Professional Documents
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4 MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Affordable, abundant and clean water is essential for human well-being. There are clear
linkages between access to potable water and health, nutrition levels and subsequently
education achievement, labor productivity and economic growth. Water and sanitation have
usually been treated as public services, supplied to users for a fee and requiring
government subsidies justified on social and environmental grounds. Municipal or state-
owned utilities are often inefficient, overregulated, and unable to supply even the formal
sector with adequate services. Subsidies through tax transfers and foreign aid/borrowing
are becoming more difficult to secure.
The growing population, as well as the economic development, experienced in Raipur over
recent years has led to growing pressure on the environment. Economic pressure and
demographic growth are concentrated in medium-sized and large cities whose authorities
face the challenging of increasing and improving the provision of services.
In the case of Raipur city, there is an inadequate water supply distribution network.
Maintenance of the roads is in an awful condition and some of the roads are in a permanent
state of disrepair. The city also suffers from water pollution from untreated sewerage that
contaminates both the surface water and the groundwater due to the prevalence of poorly
constructed pit latrines.
Most of the infrastructure problems, persisting in the city of Raipur, originate from the
central part of the city, which is designated as the core area by the Raipur development
plan. This area experiences the drawbacks related to the population congestion,
transportation, intensity of the activities and old infrastructure.
Water supply
Sewerage and sanitation
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
(Sewage
Sanitation VIP Latrine Septic tanks Full water borne
collection/disposal
Roads Graded Gravel Paved/tarred & kerbs
Storm water
Earth lined open channel Open channel lined Piped systems
drainage
Solid Waste
Communal (Residents) Communal (Contractors) Kerbside
disposal
In 1976, the water supply scheme was augmented from 7.5 MGD to 10.5 MGD, which
includes construction of 3 MGD conventional type treatment plant, an intake well, 500KVA
transformer, raw water supply rising main of 500mm dia with 3 km length. In 1993 the water
supply scheme was sanctioned to increase the water supply capacity from 10.5 MGD to 28
MGD. This scheme is designed to cater the water supply need of 8.20 lakhs population at a
rate of 150 lpcd.
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
The raw water from the Gangarel dam will be taken to the Anicut Ghughuwagaut and then
to the treatment plant at Rawanbhata from where the treated water is supplied. Out of total
67.5MLD from the Gangarel Dam, almost 13.5 MLD (20%) water is lost either due to
seepage, evaporation and illegal extraction by farmers.
The city was provided with about 310 hand pumps, 300 power pumps and 800 public taps
in the slum areas. The level of coverage in slum areas is about 25%. Water is supplied for
three to four hours every day. The average per capita consumption of water is estimated as
110 lpcd, but in slum areas it is estimated as much lower.
The depth of the ground water table varies from 60-90m in the Raipur city. A bulk of water is
supplied to the city, i.e. around 18MLD in pre-monsoon and 22MLD in post monsoon
season through ground water sources. Out of the total supplied water to the city (76MLD),
about 22 MLD of ground water is being extracted and distributed with out any treatment.
The Municipal Corporation of Raipur has provided around 1400 tube wells through out the
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
city for ground water extraction. During summer, the lowering of the ground water table
further reduces the supply by 3 MLD.
At present the Raipur Municipal Corporation area is 55 sq.km and as per notification order
no.2957/1/90/33 (1), this limit was extended to approximately 143 sq.km area, including 26
villages and Raipur Municipal Corporation is responsible to provide the water supply for this
total area.
At present, approximately 65% of the total area of the city is covered by pipeline distribution
and the rest is covered by hand pumps (34.25%) and some uncovered areas (4.37%) are
being supplied through tankers in the summer time. In the old town area the coverage is
about 85%. Industries in the city limits have developed ground water supply for own use.
Even though the present water supply was augmented but there are still many poor
localities that are not supplied with piped water such as Raipura, Batagaon, Changora bata,
Matpurana, Hamlidih, Fandhar, Labhandi, Khamhardih, Mowa, Dubey colony, Kapa, Saddu,
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
Table 4.3 - Water supply standards as per National Building Code (NBC) and Indian
Standards
WATER REQUIRED
SL NO PURPOSE
(LPCD)
1 Drinking 5
2 Cooking 10
3 Ablution 10
4 Cleaning utensils and Houses 10
5 Washing clothes 25
6 Flushing water closets 45
7 Bathing 30
8 Public Purposes 35
TOTAL 170
Source: Water supply standards as per National Building Code (NBC) and Indian Standards
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
Table 4.4 - Water supply norms as per UDPFI Guidelines (for Domestic Supply)
135 LPCD(can be
1. Absolute minimum 70 LPCD 40-100 LPCD
reduced to 70 LPCD)
Note: Water supply standards as per the norms UDPFI Guide lines
The following chart shows the demand and supply of water for 7 years
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
Variable cost
Variable cost concerns mainly operation and maintenance cost of the system and also a
sinking fund for the replacement of the future replacement of the system. This cost includes:
Administrative expenses such as salaries and wages.
