <0.60 mg/dL <53 mmol/L
910 yr <0.73 mg/dL <65 mmol/L
1112 yr <0.79 mg/dL <70 mmol/L
1314 yr <0.87 mg/dL <77 mmol/L
Adults f <0.90 mg/dL <80 mmol/L 173, 220 Jaff method, Roche Diagnostics
m <1.20 mg/dL <106 mmol/L
32 33
Creatinine Neonates, premature <0.98 mg/dL <87 mmol/L 220, 235 Enzymatic method, Roche Diagnostics
Neonates, full term <0.88 mg/dL <77 mmol/L
Children 212 mth <0.39 mg/dL <34 mmol/L
12 yr <0.35 mg/dL <31 mmol/L
34 yr <0.42 mg/dL <37 mmol/L
56 yr <0.47 mg/dL <42 mmol/L
78 yr <0.53 mg/dL <47 mmol/L
910 yr <0.64 mg/dL <56 mmol/L
1112 yr <0.68 mg/dL <60 mmol/L
1314 yr <0.77 mg/dL <68 mmol/L
Adults f <0.95 mg/dL <84 mmol/L 173, 220 Enzymatic method, Roche Diagnostics
m <1.17 mg/dL <104 mmol/L
b-CrossLaps w premenopausal <573 pg/mL <573 ng/L 220 b-Cross Laps Elecsys
postmenopausal <1008 pg/mL <1008 ng/L For postmenopausal women on hormon
m 3050 yr <584 pg/mL <584 ng/L replacement therapy the ref. values
5170 yr <704 pg/mL <704 ng/L of premenopausal women are valid.
>70 yr <854 pg/mL <854 ng/L
CYFRA 211 < 3.3 ng/mL <3.3 mg/L 220 CYFRA 211 Elecsys
Cystatin C Children <1 mth 1.12.2 mg/L 1.12.2 mg/L 206
112 mth 0.51.4 mg/L 0.51.4 mg/L
>12 mth 0.51.0 mg/L 0.51.0 mg/L
Adults 2050 yr 0.71.2 mg/L 0.71.2 mg/L 191
>50 yr 0.81.6 mg/L 0.81.6 mg/L
2050 yr 0.560.90 mg/L 0.560.90 mg/L 220 Roche Diagnostics, Roche/Hitachi,
5170 yr 0.581.09 mg/L 0.581.09 mg/L COBAS INTEGRA, cobas systems.
Dehydroepiandro- 1014 yr f <280 mg/dL <7.6 mmol/L 220 DHEA-S Elecsys
sterone sulfate m <247 mg/dL <6.7 mmol/L
(DHEA-S) 1519 yr f <368 mg/dL <10.0 mmol/L
2024 yr f <407 mg/dL <11.0 mmol/L
2534 yr f <340 mg/dL <9.23 mmol/L
3544 yr f <337 mg/dL <9.15 mmol/L
4554 yr f <256 mg/dL <6.95 mmol/L
5564 yr f <205 mg/dL <5.56 mmol/L
6574 yr f <246 mg/dL <6.68 mmol/L
>75 yr f <154 mg/dL <4.18 mmol/L
34 35
Elastase Healthy lab. workers <160 mg/L <160 mg/L 187 Citrated plasma
Erythropoietin 13 yr f <15.9 U/L <15.9 U/L 144 Serum
m <17.9 U/L <17.9 U/L
46 yr f <8.5 U/L <8.5 U/L
m <21.9 U/L <21.9 U/L
79 yr f <8.2 U/L <8.2 U/L
m <13.5 U/L <13.5 U/L
1012 yr f <9.1 U/L <9.1 U/L
m <14.0 U/L <14.0 U/L
1315 yr f <20.5 U/L <20.5 U/L
m <14.4 U/L <14.4 U/L
1618 yr f <14.2 U/L <14.2 U/L
m <15.2 U/L <15.2 U/L
Adults 525 U/L 525 U/L
Estradiol (E2) 110 yr f 6.027 pg/mL 22.099 pmol/L 220 Estradiol II Elecsys
m 5.020 pg/mL 18.473 pmol/L
f Follicular phase 12.5166 pg/mL 46607 pmol/L
Ovulatory phase 85.5498 pg/mL 3151828 pmol/L
Luteal phase 43.8211 pg/mL 161774 pmol/L
Postmenopause 5.054.7 pg/mL 18.4201 pmol/L
Pregnancy, 1st trimester 2154300 pg/mL 78915780 pmol/L
m 7.643 pg/mL 28156 pmol/L
Estriol (E3) Pregnants 2830 w 38140 ng/mL 132486 nmol/L 304
3132 w 35330 ng/mL 1211145 nmol/L
3336 w 48350 ng/mL 1671215 nmol/L
3740 w 95460 ng/mL 3301596 nmol/L
Fatty acids, free Adults <20 mg/dL <0.7 mmol/L 16
Ferritin Children, adolescents
<1 yr 12327 ng/mL 12327 mg/L 139
13 yr 667 ng/mL 667 mg/L
46 yr 467 ng/mL 467 mg/L
712 yr f 784 ng/mL 784 mg/L
m 14124 ng/mL 14124 mg/L
1317 yr f 1368 ng/mL 1368 mg/L
m 14152 ng/mL 14152 mg/L
1760 yr f 13150 ng/mL 13150 mg/L 165, 220
2060 yr m 30400 ng/mL 30400 mg/L
36 37
a1-Fetoprotein Children, adolescents
(AFP) <30 d 50,0100,000 ng/mL 41.583,000 IU/mL 249
13 mth 40.01000 ng/mL 33.2830 IU/mL
4 mth18 yr <12.0 ng/mL <9.96 IU/mL
Pregnancy w 14 <27.9 ng/mL <23.2 IU/mL 220 AFP Elecsys

(median) w 15 <30.9 ng/mL <25.6 IU/mL
w 16 <36.1 ng/mL <30.0 IU/mL
w 17 <40.4 ng/mL <33.5 IU/mL
w 18 <48.3 ng/mL <40.1 IU/mL
w 19 <54.8 ng/mL <45.5 IU/mL
Adults 7.0 ng/mL 5.8 IU/mL
Fluoride Adults 0.019112 mg/L 0.235.9 mmol/L 197 Plasma
Folic acid, serum 1 yr f 6.223 ng/mL 1452 nmol/L 108 Radioimmuno assay
m 7.123 ng/mL 1651 nmol/L
23 yr f 1.716 ng/mL 3.936 nmol/L
m 2.515 ng/mL 5.734 nmol/L
46 yr f 2.714 ng/mL 6.132 nmol/L
m 0.513 ng/mL 1.129 nmol/L
79 yr f 2.413 ng/mL 5.430 nmol/L
m 2.312 ng/mL 5.227 nmol/L
1012 yr f 1.010 ng/mL 2.323 nmol/L
m 1.511 ng/mL 3.425 nmol/L
1318 yr f 1.27.1 ng/mL 2.716 nmol/L
m 1.28.8 ng/mL 2.720 nmol/L
Normal 3.117.5 ng/mL 7.039.7 nmol/L 146, 220
Borderline deficient 2.23.0 ng/mL 5.06.8 nmol/L
Deficient <2.2 ng/mL <5.0 nmol/L
Excessive >17.5 ng/mL >39.7 nmol/L
3.816.0 ng/mL 8.636.3 nmol/L 220 Folate II Elecsys; European study
(USA, Australia: see package insert)
Folic acid, 2631028 ng/mL 5972334 nmol/L 220 RBC Folate II Elecsys; European study,
red blood cells MODULAR ANALYTICS E 170, cobas e 601
(RBC Folate) (USA, Australia: see package insert)
4161367 ng/mL 9443103 nmol/L Elecsys 2010, cobas e 411
Follicle stimulating f Follicular phase 3.512.5 mIU/mL 3.512.5 IU/L 220 FSH Elecsys
hormone (FSH) Ovulatory phase 4.721.5 mIU/mL 4.721.5 IU/L
Luteal phase 1.77.7 mIU/mL 1.77.7 IU/L
Postmenopause 25.8134.8 mIU/mL 25.8134.8 IU/L
m 1.512.4 mIU/mL 1.512.4 IU/L
38 39
free PSA/total PSA 0.10 0.110.18 0.190.25 > 0.25 220 Free PSA Elecsys, probability of finding
ratio (fPSA/tPSA) m 5059 yr 49.2 % 26.9 % 18.3 % 9.1 % prostate cancer by age in years.
6069 yr 57.5 % 33.9 % 23.9 % 12.2 %
70 yr 64.5 % 40.8 % 29.7 % 15.8 %
Free thyroxine Adults m 1.01.7 ng/dL 13.121.3 pmol/L 221 FT4 Elecsys
(FT4) f 1.01.6 ng/dL 12.320.2 pmol/L
Pregnants 1st trimester 0.91.5 ng/dL 12.119.6 pmol/L
2nd trimester 0.81.3 ng/dL 9.617.0 pmol/L
3rd trimester 0.71.2 ng/dL 8.415.6 pmol/L
Children, adolescents
Newborn 0.862.49 ng/dL 11.032.0 pmol/L
6 d3 mth 0.892.20 ng/dL 11.528.3 pmol/L
412 mth 0.921.99 ng/dL 11.925.6 pmol/L
16 yr 0.961.77 ng/dL 12.322.8 pmol/L
711 yr 0.971.67 ng/dL 12.521.5 pmol/L
1220 yr 0.981.63 ng/dL 12.621.0 pmol/L
0.931.7 ng/dL 12.022.0 pmol/L 220 FT4 Elecsys
Adults 1.01.6 ng/dL 12.820.4 pmol/L 147 FT4 Elecsys, healthy blood donors, selected acc.
to NACB recommendations
Free triiodo- Adults m 2.74.3 pg/mL 4.16.7 pmol/L 221 FT3 Elecsys
thyronine f On contraceptiva 2.64.5 pg/mL 3.96.9 pmol/L
(FT3) Not on contraceptiva 2.34.2 pg/mL 3.66.4 pmol/L
Pregnants 1st trimester 2.53.9 pg/mL 3.86.0 pmol/L
2nd trimester 2.13.6 pg/mL 3.25.5 pmol/L
3rd trimester 2.03.3 pg/mL 3.15.0 pmol/L
Newborn 1.736.30 pg/mL 2.659.68 pmol/L
6 d3 mth 1.956.04 pg/mL 3.009.28 pmol/L
412 mth 2.155.83 pg/mL 3.308.95 pmol/L
16 yr 2.415.50 pg/mL 3.698.46 pmol/L
711 yr 2.535.22 pg/mL 3.888.02 pmol/L
1220 yr 2.565.01 pg/mL 3.937.70 pmol/L
Adults, euthyroid 2.04.4 pg/mL 3.16.8 pmol/L 220 FT3 Elecsys, routine samples from commercial
laboratory
2.54.3 pg/mL 3.96.7 pmol/L FT3 Elecsys, apparently healthy blood donors
Adults 2.64.4 pg/mL 4.06.8 pmol/L FT3 Elecsys, healthy blood donors, selected acc.
to NACB recommendations
Fructosamine Adults 205285 mmol/L 205285 mmol/L 300
Fructose Adults <0.6 mg/dL <0.03 mmol/L 123
FTI 4.611.7 4.611.7 220 CEDIA T-uptake
40 41
FT4I Euthyroid subjects
Germany, Japan 4.812.7 mg/dL 62164 nmol/L 220, 221 T4 Elecsys and T-uptake Elecsys
USA 4.411.4 mg/dL 57147 nmol/L
Adults m 5.610.7 mg/dL 72.2138 nmol/L 221 T4 Elecsys and T-uptake Elecsys
f On contraceptiva 6.212.1 mg/dL 79.7156 nmol/L
Not on contraceptiva 5.111.5 mg/dL 66.1148 nmol/L
Newborn 5.0820.8 mg/dL 65.3268 nmol/L
6 d3 mth 5.4818.0 mg/dL 70.5232 nmol/L
412 mth 5.6816.8 mg/dL 73.1216 nmol/L
16 yr 5.9315.0 mg/dL 76.3193 nmol/L
711 yr 5.9713.9 mg/dL 76.1170 nmol/L
1220 yr 5.9113.2 mg/dL 74.4162 nmol/L
Galactose Adults <0.5 mg/dL <0.03 mmol/L 123 Immediate deproteinization
Gastrin 4059 pg/mL 2028 pmol/L 254 Fasting, deep-freeze immediately, RIA
Glucose Newborns Cord blood 63158 mg/dL 3.58.8 mmol/L 267 Criteria for diagnosing diabetes mellitus (67):
1h 3699 mg/dL 2.05.5 mmol/L 1. Incidental glucose concentration >200 mg/dL
2h 3989 mg/dL 2.24.9 mmol/L (11.1 mmol/L) or
514 h 3477 mg/dL 1.94.3 mmol/L 2. Fasting glucose >126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or
2028 h 4681 mg/dL 2.64.5 mmol/L 3. Glucose concentration 2 hours after
4052 h 4879 mg/dL 2.74.4 mmol/L oGTT >200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
Children (fasting) 60100 mg/dL 3.35.6 mmol/L
Adults 74106 mg/dL 4.15.9 mmol/L 304 Serum, plasma

6090 yr 82115 mg/dL 4.66.4 mmol/L
>90 yr 75121 mg/dL 4.26.7 mmol/L
Children 60100 mg/dL 3.35.6 mmol/L
Newborns 1d 4060 mg/dL 2.223.33 mmol/L

>1 d 5080 mg/dL 2.784.44 mmol/L
42 43
Glucose Fetal 54103 mg/dL 3.05.7 mmol/L 79 Plasma
Infants 50180 mg/dL 2.810.0 mmol/L
Adults 65110 mg/dL 3.66.1 mmol/L
Adults
Venous plasma 74109 mg/dL 4.56.0 mmol/L 220, 267 Following the recommendations of the ADA
Venous whole blood 65100 mg/dL 3.55.5 mmol/L reagarding Impaired Fasting Glucose,
Capillary whole blood 65100 mg/dL 3.55.5 mmol/L non-pregnants
Capillary plasma 74109 mg/dL 4.56.0 mmol/L
Pregnants
Venous plasma 7495 mg/dL 4.55.3 mmol/L 267 Following the recommendations of the
Venous whole blood 6585 mg/dL 3.54.7 mmol/L Deutsche Diabetesgesellschaft and the
Capillary whole blood 6585 mg/dL 3.54.7 mmol/L Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Gynkologie
Capillary plasma 74105 mg/dL 4.56.0 mmol/L und Geburtshilfe
Preprandial 70100 mg/dL 3.95.6 mmol/L 267 Plasma (venous, capillary)

1 h postprandial <140 mg/dL <7.8 mmol/L
2 h postprandial <120 mg/dL <6.7 mmol/L
<126 mg/dL <7.0 mmol/L 262 Fasting plasma glucose, Expert Committee on
the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes
mellitus/ADA
Adults 60109 mg/dL 3.36.1 mmol/L 220 Reflotron system, blood, serum, plasma
Glutamate dehydro- Newborns <11.7 U/L <195 nkat/L 220, 283, DGKC, optimized, recommendations 1972,
genase (GLDH) Children 130 d <10.6 U/L <177 nkat/L 305 calculated values (25 37 C)
16 mth <6.8 U/L <113 nkat/L
712 mth <5.6 U/L <93 nkat/L
1324 mth <4.5 U/L <75 nkat/L
23 yr <4.2 U/L <70 nkat/L
1315 yr <5.1 U/L <85 nkat/L
Adults f <4.8 U/L <80 nkat/L 220 DGKC, optimized,

m <6.4 U/L <110 nkat/L calculated values (25 37 C)
f <5 U/L <80 nkat/L 220, 273 Consensus values

m <7 U/L <120 nkat/L
44 45
g-Glutamyl Newborns, children,
transferase (g-GT) adolescents 1d <151 U/L <2.50 mkat/L 69 Method according to Szasz
25 d <185 U/L <3.10 mkat/L
6 d6 mth <204 U/L <3.40 mkat/L
712 mth <34 U/L <0.55 mkat/L
13 yr <18 U/L <0.30 mkat/L
46 yr <23 U/L <0.40 mkat/L
712 yr <17 U/L <0.30 mkat/L
1317 yr f <33 U/L <0.55 mkat/L
m <45 U/L <0.75 mkat/L
<1 yr <203 U/L <3.38 mkat/L 139 IFCC
13 yr <87 U/L <1.45 mkat/L
46 yr <26 U/L <0.43 mkat/L
712 yr <31 U/L <0.52 mkat/L
1317 yr <29 U/L <0.48 mkat/L
Adults f <36 U/L <0.60 mkat/L 1, 220 Standardized according to Szasz
m <61 U/L <1.02 mkat/L
f <42 U/L <0.70 mkat/L 220 Standardized according to IFCC
m <71 U/L <1.19 mkat/L
f <40 U/L <0.67 mkat/L 273 IFCC, consensus values
m <60 U/L <1.00 mkat/L
f <38 U/L <0.63 mkat/L 240 IFCC, hospital patients
m <55 U/L <0.92 mkat/L
Glycerol, free Adults 0.51.6 mg/dL 60180 mmol/L 16
Growth hormone Adults <5 mg/L <5 mg/L 162 Fasting, RIA
(STH, somatotropin)
Haptoglobin Adults 30200 mg/dL 3.020.0 mmol/L 220, 239 Immunoturbidimetry, CRM 470 standardization
Hp 11 f 91160 mg/dL 9.116.0 mmol/L 154 Immunonephelometric assay
m 87142 mg/dL 8.714.2 mmol/L
Hp 21 f 82123 mg/dL 8.212.3 mmol/L
m 74124 mg/dL 7.412.4 mmol/L
Hp 22 f 5899 mg/dL 5.89.9 mmol/L
m 52101 mg/dL 5.210.1 mmol/L
HbA1c Healthy metabolism 2.94.2 % 0.0290.042 129, 220 Immunoturbidimetric assay, IFCC values
4.85.9 % 0.0480.059 DCCT/NGSP values
4.45.7 % 0.0440.057 304 HPLC
Hemoglobin Outpatients <6 mg/dL <60 mg/L 24 EDTA tubes, method according to Harboe
(free Hb in plasma)
Hemopexin Adults f 58131 mg/dL 0.581.31 g/L 174
m 56111 mg/dL 0.561.11 g/L
46 47
Homocysteic acid f <30 yr 0.81.9 mg/L 614 mmol/L 236
3059 yr 0.71.8 mg/L 513 mmol/L
>60 yr 0.91.9 mg/L 714 mmol/L
m <30 yr 0.81.9 mg/L 614 mmol/L
3059 yr 0.82.2 mg/L 616 mmol/L
6084 yr 0.82.3 mg/L 617 mmol/L
>85 yr 2.04.0 mg/L 1530 mmol/L 105
Human chorionic f Premenopause, <1 mU/mL <1 U/L 220 hCG + b Elecsys, pregnant women:
gonadotropin non-pregnant see package insert.
(hCG) Postmenopause <7 mU/mL <7 U/L
m <2 mU/mL <2 U/L
f Premenopause, <1 mU/mL <1 U/L 220 hCG STAT Elecsys
non-pregnant
Postmenopause <7 mU/mL <7 U/L
m <3 mU/mL <3 U/L
a-Hydroxybutyrate Adults <182 U/L <3.03 mkat/L 65, 220 DGKC, opt., recommendations 1972, calculated
dehydrogenase with a conversion factor (25 37 C)
(a-HBDH)
b-Hydroxybutyrate Adults 0.31.2 mg/dL 30120 mmol/L 16
17-Hydroxy- Adults f 0.23.4 ng/mL 0.610.3 nmol/L 291
progesterone m 1.02.4 ng/mL 3.07.3 nmol/L
Immunoglobulin A, <1 yr <81 mg/dL <5.06 mmol/L 161, 220 Values recalculated (WHO, CRM 470
IgA 13 yr 1698 mg/dL 1.006.13 mmol/L standardization)
46 yr 27190 mg/dL 1.6911.9 mmol/L
79 yr 33298 mg/dL 2.0618.6 mmol/L
1011 yr 52199 mg/dL 3.2512.4 mmol/L
1213 yr 57350 mg/dL 3.5621.9 mmol/L
1415 yr 46243 mg/dL 2.8815.2 mmol/L
1619 yr 60339 mg/dL 3.7521.9 mmol/L
Adults 70400 mg/dL 4.3825 mmol/L 89, 220 Immunoturbidimetric method,
CRM 470 standardization
Immunoglobulin D, Adults 0.314 mg/dL 0.0030.14 g/L 304
IgD
Immunoglobulin E, Neonates <0.36 mg/dL <1.5 IU/mL 54, 220
IgE Children, adolescents 1 yr <3.6 mg/dL <15 IU/mL
25 yr <14.4 mg/dL <60 IU/mL
69 yr <21.6 mg/dL <90 IU/mL
1015 yr <48 mg/dL <200 IU/mL
Adults <24 mg/dL <100 IU/mL
48 49
Immunoglobulin G, Neonates 2271378 mg/dL 15.191.9 mmol/L 161 Immunonephelometric method, values
IgG 13 yr 442895 mg/dL 29.559.7 mmol/L recalculated (WHO, CRM 470 stan-
46 yr 4921430 mg/dL 32.895.4 mmol/L dardization)
79 yr 5591439 mg/dL 37.396.0 mmol/L
1011 yr 6811523 mg/dL 45.4101.6 mmol/L
1213 yr 7411513 mg/dL 49.4100.9 mmol/L
1415 yr 6991671 mg/dL 46.6111.5 mmol/L
1619 yr 5361547 mg/dL 35.8103.2 mmol/L
Adults 7001600 mg/dL 7.016 g/L 89, 220 Immunoturbidimetric method,

