C - Ultimate Limit State design for the prestressed concrete tower

Design of the wind tower has been performed according to Eurocode 2.

Material
Concrete C30/37:

fck 30MPa Characteristic compressive strength.

c 1.5 Partial safety factor for concrete.

fck Design compressive strength.

fcd
c

Ecm 32GPa Young's modulus.

kN
c 25 Unity self-weight of prestressed concrete.
3
m

Prestressing steel: 7-wire strands

fpk 1770MPa Characteristic value of the ultimate strength.

fp01k 1526.7MPa Characteristic value of the 0.1% proof stress.

s 1.1 Partial safety factor for steel.

fp01k
fpd 1387.909 MPa Design value of steel strength.
s

5 Young's modulus.
Ep 1.9 10 MPa

1000 2.5% Maximum relaxation at 20 C. after 1000 h.

nominal 15.7mm Nominal diameter of the strand.

2
Anominal 150mm Nominal area of the strand.

g
1172 Weight of the strand per unit of length.
m

ns 11 Number of strands forming a tendon.

2
Ap ns Anominal 1650 mm Cross sectional area of a tendon.

np 56 Number of tendons every cross section.

duct 50mm
Diameter of the ducts.

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 C - Ultimate Limit State design for the prestressed concrete tower

Dimensions and propieteis of the cross section

Height of the tower: Outer diameter of the Tickness of the

cylinder: cylinder:
htower 100m

20 4 290
40 4.75 360

h 60 m outer 5.3 m t 420 mm
80 6 460

100 6.5 500

inner outer 2 t Inner diameter of the cylinder.

outer
router Outer radius of the cylinder.
2

inner
rinner Inner radius of the cylinder.
2

t
rtower router Radius of the cylinder medium section.
2

tower rtower 2 Diameter of the cylinder medium

section.

Ag router rinner
2 2
Total area of the cross section.

4 2
As Ap np 9.24 10 mm Steel area of the cross section.

Ac Ag As Concrete area of the cross section.

r
1 4 4
Ic rinner Moment of intertia of the gross section.
4 outer

ymax router Maximum distance from the centroid of the section.

Ic
Wz Resistent moment of the cross section.
ymax

4
1 nominal Moment of intertia of the strand.
Ip
4 2
Distange between centroid of the section and centroind
of the tendon. Since tendons are distributed equispaced
ec 0
along the length of the circumference, the resultant
eccentricity of the cross-section is 0.

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 C - Ultimate Limit State design for the prestressed concrete tower

Loads
Fw 1350kN Horitzontal load coming from the wind.

1.69 106

4.965 106

Wconcrete c Ag h 9.659 106 N Self-weight of the prestressed concrete.

1.601 107
7

2.356 10
6 Weight of the assumed turbine.
Wturbine 80tonne g 1.35 1.059 10 N

2.749 10
6

6.024 10
6

NEd Wturbine Wconcrete 1.072 10
7N

1.707 10
7

7

2.462 10

Second order effects

Eurocode 2 proposes considering second order effects when the following expression is satified:

> lim EN 1992-1-1 5.8.3

20 A B C
lim Slenderness limit EN 1992-1-1 (5.13)
n

A 0.7 Recommended value in EN 19921-1 5.8.3.1 in case ef is not known.

B 1.1 Recommended value in EN 19921-1 5.8.3.1 in case is not known.
C 0.7 Recommended value in EN 19921-1 5.8.3.1 in case r m is not known.

NEd
n Relative normal force.
Ac fcd
52.72
43.358
20 A B C
lim 37.098 Slenderness limit EN 1992-1-1 (5.13)
n 32.824

29.681
lo
Slenderness ratio EN 1992-1-1(5.14)
i

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 C - Ultimate Limit State design for the prestressed concrete tower

Ic Radius of gyration of the uncracked concrete

i
Ag section.

Effective buckling length l0 :

Examples of different buckling modes and corresponding effective lengths for isolated
members.
EN 19921-1 Figure 5.7

General methodology for calculating the effective buckling length according to EN 19921-1
Figure 5.7 case(b).

5
lo1 2 htower 2 10 mm

Numerical methodology for calculating the effective buckling length based on numerous
experiments. Reference [19]:

W turbine 1.522
1.32
1 2.176 W
turbine Wconcrete
1.237
0.794
1.196

1.174

lo2 htower max 0 1 2 3 4 1.522 10 mm
5

lo max l o1 lo2 2 10 mm
5

152.012
128.427
lo
115.492 Slenderness ratio EN 1992-1-1(5.14)
i
101.759

93.955

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 C - Ultimate Limit State design for the prestressed concrete tower

Due to the slenderness of the tower, second order effects have to be considered:

1
1

Verification lim 1
1

1
Amplification factor for first order moments:

4.62 107

9.507 10
7
2
Ecm Ic Euler's buckling load.
NB 1.525 108 N
lo
2

2.442 108
8

3.372 10

1.063
1.068
1
C 1.076 EN 1992-1-1 (5.30)
NEd
1
1.075
NB
1.079

Geometrical imperfections EN 1992-1-1 5.2

1
0 Basic value.
200

2 2 2
h if 1 Recution factor for height.
htower 3 htower

1 otherwise

h 1

m 1 Number of columns of the structure.

