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20 : 0.5 or 40 : 1
Gullivers Travels: Dimensional Analysis
VG / VL = (LG)3 / (LL)3
= (12 LL)3 / (LL)3
= 123
= 1728
Gulliver needs to be fed 1728
times the amount of food
each day as the Lilliputians.
Published
U.S. Atomic
Bomb was
18 kiloton
device
Nuclear Explosion Shock
Wave 1 = r ( E at b c )
The propagation of a nuclear M 0 L0T 0 = ( L)( ML2T 2 ) a (T ) b ( ML3 ) c
explosion shock wave M: 0= a+c c = a
depends on: E, r, , and t. 1
r=f(E ,,t) L : 0 = 1 + 2a 3c a =
5
2
n = 4 No. of variables T : 0 = 2a + b b=
5
r=3 No. of dimensions
n r = 1 No. of dimensionless parameters
R
1 = RE 1/ 5t 2 / 5 1/ 5 =
E 1/ 5t 2 / 5 1/ 5
E r t
F ( 1 ) = 0 1 = C
ML2T-2 ML-3 L T
R
=C R = C E 1/ 5t 2 / 5 1/ 5
Select repeating variables: E t
1/ 5 2 / 5 1/ 5
E, t, and 1/ 5
Combine these with the rest of Et 2
the variables: r R = C
R = (E/)1/5 t2/5
= 1 kg/m3
log(R)
E = 7.9x1013 J
= 19.8 kilotons TN
1
-2 -1 0 1 2
log (t)
Dimensional Analysis in
the Lab
Want to study pressure
drop as function of velocity
p1
(V1) and diameter (do)
p0
Carry out numerous
experiments with different V1 V0
values of V1 and do and plot A0
A1
the data
P V1 d1 d2
ML-1T-2 ML-3 LT-1 L L
5 parameters:
p, , V1, d1, do
2 dimensionless parameter
groups:
P/(V
Much
2/2), (d /d )
easier to1 establish
o functional relations with 2
parameters, than 5
Flow Similarity and Model Testing
Reynolds Number
Mach Number
Significant Dimensionless
Groups in Fluid Mechanics
Froude Number
Weber Number
Significant Dimensionless
Groups in Fluid Mechanics
Euler Number
Cavitation Number
Flow Similarity and Model
Studies
Geometric Similarity
Model and prototype have same shape
Linear dimensions on model and prototype
correspond within constant scale factor
Kinematic Similarity
Velocities at corresponding points on model and
prototype differ only by a constant scale factor
Dynamic Similarity
Forces on model and prototype differ only by a
constant scale factor
Flow Similarity and Model
Studies
Example: Drag on a Sphere
Flow Similarity and Model
Studies
Example: Drag on a Sphere
For dynamic similarity
then
Flow Similarity and Model
Studies
Incomplete Similarity
Sometimes (e.g., in aerodynamics)
complete similarity cannot be
obtained, but phenomena may still
be successfully modelled
Flow Similarity and Model
Studies
Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters
Pump Head
Pump Power
Flow Similarity and Model
Studies
Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters
Head Coefficient
Power Coefficient
Flow Similarity and Model
Studies
Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters
If then
Flow Similarity and Model
Studies
Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters
Specific Speed
Cantilever Beam
P h
L b
L L P
Buckinghams = f (v, , , 2 )
Theorem: L h b Eh
39
Fracture Mechanics
Propose D = D ( P, K Ic , )
:
Rayleighs Procedure:
P K Ic
k m n
40
Fracture Mechanics
2/3
P
D= f ( )
K Ic
41
Hertz Contact
P
Propose a = a ( R, P, E , )
R :
R k P m E n o
2a
a R P E
F 0 0 1 1 0 L = Lk F m ( FL2 )n ( )o
L 1 1 0 2 0
42
Beam Buckling
EI
Pcr
L2
43
Analysis of Falling Dominoes
V0
I, m
V
d
V I V0
Result: = f( 2, 1 )
V0 md gd 2
44
Analysis of Tumbling Card
Neglect: viscosity,
c/s ratio
1/ 2
gm
Result: = const 2
c
45
Analysis of Tumbling Card
1/ 2
gm
2
c
46
Dead Mans Dive
47
Dead Mans Dive
g l Rotation=
N
N l h g m
M 0 0 0 0 1
g and m cannot
L 0 1 1 1 0 appear in pis,
thus 3-1=2 pis
T 0 0 0 2 0
48
Dead Mans Dive
g l Rotation=N
h
= f (N )
l
Thus, for the small boy to make a perfect dive,
the board height must be reduced
Coach says for N=1, h/l=0.6, i.e for l=3m,
h=5ft-10in.
49
Dead Mans Dive
g l Rotation== N
b~L
52
Analysis of Rowing Records
Archimedes N o ( wb + wo ) w L3 w Aw L
's Principle 1/3
1 / 3 wb + wo
L N o
and Aw L2
N 2/3
o
w
Energy E = FskinV = N o Po
Balance A V 2V
w
1/ 3 1/ 3
V N o Po Po N o1/ 9
A
w
53
Analysis of Rowing Records
(data from 64 and 68 Olympics and
two other events)
McMahon, T.A.,
Rowing: a Similarity
Analysis, Science, 173,
pgs. 349-351.
54
Splattering Raindrop
Assume = constant
W AH A2
A
1
W 2
A H
1
S = C0 A = CW 2
57
Analysis of Weight Lifting
Records
Class Weight (lbs) Lifted (lbs) S=71.15W1/2 % Diff
Bantam 123 740 790 6.8
Featherweight 132 795 818 2.9
Lightweight 148 820 867 5.7
Light- heavyweight 181 1025 959 6.4
Middle-heavyweight 198 1055 1001 5.8
242- lb 242 1135 1106 2.6
Heavyweight --- 1280 ---
Cavg=71.15
58
Nondimensionalization of
the NSE
We define nondimensional variables, using the
scaling parameters in Table 10-1
the NSE
Now we substitute into the NSE to obtain
the NSE
Nondimensionalization vs. Normalization
NSE are now nondimensional, but not necessarily normalized. What
is the difference?
Nondimensionalization concerns only the dimensions of the
equation - we can use any value of scaling parameters L, V, etc.
Normalization is more restrictive than nondimensionalization. To
normalize the equation, we must choose scaling parameters L,V, etc.
that are appropriate for the flow being analyzed, such that all
nondimensional variables are of order of magnitude unity, i.e.,
their minimum and maximum values are close to 1.0.
Pressure Viscous
forces forces
Since
Creeping Flow
This is important
Very different from inertia dominated flows
where