IgG subclasses IgG1 IgG2 IgG1 IgG2
5 yr 5601270 40440 mg/dL 5.612.7 0.44.4 g/L 181
6 yr 6201130 50400 mg/dL 6.211.3 0.54.0 g/L
7 yr 5401050 90350 mg/dL 5.410.5 0.93.5 g/L
8 yr 5601050 70450 mg/dL 5.610.5 0.74.5 g/L
9 yr 3901140 70470 mg/dL 3.911.4 0.74.7 g/L
10 yr 4401080 60400 mg/dL 4.410.8 0.64.0 g/L
11 yr 6401090 90430 mg/dL 6.410.9 0.94.3 g/L
12 yr 6001150 90480 mg/dL 6.011.5 0.94.8 g/L
13 yr 6101150 90790 mg/dL 6.111.5 0.97.9 g/L
Adults 480 950 170690 mg/dL 4.8 9.5 1.76.9 g/L
IgG3 IgG4 IgG3 IgG4

5 yr 30100 10 80 mg/dL 0.31.0 0.10.8 g/L
6 yr 30 80 20 90 mg/dL 0.30.8 0.20.9 g/L
7 yr 30110 20110 mg/dL 0.31.1 0.21.1 g/L
8 yr 20110 10 80 mg/dL 0.21.1 0.10.8 g/L
9 yr 40120 20100 mg/dL 0.41.2 0.21.0 g/L
10 yr 30120 10 90 mg/dL 0.31.2 0.10.9 g/L
11 yr 30 90 20100 mg/dL 0.30.9 0.21.0 g/L
12 yr 40100 20 90 mg/dL 0.41.0 0.20.9 g/L
13 yr 20110 10 80 mg/dL 0.21.1 0.10.8 g/L
Adults 30 80 20110 mg/dL 0.30.8 0.21.1 g/L
Immunoglobulin M, Children, adolescents
IgM <1 yr <1.21 g/L <1.24 mmol/L 161 Immunonephelometric method, values
13 yr 0.161.22 g/L 0.161.26 mmol/L recalculated (WHO, CRM 470 stan-
46 yr 0.201.76 g/L 0.211.81 mmol/L dardization)
79 yr 0.261.74 g/L 0.271.79 mmol/L
1011 yr 0.261.50 g/L 0.271.55 mmol/L
1213 yr 0.292.00 g/L 0.302.06 mmol/L
1415 yr 0.191.57 g/L 0.201.62 mmol/L
1619 yr 0.202.17 g/L 0.212.24 mmol/L
Adults 0.42.3 g/L 0.42.4 mmo/L 89, 220 Immunoturbidimetry,

50 51
Immunoglobulin
light chains
kappa 138375 mg/dL 1.383.75 g/L 220 Immunoturbidimetric assay,
lambda 93242 mg/dL 0.932.42 g/L CRM 470 standardization
kappa/lambda ratio 1.172.93 1.172.93
Insulin Healthy individuals 2.624.9 mU/mL 17.8173 pmol/L 220 Insulin Elecsys, fasting
Iron 130 d f 29127 mg/dL 5.222.7 mmol/L 248
m 32112 mg/dL 5.720.0 mmol/L
112 mth f 25126 mg/dL 4.522.6 mmol/L
m 27109 mg/dL 4.819.5 mmol/L
13 yr f 25101 mg/dL 4.518.1 mmol/L
m 2991 mg/dL 5.216.3 mmol/L
46 yr f 2893 mg/dL 5.016.7 mmol/L
m 25115 mg/dL 4.520.6 mmol/L
79 yr f 30104 mg/dL 5.418.6 mmol/L
m 2796 mg/dL 4.817.2 mmol/L
1012 yr f 32104 mg/dL 5.718.6 mmol/L
m 28112 mg/dL 5.020.0 mmol/L
1315 yr f 30109 mg/dL 5.419.5 mmol/L
m 26110 mg/dL 4.719.7 mmol/L
1618 yr f 33102 mg/dL 5.918.3 mmol/L
m 27138 mg/dL 4.824.7 mmol/L
Adults f 37145 mg/dL 6.626 mmol/L 293

Iron-binding capa-
city, total (TIBC) Adults 228428 mg/dL 4177 mmol/L 220 Roche/Hitachi systems
Unsaturated 110370 mg/dL 2066 mmol/L 220 Roche/Hitachi systems

(UIBC) 112346 mg/dL 2062 mmol/L 220 COBAS INTEGRA, cobas systems
Lactate Adults 4.519.8 mg/dL 0.52.2 mmol/L 304 Venous plasma, fluoride/oxalate tubes
4.514.4 mg/dL 0.51.6 mmol/L Arterial plasma, fluoride/oxalate tubes
<15.3 mg/dL <1.7 mmol/L Venous blood, deproteinized
<11.3 mg/dL <1.3 mmol/L Arterial blood, deproteinized
52 53
Lactate 1d <1327 U/L <22.1 mkat/L 69 DGKC, optimized
dehydrogenase 25 d <1732 U/L <28.9 mkat/L
(LDH) 6 d6 mth <975 U/L <16.3 mkat/L
712 mth <1100 U/L <18.3 mkat/L
13 yr <850 U/L <14.2 mkat/L
46 yr < 615 U/L <10.3 mkat/L
712 yr f <580 U/L <9.65 mkat/L
m <764 U/L <12.7 mkat/L
1317 yr f <436 U/L <7.25 mkat/L
m <683 U/L <11.4 mkat/L
<1 yr <451 U/L <7.52 mkat/L 139 IFCC
13 yr <344 U/L <5.73 mkat/L
46 yr <314 U/L <5.23 mkat/L
712 yr <332 U/L <5.53 mkat/L
1317 yr <279 U/L <4.65 mkat/L
Adults <480 U/L <8.00 mkat/L 220, 294 DGKC, optimized, calculated with conversion
factor (25 C 37 C)
Adults >60 yr <509 U/L <8.48 mkat/L 33 SFBC method
f <223 U/L <3.72 mkat/L 138 IFCC, liquid
m <232 U/L <3.72 mkat/L
f <247 U/L <4.12 mkat/L 240 IFCC, hospitalized patients
m <248 U/L <4.13 mkat/L
Neonates 420 d <600 U/L <10.0 mkat/L 164 Standard method, 1994
Children 215 yr <300 U/L <5.00 mkat/L
Adults f <214 U/L <3.55 mkat/L
m <225 U/L <3.75 mkat/L
<250 U/L <4.2 mkat/L 273 Consensus values
Lead Adults 60 yr <250 mg/L <1.21 mmol/L 274 Whole blood, AAS
>60 yr <320 mg/L <1.54 mmol/L
Lipase Neonates <34 U/L <0.57 mkat/L 2 Colorimetric assay
Children 12 yr <31 U/L <0.52 mkat/L
Juveniles 1618 yr <55 U/ L <0.92 mkat/L
Adults <60 U/L <1.00 mkat/L 125, 220 Colorimetric assay
Lp [a] Adults <30 mg/dL <0.30 g/L 220 Immunoturbidimetric assay. Lp [a] serum
concentrations in healthy persons exhibit an
asymmetric distribution and may exceed 100
mg/dL (1.00 g/L). Values >30 mg/dL (0.3 g/L) are
associated with higher risk of atherosclerosis.
Adults f 11 mg/dL 0.11 g/L Median values found in apparently healthy
m 9 mg/dL 0.09 g/L Caucasian Europeans.
54 55
Luteinizing f Follicular phase 2.412.6 mIU/mL 2.412.6 IU/L 220 LH Elecsys
hormone Ovulatory phase 1496 mIU/mL 1496 IU/L
(LH) Luteal phase 1.011.4 mIU/mL 1.011.4 IU/L
Postmenopause 7.759 mIU/mL 7.759 IU/L
m 1.78.6 mIU/mL 1.78.6 IU/L
Lysozyme Adults 3.09.0 mg/L 3.09.0 mg/L 184
a2-Macroglobulin Adults 130300 mg/dL 1.33.0 g/L 239 Consensus values, CRM 470 standardization
Magnesium, total Newborns 1.52.2 mg/dL 0.620.91 mmol/L 220, 304 AAS
5 mth6 yr 1.72.3 mg/dL 0.700.95 mmol/L
712 yr 1.72.1 mg/dL 0.700.86 mmol/L
1320 yr 1.72.2 mg/dL 0.700.91 mmol/L
Adults 1.62.6 mg/dL 0.661.07 mmol/L
6090 yr 1.62.4 mg/dL 0.660.99 mmol/L
>90 yr 1.72.3 mg/dL 0.700.95 mmol/L
ionized 1.121.46 mg/dL 0.460.60 mmol/L 118 Ion-selective electrode
erythrocytes 4.016.44 mg/dL 1.652.65 mmol/L 304 AAS
Mannose binding Adults 0.34.1 mg/L 0.34.1 mg/L 156
protein (MBP)
Mercury Adults, children <7.2 mg/L <36 nmol/L 232 Whole blood, AAS
b2-Microglobulin Adults <170 mg/dL <1.7 mg/L 220 Immunoturbidimetric assay
Myoglobin Adults f 1951 ng/mL 1951 mg/L 130, 220 Roche/Hitachi systems,
m 2372 ng/mL 2372 mg/L immunoturbidimetric assay
f 764 ng/mL 764 mg/L 220 COBAS INTEGRA instruments,
m 1676 ng/mL 1676 mg/L immunoturbidimetric assay
f 2558 ng/mL 2558 mg/L 220 Myoglobin Elecsys
m 2872 ng/mL 2872 mg/L
f 764 ng/mL 764 mg/L 220 Roche CARDIAC M, heparinized venous blood
m 1676 ng/mL 1676 mg/L
Neuron specific Healthy subjects <16.3 ng/mL <16.3 mg/L 220 NSE Elecsys
enolase (NSE)
56 57
N-terminal pro Children 116 yr f <83 pg/mL <9.8 pmol/L 209 proBNP Elecsys
brain natriuretic m <62 pg/mL <7.3 pmol/L
peptide
(NT-proBNP) Adults <75 yr 125 pg/mL 14.8 pmol/L 85, 220 Recommended cut-off values to discriminate
75 yr 450 pg/mL 53.1 pmol/L normal and abnormal cardiac function.
Adults
<45yr f <177.6 pg/mL <21.0 pmol/L 220 proBNP Elecsys
m <92.6 pg/mL <10.9 pmol/L
4554 yr f <192.0 pg/mL <22.7 pmol/L
m <137.5 pg/mL <16.2 pmol/L
5564 yr f <225.7 pg/mL <26.6 pmol/L
m <176.8 pg/mL <20.9 pmol/L
6574 yr f <352.7 pg/mL <41.6 pmol/L
m <229.1 pg/mL <27.0 pmol/L
75 yr f <624.0 pg/mL <73.6 pmol/L
m <851.9 pg/mL <100.5 pmol/L
Osmolality Neonates 265275 mosmol/kg 265275 mmol/kg 134
Adults 60 yr 275295 mosmol/kg 275295 mmol/kg
>60 yr 280300 mosmol/kg 280300 mmol/kg
Osteocalcin f Premenopausal <43 ng/mL <43 mg/L 220 N-MID Osteocalcin Elecsys, for postmeno-
Postmenopausal <46 ng/mL <46 mg/L pausal women under hormone replacement
m <30 yr <70 ng/mL <70 mg/L therapy the ref. values for premenopausal
3050 yr <42 ng/mL <42 mg/L women are valid.
>50 yr <46 ng/mL <46 mg/L
P1NP f Postmenopausal
on HRT 14.358.9 ng/mL 14.358.9 mg/L 220 P1NP Elecsys
no HRT 20.376.3 ng/mL 20.376.3 mg/L
Premenopausal 15.158.6 ng/mL 15.158.6 mg/L
Pancreatic elastase Adults <3.8 ng/mL <3.8 ng/mL 36
58 59
Parathyrin, 24 yr f 3.632 ng/L 0.383.4 pmol/L 45
Parathyroid m 5.734 ng/L 0.603.6 pmol/L
hormone (PTH) 56 yr f 1.013 ng/L 0.101.4 pmol/L
m 4.416 ng/L 0.461.7 pmol/L
78 yr f 2.725 ng/L 0.282.6 pmol/L
m 2.527 ng/L 0.262.8 pmol/L
910 yr f 2.030 ng/L 0.213.2 pmol/L
m 4.634 ng/L 0.483.6 pmol/L
1112 yr f 4.334 ng/L 0.453.6 pmol/L
m 2.525 ng/L 0.262.6 pmol/L
1314 yr f 1.637 ng/L 0.173.9 pmol/L
m 1.426 ng/L 0.152.7 pmol/L
1516 yr f 1.239 ng/L 0.134.1 pmol/L
m 4.536 ng/L 0.473.8 pmol/L
351 ng/L 0.325.4 pmol/L 252 Chemiluminescence immunoassay
Adults 1250 ng/L 1.265.3 pmol/L 150
1565 ng/L 1.66.9 pmol/L 220 PTH Elecsys
Phosphate, Children, adolescents
inorganic 130 d 3.97.7 mg/dL 1.252.50 mmol/L 265
112 mth 3.56.6 mg/dL 1.152.15 mmol/L
13 yr 3.16.0 mg/dL 1.001.95 mmol/L
46 yr 3.35.6 mg/dL 1.051.80 mmol/L
79 yr 3.05.4 mg/dL 0.951.75 mmol/L
1012 yr 3.25.7 mg/dL 1.051.85 mmol/L
1315 yr 2.95.1 mg/dL 0.951.75 mmol/L
1618 yr 2.74.9 mg/dL 0.951.60 mmol/L
Adults 2.64.5 mg/dL 0.841.45 mmol/L
2.74.5 mg/dL 0.871.45 mmol/L 220
Phosphohexose 2090 U/L 0.351.50 mkat/L 241
isomerase (PHI)
Potassium Adults 3.55.1 mEq/L 3.55.1 mmol/L 220, 304 Roche Diagnostics, indirect ISE, serum
f 3.44.4 mEq/L 3.44.4 mmol/L flame photometry, plasma
m 3.54.5 mEq/L 3.54.5 mmol/L
Children 17 d 3.25.5 mEq/L 3.25.5 mmol/L 249 Plasma, dry slide technology
831 d 3.46.0 mEq/L 3.46.0 mmol/L
16 mth 3.55.6 mEq/L 3.55.6 mmol/L
7 mth1 yr 3.56.1 mEq/L 3.56.1 mmol/L
>1 yr 3.34.6 mEq/L 3.34.6 mmol/L
Adults 3.75.5 mEq/L 3.75.5 mmol/L 220 COBAS INTEGRA, direct ISE, serum
3.64.5 mEq/L 3.64.5 mmol/L COBAS INTEGRA, direct ISE, plasma
3.65.0 mEq/L 3.65.0 mmol/L 220 Reflotron, serum
3.54.6 mEq/L 3.54.6 mmol/L Reflotron, plasma
60 61
Prealbumin Children <1 mth 739 mg/dL 0.070.39 g/L 55 Immunonephelometry,
(Transthyretin) 16 mth 834 mg/dL 0.080.34 g/L CRM 470 standardization
7 mth6 yr 1236 mg/dL 0.120.36 g/L
Adults 2040 mg/dL 0.200.40 g/L 239
Pregnancy-associat- Healthy non-pregnant <7.15 mIU/L <7.15 mIU/L 220 PAPP-A Elecsys, Roche study no.
ed plasma protein A donors R04P026
(PAPP-A)
Procalcitonin <0.5 ng/mL <0.5 mg/L 177
Progesterone w Follicular phase 0.21.5 ng/mL 0.64.7 nmol/L 220 Progesterone II Elecsys
Ovulatory phase 0.83.0 ng/mL 2.49.4 nmol/L
Luteal phase 1.727 ng/mL 5.386 nmol/L
Postmenopause 0.10.8 ng/mL 0.32.5 nmol/L
m 0.21.4 ng/mL 0.74.3 nmol/L
Prolactin Children, adolescents
f 0.395.0 ng/mL 0.395.0 mg/L 49 Chemiluminescence immunoassay
m 3.781.2 ng/mL 3.781.2 mg/L
112 mth f 0.229.9 ng/mL 0.229.9 mg/L
m 0.328.9 ng/mL 0.328.9 mg/L
13 yr f 1.017.1 ng/mL 1.017.1 mg/L
m 2.313.2 ng/mL 2.313.2 mg/L
46 yr f 1.613.1 ng/mL 1.613.1 mg/L
m 0.816.9 ng/mL 0.816.9 mg/L Conversion of ng/mL to mU/L depends
79 yr f 0.312.9 ng/mL 0.312.9 mg/L on the type of standard used
m 1.911.6 ng/mL 1.911.6 mg/L
1012 yr f 1.99.6 ng/mL 1.99.6 mg/L
m 0.912.9 ng/mL 0.912.9 mg/L
1315 yr f 3.014.4 ng/mL 3.014.4 mg/L
m 1.616.6 ng/mL 1.616.6 mg/L
1618 yr f 2.118.4 ng/mL 2.118.4 mg/L
m 2.715.2 ng/mL 2.715.2 mg/L
Adults f 6.029.9 ng/mL 127637 mU/L 220 Prolactin Elecsys
m 4.621.4 ng/mL 98456 mU/L
Prostate specific m <40 yr <1.4 ng/mL <1.4 mg/L 220 PSA Elecsys
antigen, total 4050 yr <2.0 ng/mL <2.0 mg/L
(tPSA) 5160 yr <3.1 ng/mL <3.1 mg/L
6170 yr <4.1 ng/mL <4.1 mg/L
>70 yr <4.4 ng/mL <4.4 mg/L
free PSA/total PSA 0.10 0.110.18 0.190.25 >0.25 220 Free PSA Elecsys, probability of
ratio (fPSA/tPSA) m 5059 yr 49.2 % 26.9 % 18.3 % 9.1 % finding prostate cancer by age in years.
6069 yr 57.5 % 33.9 % 23.9 % 12.2 %
70 yr 64.5 % 40.8 % 29.7 % 15.8 %
62 63
Protein, total Children, adolescents
1w 4.47.6 g/dL 4476 g/L 220, 304
7 mth12 mth 5.17.3 g/dL 5173 g/L
12 yr 5.67.5 g/dL 5675 g/L
>3 yr 6.08.0 g/dL 6080 g/L
Newborns 4.67.0 g/dL 4670 g/L
Premature 3.66.0 g/dL 3660 g/L
Umbilical cord 4.88.0 g/dL 4880 g/L
Adults 6.48.3 g/dL 6483 g/L
Electrophoresis
Albumin 5569 % 0.550.69 80 Ponceau Red S
a1-Globulin 1.65.8 % 0.020.06
a2-Globulin 5.911 % 0.060.11
b-Globulin 7.914 % 0.080.14
g-Globulin 1118 % 0.110.18
Pyruvate Adults 0.360.59 mg/dL 4167 mmol/L 153 Whole blood, deproteinize immediately using
ice-cold perchloric acid.
Rheumatoid factor Adults <14 IU/mL <14 kIU/L 220 Immunoturbidimetric method,
(RF) Roche Diagnostics
S100 Apparently healthy 0.105 mg/L 0.105 mg/L 220 S100 Elecsys
adults
Selenium 67105 mg/L 0.851.33 mmol/L 151 Whole blood
4583 mg/L 0.571.05 mmol/L Plasma
Sexual hormone f 1750 yr 26.1110 nmol/L 26.1110 nmol/L 220 SHBG Elecsys,
binding globulin Postmenopausal, 14.168.9 nmol/L 14.168.9 nmol/L free testosterone/androgen index: see package
(SHBG) untreated insert.
m 1765 yr 14.548.4 nmol/L 14.548.4 nmol/L
Sodium Children <7 d 131144 mEq/L 131144 mmol/L 249 Indirect ISE
8 d1 mth 132142 mEq/L 132142 mmol/L
26 mth 132140 mEq/L 132140 mmol/L
7 m1 yr 131140 mEq/L 131140 mmol/L
>1 yr 132141 mEq/L 132141 mmol/L
Adults 90 yr 136145 mEq/L 136145 mmol/L 304 Flame emission photometry, indirect ISE
>90 yr 132146 mEq/L 132146 mmol/L
Adults 146157 mEq/L 146157 mmol/L 220 COBAS INTEGRA, direct ISE
Sorbitol 0.50.9 mg/dL 2749 mmol/L 28 Plasma, deproteinize immediately.
Squamous cell <2.0 ng/mL <20 mg/L 304 Freeze sample immediately.
carcinoma antigen
(SCC)
64 65
Testosterone Children, adolescents, m
<1 yr 0.120.21 ng/mL 0.420.72 nmol/L 220 Testosterone Elecsys
16 yr 0.030.32 ng/mL 0.101.12 nmol/L
712 yr 0.030.68 ng/mL 0.102.37 nmol/L
1317 yr 0.2811.1 ng/mL 0.9838.5 nmol/L
Adults f 0.060.82 ng/mL 0.222.9 nmol/L
m 2.88.0 ng/mL 9.927.8 nmol/L
Thallium <5 mg/L <24 nmol/L 304 Whole blood, AAS
Thyroglobulin Children, adolescents
Newborns 25307 ng/mL 25307 mg/L 221 Thyroglobulin Elecsys*, reference range study
6 d3 mth 20228 ng/mL 20228 mg/L
412 mth 18125 ng/mL 18125 mg/L
16 yr 9.067 ng/mL 9.067 mg/L
711 yr 5.143 ng/mL 5.143 mg/L
1220 yr 2.636 ng/mL 2.636 mg/L
Healthy subjects 1.478 ng/mL 1.478 mg/L 220 Thyroglobulin Elecsys
Thyroid stimulating Children, adolescents
hormone (TSH) Newborns 0.7015.2 mU/mL 0.7015.2 mU/L 221 TSH Elecsys, reference range study
6 d3 mth 0.7211.0 mU/mL 0.7211.0 mU/L
412 mth 0.738.35 mU/mL 0.738.35 mU/L
16 yr 0.705.97 mU/mL 0.705.97 mU/L
711 yr 0.604.84 mU/mL 0.604.84 mU/L
1220 yr 0.514.30 mU/mL 0.514.30 mU/L
Healthy blood donors 0.403.77 mU/mL 0.403.77 mU/L 147 TSH Elecsys, group selected acc. to National
Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (NACB)
recommendations
Healthy subjects 0.274.2 mU/mL 0.274.2 mU/L 220 TSH Elecsys
Thyroxine (T4) Children, adolescents
Newborns 5.0418.5 mg/dL 64.9239 nmol/L 221 T4 Elecsys, reference range study
6 d3 mth 5.4117.0 mg/dL 69.6219 nmol/L
412 mth 5.6716.0 mg/dL 73.0206 nmol/L
16 yr 5.9514.7 mg/dL 76.6189 nmol/L
711 yr 5.9913.8 mg/dL 77.1178 nmol/L
1220 yr 5.9113.2 mg/dL 76.1170 nmol/L
Adults 5.114.1 mg/dL 66181 nmol/L 220 T4 Elecsys
Healthy blood donors 5.512.2 mg/dL 70.5157 nmol/L 147 T4 Elecsys, group selected acc. to NACB
recommendations
Adults 412 mg/dL 51.6154.8 nmol/L 220 Roche Diagnostics, fluorescence polarization
immunoassay
Adults 4.512 mg/dL 58.1154.8 nmol/L 220 Roche Diagnostics, homogeneous enzyme
immunoassay
66 67
Thyroxine-binding 0.81.3 0.81.30 220, 221 T-uptake Elecsys
capacity (as TBI)
Transferrin Adults 130360 mg/dL 1645 mmol/L 89, 220, Immunoturbidimetric assay,
239 CRM 470 standardization
Transferrin, carbo- Adults 3.0 % 3.0 % 220 Roche Diagnostics, immunoturbidimetric assay,
hydrate deficient elevated values indicate alcohol misuse.
(as % CDT)
Transferrin receptor, 624 mth 1.372.85 mg/L 1.372.85 mg/L 145 Enzyme immunoassay
soluble (sTfR) 26 yr 1.053.05 mg/L 1.053.05 mg/L
712 yr 1.162.72 mg/L 1.162.72 mg/L
18 yr 0.842.32 mg/L 0.842.32 mg/L
Adults
f 1845 yr 1.94.4 mg/L 2252 nmol/L 142 Roche Diagnostics, immunoturbidimetric assay
m 1860 yr 2.25.0 mg/L 2659 nmol/L
Transferrin 1645 % 1645 % 264 TS [%] = Fe [mg/dL] q 70.9/Transferrin [mg/dL]
saturation (TS)
Triglycerides Premature <62 mg/dL <0.7 mmol/L 79
Adults 65 yr <200 mg/dL <2.3 mmol/L 66, 220
>65 yr <325 mg/dL <3.7 mmol/L 33
<150 mg/dL <1.7 mmol/L 46 Cutpoint acc. to NECP ATP III
Triiodothyronine Children, adolescents
(T3) Newborns 0.732.88 ng/mL 1.124.43 nmol/L 221 T3 Elecsys, reference range study
6 d3 mth 0.802.75 ng/mL 1.234.22 nmol/L
412 mth 0.862.65 ng/mL 1.324.07 nmol/L
16 yr 0.922.48 ng/mL 1.423.80 nmol/L
711 yr 0.932.31 ng/mL 1.433.55 nmol/L
1220 yr 0.912.18 ng/mL 1.403.34 nmol/L
Adults, euthyroid 0.802.0 ng/mL 1.23.1 nmol/L 220 T3 Elecsys
Troponin I Adults 2265 yr 0.16 ng/mL 0.16 mg/L 15 Chemiluminescence immunoassay
Neonates 0.183 ng/mL 0.183 mg/L 22 Enzyme immunoassay
Troponin T Children <7 d 0.35 ng/mL 0.35 mg/L 166 Troponin T Elecsys
830 d 0.20 ng/mL 0.20 mg/L
31120 d 0.1 ng/mL 0.1 mg/L
121 d1 yr 0.03 ng/mL 0.03 mg/L
Neonates 0.097 ng/mL 0.097 mg/L 22 Troponin T Elecsys
Healthy volunteers
<0.01 ng/mL <0.01 mg/L 220 Troponin T Elecsys
0.1 ng/mL 0.1 mg/L 220 Cut-off acc. to WHO criteria
Adults <0.03 ng/mL < 0.03 mg/L 132 Roche CARDIAC T
68 69
T-uptake Blood donors 24.339.0 % 0.2430.390 220 Roche Diagnostics, homogeneous enzyme
(free thyroxine immunoassay
binding capacity)
Urea Children 13 yr 1136 mg/dL 1.86.0 mmol/L 271
413 yr 1536 mg/dL 2.56.0 mmol/L
1419 yr 1845 mg/dL 2.97.5 mmol/L
f, <50 yr 1540 mg/dL 2.66.7 mmol/L
f, >50 yr 2143 mg/dL 3.57.2 mmol/L
m, <50 yr 1944 mg/dL 3.27.3 mmol/L
m, >50 yr 1855 mg/dL 3.09.2 mmol/L
Adults
f 1849 yr 1638 mg/dL 2.66.4 mmol/L 229 NORIP
50 yr 1947 mg/dL 3.17.9 mmol/L
m 1849 yr 1949 mg/dL 3.28.1 mmol/L
50 yr 2149 mg/dL 3.58.1 mmol/L
Uric acid Children
f 130 d 1.04.6 mg/dL 59271 mmol/L 270
31365 d 1.15.4 mg/dL 65319 mmol/L
13 yr 1.85.0 mg/dL 106295 mmol/L
46 yr 2.05.1 mg/dL 118301 mmol/L
79 yr 1.85.5 mg/dL 106325 mmol/L
1012 yr 2.55.9 mg/dL 148348 mmol/L
1315 yr 2.26.4 mg/dL 130378 mmol/L
1618 yr 2.46.6 mg/dL 142389 mmol/L
m 130 d 1.23.9 mg/dL 71230 mmol/L
31365 d 1.25.6 mg/dL 71330 mmol/L
13 yr 2.15.6 mg/dL 124330 mmol/L
46 yr 1.85.5 mg/dL 106325 mmol/L
79 yr 1.85.4 mg/dL 106319 mmol/L
1012 yr 2.25.8 mg/dL 130342 mmol/L
1315 yr 3.17.0 mg/dL 183413 mmol/L
1618 yr 2.17.6 mg/dL 124448 mmol/L
Adults f 2.36.1 mg/dL 137363 mmol/L Recommended upper limit of males: 7 mg/dL
m 3.68.2 mg/dL 214488 mmol/L (416 mmol/L)
f 2.45.7 mg/dL 142.8339.2 mmol/L 220 Roche/Hitachi, COBAS INTEGRA, cobas,

