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BOYUT ANALZ

Y.Do.Dr. Onur Tuner


stanbul Teknik niversitesi
Outline
A. Whats the secret of being a Scientist or an Engineer?
B. What are Units and Dimensions anyway?
C. What is Dimensional Analysis and why should I care?
D. Why arent there any mice in the Polar Regions?
E. Why was Gulliver driven out of Lillipute?
F. What if Pythagorus had known Dimensional Analysis?
G. But what do I really need to know about Dimensional
Analysis so that I can pass the test?
H. Can I get into trouble with Dimensional Analysis? The
ballad of G.I. Taylor.
I. But can it be used in the Lab ?
How to be a Scientist or
Engineer
The steps in understanding and/or
control any physical phenomena is
to

1. Identify the relevant physical


variables.
2. Relate these variables using the
known physical laws.
Secret #1:
3. Solve theUsually
resultingnot all of
equations.
these are
ALL IS NOT LOST BECAUSE OF
Secret #2: Dimensional Analysis
Rationale
Physical laws must be independent of arbitrarily
chosen units of measure. Nature does not care
if we measure lengths in centimeters or
inches or light-years or
Check your units! All natural/physical relations
must be dimensionally correct.
Dimensional
Analysis
Dimensional Analysis
refers to the physical
nature of the quantity and
the type of unit
(Dimension) used to
specify it.
Distance has dimension L.
Area has dimension L2.
Volume has dimension L3.
Time has dimension T.
Why are there no small animals in the
polar regions?
Heat Loss Surface Area (L2)

Mass Volume (L3)

Heat Loss/Mass Area/Volume


= L2/ L3
= L-1
Heat Loss/Mass Area/Volume
= L2/ L3
= L-1

Mouse (L = 5 cm) Polar Bear (L = 2 m)


1/L = 1/(0.05 m) 1/L = 1/(2 m)
= 20 m-1 = 0.5 m-1

20 : 0.5 or 40 : 1
Gullivers Travels: Dimensional Analysis

Gulliver was 12x the Lilliputians


How much should they feed
him?
12x their food ration?
A persons food needs are
related to their mass
(volume) This depends
on the cube of the linear
dimension.
Let LG and VG denote Gullivers linear and volume dimensions.
Let LL and VL denote the Lilliputians linear and volume dimensions.

Gulliver is 12x taller than the


Lilliputians, LG =12 LL

Now VG (LG)3 and VL (LL)3, so

VG / VL = (LG)3 / (LL)3
= (12 LL)3 / (LL)3
= 123
= 1728
Gulliver needs to be fed 1728
times the amount of food
each day as the Lilliputians.

This problem has direct relevance to drug dosages in humans


Dimensions of Some Common Physical
Quantities

[ ], Mass Density ML-3


[x], Length L
[P], Pressure ML-1T-2
[m], Mass M [E], Energy ML2T-2
[I], Electric Current QT-1
[t], Time T
[q], Electric Change Q
[v], Velocity LT-1 [E], Electric Field - MLQT-2
[a], Acceleration
LT-2
[F], Force MLT-2
All are powers of the fundamental dimensions:

[Any Physical Quantity] = MaLbTcQd


Dimensional Analysis Theorems

Dimensional Homogeneity Theorem: Any


physical quantity is dimensionally a power law
monomial - [Any Physical Quantity] = MaLbTcQd

Buckingham Pi Theorem: If a system has k


physical quantities of relevance that depend on
depend on r independent dimensions, then there
are a total of k-r independent dimensionless
products 1, 2, , k-r. The behavior of the
system is describable by a dimensionless equation
F( 1, 2, , k-r)=0
Exponent Method
1. List all k variables involved in the problem
2. Express each variables in terms of [M] [L] [T ]
dimensions (r)
3. Determine the required number of dimensionless
parameters (k r)
4. Select a number of repeating variables = r
(All dimensions must be included in this set and
each repeating variable must be independent of
the others.)
5. Form a dimensionless parameter by multiplying
one of the non-repeating variables by the
product of the repeating variables, each raised to
an unknown exponent.
6. Solved for the unknown exponents.
7. Repeat this process for each non-repeating
variable
8. Express result as a relationship among the
dimensionless parameters F( 1, 2, 3, ) = 0.
G. I. Taylors 1947
Analysis