Repairs and maintenance charges.
Chemicals and consumables
Electricity charges.
Deprecation charges.
Providing sufficient drinking water to the citizens is one of the prime responsibilities of the
local body. However it is seen that tax collected towards this service does not match with
the expenditure incurred for provision of the facility. The following table shows the
expenditure and revenue receipts towards water supply over a period of 4 years of Raipur
Water Supply and Sewerage. It is evident from the table that expenditure is more than the
tax collected for water supply during that year. However it is seen that people do not
appreciate this service and value the facility they are getting is almost free of cost. One way
of reducing the burden of Municipal Corporation and increase the sense of responsibility is
to increase the rate water tax.
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
It can be observed from the above table, that the tariff rates which are being collected by
RMC is very are less as compared to the cost of supplying water from the source to houses.
Tariffs should not be discriminatory and should send a clear signal to consumers that
reducing consumption will reduce the bill. The main objective of tariff setting is to cover the
cost of the supplying water to make the water-supplying entity financially viable and to
ensure access of all groups to basic minimum need.
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
The main problems faced by the RMC are the Illegal tapping of water and difficulty in
collection of water bills from the slum people as well as others. To ensure regular payment
of bills and to detect illegal tapping of water periodical checking and monitoring is
necessary.
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
The sewerage system is existed only in the core area of Raipur city and covers only 25% of
the municipal area. This system is overloaded due to the growth of population and the
development of economic activities in the core area. However, in out the suburban areas, is
not covered by safe sanitation facilities due to lack of well-established sewerage system.
The areas at present, which are not served by sewerage system, include old city area
served by conservancy system/individual septic tank. Some areas are having their own
community septic tanks with their effluent discharging in to the open sullage drain ultimately
joining the natural drainage. The present system of disposal using water as a medium of
transport through sewage pipes to the city outfall involves huge cost and resources.
Apart from the sewerage system, the city is not having, proper drainage system which is
essential service of the city. With the result no drains, the waste water which comes from
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
Moudha para area is over flowing towards the adjacent road. Many of roads are not having
even open drains and existing drains which are covered in some areas are demolished and
blocking with garbage and other road waste.
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
Lack of maintenance
Even though some areas are having proper drainage system, they are enduring by
the poor maintenance of the local authority. The drains are completely obstructed
with the garbage and roadside waste.
The sewerage systems never became functional, as household connections never got linked
to sewerage network. RMC could not give additional sewer connection as expected, as users
were not ready to spend Rs. 4000-5000 for getting connection.
Lack of sewerage treatment facilities resulting in discharge of untreated sewage into water
bodies.
No comprehensive sewerage quality studies
Data regarding Sewerage network is not available in the RMC
Lack of effective communication strategy
Polluting water bodies by mixing the sewerage with in the in the vicinity of water bodies and
nallhs.
Inadequate and inefficient public toilets
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
North-West above ridge on which, the alignment of GE road divides the city into two natural
drainage basins.
Currently, storm water drains in the city are constructed and maintained by the Raipur
Municipal Corporation and respective ULBs. The drainage system in Raipur comprises of a
hierarchy of natural and man-made drains and water bodies that ultimately discharge
surface run-off into River Kharun. Numerous lakes and nallahs constituted in the major
storm water drainage system in the City. The nallahs are the major carriers of storm water
finally disposing into the river and water bodies in the catchments.
The rainwater mainly flows through the nallahs towards northern side of the city. Some
rainwater is also drained though small nallahs towards south-west direction of the relatively
plain plateau on which the city is situated and also owing to difficulty of providing continuous
storm water drains in certain localities. Some low lying localities face the problem of water-
logging during rainy season. Since river Kharun is little away from the main habitation, the
city does not face the problem of floods except some village inhabitants of Chandini Dih and
Raipura.
Map No: 3. showing the storm water Drainage basins of Raipur
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
The main sources of waste in Raipur city are individual houses, slums, commercial
establishments, vegetable markets, road sweepings, hospitals and industries.
Domestic Waste: Daily it comes from 1,14,819 (2001 census) houses in Raipur city
consisting of household waste, kitchen, house cleaning, old papers, packing, bottles,
crockery wares, furnishing materials, garden trimmings, etc.
Trade & Commercial Waste: In Raipur city Daily it comes from 12,624 units of
business premises, shops, offices, markets, departmental stores (paper, packing
material, spoiled/discarded goods), organic, inorganic, chemically reactive and
hazardous waste.