m 3.47.0 mg/dL 202.3416.5 mmol/L Reflotron systems
Adults
f 1849 yr 2.65.8 mg/dL 155350 mmol/L 229 NORIP
50 yr 2.66.7 mg/dL 155400 mmol/L
m 18 yr 3.98.1 mg/dL 230480 mmol/L
70 71
Vitamin A 15 yr f 185841 mg/dL 6.529.4 mmol/L 110 HPLC
(Retinol) m 113805 mg/dL 3.928.1 mmol/L
1635 yr f 3311079 mg/dL 11.637.7 mmol/L
m 4601240 mg/dL 16.143.3 mmol/L
3660 yr f 6191119 mg/dL 21.639.1 mmol/L
m 6261322 mg/dL 21.846.1 mmol/L
>60 yr f 3801116 mg/dL 13.338.9 mmol/L
m 6001275 mg/dL 20.944.5 mmol/L
Vitamin B1 0.130.75 mg/dL 528 nmol/L 299 HPLC, serum
(Thiamine) 1.94.9 mg/dL 71185 nmol/L HPLC, whole blood
Vitamin B2 1050 mg/dL 0.271.33 mmol/L 304 HPLC, fluorimetry
(Riboflavin)
Vitamin B6 (Pyri- 1.02.4 mg/dL 3998 nmol/L 21 HPLC
doxal phosphate)
Vitamin B12 <1 yr f 2281515 pg/mL 1681115 pmol/L 109 RIA
m 2931210 pg/mL 216891 pmol/L
23 yr f 4161210 pg/mL 307892 pmol/L
m 2641215 pg/mL 195897 pmol/L
46 yr f 3131410 pg/mL 2311040 pmol/L
m 2451075 pg/mL 181795 pmol/L
79 yr f 2471175 pg/mL 182866 pmol/L
m 2711170 pg/mL 200863 pmol/L
1012 yr f 1961020 pg/mL 145752 pmol/L
m 1831090 pg/mL 135803 pmol/L
1318 yr f 182820 pg/mL 134605 pmol/L
m 214864 pg/mL 158638 pmol/L
Adults Europe 191663 pg/mL 141489 pmol/L 220 Vitamin B12 Elecsys
USA 211946 pg/mL 156698 pmol/L
Vitamin C Adults 0.41.8 mg/dL 20100 mmol/L 58
Vitamin D3, Children, adults 1044 ng/mL 25110 nmol/L 21 Approximate reference range based on
25-OH three studies.
Healthy individuals 5.260.4 ng/mL 13151 nmol/L 252 Chemiluminescence assay
Adults 11.142.9 ng/mL 27.7107 nmol/L 220 Vitamin D3 Elecsys, Roche Diagnostics,
population-based reference range, Germany,
summer time
Children. adults >30 ng/mL >75 nmol/L 285 Health-based reference range
72 73
Vitamin E <15 yr f 0.41.2 mg/dL 9.328 mmol/L 110 EDTA plasma, HPLC
(a-Tocopherol) m 0.51.1 mg/dL 1226 mmol/L
1635 yr f 0.51.2 mg/dL 1227 mmol/L
m 0.41.3 mg/dL 9.331 mmol/L
3660 yr f 0.71.5 mg/dL 1634 mmol/L
m 0.71.6 mg/dL 1636 mmol/L
>60 yr f 0.71.6 mg/dL 1636 mmol/L
m 0.81.6 mg/dL 1938 mmol/L
Vitamin K Adults 0.170.68 mg/L 0.381.51 nmol/L 21 HPLC, fasting
Zinc <4 mth 65137 mg/dL 1021 mmol/L 160
412 mth 65130 mg/dL 1020 mmol/L
15 yr 65118 mg/dL 1018 mmol/L
69 yr 78105 mg/dL 1216 mmol/L
1013 yr f 78118 mg/dL 1218 mmol/L
1419 yr f 5998 mg/dL 915 mmol/L
Adults 46150 mg/dL 723 mmol/L 151 Plasma

425560 mg/dL 6586 mmol/L Whole blood
Zinc protopor- 1777 mg/L 0.271.23 mmol/L 304 Whole blood (heparine EDTA), hematofluori-
phyrin metric test.
74 75
2.2 Hematology
Goup Conventional SI rences
CO-Hb Non-smokers <2.2 % <0.022 56
Smokers <10.5 % <0.105
Differential
leucocyte count
Band neutrophils Infants <8 % <0.08 215 Blood must be smeared within 3 hours (93)
Children 36 % 0.030.06
Adults 35 % 0.030.05
Segmented Infants 1760 % 0.170.60
neutrophils Children 2560 % 0.250.60
Adults 5070 % 0.500.70
Eosinophils Infants 15 % 0.010.05
Children 15 % 0.010.05
Adults 24 % 0.020.04
Basophils Infants <1 % <0.01
Children <1 % <0.01
Adults <1 % <0.01
Monocytes Infants 111 % 0.010.11
Children 16 % 0.010.06
Adults 28 % 0.020.08
Lymphocytes Infants 2070 % 0.200.70
Children 2550 % 0.250.50
Adults 2540 % 0.250.40
Eosinophiles 80360 mil/mL 80360 mpt/L 25
Erythrocytes 1d 4.36.3 mil/mL 4.36.3 tpt/L 122
26 d 4.06.8 mil/mL 4.06.8 tpt/L
1423 d 3.76.1 mil/mL 3.76.1 tpt/L
2437 d 3.25.6 mil/mL 3.25.6 tpt/L
4050 d 3.15.1 mil/mL 3.15.1 tpt/L
22.5 mth 2.84.8 mil/mL 2.84.8 tpt/L
33.5 mth 3.14.7 mil/mL 3.14.7 tpt/L
57 mth 3.25.2 mil/mL 3.25.2 tpt/L
8 mth-3 yr 3.65.2 mil/mL 3.65.2 tpt/L
5 yr 3.75.7 mil/mL 3.75.7 tpt/L
10 yr 3.85.8 mil/mL 3.85.8 tpt/L
Adults f 4.15.1 mil/mL 4.15.1 tpt/L 299
m 4.55.9 mil/mL 4.55.9 tpt/L
Erythrocyte Adults 50 yr f <25 mm/1 h <25 mm/1 h 57 Citrated blood
sedimentation rate m <15 mm/1 h <15 mm/1 h
(ESR) Adults >50 yr f <30 mm/1 h <30 mm/1 h
m <20 mm/1 h <20 mm/1 h
76 77
2.2 Hematology
Glucose-6-phos- 7.916.3 U/g Hb 0.521.04 mU/mol Hb 306 Blood treated with heparinate or EDTA, 37 C
phate dehydro-
genase (G-6-P-DH)
Hematocrit 1d 4472 % 0.440.72 122
(Hct, PCV) 26 d 5082 % 0.500.82
1423 d 4262 % 0.420.62
2437 d 3159 % 0.310.59
4050 d 3054 % 0.300.54
22.5 mth 3046 % 0.300.46
3 -3.5 mth 3143 % 0.310.43
57 mth 3244 % 0.320.44
8 mth3 yr 3543 % 0.350.43
5 yr 3143 % 0.310.43
10 yr 3345 % 0.330.45
Adults f 3547 % 0.350.47
m 4052 % 0.400.52
Hemoglobin (Hb) 1d 15.223.6 g/dL 9.414.7 mmol/L 122
in blood 26 d 15.024.6 g/dL 9.315.3 mmol/L
1423 d 12.718.7 g/dL 7.911.6 mmol/L
2437 d 10.317.9 g/dL 6.411.1 mmol/L
4050 d 9.016.6 g/dL 5.610.3 mmol/L
22.5 mth 9.213.6 g/dL 5.78.4 mmol/L
33.5 mth 9.612.8 g/dL 6.07.9 mmol/L
57 mth 10.112.9 g/dL 6.38.0 mmol/L
810 mth 10.512.9 g/dL 6.58.0 mmol/L
1113.5 mth 10.713.1 g/dL 6.68.1 mmol/L
1.53 yr 10.812.8 g/dL 6.77.9 mmol/L
5 yr 10.714.7 g/dL 6.69.1 mmol/L
10 yr 10.815.6 g/dL 6.79.7 mmol/L
Adults f 12.315.3 g/dL 7.69.5 mmol/L 299
m 14.017.5 g/dL 8.710.9 mmol/L
>70 yr f 11.716.2 g/dL 7.310.1 mmol/L 190
m 12.117.6 g/dL 7.510.9 mmol/L
>75 yr f 11.616.1 g/dL 7.210.0 mmol/L
m 11.817.5 g/dL 7.310.9 mmol/L
>81 yr f 10.915.5 g/dL 6.89.6 mmol/L
m 11.616.3 g/dL 7.210.1 mmol/L
Hb composition
HbA0 9094 % 0.900.94 299
HbA, 48 % 0.040.08
HbA2 1.43.0 % 0.0140.03
HbF 0.31.0 % 0.0030.01
78 79
2.2 Hematology
Leucocytes 12 h 13,00038,000/mL 13.038.0 gpt/L 57
1d 9,40034,000/mL 9.434.0 gpt/L
1w 5,00021,000/mL 5.021.0 gpt/L
2w 5,00020,000/mL 5.020.0 gpt/L
4w 5,00019,500/mL 5.019.5 gpt/L
2 mth 5,50018,000/mL 5.518.0 gpt/L
412 mth 6,00017,500/mL 6.017.5 gpt/L
2 yr 6,00017,000/mL 6.017.0 gpt/L
4 yr 5,50015,500/mL 5.515.5 gpt/L
6 yr 5,00014,500/mL 5.014.5 gpt/L
812 yr 4,50013,500/mL 4.513.5 gpt/L
1416 yr 4,50013,000/mL 4.513.0 gpt/L
18 yr 4,50012,500/mL 4.512.5 gpt/L
20 yr 4,50011,500/mL 4.511.5 gpt/L
Adults 4,40011,300/mL 4.411.3 gpt/L 299
MCH (Hb/RBC) 1d 3341 pg/cell 2.02.5 fmol/cell 122
26 d 2945 pg/cell 1.82.8 fmol/cell
22.5 mth 2436 pg/cell 1.52.2 fmol/cell
33.5 mth 2336 pg/cell 1.42.2 fmol/cell
510 mth 2133 pg/cell 1.32.0 fmol/cell
11 mth5 yr 2331 pg/cell 1.41.9 fmol/cell
10 yr 2234 pg/cell 1.42.1 fmol/cell
Adults 2833 pg/cell 1.72.0 fmol/cell 299
MCHC 1d 3135 g/dL 1922 mmol/L 122
26 d 2436 g/dL 1522 mmol/L
1423 d 2634 g/dL 1621 mmol/L
2437 d 2537 g/dL 1623 mmol/L
40 d7 mth 2634 g/dL 1621 mmol/L
813.5 mth 2832 g/dL 1720 mmol/L
1.53 yr 2634 g/dL 1621 mmol/L
510 yr 3236 g/dL 2022 mmol/L
Adults 3336 g/dL 2022 mmol/L 299
80 81
2.2 Hematology
MCV 1d 98122 mm3 98122 fL 122
26 d 94150 mm3 94150 fL
1423 d 84128 mm3 84128 fL
2437 d 82126 mm3 82126 fL
22.5 mth 81121 mm3 81121 fL
33.5 mth 77113 mm3 77113 fL
57 mth 73109 mm3 73109 fL
810 mth 74106 mm3 74106 fL
1113.5 mth 74102 mm3 74102 fL
1.53 yr 73101 mm3 73101 fL
5 yr 7288 mm3 7288 fL
10 yr 6993 mm3 6993 fL
Adults 8096 mm3 8096 fL 299
Methemoglobin Non-smokers/smokers <1.2 % <0.012 56
Osmotic resistance No hemolysis >0.5 % NaCl >0.005 NaCl 57 Heparinized blood
of erythrocytes Complete hemolysis <0.3 % NaCl <0.003 NaCl
Pyruvate kinase in 1116 U/g Hb 0.71.1 mU/mol Hb 72 Heparinized or EDTA blood
erythrocytes
Reticulocytes 1d 3070 3070 q 10 3 299
3d 1030 1030 q 10 3
7d <10 <10 q 10 3
1 mth 220 220 q 10 3
1.5 mth 335 335 q 10 3
2 mth 448 448 q 10 3
2.5 mth 342 342 q 10 3
3 mth 336 336 q 10 3
>4 mth 228 228 q 10 3
Adults 515 515 q 10 3 57
Reticulocyte hemo- Adults 28.235.7 pg 28.235.7 pg 272 Derived from Ret-Y as determined on a
globin equivalent Sysmex XE 2100 hematology analyzer
(RET-He)
82 83
2.2 Hematology
Thrombocytes 15 yr f 229553 q 103/mL 229553 Gpt/L 81
m 217497 q 103/mL 217497 Gpt/L
610 yr f 184488 q 103/mL 184488 Gpt/L
m 181521 q 103/mL 181521 Gpt/L
1115 yr f 154442 q 103/mL 154442 Gpt/L
m 156408 q 103/mL 156408 Gpt/L
1620 yr f 154386 q 103/mL 154386 Gpt/L
m 140392 q 103/mL 140392 Gpt/L
2130 yr f 154386 q 103/mL 154386 Gpt/L
m 140336 q 103/mL 140336 Gpt/L
3140 yr f 170394 q 103/mL 170394 Gpt/L
m 132356 q 103/mL 132356 Gpt/L
4150 yr f 149409 q 103/mL 149409 Gpt/L
m 139403 q 103/mL 139403 Gpt/L
5160 yr f 177393 q 103/mL 177393 Gpt/L
m 136380 q 103/mL 136380 Gpt/L
6170 yr f 152396 q 103/mL 152396 Gpt/L
m 150362 q 103/mL 150362 Gpt/L
>70 yr f 149409 q 103/mL 149409 Gpt/L
m 139335 q 103/mL 139335 Gpt/L
Volume
Blood f 4969 mL/kg 0.0490.069 L/kg 57
m 4479 mL/kg 0.0440.079 L/kg
Erythrocytes f 1929 mL/kg 0.0190.029 L/kg
m 2037 mL/kg 0.0200.037 L/kg
Plasma f 2841 mL/kg 0.0280.041 L/kg
m 2344 mL/kg 0.0230.044 L/kg
84 85
2.3 Coagulation
Antiphospholipid No antibodies No antibodies 276 ELISA, Asserachrom* APA
antibodies (APA)
a2-Antiplasmin 210 yr 108155 % 1.081.55 192
1118 yr 79161 % 0.791.61
Adults 80120 % 0.801.2 220 Photometric assay
Full-term infants 1d 0.551.15 U/mL 0.551.15 U/mL 4
5d 0.701.30 U/mL 0.701.30 U/mL
30 d 0.761.24 U/mL 0.761.24 U/mL
90 d 0.761.40 U/mL 0.761.40 U/mL
180 d 0.831.39 U/mL 0.831.39 U/mL
Adults 0.681.36 U/mL 0.681.36 U/mL
Antithrombin III Infants, premature 1 d 2051 % 0.200.51 200
4 d 2151 % 0.210.51
7 d 4054 % 0.400.54
Infants, full-term 1 d 4484 % 0.440.84
7 d 3470 % 0.340.70
Children 210 yr >67 % >0.67 192
1118 yr >81 % >0.81
Adults >80 % >0.80 107 Activity test, chromogenic substrate
Bleeding time 15 yr <10 min <10 min 13 Modification of the method according to Mielke
610 yr <13 min <13 min
1116 yr <8 min <8 min
Adults <7 min <7 min
C4bBP 1d <66 % <0.66 255
1 w2 mth 2574 % 0.250.74
34 mth 4375 % 0.430.75
56 mth 4595 % 0.450.95
712 mth 50110 % 0.501.10
Adults 74140 % 0.741.40
D-Dimer 16 yr < 0.6 mg/mL < 0.6 mg/L 216 ELISA
712 yr < 0.5 mg/mL < 0.5 mg/L
1318 yr < 0.7 mg/mL < 0.7 mg/L
Pregnancy <20 w <2.2 mg/mL <2.2 mg/L 180
2140 w <4.3 mg/mL <4.3mg/L
Adults <0.5 mg/mL <0.5 mg/L 220 Enzyme immunoassay
<0.5 mg/mL < 0.5 mg/L 220 Immunoturbidimetric assays, Roche CARDIAC
D-Dimer
* Asserachrom is a trademark of Diagnostica STAGO
86 87
2.3 Coagulation
Factor II Neonates 3159% 0.310.59 203
Adults >70% >0.70 20
Factor V Neonates 42182% 0.421.82 203
Adults >70% > 0.70 20
Factor VII Neonates 3495 % 0.340.95 230
10 yr f 60122 % 0.601.22
m 56140 % 0.561.40
13 yr f 69131 % 0.691.31
m 68125 % 0.681.25
Adults >70 % >0.70 20
55170 % 0.551.70 220
Factor VIII 210 yr 52300 % 0.523.00 193
1118 yr 54170 % 0.541.70
Adults >70 % >0.70 20
Adults 60150 % 0.601.50 220
Factor IX Neonates 1155% 0.110.55 193
210 yr 6098% 0.600.98 288
Adults >60% >0.60
Factor X Neonates 2445% 0.240.45 192
Adults >70% >0.70 20, 220
Factor XI 116 yr 56156% 0.561.56 73
Adults >70 % >0.70 20
Adults 60150 % 0.601.50 220
Factor XII 116 yr 52192 % 0.521.92 73 Newborns have approx. 50 % of the adult value
Adults >60 % >0.60 20, 220
Factor XIII Adults >60 % >0.60 20
Fibrin monomers Adults <20 mg/mL <20 mg/L 155 Agglutination test
88 89
2.3 Coagulation
Fibrinogen Infants, premature 1d 150370 mg/dL 1.53.7 g/L 12
5d 160420 mg/dL 1.64.2 g/L
1 mth 150410 mg/dL 1.54.1 g/L
3 mth 150350 mg/dL 1.53.5 g/L
6 mth 150360 mg/dL 1.53.6 g/L
Infants, full-term 1d 160400 mg/dL 1.64.0 g/L 11
5d 160460 mg/dL 1.64.6 g/L
1 mth 160380 mg/dL 1.63.8 g/L
3 mth 150380 mg/dL 1.53.8 g/L
6 mth 160390 mg/dL 1.63.9 g/L
210 yr 140360 mg/dL 1.43.6 g/L 192
1118 yr 160390 mg/dL 1.63.9 g/L
Adults 200400 mg/dL 2.04.0 g/L 220 Fibrinogen levels increase during pregnancy
Fibrin(ogen) Adults <10 mg/mL <10 mg/L 305
degradation
products (FDP)
Fibrinopeptide A <3 mg/mL <3 mg/L 7 Enzyme immunoassay
Fibronectin Adults <300 mg/L <0.3 g/L 20
Heparin cofactor II Adults >60 % >0.60 20
Hepato Quick Children >50 % >0.50 70 Citrated plasma, citrated blood, whole blood
Adults >70 % >0.70
High molecular 116 yr 47123 % 0.471.23 73
weight kininogen Adults >70 % >0.70 20
(HMWKG)
International Atrial fibrillation/flutter INR 2.03.0 183 When determining the INR the bleeding
normalized and thrombosis risk has to be considered
Valvular defects INR 2.03.0
ratio (INR) individually for each patient.
Valve replacements
a) Mechanical valves INR 2.03.0
Bileaflet valves/tilting disc valves
in aortic position
in mitral position INR 2.53.5
Caged Ball valves INR 2.53.5
Mechanical valve + embolism INR 2.53.5
b) Bioprosthetic valves INR 2.03.0 For 3 months
Deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism INR 2.03.0
90 91
2.3 Coagulation
a2-Macroglobulin Full-term infants 1d 0.951.83 U/mL 0.951.83 U/mL 4
5d 0.981.98 U/mL 0.981.98 U/mL
1 mth 1.061.94 U/mL 1.061.94 U/mL
3 mth 1.262.26 U/mL 1.262.26 U/mL
6 mth 1.492.33 U/mL 1.492.33 U/mL
Adults 0.521.20 U/mL 0.521.20 U/mL
(Activated) Partial Premature infants 1d <79 s <79 s 12 Values are reagent- and age-dependent.
thromboplastin time 5d <74 s <74 s
(PTT, APTT) 1 mth <63 s <63 s
3 mth <51 s <51 s
6 mth <53 s <53 s
Full-term infants 1d <55 s <55 s 11
5d <60 s <60 s
1 mth <55 s <55 s
3 mth <50 s <50 s
6 mth <43 s <43 s
210 yr <43 s <43 s 288 Neothromtin
Adults <38 s <38 s
210 yr <42 s <42 s Actin FS
Adults <40 s <40 s
Adults 2433 s 2433 s 220 Kaolin-activated APTT
Plasmin-a2-anti- 16 yr 95420 mg/L 95420 mg/L 216
plasmin complex 712 yr 80370 mg/L 80370 mg/L
1318 yr 90450 mg/L 90450 mg/L
Adults 90365 mg/L 90365 mg/L
Plasminogen Neonates 4266 % 0.420.66 167
2 10 yr 55127 % 0.551.27 193
1118 yr 64133 % 0.641.33
Adults >70 % >0.70 192 Colorimetric test
5d 1.412.93 U/mL 1.412.93 U/mL
1 mth 1.262.70 U/mL 1.262.70 U/mL
3 mth 1.743.22 U/mL 1.743.22 U/mL
6 mth 2.213.81 U/mL 2.213.81 U/mL
Adults 2.484.24 U/mL 2.484.24 U/mL
92 93
2.3 Coagulation
Plasminogen activa- <10 AU/mL <10 kAU/L 48 Colorimetric test, AU = arbitrary unit
tor inhibitor (PAI)
5d <8.1 U/mL <8.1 U/mL
1 mth <8.8 U/mL <8.8 U/mL
3 mth 1.015.3 U/mL 1.015.3 U/mL
6 mth 6.013.0 U/mL 6.013.0 U/mL
Adults < 11.0 U/mL < 11.0 U/mL
Platelet factor 4 <5 U/mL <5 kU/L 9 Enzyme immunoassay,
(PF4) CTAD collection tubes
Prekallikrein 116 yr 47171 % 0.471.71 73
Adults >50 % >0.50 20
Protein C Neonates 0.200.44 U/mL 0.200.44 kU/L 203 Antigen concentration
210 yr 64150 % 0.641.50 193
1118 yr 63130 % 0.631.30
Adults 70140 % 0.701.40 220 Protein C concentration, enzyme immunoassay
Adults 70130 % 0.701.30 220 Protein C activity, chromogenic method and
clotting test
Activity/antigen 1d 0.631.35 0.631.35 257
concentration ratio 2d 0.291.37 0.291.37
3d 0.661.30 0.661.30
4d 0.571.45 0.571.45
1 mth 0.761.20 0.761.20
Protein S, total 1d 1753 % 0.170.53 255 Concentration: Enzyme immunoassay.
1 w2 mth 3564 % 0.350.64 In pregnancy often low values.
34 mth 5086 % 0.500.86 After the first centrifugation step, the plasma
56 mth 64105 % 0.641.05 must be centrifuged a second time and
712 mth 66120 % 0.661.20 separated from cells, immediately freeze the
supernatant.
Adults 70140 % 0.701.40 34
Protein S, free 1d 32 84 % 0.320.84 255
1 w2 mth 50100 % 0.501.00
34 mth 6498 % 0.640.98
56 mth 60125 % 0.601.25
712 mth 70140 % 0.701.40
Adults f 50120 % 0.501.20 220 Clotting test
m 65145 % 0.651.45
94 95
2.3 Coagulation
Prothrombin 16 yr 0.351.20 nmol/L 0.351.20 nmol/L 216 Enzyme immunoassay
fragments 1+2 712 yr 0.361.28 nmol/L 0.361.28 nmol/L
1318 yr 0.281.40 nmol/L 0.281.40 nmol/L
Adults 0.381.14 nmol/L 0.381.14 nmol/L
Prothrombin time 6 mth5 yr 53100 % 0.531.00 192 Therapeutic range in percent is method
(PT) 6 yr7 yr 65100 % 0.651.00 dependent and corresponds to INR: 2.04.5.
816 yr 77100 % 0.771.00 Values >100 % are of no clinical significance.
Adults >70 % >0.70 220