m

0.5 1
1 1 Reduction factor for the number of
m
members.
i 0 h m 0.005 rad

For isolated concrete members, the effect of imperfections may be taken into account as an ecentricity e i:

lo EN 1992-1-1 5.2 (5.2)

ei i 500 mm
2

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 C - Ultimate Limit State design for the prestressed concrete tower

As the self-weight of the tower is a distributed preassure increasing towards the top, it has been
considered that the equivalent concentrated load was applied in the centroid of the triangular distribution.

turbine ei 0.5 m

htower
tower
3

tan i 0.167 m

Cross-sectional stresses
Bending moment
Bending moment produced by the wind:

2.7 107

5.4 107

Mz.w Fw h 8.1 107 N m

1.08 108
8

1.35 10

Stress because of geometric imperfections:

8.112 10
5

1.357 10
6

Mz.g turbine Wturbine tower Wconcrete 2.139 10
6 Nm

3.198 10
6

6

4.457 10

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 C - Ultimate Limit State design for the prestressed concrete tower

Amplification of the moments because of second order effects:

2.957 107

5.91 107

Mz Mz.w Mz.g C 8.943 107 N m


1.196 108
8

1.504 10

Stress produced by Compressive stress produced

the bending moment: by the axial loads:

10.108 0.813
11.657 1.213
Mz NEd
z 12.273 MPa 1.664 MPa
Wz Ag
11.597 2.132

11.449 2.612

Prestressing force
Tensile force P applied at every section without prestressing. It can also be understood as the required
prestressing force to apply.

3.142 10
7

5.185 10
7

P z Ag 6.831 7 N Tensile force applied at every verified section.
10

7.578 10
7
7

8.328 10

Prestress losses
Losses due to friction: EN 1992-1-1 5.10.5.2

0rad Sum of the angular displacements over a distance h [rad]

0.19 Coefficient of friction between the tendon and its duct

1
k 0.01m Unintentional angular displacement for internal tendons

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 C - Ultimate Limit State design for the prestressed concrete tower

1.171 10
6

6
3.795 10

PL1 P 1 e
( k h)
7.359 10
6N EN 1992-1-1 5.10.5.2 (5.45)

1.069 10
7
7

1.441 10

Losses due to instantaneous deformation of concrete: EN 1992-1-1 5.10.5.1

j np c (t)
PL2 Ap Ep

n Ecm ( t)
EN 1992-1-1 5.10.5.2 (5.44)

It is not possible to straight simultaneously all the tendons at the same time. Thus, EC-2 suggests
considering a loss of stress because of the sequential stressing procedure, which has been
estimated using an iterative calculation taking into account all the tendons.

PL2 z0
for i 1 np

Ep
Atrans Ag 1 Ap i
Ecm

Ep 2 i r
Ag rtower 1 Ap i cos tower
Ecm np
ytrans

Atrans

2 p
E 2
Iz Ic Ag rtower ytrans
1 Ip Ap i rtower ytrans

Ecm


2
2
cos n i rtower
P PL1 Ep 1
p
zz
np
Ap
Ecm Ag

Iz
np i

z

4.763 10
6

5.151 10
6

PL2 5.035 10
6N

4.326 10 6
6

3.888 10

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 C - Ultimate Limit State design for the prestressed concrete tower

Losses at anchorage: EN 1992-1-1 5.10.5.3

Altough Eurocode 2 suggests considering this kind of losses, it doesn't give any recommendation.
Thus, reference [17] has been used.

The friction loss is assumed to vary linearly from the jack to the section considered with a slope sf:

5.857 4
10

9.487 4
10
PL1
sf 1.227 5 N
10
h m
1.336 10
5
5

1.441 10

Slippage of the strands at the anchors (recommended

s 10mm
value in reference [17]).

54.748
43.017
s Ep As Extend of the slippage along the height.
hd 37.833 m
sf
36.254

34.903

3.207 106

4.081 106

P hd sf 4.64 106 N Loss of prestressing force at the anchors.

4.842 106
6

5.03 10
i 0 4

hd hi
i
PL3 Pi if hd hi
i hd i
i
0 otherwise

2.035 106

2.863 105
PL3 N Loss of prestressing force at the section.
0
0

0

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 C - Ultimate Limit State design for the prestressed concrete tower

Time dependent losses: EN 1992-1-1 5.10.6

Final shrinkage strain considereing outside location and relative humidity of 80 %:

3
sh 0.28 10 EN 1992-1-1 3.1.4 Table 3.2

Loss of stress in the tendons at the design section due to

relaxation:

21.263
39.486
P PL1 PL2 PL3 NEd

p.r 3 1000 54.082 MPa
As
63.18

72.73
Ep
m
Ecm Modular ratio

2 Final creep coefficient EN 1992-1-1 3.1.4

Stress in the concrete at the level of the tendons due to permanent loads plus presstresses:

7.75
9.798
P PL1 PL2 PL3 NEd
c 10.348 MPa
Ag
9.722

9.507
Loss of stress in steel due to creep, shrinkage and relaxation:

165.254
207.969
sh Ep p.r m c EN 1992-1-1 5.10.6 (5.46)
p.tot 229.253 MPa Ref. [17] Example 8.10
m Ap Ag ec
2
231.098
1 1 ( )
Ic
1 0.8
Ag
238.185

1.527 10
7

1.922 10
7

PL4 As p.tot 2.118 10
7N Total loss of force due to time-dependent effects.