Street Sweeping: The city is having 970 km of road length. The main sources of
this waste are unconcerned throwing, litter by pedestrian and vehicular traffic, stray
animals, roadside tree leaves, rubbish from drain cleansing, debris, etc.
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
c) Hospital waste
At present in Raipur city there are 500 hospitals (including dispensaries, polyclinics, etc.)
existed within the city. It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg of waste generated in a
hospital at least 1 kg would be infected. These are in the form of disposable syringes,
swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc. This waste is highly infectious and can
be a serious threat to human health if not managed in a scientific and discriminate manner.
At present Raipur do not practice segregation at source as a whole. Some wards are having
door-to-door collection system and waste being collected into the tricycle. From the tricycle
it will be disposed into the nearest community ring bins. They disposed it into two or more
successive bins and each household pays Rs 10-20/- per month. Even though the wastes
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
are segregated at source, it again gets mixed at storage point, defying the purpose of
segregation.
It was observed that the people were thrown the waste into vacant sites, open spaces
though community bins were in close proximity. Due to this, waste was strewn outside the
bin, and when there was wind and rains, the wastes got dispersed, creating nuisance and
unhygienic conditions. These wastes are also choking the drains, creating stagnant
conditions for the proliferation of mosquitoes.
4.5.2.2 Transportation
After collecting the waste from different areas & from different sources it is being
transported with tractors/dumpers to the dumping site. Dumper placers (5), tippers (5) and
tractor-trailers (14) are mainly used for transportation of waste. The tractors are deployed to
collect the wastes from the main roads and other major roads and in the cross roads of
markets and commercial areas. The narrow lanes and slums were cleared for every three to
four days by the tractors. Transportation involves, movement of vehicles to various
temporary storage points, manual loading of wastes using baskets and other lifting tools,
lifting of wastes from open yards on the way to the disposal site and transportation to
disposal site. The following table shows, existing municipal equipments for solid waste
management.
4.5.2.2.1 Infrastructure details
Table 4.10: existing infrastructure details - Raipur
S. No Description Number
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
treatment is being adopted except for screens. There are several options available for the
treatment and/or disposal of solid waste. Local body has given contract to one private
body to treat the waste. They are screening the fine particle from entire mixed waste and
it’s selling as compost (manure, Rs.90/50kg) to the nearby communities.
Almost ninety percent of waste generated at Raipur city (350 TPD) is being dumped by the
municipal corporation. But no segregation is practiced. However recovery is seen. The rag
pickers retrieve metal wastes, plastic wastes like bottles, cement bags from the rubble.
They scavenge through the entire heaps of waste. In the process the wastes undergo
mixing and turning leading to faster decomposition. These retrieved materials are sold to
recycling units. A part of the waste is also burnt to reduce volume and obnoxious odour.
The important parameters of solid waste at Raipur city is given in below table.
Capital of Chhattisgarh state and playing a vital role in the economy of the state/region.
Since ancient times the city plays a predominant role in the trade and commerce of the
region.
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
Raipur city is linked by all modes of transportation viz. road, rail and air.
• The NH-6 connects it with Kolkatta, Bombay and NH-43 to Jagdalpur and
Vishakapatnam and NH-200 to Bilaspur.
• The city is served by Broad-Gauge line and conveniently connected with the large
cities of Bombay, Calcutta and Vishakapatnam. A Narrow Gauge line passing
through the city connects Raipur with Dhamtari.
• It is also served by air services connecting Chennai, Vizag, Bubaneswar, Bombay
and Delhi.
• Regular long distance bus services are available for Ambikapur, Bhopal, Nagpur,
Jabalpur, and Sambalpur etc.
The available lengths of the different kind of Roads in the Raipur Municipal Corporation
limits are shown in the following Table No 4.11
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
Table 4.11 Lengths of the existing roads under Raipur Municipal Corporation
400
The table reveals that the
300
Length
200
100
accordance with the physical
20
20
20
20
20
00
01
02
03
04
05
Year
WBM BT CC
Because of the mixed traffic such as cars, auto rickshaws, rickshaws, cycles, it has become
increasingly difficult for the pedestrians to cross the roads particularly in the center of the
city. Hence it is proposed to construct two pedestrian sub ways 1. At Shasthry Chowk, 2. At
Jaisthambh Chowk.
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
As per the development plan, the circulation plan (Map No 3.5) regarding road networks
and inner and outer ring roads are examined. The ring road No 1 and 2 are implemented.
But the primary (P) ring road 1 and 2 are not implemented. With the result there is a heavy
truck traffic creating traffic problems.
Similarly the intersections, roundabouts or traffic signals at these ring roads are not
developed. These ring roads No 1and 2 so far developed are not to the specific standards.