Reptilase time Adults <20 s <20 s 295
Thrombin AT III 16 yr 0.83.5 mg/L 0.83.5 mg/L 216 Enzyme immunoassay
complex (TAT) 712 yr 0.64.1 mg/L 0.64.1 mg/L
1318 yr 0.73.8 mg/L 0.73.8 mg/L
Adults 0.63.6 mg/L 0.63.6 mg/L
Thrombin coagulase Adults <23 s <23 s 295
Thrombin time Premature infants 1d <30 s <30 s 12
5d <29 s <29 s
1 mth <30 s <30 s
3 mth <31 s <31 s
6 mth <32 s <32 s
Neonates 1d <28 s <28 s 11

5d <29 s <29 s
1 mth <29 s <29 s
3 mth <30 s <30 s
6 mth <31 s <31 s
Adults <22 s <22 s 20
Normal range: 21 s Normal range: 21 s 220

Ctrl. of heparin therapy: 13 s Ctrl. of heparin therapy: 13 s
b-Thromboglobulin Adults <40 U/mL <40 kU/L 9 Enzyme immunoassay, plasma.
Urine: approx. 0.5 % of plasma value.
Tissue factor path- Adults >70 % > 0,70 20
way inhibitor
96 97
2.3 Coagulation
Tissue plasminogen <12 ng/mL <12 mg/L 20 t-PA levels increase with age, smoking,
activator (t-PA) physical exercise, stress. Venous stasis induces
an increase of t-PA levels.
Adults 112 ng/mL 112 mg/L 220 Enzyme immunoassay
Full-term infants 1d 5.018.9 ng/mL 5.018.9 mg/mL 4

5d 4.010.0 ng/mL 4.010.0 mg/L
30 d 1.06.0 ng/mL 1.06.0 mg/L
3 mth 1.05.0 ng/mL 1.05.0 mg/L
6 mth 1.06.0 ng/mL 1.06.0 mg/L
Adults 1.48.4 ng/mL 1.48.4 mg/L
von Willebrand 210 yr 54200 % 0.542.00 193
factor (vWF)
Adults 50160 % 0.501.60 220 Enzyme immunoassay, lower results with blood
group 0.
98 99
2.4 Blood gases
Base excess Adults 2 to + 3 mmol/L 2 to + 3 mmol/L 185 Blood, arterial, venous
O2-saturation Adults 9498 % 0.940.98 185 Blood, arterial
7080 % 0.700.80 Blood, venous
pCO2 Children A. umb. 3580 mm Hg 4.710.7 kPa 185 Blood
V. umb. 3057 mm Hg 4.07.6 kPa
Children 1d 2961 mm Hg 4.08.0 kPa

10 d3 mth 2743 mm Hg 3.55.7 kPa
412 mth 2740 mm Hg 3.65.3 kPa
Adults w 3243 mm Hg 4.35.7 kPa

m 3546 mm Hg 4.76.1 kPa
pH Children A. umb. 7.097.40 mm Hg 7.097.40 kPa 185 Blood
V. umb. 7.157.45 mm Hg 7.157.45 kPa
Children 1d 7.207.41 mm Hg 7.207.41 kPa

10 d3 mth 7.347.45 mm Hg 7.347.45 kPa
412 mth 7.387.45 mm Hg 7.387.45 kPa
Adults 7.377.45 mm Hg 7.377.45 kPa Blood, arterial