Published
U.S. Atomic
Bomb was
18 kiloton
device
Nuclear Explosion Shock
Wave 1 = r ( E at b c )
The propagation of a nuclear M 0 L0T 0 = ( L)( ML2T 2 ) a (T ) b ( ML3 ) c
explosion shock wave M: 0= a+c c = a
depends on: E, r, , and t. 1
r=f(E ,,t) L : 0 = 1 + 2a 3c a =
5
2
n = 4 No. of variables T : 0 = 2a + b b=
5
r=3 No. of dimensions
n r = 1 No. of dimensionless parameters
R
1 = RE 1/ 5t 2 / 5 1/ 5 =
E 1/ 5t 2 / 5 1/ 5
E r t
F ( 1 ) = 0 1 = C
ML2T-2 ML-3 L T
R
=C R = C E 1/ 5t 2 / 5 1/ 5
Select repeating variables: E t
1/ 5 2 / 5 1/ 5

E, t, and 1/ 5
Combine these with the rest of Et 2
the variables: r R = C


R = (E/)1/5 t2/5

log R = 0.4 log t +0.2 log(E/ )


Blast Radius vs Time
0.2 log(E/ ) = 1.56
3

log R = 0.4058 log t + 1.5593

= 1 kg/m3

log(R)

E = 7.9x1013 J
= 19.8 kilotons TN
1
-2 -1 0 1 2
log (t)
Dimensional Analysis in

the Lab
Want to study pressure
drop as function of velocity
p1
(V1) and diameter (do)
p0
Carry out numerous
experiments with different V1 V0
values of V1 and do and plot A0
A1
the data
P V1 d1 d2
ML-1T-2 ML-3 LT-1 L L
5 parameters:
p, , V1, d1, do
2 dimensionless parameter
groups:
P/(V
Much
2/2), (d /d )
easier to1 establish
o functional relations with 2
parameters, than 5
Flow Similarity and Model Testing

Geometrical similarity: similar geometry.


Kinematic similarity: flow pattern around the model should be
similar to...
Dynamical similarity: forces acting on the model should be similar
to the real object to be analyzed.

Flight test of a F-18 model in NASA


NASA NFAC Wind Tunnel
11 ft transonic (Mach .4-1.5) wind
tunnel
Nature of Dimensional
Analysis
Example: Drag on a Sphere

Drag depends on FOUR parameters:


sphere size (D); speed (V); fluid density (); fluid viscosity ()
Difficult to know how to set up experiments to determine
dependencies
Difficult to know how to present results (four graphs?)
Nature of Dimensional
Analysis
Example: Drag on a Sphere

Only one dependent and one independent variable


Easy to set up experiments to determine dependency
Easy to present results (one graph)
Nature of Dimensional
Analysis
Buckingham Pi Theorem
Step 1:
List all the dimensional parameters involved

Let n be the number of parameters

Example: For drag on a sphere, F, V, D, , , and n = 5


Buckingham Pi Theorem
Step 2
Select a set of fundamental (primary) dimensions

For example MLt, or FLt

Example: For drag on a sphere choose MLt


Buckingham Pi Theorem
Step 3
List the dimensions of all parameters in terms of primary dimensions

Let r be the number of primary dimensions

Example: For drag on a sphere r = 3


Buckingham Pi Theorem
Step 4
Select a set of r dimensional parameters that includes all the primary dimensions

Example: For drag on a sphere (m = r = 3) select , V, D


Buckingham Pi Theorem
Step 5
Set up dimensional equations, combining the parameters
selected in Step 4 with each of the other parameters in turn, to
form dimensionless groups

There will be n m equations

Example: For drag on a sphere


Buckingham Pi Theorem
Step 5 (Continued)

Example: For drag on a sphere


Buckingham Pi Theorem
Step 6
Check to see that each group obtained is
dimensionless