2.135 10
7
7

2.201 10

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 C - Ultimate Limit State design for the prestressed concrete tower

Prestressing load to apply to concrete: Total losses of prestressing load:

3.142 10
7 2.324 10
7

5.185 10
7 2.845 10
7

P 6.831 10
7N Plosses PL1 PL2 PL3 PL4 3.358 10
7N

7.578 10
7
3.637 10
7

7
7

8.328 10 4.031 10

Prestressing required load to apply with the jack:

5.466 107

8.03 107

PTOTAL P Plosses 1.019 108 N

1.121 108
8

1.236 10

General Ultimate Limit State verifications for prestressed concrete

Tensile stress of the tendons
Maximum load applied to a tendon during tensioning should not exceed Pmax EN-1992-1-1 5.10.2.1
(5.41)

p.max min 0.8 fpk 0.95 fp01k 1416 MPa

8
Pmax As p.max 1.308 10 N

1
1

Verification1 Pmax PTOTAL 1
1

1

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 C - Ultimate Limit State design for the prestressed concrete tower

Compressive strength of the concrete

Concrete compressive stress in the structure resulting from the prestressing force and other loads
acting at the time of tensioning comp should not exceed 0.6fck EN-1992-1-1 5.10.2.1 (5.41)

17.461
17.717
NEd PTOTAL
comp 17.742 MPa
Ac
16.328

15.881
fck 0.6 18 MPa

1
1

Verification2 comp fck 0.6 1
1

1

Shear reinforcement
According to EN 1992-1-1 6.2 additional shear reinforcement is not needed if VRd.c > V Ed.

Fw 1.35 10
6

Fw 1.35 10
6
Design shear force in the section considered resulting from
VEd Fw 1.35 10
6N
external loadind.

Fw 1.35 6
10
F
w 1.35 6
10

VRd.c CRd.c k 100 fck k1 cp bw d

3
Design sehar resistance of a member without
shear reinforcement En 1992-1-1 6.2.1.

0.18
CRd.c Recommended value in En 1992-1-1 6.2.2
c

Recommended value in En 1992-1-1 6.2.2

k1 0.15

Diameter of the tower (medium section of

d tower
the cylinder.

200mm
k 1 Expression in En 1992-1-1 6.2.2
d

bw 2 t Smallest width of the cross-section in the

tensile area.

As
Reinforcement ratio.
bw d

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 C - Ultimate Limit State design for the prestressed concrete tower

NEd P Tensile force applied to tendons.

9.556
10.642
P Tensile stress applied to concrete before
cp 10.762 MPa
Ac prestressing.
9.576

8.924
3.842 10
6

6
6.142 10

VRd.c CRd.c k 100 fck k1 cp bw d 8.027
3 6N
10

9.055 10
6

7

1.006 10

1
1

Verification3 VRd.c VEd 1
1

1

Concrete cover

The concrete cover cnom is the distance between the surface of the reinforcement
closest to the nearest concrete surface EN 1992-1-1 (4.4.1).

cnom cmin cdev EN 1992-1-1 4.4.1.1 (4.1)

cmin: Minimum distance satisfaying the requirements for both bond and environmental
conditions for a service life of 50 years. EN 1992-1-1 4.4.1.2.

cmin.b nominal Minimum cover due to bond requirement EN 1992-1-1 4.4.1.2 (3)

cmin.dur 30mm Minimum cover due to environmental conditions EN 1992-1-1 4.4.1.2 (5)

cdur. 0mm Additive safety element EN 1992-1-1 4.4.1.2 (6)

cdur.st 0mm Reduction of minimum cover for use of stainless steel EN 1992-1-1
4.4.1.2 (7)
cdur.add 0mm Reduction of minimim cover for use of additional protection EN 1992-1-1
4.4.1.2 (8)

cmin max cmin.b cmin.dur cdur. cdur.st cdur.add 10mm 30 mm
cdev: Increase of the required minimum cover by the accepted negative deviation
EN 1992-1-1 4.4.1.3

cdev 10mm

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 C - Ultimate Limit State design for the prestressed concrete tower

cnom cmin cdev 40 mm EN 1992-1-1 4.4.1.1 (4.1)

120
155
t duct Concrete cover at verified cross-sections.
cdesign 185 mm
2
205

225
1
1

Verification4 cdesign cnom 1
1

1

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