7.357.43 mm Hg 7.357.43 kPa Blood, mixed venous
pO2 Children A. umb. < 22 mm Hg < 2.9 kPa 185 Blood
V. umb. 1635 mm Hg 2.24.7 kPa
10 d3 mth 7085 mm Hg 9.311.4 kPa
Adults 71104 mm Hg 9.513.9 kPa Blood, arterial
3644 mm Hg 4.85.9 kPa Blood, mixed venous
Standard Children V. umb. 1221 mmol/L 1221 mmol/L 185 Blood
bicarbonate
Children 1d 1923 mmol/L 1923 mmol/L
10 d3 mth 1925 mmol/L 1925 mmol/L
412 mth 2024 mmol/L 2024 mmol/L
Adults 2126 mmol/L 2126 mmol/L
2229 mmol/L 2229 mmol/L Serum, plasma
100 101
2.5 Therapeutic drug monitoring
Analyte Therapeutic Range* Refe- Notes
Group Conventional SI rence
Amikacin Peak: 2025 mg/mL 3443 mmol/L 220 Fluorescence polarization immunoassay,
Trough: 510 mg/mL 917 mmol/L immunoturbidimetric immunoassay,
Roche Diagnostics
Acetaminophene 1030 mg/mL 66199 mmol/L 220 Immunoturbidimetric assay, Roche Diagnostics
Acetylsalicylic acid 50300 mg/mL 0.831.66 mmol/L 194 Blood collection: 13 h after oral dose.
Benzodiazepine <200 mg/mL <200 mg/L 220 Immunoturbidimetric assay, Roche Diagnostics,
laboratory-dependent cutoff in urine.
Caffeine 520 mg/mL 26103 mmol/L 194
Carbamazepine 812 mg/mL 33.850.8 mmol/L 220 Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay,
immunoturbidimetric assay, Roche Diagnostics
612 mg/mL 25.450.8 mmol/L Fluorescence polarization immunoassay,
Roche Diagnostics
Chloramphenicol 1025 mg/mL 3177 mmol/L 194
Cyclosporine No firm therapeutic range exists. Range must be established 220 Whole blood
for the specific assay used.
Digitoxin 1030 ng/mL 1339 nmol/L 220 Fluorescence polarization immunoassay, turbi-
dimetric immunoassay, electrochemilumin-
escence immunoasay, Roche Diagnostics
Digoxin 0.92.0 ng/mL 1.22.6 nmol/L 220 Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay,
homogeneous enzyme immunoassay,
Roche Diagnostics
0.82.0 ng/mL 1.02.6 nmol/L Fluorescence polarization immunoassay,
immunoturbidimetric immunoassay,
Roche Diagnostics
Disopyramide 25 mg/mL 615 mmol/L 194
Ethosuximide 40100 mg/mL 283708 mmol/L 194
Gentamicin Peak: 610 mg/mL 12.520.9 mmol/L 220 Fluorescence polarization immunoassay,
Trough: 0.52.0 mg/mL 1.04.2 mmol/L immunoturbidimetric immunoassay,
Roche Diagnostics
Peak: 58 mg/mL 10.516.7 mmol/L Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay,
Trough: 12 mg/mL 2.14.2 mmol/L Roche Diagnostics
Lidocaine 1.56 mg/mL 626 mmol/L 220 Fluorescence polarization immunoassay, Roche
Diagnostics, blood collection: during infusion
Lithium 0.61.2 mEq/L 0.61.2 mmol/L 220 Colorimetric assay, direct ISE, Roche Diagnos-
tics, blood collection: 12 h after final dose
* The therapeutic range given is a general recommendation which can only be clinically interpreted in conjunction with the toxicity and the therapeutic efficacy of the drug monitored.
102 103
Methotrexate A generally applicable therapeutic Therapeutic concentrations 304 Collect specimen at 0.5 or 2 h after i.v. or p.o.
range is not available. depend on the treatment low dose, respectively. Collect specimen at 24,
protocol. 48, and 72 h after high-dose infusion.
Mycophenolic acid, Therapeutic range not yet fully on transplant type and 220
total (MPA) established and dependent co-administered drugs.
N-Acetytylprocain- 530 mg/mL 18.1108.3 mmol/L 220 Immunoturbidimetric assay, homogeneous
amide (NAPA) immunoassay, fluorescence polarization
immunoassay, Roche Diagnostics; commonly
accepted therapeutic range for the sum of NAPA
and procainamide. For effective treatment,
some patients may require serum/plasma levels
outside thise range.
Phenobarbital 1540 mg/mL 65172 mmol/L 220 Immunoturbidimetric assay, homogeneous
immunoassay, fluorescence polarization
immunoassay, Roche Diagnostics; some pa-
tients may require serum/plasma levels outside
thise range to obtain effective seizure control.
Phenytoin Premature infants 614 mg/mL 2456 mmol/L 220 Immunoturbidimetric assay, homogeneous
Adults approx. 1020 mg/mL approx. 4080 mmol/L immunoassay, fluorescence polarization
immunoassay, Roche Diagnostics.
Primidone 512 mg/mL 22.950 mmol/L 220 Fluorescence polarization immunoassay,
Roche Diagnostics.
Procainamide 410 mg/mL 16.942.3 mmol/L 220 Immunoturbidimetric assay, homogeneous
immunoassay, fluorescence polarization
immunoassay, Roche Diagnostics.
Quinidine 1.55 mg/mL 4.615 mmol/L 220 Thrapeutic ranges established with unspecific
methods that measure quinidine as well as
quinidine metabolites.
Salicylic acid 30100 mg/mL 0.220.72 mmol/L 220 Antipyretic/analgetic conditions.
150300 mg/mL 1.092.17 mmol/L Anti-inflammatory/rheumatic fever conditions.
Colorimetric assay, enzymatic UV test;
Roche Diagnostics.
Tacrolimus 520 ng/mL (trough) 416 mmol/L (trough) 304
104 105
Theophylline approx. 1020 mg/mL approx. 56111 mmol/L 220 Homogeneous immunoassay, fluorescence
immunoassay, immunoturbidimetric assay,
Roche Diagnostics.
Tobramycin Peak: 610 mg/mL Peak: 12.821.4 mmol/L 220 Homogeneous immunoassay, fluorescence
Trough: 0.52.0 mg/mL Trough: 1.14.3 mmol/L immunoassay, Roche Diagnostics
Valproic acid 50100 mg/mL 347693 mmol/L 220 Homogeneous immunoassay, fluorescence
free fraction 515 % of the plasma value 0.050.15 of the plasma value immunoassay, Roche Diagnostics
Fluorescence immunoassay, Roche Diagnostics
Vancomycin Peak: 2040 mg/mL Peak: 1428 mmol/L 220 Homogeneous immunoassay, fluorescence
Trough: 510 mg/mL Trough: 3.57.0 mmol/L immunoassay, Roche Diagnostics
106 107
2.6.1 Urinalysis, urinary sediment and status
Bacteria Children <103 / mL <10 9 /L 220 Chamber count
Adults <105 / mL <1011 /L
Specific gravity Neonates,
first few days 1.012 g/mL 1.012 220 Daily urine, normal diet
after first few days 1.0021.006 g/mL 1.0021.006
Adults 1.0151.025 g/mL 1.0151.025
Urinary sediment
Erythrocytes 01 per field (<5/ mL) 01 per field (<5 Mpt/L) 215 Group classification per field
Leucocytes 14 per field (<10/ mL) 14 per field (<10 Mpt/L) (magnification q 400):
Squamous Not detectable
epithelial cells 515 per field 515 per field 01
Renal epithelial cells Not detectable Not detectable 14
Casts 515
hyaline Only occasional Only occasional 1550
epithelial Not detectable Not detectable > 50
erythrocyte Not detectable Not detectable Crowding
granulated Not detectable Not detectable
leucocyte Not detectable Not detectable
Bacteria Not detectable Not detectable Group classification per field
Yeast cells Not detectable Not detectable (magnification q 400):
Trichomonads Not detectable Not detectable Not detectable
Salts Not detectable Not detectable (+)
+
++
+++
Crowding
108 109
2.6.1 Urinalysis, urinary sediment and status
Urinary status
Bilirubin <0.2 mg/dL <3.4 mmol/L 220 Combur10Test
Erythrocytes <5/ mL <5 Mpt/L
Glucose <15 mg/dL <0.84 mmol/L Fasting
Ketone bodies
(acetacetate) <5 mg/dL <0.5 mmol/L
Leucocytes <10/ mL <10 Mpt/L
Nitrite Not detectable Not detectable
pH 4.87.4 4.87.4
Protein <10 mg/dL <0.1 g/L
Specific gravity 1.0151.025 g/mL 1.0151.025
Urobilinogen <1 mg/dL <16.9 mmol/L
Urine volume Neonates 1560 mL/24 h 0.020.06 L/d 47 Normal liquid intake
2 mth1 yr 250500 mL/24 h 0.250.50 L/d
23 yr 600750 mL/24 h 0.600.75 L/d
> 10 yr 7001 500 mL/24 h 0.701.50 L/d
Adults 1 0001 500 mL/24 h 1.001.50 L/d
110 111
2.6.2 Clinical chemical urinalysis
a1-Acid glycoprotein 1 mth15 yr <4.4 mg/g crea <0.5g/mol crea 112 Radial immunodiffusion, spontaneously
(Orosomucoid) voided urine.
Adenosine mono- Adults <1.6 mg/g crea <560 mmol/mol crea 278 Deep-freeze immediately
phosphate,
3l5l, cycl.
Albumin Children <1 mth <252 mg/L <21 mg/mmol crea 112 Spontaneously voided urine, radial
112 mth <12.3 mg/L <3.8 mg/mmol crea immunodiffusion
15 yr <19.0 mg/L <3.3 mg/mmol crea
Adults <20 mg/g crea <2.26 g (34.35 mmol)/mol crea 220 2nd morning urine
Children 35 yr <37 mg/g or <0.304 mmol/L or 24 h-urine
<2 mg/dL or <30 mg/24 h <0.304 mmol/L or <0.456 mmol/d Immunoturbidimetric assay,
Roche Diagnostics
d-Aminolevulic acid Adults <6.4 mg/24 h <49 mmol/d 61 24 h-urine to be acidified with HCI, pH 23
a-Amylase, total Adults 460 U/L 7.65 mkat/L 220 Spontaneously voided urine
310 U/g crea 585 mkat/mol crea a-amylase/creatinine quotient
pancreatic 350 U/L 5.85 mkat/L Spontaneously voided urine
205 U/g crea 395 mkat/mol crea a-amylase/creatinine quotient
Calcium Children <6 mg/kg/24 h <0.15 mmol/kg/d 134 24 h-urine, acidified (pH <2) with HCl
Adults 100320 mg/24 h 2.58.0 mmol/d
100321 mg/24 h or 2.58.0 mmol/d or 220 24 h-urine (assumed volume: 1.5 L)
6.821.3 mg/dL 1.75.3 mmol/L
Carnitin, free Neonates 1.416 mmol/24 h 1.416 mmol/d 244
Infants 50250 mmol/24 h 50250 mmol/d
Adults 60600 mmol/24 h 60600 mmol/d
Catecholamines
Norepinephrine Adults 23105 mg/24 h 136620 nmol/d 59 24 h-urine with 1 g boric acid, HPLC
Epinephrine 420 mg/24 h 22109 nmol/d
Dopamine 190450 mg/24 h 1.262.98 mmol/d
Chloride Adults 75199 mEq/L 75199 mmol/L 149 24 h-urine
46168 mEq/L 46168 mmol/L 1st morning urine
110250 mEq/24 h 110250 mmol/d 304 24 h-urine
Citrate Adults <805 mg/24 h <4.2 mmol/d 106
(as citric acid)
Copper Adults 1060 mg/24 h 0.160.94 mmol/d 172
Cortisol, free Adults 36137 mg/24 h 100379 nmol/d 220 24 h-urine, Cortisol Elecsys
112 113
C-Peptide Adults 17.2181 mg/24 h 5.7460.3 nmol/d 220 24 h-urine, C-Peptide Elecsys
Creatinine Adults f 28217 mg/dL 2.4719.2 mmol/L 173 Roche Diagnostics, kinetic Jaff method,
m 39259 mg/dL 3.4622.9 mmol/L rate-blanked, compensated, 1st morning
urine.
f 0.74- 1.57 g/24 h 6.613.9 mmol/d 126 Roche Diagnostics, kinetic Jaff method,
m 1.042.35 g/24 h 9.220.7 mmol/d rate-blanked, compensated, 24 h-urine.
f 29226 mg/dL 2.5520.0 mmol/L 173 Roche Diagnostics, enzymatic method,
m 40278 mg/dL 3.5424.6 mmol/L 1st morning urine.
f 0.721.51 g/24 h 6.313.4 mmol/d 126 Roche Diagnostics, enzymatic method,
m 0.982.20 g/24 h 8.6- 19.4 mmol/d 24 h-urine.
Creatinine Adults 71.2151 mL/min 71.2151 mL/min 126 Roche Diagnostics, Jaff kin., rate-
clearance blanked, compensated, measured.
82.5120 mL/min 82.5120 mL/min Calculated acc. to Cockroft-Gault.
77132.2 mL/min 77132.2 mL/min Calculated using MDRD study formula.
52.1110 mL/min 52.1110 mL/min Roche Diagnostics, Jaff kin., rate-
blanked, non-compensated, measured.
64.397.7 mL/min 64.397.7 mL/min Calculated using MDRD study formula.
66.3143 mL/min 66.3143 mL/min Roche Diagnostics, enzym. method,
measured.
76.6127.3 mL/min 76.6127.3 mL/min Calculated using MDRD study formula.
Cystine Clinical patients 5.537 mg/24 h 46306 pmol/d 158 24 h-urine, pH 23
Deoxypyridinolin
total 1964 mg/g crea 517 mmol/mol crea 23
free 635 mg/g crea 1.69.3 mmol/mol crea
Fructose Adults <60 mg/24 h <0.3 mmol/d 104
Galactose Neonates <60 mg/dL <3.3 mmol/L 104
Adults <14 mg/24 h <0.1 mmol/d
51
Glomerular 30 yr 79131 mL/min 79131 mL/min 82 Cr-EDTA clearance
filtration rate 50 yr 75121 mL/min 75121 mL/min
(GFR) 70 yr 54102 mL/min 54102 mL/min
Glucose Adults <20 mg/dL <1.1 mmol/L 220 1st morning urine.
<15 mg/dL <0.8 mmol/L Spontaneously voided urine.
<17 mg/dL <0.96 mmol/L 149 24 h-urine
5-Hydroxyindole Adults <8 mg/24 h <41 pmol/d 289 24 h-urine, HPLC
acetic acid
Hydroxyproline Adults, 2675 yr 4.825 mg/24 h q m2 body surf. 37190 mmol/d q m2 body surf. 38 24 h-urine
114 115
Immunoglobulin Adults 0.704.50 0.704.50 220 Roche Diagnostics, immunoturbidi-
light chains k/l ratio metric method
Immunoglobulin G Children <1mth 18.850 mg/L 18.850 mg/L 112 Spontaneously voided urine, radial
(IgG) 112 mth Not detectable Not detectable immunodiffusion
15 yr 3.75.3 mg/L 3.75.3 mg/L
610 yr 5.48.3 mg/L 5.48.3 mg/L
1115yr 7.111.1 mg/L 7.111.1 mg/L
Adults <9 mg/24 h (<9 mg/g crea) <9 mg/d (<1.0 g/mol crea) 88 Roche Diagnostics, immunoturbidimetric
method
Iron <98 mg/24 h <1.8 mmol/d 237 24 h-urine
Lysozyme <3.6 mg/24 h <3.6 mg/d 304
Magnesium 9.712.2 mg/24 h 45 mmol/d 228 24 h-urine
7.312.2mg/dL 3.05.0 mmol/L 304 24 h-urine
Mercury Adults < 26 mg/L < 130 nmol/L 232
a1-Microglobulin Children <1 mth 2855 mg/L 2855 mg/L 112 Radial immunodiffusion, spontaneously
112 mth 1.14.2 mg/L 1.14.2 mg/L voided urine.
15 yr 3.74.8 mg/L 3.74.8 mg/L
610 yr 4.17.4 mg/L 4.17.4 mg/L
1115 yr 5.78.0 mg/L 5.78.0 mg/L
Adults <20 mg/24 h (<1.2 mg/dL) <20 mg/d (<12 mg/L) 220 24 h-urine
<14 mg/g (<1.58 g/mol) crea <52.6 mmol/mol crea 2nd morning urine
Osmolality 400800 mosmol/kg 400800 mmol/kg 133
Oxalate Children
112 mth f <23 mg/24 h <0.27 mmol/d 114 24 h-urine collected with 10 mL conc. HCl
m <57 mg/24 h <0.65 mmol/d
13 yr f <38 mg/24 h <0.43 mmol/d
m <44 mg/24 h <0.50 mmol/d
46 yr f <35 mg/24 h <0.40 mmol/d
m <41 mg/24 h <0.47 mmol/d
79 yr f <38 mg/24 h <0.44 mmol/d
m <31 mg/24 h <0.35 mmol/d
1012 yr f <35 mg/24 h <0.40 mmol/d
m <32 mg/24 h <0.37 mmol/d
1315 yr f <39 mg/24 h <0.44 mmol/d
m <35 mg/24 h <0.40 mmol/d
Adults <45 mg/24 h < 0.50 mmol/d 106
Phosphate, 1260 yr 0.41.3 g/24 h 1342 mmol/d 103 24 h-urine, on nonrestricted diet
inorganic
40140 mg/dL 1344 mmol/L 149 1st morning urine
116 117
Porphyrins
Total porphyrin Adults <100 mg/24 h <120 nmol/d 61 Protect sample from light
Uroporphyrin <24 mg/24 h <29 nmol/d
Heptacarboxy- <3 mg/24 h <4 nmol/d
porphyrin
Hexacarboxy- <2 mg/24 h <3 nmol/d
porphyrin
Pentacarboxy- <4 mg/24 h <6 nmol/d
porphyrin
Coproporphyrin 1478 mg/24 h 21119 nmol/d
Tricarboxy- <2 mg/24 h <2 nmol/d
porphyrin
Dicarboxy- <1 mg/24 h <1 nmol/d
porphyrin
Potassium Adults 3283 mEq/L 3283 mmol/L 149 24 h-urine
25125 mEq/24 h 25125 mmol/24 h 304 24 h-urine
Protein Adults <15 mg/dL <150 mg/L 128 Benzethonium chloride method, random
urine
<14 mg/dL <140 mg/L 304 Turbidimetry, nephelometry, 24 h-urine
<150 mg/24 h <150 mg/d 220 Benzethonium chloride method,
24 h-urine
Pyridinolin, total Adults 103260 mg/g crea 2768 mmol/mol crea 23 24 h-urine or spontaneously voided urine.
free 40159 mg/g crea 1042 mmol/mol crea Sampling between 11 a.m. and 1 p.m.
Sodium Adults 71171 mEq/L 71171 mmol/L 149 24 h-urine
40220 mEq/24 h 40220 mmol/24 h 304 24 h-urine
Transferrin Adults <1 mg/g crea <113 mg/mol crea 88 Spontaneously voided urine
<1 mg/24 h <1 mg/d 24 h-urine
Urea Adults <35 g/24 h <580 mmol/d 236 24 h-urine
0.93.0 g/dL 150500 mmol/L 1st morning urine
25.842.6 g/24 h 430710 mmol/d 304 24 h-urine
Uric acid Adults 0.201.00 g/24 h 1.26.0 mmol/d 236 24 h-urine, concn. considerably diet-related
3792 mg/dL 2.25.5 mmol/L 149 1st morning urine, concn. considerably
diet-related
Vanillylmandelic Adults 3.36.5 mg/24 h 1833 mmol/d 302
acid (VMA)
118 119
2.7 Urinary calculi, gallstones
Concrement Major components Refe-
rences
Gallstones Bilirubin 98
Calcium carbonate
Cholesterol
Urinary calculi Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate 98
Calcium oxalate dihydrate
Calcium oxalate monohydrate
Carbonate apatite
Cystine
2,8-Dihydroxyadenine
Magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate
Magnesium ammonium phosphate monohydrate
Mono-ammonium urate
Mono-sodium urate monohydrate
Protein
Uric acid
Uric acid dihydrate
Xanthine
120 121
2.8 CSF
Analyte Reference Range Refe- Notes
Albumin Adults 110350 mg/L 110350 mg/L 212
Albumin, CSF/ Children 15 yr 5.0 q 10 3 5.0 q 10 3 211, 220
serum ratio
Adults 40 yr 6.5 q 10 3 6.5 q 10 3
60 yr 8.0 q 10 3 8.0 q 10 3
Cells Neonates <32 leucocytes/mL <32 mpt leucocytes/L 215
Adults <3 leucocytes/mL <3 mpt leucocytes/L
Glucose Children 6080 mg/dL 3.334.44 mmol/L 220
IgA Adults 0.56.0 mg/L 3.137.5 nmol/L 212
IgG Adults 1040 mg/L 66.7266.8 nmol/L 212
IgM Adults 0.050.8 mg/L 0.050.8 nmol/L 212
Lactate Neonates 1060 mg/dL 1.16.7 mmol/L 304
Children 310 d 1040 mg/dL 1.14.4 mmol/L
>10 d 1025 mg/dL 1.12.8 mmol/L
Adults 1022 mg/dL 1.12.4 mmol/L 97

Protein, total Premature infants
2732 w of pregnancy 68240 mg/dL 0.682.40 g/L 134
3336 w of pregnancy 67230 mg/dL 0.672.30 g/L
3740 w of pregnancy 58150 mg/dL 0.581.50 g/L
1 d1 mth 2572 mg/dL 0.250.72 g/L
23 mth 2072 mg/dL 0.200.72 g/L
46 mth 1550 mg/dL 0.150.50 g/L
712 mth 1045 mg/dL 0.100.45 g/L
2 yr 1040 mg/dL 0.100.40 g/L
34 yr 1038 mg/dL 0.100.38 g/L
58 yr 1043 mg/dL 0.100.43 g/L
Adults <45 mg/dL <0.45 g/L
Electrophoresis
Prealbumin 5.49.0 % 0.0540.090 141
Albumin 55.365.9 % 0.5530.659
a1-Globulin 2.85.6 % 0.0280.056
a2-Globulin 2.84.8 % 0.0280.048
b-Globulin 9.915.5 % 0.0990.155
g-Globulin 8.214.6 % 0.0820.146
122 123
2.9 Stool
Conventional SI rences
Albumin <100 mg/fecal smear <100 mg/fecal smear 186
Blood Not detectable Not detectable 215 No intake of fish, meat, radish,
horseradish, iron- or copper-containing
preparations 3 days prior to test
Chymotrypsin Adults >13.2 U/g >220 nkat/g 220
Composition Dry substance 1060 g/24 h 1060 g/d 215
Volume of water 100180 mL/24 h 100180 mL/d
Neutral fats <7 g/24 h <7 g/d
Bile acid 300400 mg/24 h 300400 mg/d
Stercobilinogen
+ Stercobilin 60200 mg/24 h 60200 mg/d
Copper <46 mg/g stool <0.72 mmol/g stool 53
Lactoferrin <2.4 mg/g stool <2.4 mg/g stool 279
Pancreatic Neonates 5195 mg/g stool 5195 mg/g stool 261
elastase Infants, children 1684420 mg/g stool 1684420 mg/g stool
Adults >200 mg/g stool >200 mg/g stool 233 Normal
100200 mg/g stool 100200 mg/g stool Light to medium insufficiency
< 100 mg/g stool <100 mg/g stool Strong insufficiency
Weight Adults 100250 g/24 h 100250 g/d 215
Zinc Adults <408 mg/g stool <408 mg/g stool 53
124 125
2.10 Spermiogram
Analyte Reference Ranges Refe- Analyte Reference Ranges Refe-
rences rences
a-Glucosidase > 20 mU/ejaculate 296 Normozoosperms Normal ejaculate findings 296
Acid phosphatase > 200 mmol/ejaculate Oligozoosperms < 20 mil spermatozoa/mL
Citrate > 52 mmol/ejaculate Cryptozoosperms < 1 mil spermatozoa/mL
Fructose > 13 mmol/ejaculate Polyzoosperms > 250 mil spermatozoa/mL
Leucocytes < 1 mil/mL Asthenozoosperms < 50 % of spermatozoa with progressive motility
(categories a and b) and
MAR test < 10 % of spermatozoa with adhesive particles
< 25 % of spermatozoa with motility of category a
or erythrocytes
Teratozoosperms < 30 % of spermatozoa with normal morphology
Morphology > 30 % normally formed spermatozoa
Oligoasthenoterato- Combination of oligo-, astheno- and teratozoo-
Motility > 50 % spermatozoa with progressive motility
zoosperms sperms
(categories a and b)
or Azoosperms No spermatozoa in the ejaculate
> 25 % spermatozoa with rapid progressive
Parvisemia Ejaculate volume < 2 mL
motility (category a)
Hypersemia Ejaculate volume > 6 mL
pH 7.2 7.8
Aspermia No ejaculate
Sperm concentration > 20 mil spermatozoa/mL
Hemosperms Erythrocytes in ejaculate
Total sperm count > 40 mil spermatozoa/ejaculate
Vitality > 75 % vital spermatozoa, i.e. cells not absorbing
eosin dye
Volume > 2 mL
Zinc > 2.4 mmol/ejaculate
126 127
2.11 Extravascular body fluids
Amniotic fluid Bile, clear colorless fluid
Analyte Reference Ranges Ref. Analyte Reference Ranges Ref.
9 9
Albumin < 3.0 g/L >
>
=
Bilirubin < 1.3 mg/dL >
>
Bicarbonate 11 45 mmol/L Calcium 0.6 4.6 mmol/L >
=
39
>
;
Chloride 94 152 mmol/L 277
>
>
Calcium 0.86 2.57 mmol/L Cholesterol 6 20 mg/dL >
;
CEA < 107 mg/L 62 Glucose < 5 mg/dL
Chloride 83 111 mmol/L 39 Lysozyme < 0.8 mg/L 9 91
Creatinine 0.2 0.7 mg/dL 39 Magnesium < 0.2 mmol/L >
>
Erythropoietin 1.2 6.5 U/L 37 Osmolality 1006 1019 mosmol/kg >
>
>
>
Glucose 45 76 mg/dL 39 pH 6.64 8.46 >
>
>
=
hCG < 4300 IU/L 62 Phosphate, inorg. < 1.0 mmol/L
277
Lysozyme 6 12 mg/L 91 Phospholipids < 50 mg/dL >
>
Osmolality 268 280 mosmol/kg 39 Potassium 3.0 6.6 mmol/L >
>
>
>
Phosphate, inorg. 0.5 2.8 mmol/L 39 Protein < 9 g/L >
>
>
;
Potassium 3.7 4.4 mmol/L 39 Sodium 138 162 mmol/L
Prolactin < 70 nmol/L 9 62
Protein < 4.0 g/L =
Bile, yellow bile
Sodium 139 144 mmol/L 39
;
Urea 12 32 mg/dL Analyte Reference Ranges Ref.
9
Bicarbonate 7 42 mmol/L >
>
Ascites >
=
Bilirubin 9 77 mg/dL
Analyte Reference Ranges Ref. Calcium 2.3 4.9 mmol/L 277
>
>
Chloride 80 144 mmol/L >
Nonmalignant Malignant ;
9 Cholesterol 123 209 mg/dL
CEA < 2.5 mg/L > 2.5 mg/L = Color yellow
Cholesterol < 45 mg/dL > 45 mg/dL 77 Glucose < 8 mg/dL 277
; Iron excretion 0.14 0.50 mmol/h 205
LDH < 60 % of the > 60 % of the 9
serum LDH serum LDH Magnesium 0.7 1.3 mmol/L >
>
Phospholipids 0.15 0.84 mmol/L 0.14 1.34 mmol/L 76 Osmolality 1016 1018 mosmol/kg >
>
>
>
Protein < 30 g/L > 30 g/L 77 pH 5.78 8.22 >
>
>
=
Triglycerides 14 164 mg/dL 17 849 mg/dL 76 Phosphate, inorg. < 0.6 mmol/L
277
Phospholipids 113 381 mg/dL >
>
Protein 2 6 g/L >
>
>
>
Potassium 3.8 5.4 mmol/L >
>
>
;
Sodium 144 170 mmol/L
Volume 0.5 1 L/24 h
128 129
Coelomic fluid Gastric juice
9
Albumin 2.0 11 g/L >
> Ammonium 0.6 1.9 mmol/L 136
Bicarbonate 16 29 mmol/L >
> Ascorbic acid 17 31 mg/L 208
>
>
> Calcium 0.6 7.0 mmol/L 179
>
>
Calcium 1.8 3.0 mmol/L >
> CEA < 0.5 mg/L 32
>
>
> Chloride 6 48 mth 84 119 mmol/L 3
>
=
Creatinine 0.4 3.0 mg/dL Adults 57 137 mmol/L 179
39
Glucose 50 88 mg/dL >
> Citrate 3.3 6.5 mg/dL 202
Osmolality 264 275 mosmol/kg >
> Free acid < 78 mmol/L 179
>
>
Phosphate, inorg. 1.2 12 mmol/L >
> b-Glucosidase < 5.0 mg/L 223
>
>
> Lactate 1.9 3.7 mg/dL 202
>
>
Sodium 135 141 mmol/L >
> LDH < 35 U/L 223
>
;
Urea 16 41 mg/dL Lysozyme 43 106 mg/L 91
Magnesium 0.5 3.2 mmol/L 179
Mucin < 0.4 g/L 17
Duodenal fluid
pH 6 48 mth 2.0 4.0 3
Analyte Reference Ranges Ref. Adults 1.6 2.4 208
9 Potassium 6 48 mth 10.7 14.2 mmol/L 3
Calcium 0.7 4.2 mmol/L =
Adults 5.0 11.8 mmol/L 179
Potassium 4.2 11.0 mmol/L 78
; Pyruvate 0.5 0.8 mg/dL 191
Sodium 97 153 mmol/L 8 9 Sodium 6 48 mth 60 69 mmol/L 3
Amylase >
>
130 3400 U/min >
> Adults 32 84 mmol/L 179
Bicarbonate >
> 8 73 mmol/h >
>
>
< >
= Urea 0.7 1.6 mg/dL 202
Chymotrypsin after secretin stimulation 16 150 U/min
227 Uric acid 0.7 1.4 mg/dL 202
Lipase >
>
950 7200 U/min >
>
Trypsin >
> 1 42 mg/min >
>
>
: >
;
Volume 120 800 mL/h Lymph
Analyte Reference Ranges Ref.
9
Albumin 12 42 g/L >
>
Amylase 50 83 U/L >
>
>
>
Calcium 1.7 3.0 mmol/L >
>
>
>
>
>
>
Cholesterol 65 220 mg/dL >
>
>
>
Erythrocytes 50 600/ mL >
>
>
>
Glucose 48 200 mg/dL >
>
>
=
GOT 22 40 U/L
280
GPT 5 21 U/L >
>
Leucocytes 400 6800/ mL >
>
>
>
pH 7.4 7.8 >
>
>
>
>
>
>
Protein 22 60 g/L >
>
>
>
Sodium 104 108 mmol/L >
>
>
>
Triglycerides higher than in serum >
>
>
;
Urea 17 36 mg/dL
Differentiation between chyle and pseudochyle is possible with the detection of