Example: For drag on a sphere


Significant Dimensionless
Groups in Fluid Mechanics

Reynolds Number

Mach Number
Significant Dimensionless
Groups in Fluid Mechanics

Froude Number

Weber Number
Significant Dimensionless
Groups in Fluid Mechanics

Euler Number

Cavitation Number
Flow Similarity and Model
Studies
Geometric Similarity
Model and prototype have same shape
Linear dimensions on model and prototype
correspond within constant scale factor
Kinematic Similarity
Velocities at corresponding points on model and
prototype differ only by a constant scale factor
Dynamic Similarity
Forces on model and prototype differ only by a
constant scale factor
Flow Similarity and Model
Studies
Example: Drag on a Sphere
Flow Similarity and Model
Studies
Example: Drag on a Sphere
For dynamic similarity

then
Flow Similarity and Model
Studies
Incomplete Similarity
Sometimes (e.g., in aerodynamics)
complete similarity cannot be
obtained, but phenomena may still
be successfully modelled
Flow Similarity and Model
Studies
Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters

Example: Centrifugal Pump

Pump Head

Pump Power
Flow Similarity and Model
Studies
Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters

Example: Centrifugal Pump

Head Coefficient

Power Coefficient
Flow Similarity and Model
Studies
Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters

Example: Centrifugal Pump


(Negligible Viscous Effects)

If then
Flow Similarity and Model
Studies
Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters

Example: Centrifugal Pump

Specific Speed
Cantilever Beam

P h

L b

L L P
Buckinghams = f (v, , , 2 )
Theorem: L h b Eh

39
Fracture Mechanics

Propose D = D ( P, K Ic , )
:
Rayleighs Procedure:

P K Ic
k m n

D P K Ic for dimensional consistency


F 0 1 1 0
L 1 0 3 / 2 0 L = F k ( FL3/2 ) m ( ) n

40
Fracture Mechanics

2/3
P
D= f ( )
K Ic
41
Hertz Contact
P

Propose a = a ( R, P, E , )
R :

R k P m E n o
2a

a R P E
F 0 0 1 1 0 L = Lk F m ( FL2 )n ( )o
L 1 1 0 2 0
42
Beam Buckling

Dimensional analysis will show:

EI
Pcr
L2

Instability problems will typically have larger constants of


proportionality, usually powers of 2 or , what about the beams
above?

43
Analysis of Falling Dominoes
V0
I, m

V
d

V I V0
Result: = f( 2, 1 )
V0 md gd 2

44
Analysis of Tumbling Card

A flat paper strip having an aspect


ratio two or more will fall in about a
1:1 glide ratio A. M. O. Smith, 1953

Neglect: viscosity,
c/s ratio

1/ 2
gm
Result: = const 2
c
45
Analysis of Tumbling Card


1/ 2
gm
2
c

46
Dead Mans Dive

The dive coach claims that a man who holds himself


rigid as he topples from a 3-meter diving board will
execute a successful dive. How is this result
changed for a small boy?

47
Dead Mans Dive

g l Rotation=
N

N l h g m
M 0 0 0 0 1
g and m cannot
L 0 1 1 1 0 appear in pis,
thus 3-1=2 pis
T 0 0 0 2 0
48
Dead Mans Dive

g l Rotation=N

h
= f (N )
l
Thus, for the small boy to make a perfect dive,
the board height must be reduced
Coach says for N=1, h/l=0.6, i.e for l=3m,
h=5ft-10in.
49
Dead Mans Dive

g l Rotation== N

Rigid body dynamics analysis- pivot then


free fall
h
7ft, 6in man
72in 212 deg executes perfect
88 182 dive, mass
distribution off
90 180
50
Analysis of Rowing Records

McMahon (1979) has shown that, using


dimensional analysis, that the speed of
a racing shell varies as the 1/9 power
of the number of oarsmen. This is in
excellent agreement with
championship times for 1, 2, 4, and 8
man boats.
Show this assuming the following: all
boats and their positions in the water
are geometrically similar, the boat
weight per oarsmen wb is constant,
each oarsman contributes power Po
and weight wo, the only drag is due to
skin friction, which is proportional to
the wetted area and the square of the 51
speed
Analysis of Rowing Records

side view h~L

end view h~L

b~L

52
Analysis of Rowing Records

Archimedes N o ( wb + wo ) w L3 w Aw L
's Principle 1/3
1 / 3 wb + wo
L N o

and Aw L2
N 2/3
o
w


Energy E = FskinV = N o Po
Balance A V 2V
w


1/ 3 1/ 3
V N o Po Po N o1/ 9
A
w
53
Analysis of Rowing Records
(data from 64 and 68 Olympics and
two other events)

McMahon, T.A.,
Rowing: a Similarity
Analysis, Science, 173,
pgs. 349-351.