So far road widening schemes are taken up as per the suggestions of the development
plan. The following intersections both with in the city and on ring roads which are
1. Subhash Chowk
2. Railway station Chowk
3. Fafadih Chowk
4. KK Road up to Triangular Road intersection
5. Rajbhandha Maiden Junction
6. Jail Road Junction
7. Shastri Chowk
8. Ravi Shankar Shukla Road Junction
9. Nalghar Chowk
10. Aadivashi Hostel Junction
11. Sardar Patel Road Crossing Malviya Road Junction
12. Budeswar Mandir Chowk
13. Purani BAsthi Thana Road intersection
14. Kankali para Marg
15. Ghore Chowk
16. Rathore Chowk
17. Lalitha Chowk
18. Rajendra Chowk
19. Jaystambh Chowk
20. Sharada Chowk
21. Nagar Gadi Chowk
22. Tatibandh Junction
23. Telibandha Junction
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
Out of the above all chowks, the following junctions have to be taken for junction
improvement;
Raipur city is having broad gauge line namely Bombay-Howra, Raipur -Waltare, which acts
as a physical barrier for development on the northern side of the city. In order to link the
development on either side of the railway line grade separated crossings (Over bridges and
under passes) are suggested, and those four locations are,
Out of four locations Telghani Naka and Ring Road No.1 near Tati Bandh are implemented.
As per the development plan 2011 it is proposed to develop the following over bridges.
The plan also suggests development of Transport Nagars to ease the traffic congestion.
Locations of Transport Nagars are proposed at the following places.
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
For this purpose a small area has been acquired to an extent of about 5 acres in the
outskirts of the city and minimum infrastructure is provided. But it is felt by the truck
operators that it is not satisfactorily developed.
An area of about 100 acres near Rawabhata village on Bilaspur road is in possession of
Raipur Development Authority (RDA), and the same area is being taken up for development
of Transport Nagar.
The Transport Nagar Scheme constitutes the following components with the common
utilities at a cost of Rs.15 Crores.
Table 4.12 Details of Proposed Transport Nagar at Rawabhata
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
a. Urban Transport
Urban Transportation plays a vital role in the economic development of the City. Raipur, the
state capital of Chhattisgarh is emerging as a fast growing city with increasing commuters.
The present capacity of the city roads, parking spaces and Bus stands are not in a
sustainable position for the future demand of the city.
b. Bus Stand
The existing Bus Stand at Pandri is being congested with improper parking lots making the
commuters to stand on the road to catch the buses. And also the Buses helpers stand on
road to call the passengers out of competition among the Bus agencies. With all these the
effective carriage way of the road became in-sufficient for the thorough traffic.
In the Long Term Plan it is proposed to expand and maintain the existing Bus stand to cater
the increasing number of Buses and Passengers with an out lay of Rs.2 Cr. And two well
maintained Sulbh complexes are also proposed under this scheme for the convenience of
the passengers and commuters.
There is no well organized public transport system in Raipur City. Most of the people use
Auto Rickshaws or Cycle Rickshaws depend on the distance of travel for the transportation.
As the City’s rapid growth these Autos and Rickshaws are also increasing rapidly. There is
a need for the development of proper Stands for the Autos and Cycle rickshaws. An amount
of Rs. 1 Cr is proposed for the development of these Auto Stands and Cycle Rickshaw
Stands on the Arterial and sub-arterial roads of the Raipur City.
A well organized Commercial centre with Multi Level Parking is proposed with an
approximate estimated cost of 2 crores in the Central Area and the same is detailed in the
Core Area Chapter.
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City Development Plan, Raipur City Municipal Infrastructure
As per the Development plan 2011 of Raipur, Ring Road No.3, Ring Road No.4, Arterial
Roads and sub-arterial roads are proposed for construction during the plan period. A Road
connecting the two proposed ring roads is also proposed to avoid the truck traffic flow
between Bilaspur and Mahasamundh Road coming to the city.
There is no organized public transportation system present in Raipur. Most of the public
transportation is through two wheelers, auto rickshaws, Cycle rickshaws and private mini
buses. Due to the multi modal transportation of the public, there are traffic congestions on
all the major arterial and sub arterial roads. This will lead to the pollution of the environment.
4.6.2.9 Parking
At present central area of the city needs efficient off street parking spaces at various
places particularly in business area which is creating congestion. No of vehicles are
increasing in the city. Parking of vehicles particularly cars along main roads are creating
traffic problems. Increasing industrial, commercial, activity in and around the city work
canters has resulted stray parking along required roads and major streets.
Parking proposals as indicated in RDP 1991 are again reviewed in RDP 2011 and the
following places are proposed for parking.
A well-organized Commercial centre with Multi Level Parking is proposed in the Central
Area and the same is detailed in the Core Area Chapter.
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