chylomicrons (only in chyle) and triglycerides 2 to 8 times higher in chyle than in
pseudochyle (45).
130 131
Milk, human Pancreatic juice
|{z}
|{z}
Calcium 7.2 8.4 mmol/L 71 Amylase 400 1780 U/min
Chloride 10.9 14.6 mmol/L 287 Bicarbonate > 70 mmol/L
214
Cholesterol 7.0 9.5 mg/dL 29 Chymotrypsin 28 154 U/min
Copper 197 751 mg/L 119 Lipase after stimulation 780 3500 U/min
Folate 8 13 mg/dL 224 Potassium 3 10 mmol/L 168
g-GT 1300 8300 U/L 198 Protein 0.2 1.0 g/L 304
Iron 0.20 1.71 mg/L 119 Trypsin 56 335 U/min 214
Lactose 62 78 g/L 287 Volume > 1.6 mL/min 214
Lysozyme 55 75 mg/L 91
Magnesium 1.4 1.7 mmol/L 71 Peritoneal fluid
Phosphate, inorg. 4.0 4.9 mmol/L 71
Phospholipids 5.5 12.3 mg/dL 29 Analyte Reference Ranges Ref.
Potassium 10.6 13.0 mmol/L 71 Amylase 88 109 U/L 92
Protein 19 20 g/L 135 Creatinine 0.5 2.0 mg/dL 171
Sodium 4.0 6.0 mmol/L 29 D-dimer < 0.77 mg/L 282
Triglycerides 1.9 3.9 g/dL 9 19 Urea 3 27 mg/dL 171
Vitamin A 30 60 mg/dL >
> Volume 1 9 mL 292
Vitamin B1 17 24 mg/dL >
>
>
>
>
>
= Pleural fluid
Vitamin B6 9 31 mg/dL
224
> Analyte Reference Ranges Ref.
Vitamin C 3.8 17 mg/dL >
>
>
> Transsudate Exsudate
Vitamin E 0.2 0.3 mg/dL >
>
>
; 9
Vitamin K 0.12 0.92 mg/dL LDH < 200 U/L > 200 U/L >
>
Zinc 0.75 4.0 mg/L 119 LDH punctate/ >
=
serum ratio < 0.6 > 0.6 170
>
>
Protein < 3 g/dL > 3 g/dL >
Nasal secretion ;
Protein punctate/
Analyte Reference Ranges Ref. serum ratio < 0.5 > 0.5
Calcium 1.0 1.8 mmol/L 64 9
Cells 1000 5000/ mL >
>
Glucose < 10 mg/dL 9 143 >
>
Mesothelial cells 3 70 % >
b2-Microglobulin not detectable >
> =
= Monocytes 30 75 %
Potassium 6 28 mmol/L 30
64 Lymphocytes 2 30 % >
>
Protein 1 35 g/L >
>
; >
>
Granulocytes < 10 % >
Sodium 90 148 mmol/L ;
Glucose equal to plasma
pCO2 105 565 mmHg 284
pH 7.07 7.71 284
Protein 1.0 2.0 g/dL
|{z}
Albumin 50 70 % of protein 30
Volume 0.1 0.2 mL/kg body weight
132 133
Saliva Sweat
Parotid saliva Submandibular saliva Ammonium 1.4 4.7 mmol/L 9 35
Chloride 6 15 yr f 41 102 mmol/L >
>
Calcium 1.5 2.5 mmol/L 178 >
>
m 41 100 mmol/L >
>
Flowrate 0.8 17 mL/15 min 0.4 9.8 mL/15 min 14 >
16 25 yr f 71 96 mmol/L >
>
IgA 0.2 8.8 IU/mL < 4.5 IU/mL 14 >
>
m 60 101 mmol/L >
>
pH 5.1 6.3 5.9 7.3 74 =
26 35 yr f 75 100 mmol/L
Potassium 14 26 mmol/L 178 6
m 71 102 mmol/L >
>
Protein 0.7 21 g/L 0.3 5.5 g/L 14 >
>
36 45 yr f 71 102 mmol/L >
>
Sodium 10 54 mmol/L 178 >
m 90 103 mmol/L >
>
>
>
Mixed saliva 46 55 yr f 75 108 mmol/L >
>
;
m 96 107 mmol/L
Albumin 246 344 mg/L 87
ALP < 11 U/L 210 Glucose < 7 mg/dL 169
Ammonium 1.1 12.0 mmol/L 117 Lactate 21 57 mmol/L 9 243
Amylase 11 900 304 700 U/L 210 Lysozyme 0.06 0.14 mg/L =
Calcium 0.88 2.05 mmol/L 210 a1-Microglobulin 6 34 mg/L 99
9 ;
Cells 0.67 9.73 x 106 /g >
> b2-Microglobulin 3.6 6.4 mg/L
Macrophages 33 86 % >
> pH 4.0 6.8 86
>
> 9
Neutrophiles 11 64 % >
= Potassium 6 15 yr f 10.7 13.6 mmol/L >
>
>
Bronchial epithelial <4% 26 m 11.4 23.2 mmol/L >
>
>
> >
>
cells >
> 16 25 yr f 18.8 28.2 mmol/L >
>
>
> >
>
Lymphocytes <3% >
; m 13.5 40.0 mmol/L >
>
Eosinophiles <1% >
>
26 35 yr f 20.0 28.8 mmol/L >
>
Chloride 5 40 mmol/L 86 >
>
m 22.0 43.6 mmol/L >
>
CO2 < 11 mmol/L 210 >
>
36 45 yr f 16.3 33.0 mmol/L >
>
Cortisol morning 3 43 nmol/L 220 >
>
m 28.2 44.8 mmol/L >
>
evening < 10 nmol/L 220 >
>
46 55 yr f 23.0 25.2 mmol/L >
>
Creatinine 0.07 0.20 mg/dL 9 134 =
Glucose < 2 mg/dL = m 32.8 40.0 mmol/L
6
GOT < 43 U/L 210 Sodium 6 15 yr f 39 102 mmol/L >
>
; m 44 105 mmol/L >
>
GPT < 11 U/L >
>
16 25 yr f 77 94 mmol/L >
>
IgA 42 174 mg/L 87 >
>
m 62 113 mmol/L >
>
LDH 113 609 U/L 210 >
>
26 35 yr f 83 98 mmol/L >
>
Lysozyme 6 12 mg/L 9 91 >
>
Magnesium 0.08 0.56 mmol/L m 75 119 mmol/L >
>
>
> >
>
Osmolality 52 111 mosmol/kg >
= 36 45 yr f 79 97 mmol/L >
>
>
>
pH 6.42 7.41 210 m 75 136 mmol/L >
>
> >
>
Phospate, inorg. 1.4 13.2 mmol/L >
> 46 55 yr f 92 109 mmol/L >
>
; >
;
Potassium 6.4 37 mmol/L m 65 146 mmol/L
Protein 1.1 1.8 g/L 87 Urea 56 234 mg/dL 260
Sodium 2 21 mmol/L 86 Uric acid 0.2 0.7 mg/dL 260
Testosteron 0.18 0.26 mg/L 245 Volume 500 mL/24 h 86
Urea 17 41 mg/dL 210
Uric acid 0.7 6.0 mg/dL 210
134 135
Synovial fluid 2.12 Function tests
Analyte Reference Ranges Ref.
1. Oral glucose tolerance test (96)
C3C 0.23 0.77 mg/dL 9 27
Cell count < 800/ mL = The patient eats a mixed diet consisting of
Colour light yellow and clear 231 more than 150 g carbohydrates per day over
;
Glucose equal to plasma
Hyaluronic acid 1.5 2.5 g/L 9 41 a period of 3 days.
IgA 0.6 8.2 mg/dL =
IgG 1.1 19.2 mg/dL 27
Any drugs known to affect glucose metabo-
; lism should be discontinued 3 days before
IgM 0.4 1.9 mg/dL
Immunoglobulins about 50 % serum conc. 234 the test.
Interleukin-1b < 1.5 pg/mL 5
Lactate equal to plasma 234 The patient must fast for a period of 12
LDH < 240 U/L 234 hours.
pH 7.3 7.6 9 51
Protein < 25 g/L = A urine sample taken from the fasting pa-
Salts no 234 tient should be tested for glucose and ketone
;
Segmented granulocytes < 10 %
Serotonin < 0.5 nmol/L 5
bodies (a positive test-strip result is a
Uric acid equal to serum 234 contraindication for an OGTT).
Volume nearly 3.5 mL 234
The patient drinks a solution of 75 g oligo-
saccharides; children: 1.75 g glucose per kg
Tears
body weight up to a maximum of 75 g.
Analyte Reference Ranges Ref. Exception: Pregnant women receive 50 g
Albumin 14 26 mg/L 176 glucose to screen for gestational diabetes.
Chloride 128 mmol/L 86
Cholesterol 10 25 mg/dL 111 The patient should remain seated during the
Glucose 76 288 mg/dL 120 test.
HbA1c 6.4 11.1 % 9 120
IgA 206 450 mg/L >
> A blood sample is collected from the fasting
IgG 3 7 mg/L >
>
>
= patient, then after 120 minutes.
IgM 5 13 mg/L
176
Lactoferrin 3 7 mg/L >
>
Lysozyme 2.1 3.7 g/L >
>
>
; Glucose concentration
b2-Microglobulin 1.3 2.1 g/L
pH 7.1 8.7 86 Plasma Capillary blood
Potassium 16 mmol/L 86 fasting 120 min. fasting 120 min.
Protein 7.5 8.9 g/L 175
Sodium 146 mmol/L 86 Normal range mg/dL < 110 < 140 < 95 < 140
Volume 1 2 mL/24 h 86 mmol/L < 6.1 < 7.8 < 5.3 < 7.8
Borderline range mg/dL 110 126 140 199 95 110 140 199
mmol/L 6.1 7.0 7.8 11.1 5.3 6.1 7.8 11.1
Pathological range mg/dL > 126 > 200 > 110 > 200
(Diabetes mellitus)
mmol/L > 7.0 > 11.1 > 6.1 > 11.1
136 137
2. Hydrogen (H2) breath test (157) 3. Creatinine clearance (126)
The patient must fast for a period of 12 Void the bladder of prior to the test and
hours and not eat any heavy foods 24 discard the urine.
hours prior to the test.
Collect urine over a period exactly 24 hours.
The patient should not smoke or drink any Do not add stabilizing agents; store urine in
mineral water 12 hours prior to the test. the refrigerator or at room temperature.
The patient drinks a solution of 50 g lactose A blood sample should be collected at the
and 300 mL water in 5 minutes. beginning and end of the collection period.
Children are administered 2 g lactose per kg The volume of the urine collected should be
body weight up to a maximum of 50 g measured exactly, mixed thoroughly and ap-
lactose. proximately 10 mL sent to the laboratory.
The H2 concentration is measured in the I. Calculation formula for a body surface area
breath expired prior to the start of the test, of 1.73 m2
then at 30, 60 and 90 minute intervals UqV
following administration of the lactose. Ccr = (mL/min)
S
Reference range: A rise of < 20 ppm in the II. Calculation formula for other body surface
H2 concentration of the areas
alveolar air between the
lowest and the highest UqVq1.73
Ccr = (mL/min/1.73 m2 )
value finally expired SqBSA
(refer also to curve con-
Note: For accurate evaluation of the endogen-
structed).
ous creatinine clearance rate, it is necessary to
perform two serum creatinine determinations
at 24-hour intervals. The values obtained
should not differ from each other by more
than 10 %.
Since the determination of the CCr based on a
timed urine collection is inconvenient and
often unreliable, various mathematical ap-
proaches for the estimation of CCr from the
serum creatinine concentration were sug-
gested. Two of these approaches have found
wide recognition:
138 139
I. Calculation according to Cockroft-Gault Nomogram for the determination of body surface area (BSA)
in square meters (63)
Males:
140 ageqweight
Ccr = (mL/min)
75qS
Females:
140 ageqweightq0.85
Ccr = (mL/min)
75qS
II. Calculation according to the MDRD (Mo-
dification of Diet in Renal Disease) study
Males:
Ccr = 186qS1.154 qage0.203 (mL/min)
Females:
Ccr = 186qS1.154 qage0.203 (mL/min)
Ccr = Clearance in mL/min

U = Urine creatinine concentration
in mg/dL
V = Volume of collected urine in mL,
related to 1 min
S = Serum creatinine concentration
Connect the height in cm
in mg/dL and the weight in kg with the
BSA = Body surface area in m2 edge of a transparent ruler
and read the surface area in
square meters at the point of
intersection with the middle
scale.
140 141
4. Lactose tolerance test (189) 5. D-xylose absorption test
The patient must fast for a period of 12 The patient must fast for a period of 12
hours. hours.
The patient drinks a solution of 50 g lactose The bladder should be voided immediately
in 400 mL water. prior to the test.
Infants are given 4 g lactose per kg body The patient drinks a solution of 25 g D-
weight. xylose in 500 mL tea.
Children older than 2 years are given 2 g The patient drinks a further 250 mL tea after
lactose per kg body weight up to a maxi- a period of one to two hours.
mum of 50 g lactose.
The patient must remain seated during the
Capillary blood is collected for glucose de- test.
termination prior to the start of the test,
Urine is collected over a period of 5 hours.
then at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minute intervals
following administration of the lactose. Children are administered 5 g D-xylose in
100 mL water or tea.
Reference range: A rise in the blood glucose
concentration of > 20 mg/
dL (> 1.1 mmol/L) indi- Reference ranges: Urine (199):
cates the absence of gastro- A D-xylose excretion in
intestinal disorders. 5-hour urine of > 4.5 g
(30 mmol), i. e. of > 18 %
(0.18) of the amount of
Notes on test for exclusion of glucose-galac-
D-xylose administered.
tose malabsorption:
For children with 4 30 kg
Infants: + 2 g glucose body weight (225):
+ 2 g galactose/kg A serum D-xylose con-
+ body weight centration of > 20 mg/dL
(> 1.33 mmol/L) after a
Children older than 2 years: + 1 g glucose period of 1 hour.
+ 1 g galactose / kg
+ body weight
Adults: + 25 g glucose
+ 25 g galactose
142 143
2.13 Characteristic analytes for identification of
body fluids
3 Decision supports
3.1 Enzyme patterns
Amniotic fluid a1-fetoprotein (AFP) > 10 mg/L
Ascites No characteristic analytes
Bile Bile acids (chenodesoxycholic acid) x 30
Cerebrospinal fluid b2-Transferrin (not absolutely specific), chlor-
ide 113131 mmol/L, calcium 1.051.35 5
x 25
mmol/L, glucose approx. 6070 % of the
plasma concentration, protein < 50 mg/dL
(serum 140160 times higher) x 20
Cyst fluid Breast cysts: FSH and LH lower than in serum
Renal cysts: same composition as urine x 15
Ovarian cysts (follicular cysts): estradiol ele-
vated
x 10
Pancreatic cysts: amylase, lipase
1
Duodenal contents High activities of amylase, lipase, trypsin, x5 4
chymotrypsin 3
2
Gastric secretion pH 1.62.4, ammonia > 0.6 mmol/L x1
Nasal secretion Glucose < 10 mg/dL, protein 135 g/L, 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
potassium 628 mmol/L, no b2-transferrin Hours
Pancreatic secretion High activities of amylase, lipase, trypsin, Infarction
chymotrypsin Reference range 3 LDH1
Pericardial fluid No characteristic analytes 1 CK, total 4 Myoglobin
2 CK-MB 5 Troponin T
Peritoneal fluid Ammonia > 300 mg/dL
Pleural fluid No characteristic analytes
Saliva Sodium 221 mmol/L, potassium 637 Typical enhancement of enzyme activities and protein concentrations after acute
myocardial infarction (188). The y-axis represents multiples of the upper reference ranges
mmol/L, chloride 540 mmol/L, albumin limits.
246344 mg/L, salivary amylase
Semen Sperm
Sweat Glucose < 7 mg/dL, potassium > 11 mmol/L
Tear fluid Total protein 7.58.9 g/L (10 % of the serum
concentration) with large prealbumin fraction
Urine Creatinine 90300 mg/dL, urea 0.93.0 g/dL,
inorganic phosphate 40140 mg/dL
144 145
3.2 Lipids 3.3 Electrophoretic patterns of plasma proteins
1. The composition of lipoproteins
Protein electrophoresis
Chylo- VLDL LDL HDL of healthy persons
microns
Total cholesterol 6% 813 % 45 % 20 % Albumin
Phospholipids 4% 615 % 25 % 30 % 1-Lipoprotein (HDL)
1-Glycoprotein
Triglycerides 87 % 6480 % 10 % 25 % 1-Antitrypsin
Carbohydrates <1% 12 % >2% <1% 2-Macroglobulin
Haptoglobin
Proteins 1% 810 % 20 % 48 % Pre--Lipoprotein
Apoproteins A, B48, C, E A, B100, C, D, E B100 A, C, E Transferrin
-Lipoprotein
Protein-lipid-ratio 1:100 1:9 1:4 1:1 Complement
IgA
IgM
2. Classification of hyperlipoproteinemias according to FREDRICKSON
Prealbumin IgG
Classes Cholesterol Triglycerides Appearance of 1 2
fasting serum
Typ I < 260 mg/dL > 1000 mg/dL forms an upper creamy
layer, clear lower phase Acute
Typ IIa > 300 mg/dL < 150 mg/dL clear inflammation
Typ IIb > 300 mg/dL 150300 mg/dL clear or turbid
Typ III 350 500 mg/dL 350500 mg/dL turbid
Typ IV < 260 mg/dL 2001000 mg/dL turbid to milky
Typ V > 300 mg/dL > 1000 mg/dL turbid lower phase
3. Appearance of fasting sera at different classes of hyperlipoproteinemia

according to FREDRICKSON
normal Typ I Typ IIa Typ IIb Typ III Typ IV Typ V
Prealbumin 1 2
Albumin
Nephrotic
syndrome
Prealbumin 1 2
Albumin
146 147
3.4 Schematic representation of blood coagulation
Chronic
inflammation Endogene Exogene
Endogeneous Exogeneous
activation
Aktivierung activation
Aktivierung
surface
Oberflchen-
contact
kontakt
Gewebe-
tissue
XII XIIa verletzung
damage
Prealbumin 1 2
Albumin
XI XIa Gewebe-
tissue
Paraproteinemia factor
faktor III
III
Ca2++PL+IX VII
IXa+VIII+PL+Ca2+ Ca2++PL+VIIa
Ca2++PL+X Xa+V+PL+Ca2+
Prealbumin 1 2
Albumin
Antibody Prothrombin Thrombin

deficiency syndrome
Fibrinogen Fibrin s
XIIIa+Ca2+ XIII
Fibrini
Fibrinopeptides A+B
Fibrinopeptide A+B
Prealbumin 1 2 Schematic representation

Schematische Darstellungofder
plasmatic blood coagulation.
plasmatischen Blutgerinnung.
Albumin PL =
= phospholipids,
Phospholipide,ss==soluble,
solublei (lslich),
= insoluble
i = insoluble (unlslich)
148 149
3.5 Thrombo- l Elevated triglyceride concentrations Sample Prior to all therapy regimes involving heparine
philia, collection or cumarine, withdraw a sample of blood for
risk factors l Elevated LDL concentrations thrombophilia diagnostic analyses approxi-
l Advanced age mately 3 months after the thromboembolitic
event and not during an acute phase reaction.
l Sex
Diagnostics Coagulation inhibitor deficiency or dysfunction:
l Pregnancy or puerperium
Antithrombin III (AT III)
l Immobilization Protein C
l Heavy cigarette smoking Protein S
APC resistance
l Medicines Heparin cofactor II (rare)
oral contraceptives
antifibrinolytica Factor XII deficiency (primary finding:
steroids (estrogenes) prolonged aPTT)
l Illnesses with elevated thrombosis risk
arteriosclerosis Lupus anticoagulants (primary finding:
diabetes mellitus prolonged aPTT)
malignant disease
Reduced fibrinolytic potential (rare):
l Family medical history Plasminogen deficiency
Decreased plasminogen activator
l Relapse thrombosis (recurring thrombosis)
(t-PA) concentrations
l Unexplained prolongation of aPTT Elevated plasminogen activator
Inhibitor I (PAI-I) concentrations
l Women who have had repeated
miscarriages Congenital dysfibrinogenemia (rare)
l Patients suffering from autoimmune
diseases
l Operations
l Traumas
l Hyperviscosity syndrome
Polycythemia vera
Macroglobulinemia
l Infections and sepsis
l Nephrotic syndrome
150 151
152
120
Values of
adults
100 1700
80 800 IgG
maternal
60 IgG 600
40 400
IgA
20 200 IgA
IgM
IgG IgM
Immunoglobulins (mg/dL)
Immunoglobulins (% of normal values of adults)

10 20 30 5 10 12 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Weeks Months years
3.6 Age dependence of immunoglobulin synthesis
Cells IgM+
IgG+
Birth
Fetal time Child age
Alternative pathway
C3
Immune
complexes D
(IgA), C3b + B C3bB C3b,Bb
bacteria, +H P
fungi
C3a H Ba
Classical pathway
C5- C9
Con-
ver-
tase
Immune Membrane Cellular
C1- attack lysis
complexes +C1 C4+C2 C3 C3b C5 C5b C6+C7 C8
alternative mechanism
Complex complexes
(IgA od.
IgM) C1qrs C4b2a C5b67 C5b678
C3a C5a
Functions
Opsonization by Anaphylatoxic
3.7 Complement system, classical and
coating, immune adherance action Chemotaxis