54
Splattering Raindrop

When a drop of ink strikes a piece of paper at


sufficiently low speed, surface tension keeps it
round, so it makes a circular spot. As the
impact speed is increased, dynamic forces
overcome the smoothing effect of surface
tension, the splattering drop becomes
unstable, and it forms a spiked star shape.
= surface tension
a =drop radius
=density
U =speed at impact
1/ 2

U
a
55
Analysis of Weight Lifting
Records
In a 1973 Stanford seminar on Mathematics
applied to athletics, J. B. Keller pointed out that
there is no need to divide weight lifters into classes.
Assuming that the strength of a muscle varies as it
cross sectional area, he deduced that the weight a
man can liftClass
varies as a fractional power
Weight (lbs) of his
Lifted (lbs)own
weight
Bantam 123 740
Featherweight 132 795
Lightweight 148 820
Light- heavyweight 181 1025
Middle-heavyweight 198 1055
242- lb 242 1135
Heavyweight --- 1280
56
Analysis of Weight Lifting Records

Assume = constant
W AH A2
A
1
W 2
A H

1
S = C0 A = CW 2

57
Analysis of Weight Lifting
Records
Class Weight (lbs) Lifted (lbs) S=71.15W1/2 % Diff
Bantam 123 740 790 6.8
Featherweight 132 795 818 2.9
Lightweight 148 820 867 5.7
Light- heavyweight 181 1025 959 6.4
Middle-heavyweight 198 1055 1001 5.8
242- lb 242 1135 1106 2.6
Heavyweight --- 1280 ---

Cavg=71.15

How much did heavyweight weigh? 323 lbs.

58
Nondimensionalization of
the NSE
We define nondimensional variables, using the
scaling parameters in Table 10-1

To plug the nondimensional variables into the


NSE, we need to first rearrange the equations in
terms of the dimensional variables
Nondimensionalization of

the NSE
Now we substitute into the NSE to obtain

Every additive term has primary


dimensions {m1L-2t-2}. To
nondimensionalize, we multiply every term
by L/(V2), which has primary dimensions
{m-1L2t2}, so that the dimensions cancel.
After rearrangement,
Nondimensionalization of

the NSE
Terms in [ ] are nondimensional
parameters

Strouhal number Euler number Inverse of Froude Inverse of Reynolds


number squared number

Navier-Stokes equation in nondimensional form


Nondimensionalization of

the NSE
Nondimensionalization vs. Normalization
NSE are now nondimensional, but not necessarily normalized. What
is the difference?
Nondimensionalization concerns only the dimensions of the
equation - we can use any value of scaling parameters L, V, etc.
Normalization is more restrictive than nondimensionalization. To
normalize the equation, we must choose scaling parameters L,V, etc.
that are appropriate for the flow being analyzed, such that all
nondimensional variables are of order of magnitude unity, i.e.,
their minimum and maximum values are close to 1.0.

If we have properly normalized the NSE, we can compare the relative


importance of the terms in the equation by comparing the relative
magnitudes of the nondimensional parameters St, Eu, Fr, and Re.
Creeping Flow
To simplify NSE, assume St ~ 1, Fr ~
1

Pressure Viscous
forces forces

Since
Creeping Flow
This is important
Very different from inertia dominated flows
where

Density has completely dropped out of NSE. To


demonstrate this, convert back to dimensional
form.

This is now a LINEAR EQUATION which can be


solved for simple geometries.
Creeping Flow
Solution of Stokes flow is beyond the
scope of this course.
Analytical solution for flow over a sphere
gives a drag coefficient which is a linear
function of velocity V and viscosity m.

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