153
3.8 Tumor markers 3.9 Serological diagnosis of hepatitis A and B
Tumormarkers Acute Recon- Immunity

phase valescence
28-45 Days 40-90 Days Years
marker of 1st choice
marker of 2nd choice in brackets
Start
of icterus
Anti-HAV (IgG+IgM)
Rel. concentration
Thyroid gland
Oesophagus
Thyroglobulin,
(CEA, SCC) Calcitonin (C-cell, HAV
CEA)
Lung Anti-HAV IgM
parvicellular: NSE (CYFRA 21-1) Mamma
non-parvicellular: (CEA, CYFRA 21-1) CA 15-3, CEA
Time after exposition
Liver/Biliary ducts Stomach
Progress of a hepatitis A infection
AFP, CA 19-9 CA 72-4 (CEA)
Bladder Pancreas
(CYFRA 21-1) CA 19-9 (CEA)
Uterus Colorectal
SCC (CEA) CEA (CA 19-9) Incub. Acute phase Postacute phase Postinfection phase
Prostate gland
Dura- 8-24 2-12 Weeks 2-16 Weeks 5 Months up to years
Ovaries tion
PSA CA 125 (CA 72-4)
Rel. concentration
Symptoms
Testes Multiple Myeloma
2-Microglobulin
Anti-HBc
AFP, hCG HBsAg
Anti-HBs
HBeAg
Anti-HBe
Anti-HBc IgM
Infectious Infectious Immune
Progress of a hepatitis B infection
154 155
3.10 Urinary sediment
Diagnostically relevant findings Diagnostically relevant findings

in urinary sediment: in urine sediment:
upper left: erythrocytes upper left: uric acid
upper right: leucocytes upper right: cystine
middle left: epithelial cells middle left: tyrosine
middle right: calcium oxalate middle right: granulated casts
lower left: ammonium- lower left: erythrocyte casts
magnesium phosphate
(tripelphosphate)
156 157
3.11 Nomogram for diagnosing acid-base disorders (185) 4 Conversion tables
4.1 Conversion table from conventional units
to SI units and vice versa (/U refers to urinalysis)
Analyte/Parameter Conventional Units Conversion Factors SI Units
Acetaminophen 6.62 mmol/L

mg/mL 0.151
N-Acetylprocain- 3.61 mmol/L

amide (NAPA)
mg/mL 0.277
a1-Acid glycoprotein 0.25 mmol/L

mg/dL 4.0
ACTH 0.2202 pmol/L

ng/L 4.541
Albumin 10 g/L
g/dL 0.1
Albumin/U 0.113 g/mol crea

mg/g crea 8.85
Aldosterone 27.74 pmol/L

ng/dL 0.036
Amikacin 1.71 mmol/L

mg/mL 0.585
Nomogram for diagnosing acid-base disorders considering the degree of compensation. d-Aminolevulic 7.626 mmol/d
pCO2 is represented logarithmically on the abscissa. Bicarbonate concentration is reported acid/U
on the ordinate. The patients values result in an ordered pair, the status point, which allows mg/24 h 0.131
the classification of a singular acid-base disorder as acute or chronic or which suggests a
combined disorder. If the disorder appears with a normal degree of compensation, the Ammonium 0.587 mmol/L
status point is found within one of the corresponding, shaded fields. If the status point 1.703
mg/dL
doesnt fall within one of these fields, it must be decided which of the following situations is
present:
the disorder just appeared, compensation has not yet taken place. AMP, 3l-5l-cyclic 3.04 nmol/L
the organ which is responsible for compensation, such as the lung for respiratory and the mg/dL 0.329
kidney for metabolic disorders, is not functioning properly.
a second acid-base disorder is present, e.g. respiratory acidosis in ventilatory failure and a1-Antitrypsin 0.184 mmol/L
lactic acidosis might be present simultaneously.
ng/mL 5.435
158 159
Analyte/Parameter Conventional Units Conversion Factors SI Units Analyte/Parameter Conventional Units Conversion Factors SI Units
Apolipoprotein A-1 0.357 mmol/L Ceruloplasmin 0.0746 mmol/L

mg/dL 2.80 mg/dL 13.40
Apolipoprotein B 1.95 mmol/L Chloramphenicol 3.09 mmol/L

g/L 0.5128 mg/mL 0.323
Ascorbic acid 56.78 mmol/L Chloride 0.282 mmol/L

mg/dL 0.0176 mg/dL 3.545
Bilirubin 17.1 mmol/L Chloride/U 3.18 mol/mol crea

mg/dL 0.0585 g/g crea 0.314
Caffeine 5.15 mmol/L Cholesterol 0.0259 mmol/L

mg/mL 0.194 mg/dL 38.61
Calcitonin 0.28 pmol/L Citrate 52.1 mmol/L

ng/L 3.57 mg/dL 0.019
Calcium 0.250 mmol/L Citrate/U 0.0052 mmol/d

mg/dL 4.01 mg/24 h 192
Calcium/U 0.025 mmol/d Copper 0.157 mmol/L

mg/24 h 40.1 mg/dL 6.354
Calcium/U 0.00282 mol/mol crea Copper/U 0.0157 mmol/d

mg/g crea 355 mg/24 h 63.54
Carbamazepine 4.23 mmol/L Coproporphyrins 1.527 nmol/L

mg/L 0.236 mg/L 0.655
Carcinoembryonic 16.9 mIU/mL Cortisol 27.586 nmol/L

antigen (CEA)
ng/mL 0.0592 mg/dL 0.03625
Carnitin 21.28 mmol/L Cortisol/U 2.7586 nmol/d

mg/dL 0.047 mg/24 h 0.3625
Carotene 0.0186 mmol/L C-Peptid 0.333 nmol/L

mg/dL 53.69 ng/mL 3.0
160 161
Creatinine 88.4 mmol/L Estriol (E3) 3.47 nmol/L

mg/dL 0.0113 ng/mL 0.288
Creatinine/U 8.84 mmol/d Ethanol 0.217 mmol/L

g/24 h 0.113 mg/dL 4.608
C-reactive protein 95.2 nmol/L Ethosuximide 7.08 mmol/L

(CRP)
mg/dL 0.0105 mg/L 0.141
Cystine/U 8.34 mmol/d a1-Fetoprotein (AFP) 1.21 IU/mL

mg/24 h 0.12 ng/mL 0.83
Dehydroepiandrosteron 0.02714 mmol/L Fluoride 0.053 mmol/L

sulfate (DHEA-S)
mg/dL 36.846 mg/L 19.0
Digitoxin 1.31 nmol/L Folic acid 2.266 nmol/L

ng/mL 0.76 ng/mL 0.441
Digoxin 1.28 nmol/L Fructose 0.0555 mmol/L

ng/mL 0.781 mg/dL 18.02
Disopyramide 2.95 mmol/L Fructose/U 0.0055 mmol/d

mg/L 0.339 mg/24 h 180.2
Dopamine 6.54 pmol/L FT3 1.536 pmol/L

ng/L 0.153 pg/mL 0.651
Dopamine/U 6.54 nmol/d FT4 12.87 pmol/L

mg/24 h 0.153 ng/dL 0.0777
Epinephrine 5.46 pmol/L Galactose 0.0555 mmol/L

ng/L 0.183 mg/dL 18.02
Epinephrine/U 5.46 nmol/d Galactose/U 0.0055 mmol/d

mg/24 h 0.183 mg/24 h 180.2
Estradiol (E2) 3.67 pmol/L Gentamicin 2.09 mmol/L

pg/mL 0.273 mg/mL 0.478
162 163
Glucose 0.0555 mmol/L IgE 0.42 IU/mL

mg/dL 18.02 mg/mL 2.4
Glycerol 0.109 mmol/L IgG 6.67 mmol/L

mg/dL 9.209 g/L 0.150
Haptoglobin 0.01 g/L IgM 1.03 mmol/L

mg/dL 100 g/L 0.971
Hemoglobin 0.621 mmol/L Insulin 6.945 pmol/L

g/dL 1.61 mU/mL 0.144
Homocysteic acid 7.41 mmol/L Iron 0.179 mmol/L

mg/L 0.135 mg/dL 5.59
b-Hydroxybutyrate 96.2 mmol/L Iron/U 0.0179 mmol/d

mg/dL 0.0103 mg/24 h 55.9
17-Hydroxy- 27.59 mmol/d Lactate 0.111 mmol/L

corticosteroids
mg/dL 0.036 mg/dL 9.008
5-Hydroxyindole 5.23 mmol/d Lead 0.00483 mmol/L

acetic acid/U
mg/24 h 0.191 mg/L 207.2
17-Hydroxy- 3.03 nmol/L Lecithin 12.5 mmol/L

progesterone
ng/mL 0.330 mg/dL 0.080
25-Hydroxy-vitamin D3 2.50 mmol/L Leucine 76.3 mmol/L

ng/mL 0.40 mg/dL 0.0131
Hydroxyproline 7.626 mmol/L Lidocaine 4.27 mmol/L

mg/L 0.131 mg/L 0.234
IBC 0.179 mmol/L Lithium 1.441 mmol/L

mg/dL 5.59 mg/dL 0.6941
IgA 6.25 mmol/L Magnesium 0.411 mmol/L

g/L 0.16 mg/dL 2.431
164 165
Magnesium/U 0.0411 mmol/d Parathyrin (para- 0.106 pmol/L

thyroid hormone, PTH)
mg/24 h 24.31 ng/L 9.43
Magnesium/U 0.00465 mol/mol crea pCO2 0.133 kPa

mg/g crea 215 mm Hg 7.502
Mercury 0.0050 mmol/L Phenobarbital 4.31 mmol/L

mg/L 200.60 mg/L 0.232
Methemoglobin 621.1 mmol/L Phenylalanine 0.061 mmol/L

(Hb/4; Mr = 161145.5)
g/dL 0.0016 mg/dL 16.5
a1-Mikroglobulin 33.3 nmol/L Phenytoin 3.96 mmol/L

(Orosomucoid)
mg/L 0.03 mg/L 0.252
a1-Microglobulin/U 0.1129 g/mol crea Phosphate, inorganic 0.323 mmol/L

mg/g crea 8.861 mg/dL 3.097
b2-Microglobulin 84.7 nmol/L Phosphate/U 32.3 mmol/d

mg/L 0.1181 g/24 h 0.031
Myoglobin 0.0571 nmol/L Phosphate/U 0.00361 mol/mol crea

ng/mL 17.513 mg/g crea 277
Norepinephrine 5.91 pmol/L Phospholipids 0.0129 mmol/L

ng/L 0.169 mg/dL 77.52
Norepinephrine/U 5.91 nmol/d pO2 0.133 kPa

mg/24 h 0.169 mm Hg 7.502
N-terminal-pro brain 0.118 pmol/L Porphobilinogen 4.42 mmol/L

natriuretic peptide
pg/mL 8.457 mg/L 0.226
(NT-proBNP)
Oxalate/U 11.4 mmol/d Porphyrine/U 1.2 nmol/d
mg/24 h 0.088 mg/24 h 0.833
Oxyhemoglobin 0.01 l Potassium 0.256 mmol/L

% 100 mg/dL 3.91
166 167
Prealbumin 0.182 mmol/L Sodium/U 4.90 mol/mol crea

mg/dL 5.495 g/g crea 0.204
Primidone 4.58 mmol/L Soluble transferrin 11.8 nmol/L

receptor (sTfR)
mg/L 0.218 mg/L 0.085
Procainamide 4.23 mmol/L Sorbitol 54.9 mmol/L

mg/L 0.236 mg/dL 0.018
Progesterone 3.18 nmol/L T3 1.536 nmol/L

ng/mL 0.314 ng/mL 0.651
Prolactin 21.2 mU/L T4 12.87 nmol/L

ng/mL 0.0472 mg/dL 0.078
Protein 10.0 g/L Testosterone 3.47 nmol/L

g/dL 0.1 ng/mL 0.288
Protein/U 0.113 g/mol crea Thallium 5.92 nmol/L

mg/g crea 8.85 mg/L 0.169
Pyruvate 113.6 mmol/L Theophylline 5.55 mmol/L

mg/dL 0.0088 mg/L 0.180
Quinidine 3.08 mmol/L Tobramycin 2.14 mmol/L

mg/L 0.325 mg/L 0.467
Salicylate 0.00724 mmol/L Transferrin 0.126 mmol/L

mg/L 138 mg/dL 7.957
Selenium 0.0127 mmol/L Triglycerides 0.0114 mmol/L

mg/L 78.96 mg/dL 87.5
Sexual hormone binding 10.53 nmol/L Urea 0.167 mmol/L

globulin (SHBG)
mg/mL 0.095 mg/dL 6.006
Sodium 0.435 mmol/L Urea/U 16.7 mmol/d

mg/dL 2.30 g/24 h 0.06
168 169
Urea/U 1.883 mol/mol crea Vitamin E 23.2 mmol/L

(a-tocopherol)
g/g crea 0.531 mg/dL 0.043
Uric acid 59.5 mmol/L Zinc 0.153 mmol/L

mg/dL 0.0168 mg/dL 6.537
Uric acid/U 5.95 mmol/d

g/24 h 0.168
Uric acid/U 0.00067 mol/mol crea 4.2 Conversion factors for enzyme activities:
mg/g crea 1487 U / L mkat/ L and nkat/ L
Urobilinogen 16.9 mmol/L
Unit Factor Unit
mg/dL 0.059
mkat/L 60 U/L
nkat/L 0.06 U/L
Valproic acid 6.93 mmol/L
mg/L 0.144 U/L 0.0167 mkat/L
U/L 16.67 nkat/L
Vancomycin 0.690 mmol/L
mg/mL 1.449 1 mkat/L W mmol/s L
1 nkat/L W 1 nmol/s L
1 mmol/min W 16.67 nkat
Vanillylmandelic 5.03 mmol/d 1 mmol/min W 1 U
acid/U
mg/24 h 0.199
Vitamin A (retinol) 0.0349 mmol/L

mg/dL 28.65
Vitamin B1 (thiamin) 37.7 nmol/L

mg/dL 0.0265
Vitamin B6 4.05 nmol/L

(pyridoxal phosphate)
ng/mL 0.247
Vitamin B12 0.738 pmol/L

pg/mL 1.355
Vitamin C 56.78 mmol/L

mg/dL 0.0176
170 171
5 Sample Stability (84)
172
Maximum storage time of samples before clinical chemical analyses
and possible additives for sample-stabilization
Analyte Stability in primary Stability in serum/plasma/blood / Stabilizer Comments
sample (e.g. blood) CSF/urine
at room temperature
and tendency of
change thereafter 20 C 48 C 2025 C
Clinical chemistry, serum/plasma, immunological tests

Acid phosphatase 1 h unstabilized 1d 8h 2h Unstabilized
(ACP) Serum > Plasma
4 mth 8d 8d 5 mg NaHSO4 /mL Stabilize after
serum (pH 45) separation of serum
Albumin 6d 5 mth 5 mth 2.5 mth
Alkaline phosphatase 4 d 2 mth 7d 7d
Ammonium 15 min in EDTA 3w 2h 15 min 5 mmol/L serine and Avoid contamination
heparinate 2 mmol/L borate by sweat-ammonia
Amylase 4 d 1 yr 7d 7d Avoid contamination
by saliva
Antistreptolysin O 6 mth 2d 2d
a1-Antitrypsin 3 mth 5 mth 3 mth
Anti-TSHR 1 mth 3d Ref. 220
Apolipoprotein A-I 2 mth 3d 1d Only freeze once

Apolipoprotein B 2 mth 3d 1d Only freeze once
Bilirubin unstable 6 mth 7d 1d Keep in the dark
C3C-Complement 1h 8d 8d 4d Recommend plasma,
pretreat serum
C4-Complement 1d 2d 2d
CA 153 3 mth 5d
CA 199 7 d 3 mth 1 mth 7d
CA 724 7d 3 mth 1 mth 7d
CA 125 3 d 3 mth 5d 3d
Calcium
total- 2 d 8 mth 3w 7d *24 h stable in gel tubes
ionized 15 min 2h Ca-titrated heparin as primary tubes; 72 h
1 d* 3 d* stable after centrifuga-
tion in closed tubes
Carcinoembryonic 3d 6 mth 7d 7d
Antigen (CEA)
9
Catecholamines 1 h (unstabilized) >
> 1 mth
=
Norepinephrine Glutathione 1.2 mg/
6 mth
Epinephrine >
> 2d 1d mL + EGTA
; stabilized
Dopamine
Ceruloplasmin 3 mth 2w 8d
173
174
at room temperature
and tendency of
Chloride 1 d > 1 yr 7d 7d
Cholesterol
total- 7 d 3 mth 7d 7d
HDL- 2 d 3 mth 7d 2d
LDL- 1 d 3 mth 7d 1d
Cholinesterase 7 d 1 yr 1 yr 1 yr
Copper 7d > 1 yr 2w 2w
Cortisol 7d 3 mth 7d 7d
C-reactive protein 7d 3 yr 2 mth 15 d
(CRP) after centrif.
Creatinine 23 d 3 mth 7d 7d
Creatine kinase (CK) 7 d 4w 7d 2d SH-donators Store in the dark
CK-BB unstable
b-CrossLaps Ref. 220
Serum 3 mth 8h 8h
Heparin plasma 3 mth 1d 1d
EDTA plasma 3 mth 8d 1d
CYFRA 211 6 mth 1 mth Ref. 220
Cystatin C 1 mth 1w 2d
Erythropoietin 624 h 5 mth 2w
Estradiol (E2) 1d 1 yr 3d 1d
Estriol (E3) 1 yr 2d 1d
Ferritin 1 yr 7d 7d
a1-Fetoprotein (AFP) 7d 3 mth 7d 3d
Folic acid 30 min 8w 6h 30 min Ascorbic acid
2 mg/mL
Follicle stimulating 7 d 1 yr 2w 2w
hormone (FSH)
Free thyroxine (FT4) 3 mth 8d 2d
Free triiodothyronine 3 mth 2w 1d
(FT3)
Fructosamine 12 h 2 mth 2w 3d
g-GT 1 d > 1 yr 7d 7d
GLDH 4w 7d 7d
Glucose 10 min Nonenzymatic glycoly-
hemolysate 1 d 7d 2 d Fluoride sis, stability depends on
plasma 7d 2d monoiodo acetate the number of cells
GOT (ASAT) 7 d 3 mth 7d 4d
GPT (ALAT) 4 d 7d 7d 3d
175
176
at room temperature
and tendency of
Growth hormone 1d 3 mth 8d 1d EDTA

(STH, somatotropin)
Haptoglobin 8d 3 mth 8 mth 3 mth Method-dependent
HbA1c 3 d (EDTA-blood) 6 mth 7d 3d
Human chorionic 1 yr 3d 1d
gonadotropin (hCG)
Immunoglobulin A 17 d 8 mth 8 mth 8 mth
Immunoglobulin D 6 mth 7d 7d
Immunoglobulin E 6 mth 7d 7d
Immunoglobulin G 11 d 8 mth 8 mth 4 mth
Immunoglobulin M 17 d 6 mth 4 mth 2 mth
Insulin 15 min 6 mth 1d 4h
Iron 2 h > 1 yr 3w 7d Interference by EDTA,
citrate, oxalate
Lactate < 5 min, unstable 3d 3d 3d Mannose/fluoride, Deproteinization
oxalate/monoiodo recommended
acetate
6d 6d with deproteinization
LDH 1 h 6w 7d 7d Serum > plasma

(hemolysis)
Lipase 1 yr 7d 7d
Lipoprotein [a], 2w 2d Do not freeze
(Lp [a])
Luteinizing hormone 7d 1 yr 3d 1d
(LH)
a2-Macroglobulin 7d 7d
Magnesium 1 d 1 yr 7d 7d
Myoglobin 1 h 3 mth 1w 2d
Neuron specific 2 h 3 mth 7d 7d Heparin Freeze only once
enolase (NSE) serum > plasma
(platelets, hemolysis)
Osmolality 3 mth 1d 3h
P1NP 6 mth 5d 24 h Ref. 220
pro BNP 12 mth 6d 3d Ref. 220
Parathyrin 6 h (24 h in EDTA) 6 mth 2d 8h EDTA Method-dependent
Phosphate (inorg.) 1 h 1 yr 4d 1d Platelet-dependent
(serum)
Potassium 1 h 1 yr 1w 1w Serum > plasma
(hemolysis, throm-
bocytolysis)
177
178
at room temperature
and tendency of
Progesterone 7d 1 yr 3d 1d
Prolactin 2d 1 yr 3d 1d
Prostate specific
antigen (PSA) total 7d 3 mth 1 mth 7d
free 7d 1 mth 7d 7d
Protein 1d
total 1 yr 4w 6d
electrophoresis 3w 7d 1d
Rheumatoid factor 1 mth 3d 1d
(RF)
Sodium 4 d 1 yr 2 wk 2 wk
Testosterone 7d 1 yr 3d 1d
1 d in women
Thyroglobulin 2d 1 mth 3d 1d
Thyroid stimulating 1 mth 7d Ref. 220
hormone (TSH)
Thyroxine (T4) 7d 1 mth 3d 5d
Transferrin 11 d 6 mth 8 mth 4 mth
Triglycerides 7 d > 1 yr 7d 2d
Triiodothyronine (T3) 3 mth 8d 2d
Troponin T 8h 3 mth 1d 1d
Urea 1 d 1 yr 7d 7d
Uric acid 7 d 6 mth 7d 3d
Vitamin A 2 yr 1 mth Protect from light
Vitamin B1 1 yr Protect from light
Vitamin B2 1 mth Protect from light
Vitamin B6 Unstable without Days Hours 30 min EDTA-Plasma Protect from light
EDTA Ref. 220
Vitamin B12 2 mth 2 d; serum in 2d EDTA-Plasma Protect from light
separation
gel tubes: 1d
Vitamin C 3 h (4 C) 3w 3h Protect from light
Vitamin D 3d 3d Metaphosphate Protect from light
(60 mg/mL)
Vitamin E 8 h 1 yr 1 mth Protect from light
Vitamin K unstable 3 mth unstable Protect from light
Zinc 30 min 1 yr 2w 1w
179
180
at room temperature
and tendency of
Hematology
Differential leucocyte Dried blood smears Lower filling of
count are more stable sample tube decreases
Band neutrophils 212 h stability (EDTA ).
Segmented neutrophils 312 h Do not keep in the
Monocytes 212 h refrigerator.
Lymphocytes 3 h4 d Instrument-dependent.
Eosinophils 12 h6 d
Basophils 2 h2 d
Erythrocytes 4d 7d 4d EDTA blood
Erythrocyte 2h Temperature-
sedimentation rate dependent; 1 part of
(ESR) citrate, 4 parts of
blood
Hematocrit (centrif.) 1 d 4h In K2-EDTA more
stable than in
K3-EDTA
Hemoglobin in blood 4d 7d 4d EDTA blood
Leucocytes 7d EDTA blood
Reticulocytes 1d EDTA blood

Thrombocytes 7d 4d EDTA blood
Coagulation, plasma/blood
Antithrombin III 8h 1 mth 2w 7d
D-Dimer 8h 6 mth 4d 8h
Factor II 4w 6h
Factor V 4w 2d 1d Centrifugation at 4 C
Factor VII unstable 6h
Factor VIII 2w 4h 3h
Factor IX 4w 6h
Factor X 4w 6h
Factor XI unstable 6h
Factor XII unstable 6h
Factor XIII 1 mth 4h
Fibrin monomers 1d 3 mth 1d 2h
Fibrinogen 8h 1 mth 7d 7d
Fibrin(ogen) unstable 1 mth 1d 3h Add 10 U thrombin Heparin inhibits
degradation products and 150 IU kallikrein thrombin effect
(FDP) per mL blood
181
182
at room temperature
and tendency of
Fibrinopeptide A 2h
Hepato Quick 4w 2d 6h
Partial thrombo- 812 h 1 mth 28 h 28 h Reagent dependent;
plastin time (PTT) reduced stability in
heparin plasma
Protein C 1 mth 7d 7d Avoid repeated
thawing
Protein S 4h 4h 4h Separate cell-free
plasma after centri-
fugation
Prothrombin time 8h 1 mth 1d 1d Reagent dependent
(PT)
Reptilase time 1 mth 4h 4h
Thrombin time 4 h 1 mth 2d 4h Reagent dependent
von Willebrand-factor 6 mth 7d 2d
Blood gases
Base excess < 15 min 2h Stability depends on pH
Bicarbonate Unstable 2w 7d 1 d (closed) Close the tube
Recommended: 1 h (open)
4 C, 30 min
pCO2 15 min 2h Close the tube
pH 15 min 2h Close the tube, decrease
due to formation of
lactate, increase due to
loss of CO2
pO2 15 min 2h Close the tube
Therapeutic drug monitoring

Benzodiazepine <1 d 5 mth 5 mth
Carbamazepine 2d 1 mth 7d 2d
Cyclosporine A+G 13 d 13 d 21 d EDTA Store the hemolysate
Digitoxin 6 mth 3 mth 2w
Digoxin 6 mth 3 mth 2w
Disopyramide 5 mth 2w
Ethosuximide 5 mth 4w
Gentamicin 4h 4w 4w 4h
183
184
at room temperature
and tendency of
Lidocaine 6h
Lithium 1 h 6 mth 7h 1d Do not use
Li-heparinate
Methotrexate 6 mth 3d Protect from light
Phenobarbital 2d 6 mth 6 mth 6 mth
Phenytoin 2d 5 mth 4w 2d Unstable in SST tubes
Primidone 5 mth 4w
Procainamide 6 mth 2w
Quinidine 1d
Theophylline 3 mth 3 mth 3 mth
Tobramycin 1 mth 3d <2 h Lower values in
heparin plasma
Valproic acid 2d 3 mth 7d 2d
Urinanalysis
Albumin 6 mth 1 mth 7d Do not freeze
(nephelometry)
d-Aminolevulic acid 1 mth 4d 1d pH 67 with 0.3 % Protect from light
NaHCO3
Amylase 3w 10 d 2d Avoid contamination
by saliva
Calcium 3w 4d 2d pH < 2 Crystallization upon
cooling unless
acidified
Catecholamines 9 pH < 2 and sodium
Norepinephrine > metabisulfite
>
Epinephrine >
= (250 mg/L) enhance
Dopamine 20 d 4d 4d stability:
>
>
> 20 and + 4 C: 1 yr
;
+ 25 C: 3 w
Citrate 4w 1d 1 vol % thymol, Unstable in native
5 mL/L; pH < 1.7 urine
Cocaine 4 mth 3w pH 5, ascorbic acid
Copper 1 yr 7d 3d
Creatinine 6 mth 6d 2d
Cystine 1 yr 3 mth 7d Acidify with HCl
185
186
at room temperature
and tendency of
Glucose 2d 2h 2 h Decrease depends on

the number of cells
and bacteria
5-Hydroxyindole 2d 2d 2h Acidify
acetic acid
Hydroxyproline 5d 5d 5d Acidify
Immunoglobulin G 1 mth 7d Do not freeze
(IgG) (nephelometry)
Iron > 1 yr 7d 3d
Magnesium 1 yr 3d 3d pH < 2
a1-Microglobulin 6 mth 1 mth 7d
Osmolality 3 mth 7d 3h
Oxalate 4 mth unstable unstable pH 2 (HCl), 1 vol % Vitamin C
(pH 1.5) thymol, 5 mL/L urine
pH unstable unstable unstable Increases by formation
of NH3
Phosphate, inorg. unstable 1 vol % thymol, Precipitates at alkaline

2 d (pH < 5) 5 mL/L pH
Porphobilinogen 1 mth 7d 4d pH 67 pH < 5
(pH 6) (pH 6) protect from light
Porphyrine 1 mth 7d 4d pH 67 Protect from light
Potassium 1 yr 2 mth 45 d
Protein 1 mth 7d 1d
Sediment Do not freeze or store
Casts 1d the urine refrigerated.
Epithelial cells 1d
Erythrocytes 1h Osmolarity
Leucocytes 1h > 300 mosmol/kg
Test strips
Bacteria (nitrite) 1h
Erythrocytes 1h
Protein 1h
Sodium 1 yr 45 d 45 d
Urea 4w 7d 2d
Uric acid unstable at pH < 7 unstable unstable 4d Alkalize at pH > 8 Precipitates at pH < 7
Vanillinmandelic acid > 1 yr 7d 7d pH 35
187
Comments References
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Stabilizer
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2025 C
30 min
12 h
12 h
5 h
intervals from infancy to childhood. Clin

Stability in serum/plasma/blood /
1d
1d
1d
Chem Lab Med 2003; 41 (Special Suppl): S205

(abstract).
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CSF/urine
48 C
35 h
35 h
2 mth
CSF
in protein-energy malnutrition. Enzyme 1988;

3d
7d
1h
6d
39: 44-9.
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months
months
20 C
1 yr
1 yr
5 Alstergren P, Kopp S, Theodorsson E. Synovial

fluid sampling from the temporomandibular
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Stability in primary
sample (e.g. blood)
terleukin-1b and serotonin. Acta Odontol

change thereafter
and tendency of
Scand 1999; 57: 16-22.

6 Al-Tamer YY, Hadi EA. Age dependent refer-
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Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1994; 32: 71-7.
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Analyte
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Tumor cells
Leucocytes
Albumin
Glucose
Protein
8 Amiral J, Plassart V, Minard F. Measurement

Lactate
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A Abbreviations, list of 4
Acetoacetate 14
Acetaminophen 102
Acetylsalicylicacid 102
Acid phosphatase (ACP) 14
al-Acid glycoprotein 14
Adenosine monophosphate,
3l-5l-cyclic (cAMP) 14, 112
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) 14
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, ALAT) 14
Albumin 16
CSF/serum ratio 122
Aldosterone 16
Alkaline Phosphatase 18
Aluminium 18
Amikacin 102
d-Aminolevulic acid 112
Ammonium 20
a-Amylase 20, 112
Amyloid A 20
Anion gap 20
Anti-DNase B 20
Anti-phospholipid antibodies (APA) 86
a2-Antiplasmin 86
Antistreptolysin O 20
Antithrombin III 86
Anti-thyroglobulin (Anti-TG) 20
Anti-thyroid-peroxidase (Anti-TPO) 22
a l-Antitrypsin 22
Apolipoprotein A-1 22
Apolipoprotein B 22
Ascites 128
Aspartase aminotransferase (AST, ASAT) 24
224 225
B Bacteria 108 Coelomic fluid 130
Base excess 100 Complement system 153
Benzodiazepine 102 Composition, stool 124
Bicarbonate 100, 128, 129, 130, 133 Conversion table
Bile 129 (conventional units to SI units) 159
Bilirubin 24, 110, 120 Copper 30, 112, 124
Bleeding time 86 Coproporphyrins 161
Blood coagulation, scheme 149 Cortisol 30, 112
Blood collection 8 C-peptide 30, 114
Blood gases 100 C-reactive Protein (CRP) 30
Blood in stool 124 Creatine kinase (CK) 32
Creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) 32
C C3C-Complement 24 Creatinine 32, 114, 139
C4-Complement 24 Creatinine clearance test 114, 139
C4bBP 86 b-CrossLaps 34
CA 15-3 24 Cyclosporine 102
CA 19-9 24 CYFRA 21-1 34
CA 72-4 24 Cystatin C 34
CA 125 24 Cystine 114
Cadmium 24
Caffeine 102 D D-Dimer 86, 133
Calcitonine 24 Dehydroandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) 34
Calcium 26, 112, 128, 129, 130, 131, Deoxypyridinolin 114
132, 134 Differential leucocyte count 76
Carbamazepine 102 Digitoxin 102
Carcino embryonic antigen (CEA) 26 Digoxin 102
Carnitine 26, 112 Disopyramide 102
Casts 108 Dopamine 112
Catecholamines 26, 112 Duodenal fluid 130
Cells, CSF 122
Ceruloplasmin 26 E Elastase 36
Chloramphenicol 102 Eosinophiles 76
Chloride 26, 112, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, Epinephrine 112
135, 136 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 76
Cholesterol 28 Erythrocytes 76
Cholinesterase (CHE) 30 Erythropoietin 36
Dibucaine inhibition test 30 Estradiol (E2) 36
Chromium 30 Estriol (E3) 36
Chymotrypsin 124, 126 Ethosuximide 102
Citrate 112, 126, 131 Extravascular body fluids 128
CO-Hb 76
226 227
F Factor II 88 Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) 44
Factor V 88 Glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase
Factor VII 88 (GOT) 22
Factor VIII 88 Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) 14
Factor IX 88 g-Glutamyl transferase (g-GT) 46
Factor X 88 Glycerol 46
Factor XI 88 Growth hormone (STH, somatotropin) 46
Factor XII 88
Factor XIII 36 H Haptoglobin 46
Fatty acids, free 36 HbA1c 46
Ferritin 36 Hematocrit (Hct, PCV) 78
al-Fetoprotein (AFP) 38 Hemoglobin (Hb)
Fibrin monomers 88 in blood 78
Fibrinogen 90 in plasma 46
Fibrin(ogen) degradation products Hemoglobin composition 78
(FDP) 90 Hemopexin 46
Fibrinopeptide A 90 Hemosperms 126
Fibronectin 90 Heparin cofactor II 90
Fluoride 38 Hepatitis 155
Folic acid 38 Hepato Quick 90
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 38 High molecular weight kininogen
Free PSA/total PSA ratio 40 (HMWKG) 90
Free thyroxine (FT4) 40 Homocysteic acid 48
Free triiodothyronine (FT3) 40 Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 48,
Fructosamine 40 128
Fructose 40, 114, 126 Hydrogen (H2) breath test 138
FTI 40 b-Hydroxybutyrate 48
FT4I 42 a-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
Function tests 137 (a-HBDH) 48
17-Hydroxycorticosteroids 164
G Galactose 42, 114 5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid 114
Gallstones 120 17-Hydroxyprogesterone 48
Gastric juice 131 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 72
Gastrin 42 Hydroxyproline 114
Gentamicin 102
Glomerular filtration rate 114 I Immunoglobulin A (IgA) 48, 122, 134, 136,
Glucose 42, 110, 114, 122, 128, 129, 130, 131, 147, 152
132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137 Immunoglobulin D (IgD) 48, 122
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Immunoglobulin E (IgE) 48, 122
(G6P-DH) 78 Immunoglobulin G (IgG) 50, 116, 122, 136,
a-Glucosidase 126 152
228 229
Immunoglobulin G subclasses 50 Mycophenolic acid 104
Immunoglobulin light chains 52, 116 Myoglobin 56
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) 50, 122, 136,
147, 152 N N-Acetylprocainamid (NAPA) 104
Insulin 52 Nasal secretion 132
International normalized ratio (INR) 90 Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) 56
Iron 52, 116 Nomograms
Iron-binding capacity (IBC) 52 Acid-base disorders 158
Body surface area (BSA) 141
K Kappa/lambda ratio, urine 116 Norepinephrine 112
N-terminal pro brain natriuretic protein
L Lactate 52, 122 (NT-proBNP) 58
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 54
Lactoferrin 124 O Oral glucose tolerance test 137
Lactose tolerance test 142 Osmolality 58, 116
Lead 54 Osmotic resistance of erythrocytes 82
Lecithin 165 Osteocalcin 58
Leucine 165 Oxalate 116
Leucocytes 80, 108
Lidocaine 102 P P1NP 58
Lipase 54 Pancreatic elastase 124
Lipoproteins, composition 146 Pancreatic juice 133
Lipoprotein a (Lp [a]) 54 Parathyrin (PTH) 60
Lithium 102 Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) 92
Luteinizing hormone (LH) 56 pCO2 100
Lymph 131 Peritoneal fluid 133
Lysozyme 56, 116 pH 100, 110, 126, 129, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136
Phenobarbital 104
M a2-Macroglobulin 56, 92 Phenylalanine 167
Magnesium 56, 116, 129, 134 Phenytoin 104
Mannose binding protein (MBP) 56 Phosphate, inorganic 60, 116, 128, 129, 130,
MAR test 126 132, 134
MCH 80 Phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) 60
MCHC 80 Phospholipids 128, 129, 132
MCV 82 Plasmin-a2-antiplasmin complex 92
Mercury 56, 116 Plasminogen 92
Methemoglobin 82 Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) 94
Methotrexate 104 Platelet factor 4 (PF4) 94
al-Microglobulin 116, 135 Pleural fluid 133
b2-Microglobulin 56, 132, 135, 136 pO2 100
Milk, human 132 Porphyrins 118
230 231
Potassium 60, 118, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, Sodium 64, 118, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134,
133, 134, 135, 136 135, 136
Pre-analytical considerations 7 Sorbitol 64
Prealbumin 62 Spermiogram 126
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC) 64
(PAPP-A) 62 Stool 124
Prekallikrein 94 Sweat 135
Primidone 104 Synovial fluid 136
Procainamide 104
Procalcitonin 62 T Tacrolimus 104
Progesterone 62 Tears 136
Prolactin 62 Testosterone 66
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 62 Thallium 66
Protein 64, 110, 118, 122, 128, 129, 131, 132, Theophylline 106
133, 134, 136 Therapeutic drug monitoring 102
Protein C 94 Thrombin-AT III-Komplex (TAT) 96
Protein S 94 Thrombin coagulase 96
Protein-lipid-ratio 146 Thrombin time 96
Prothrombin fragments 1+2 96 Thrombocytes 84
Prothrombin time (PT) 96 b-Thromboglobulin 96
Pyridinolin 118 Thrombophilia, risk factors 150
Pyruvate 64, 131 Thyroglobulin 66
Pyruvate kinase (erythrocytes) 82 Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 66
Thyroxine (T4) 66
Q Quinidine 104 Thyroxine binding capacity
(as T4-uptake) 68
R Reptilase time 86 Tissue factor pathway inhibitor 96
Reticulocytes 82 Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) 98
Reticulocytes hemoglobin equivalent Tobramycin 106
(RET-He) 82 Total sperm count 126
Rheumatoid factor (RF) 64 Transferrin 68
Transferrin carbohydrate deficient (CDT) 68
S S100 64 Transferrin-receptor, soluble (sTfR) 68
Salicylic acid 104 Transferrin saturation (TS) 68
Saliva 134 Triglycerides 68, 128, 131
Sample collection 9 Triiodothyronine (T3) 68
Sample stability 172 Troponin I 68
Sediment 108, 156 Troponin T 68
Selenium 64 Tumor markers 154
Sexual hormone binding globulin T-uptake
(SHBG) 64 (free thyroxine binding capacity) 70
232 233
U Urea 70, 118, 128, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135 Notice
Uric acid 70, 118, 131, 134, 135, 136
Urinalysis 108
Urinary calculi 120
Urinary sediment 108
Urine status 108
Urine volume 110
Urine specific gravity 110
Urobilinogen 110
V Valproic acid 106

Vancomycin 106
Vanilyylmandelic acid (VMA) 118
Vitamin A 72, 132
Vitamin B1 72, 132
Vitamin B2 72, 132
Vitamin B6 72, 132
Vitamin B12 72, 132
Vitamin C 72, 132
Vitamin D 72, 132
Vitamin E 74, 132
Vitamin K 74, 132
W von Willebrand factor (vWF) 98
X D-Xylose absorption test 143
Z Zinc 74, 126, 132
234 235
Notice Notice
236 237
Notice Notice
238 239
Notice
240 241

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018592_Roche_Titel_Pre_Analytic 04.06.

2008 9:36 Uhr Seite 1

Heil/Ehrhardt Reference Ranges for Adults and Children 2008

In order to fulfill increased regulatory stan-

Mannheim, March 2008

List of abbreviations 4 3.6 Age dependence of immunoglobulin synthesis 152

2 Reference ranges 14 4 Conversion tables 159

3 Decision supports 145

BSA Body surface area L Liter

Sample Sample Analysis Value

f <34 U/L <0.56 mkat/L 240 IFCC, with pyridoxal phosphate,

f <35 U/L <0.58 mkat/L 229 Nordic Reference Interval Project

f 32 U/L 0.53 mkat/L 220 Acc. to the optimized standard

f <33 U/L <0.55 mkat/L 220 Reflotron, blood, serum, plasma

No risk f >65 mg/dL >1.68 mmol/L 220 European guidelines

Dibucaine Normal individuals Inhibition: >75 % Inhibition: >0.75 201

Adults f 76152 mg/dL 1224 mmol/L 172

f 5064 yr <0.85 mg/dL <80.9 nmol/L 104 Immunonephelometric method,

Adults f <170 U/L <2.85 mkat/L 138

f <192 U/L <3.20 mkat/L 137, 220 Consensus values

f <145 U/L <2.41 mkat/L 219, 240 IFCC, hospital patients

f <170 U/L <2.84 mkat/L 220 Roche Diagnostics, Reflotron

Creatine kinase MB Adults <25 U/L <0.42 mkat/L 138, 220

mass Adults f <2.88 ng/mL <2.88 mg/L 220 CK-MB Elecsys

Pregnancy w 14 <27.9 ng/mL <23.2 IU/mL 220 AFP Elecsys

Adults 74106 mg/dL 4.15.9 mmol/L 304 Serum, plasma

Newborns 1d 4060 mg/dL 2.223.33 mmol/L

Preprandial 70100 mg/dL 3.95.6 mmol/L 267 Plasma (venous, capillary)

Adults f <4.8 U/L <80 nkat/L 220 DGKC, optimized,

f <5 U/L <80 nkat/L 220, 273 Consensus values

Adults 7001600 mg/dL 7.016 g/L 89, 220 Immunoturbidimetric method,

IgG3 IgG4 IgG3 IgG4

Adults 0.42.3 g/L 0.42.4 mmo/L 89, 220 Immunoturbidimetry,

Adults f 37145 mg/dL 6.626 mmol/L 293

Unsaturated 110370 mg/dL 2066 mmol/L 220 Roche/Hitachi systems

f 2.45.7 mg/dL 142.8339.2 mmol/L 220 Roche/Hitachi, COBAS INTEGRA, cobas,

Adults 46150 mg/dL 723 mmol/L 151 Plasma

Adults >70 % >0.70 220

Neonates 1d <28 s <28 s 11

Adults <22 s <22 s 20

Normal range: 21 s Normal range: 21 s 220

Full-term infants 1d 5.018.9 ng/mL 5.018.9 mg/mL 4

Children 1d 2961 mm Hg 4.08.0 kPa

Adults w 3243 mm Hg 4.35.7 kPa

Children 1d 7.207.41 mm Hg 7.207.41 kPa

Adults 7.377.45 mm Hg 7.377.45 kPa Blood, arterial

2229 mmol/L 2229 mmol/L Serum, plasma

Adults 1022 mg/dL 1.12.4 mmol/L 97

Differentiation between chyle and pseudochyle is possible with the detection of

Ccr = Clearance in mL/min

3. Appearance of fasting sera at different classes of hyperlipoproteinemia

Antibody Prothrombin Thrombin

Prealbumin 1 2 Schematic representation

Immunoglobulins (% of normal values of adults)

coating, immune adherance action Chemotaxis

Tumormarkers Acute Recon- Immunity

Progress of a hepatitis B infection

Diagnostically relevant findings Diagnostically relevant findings

Acetaminophen 6.62 mmol/L

N-Acetylprocain- 3.61 mmol/L

a1-Acid glycoprotein 0.25 mmol/L

ACTH 0.2202 pmol/L

Albumin/U 0.113 g/mol crea

Aldosterone 27.74 pmol/L