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FLUID MECHANICS
As per New GATE 2016 Syllabus
Thoroughly explained concepts
25 years IES solved papers with explanations

25 years GATE solved papers with explanations
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Fluid Mechanics (2016 2017)

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PREFACE
The biggest misconception that a competitive exam aspirant has in mind is that hard work is the only key
to success. In order to crack a competitive exam like GATE, IES etc. one needs to understand and fulfill
the demand of the examination. Over the years competitive exams have become even more competitive;
in order to prevail in this environment an aspirant should make sure that his efforts are in the right
direction.
The birth of this book is based on the feedback of

students who have succeeded in GATE and IES examination. As per them there must be a single book
for a single subject that should fulfill all the requirements of the exam, it must be the closest
experience to a classroom coaching and should have enough problems to enhance the application of
knowledge.
Thus we came up with this book in Fluid

Mechanics to help the readers in developing a strong concept of the subject. It has 25 years of solved
questions of GATE and IES.
We at GATEMENTOR have vision to guide the students in the most optimum way so that he could utilize
his potential to the utmost. We hope this book will serve that purpose. Any suggestion from the reader
are welcome. Visit our website www.gatementor.co.in for more information on GATEMENTOR and
GATEMENTOR Publications.
FLUID MECHANICS
SYLLABUS
Fluid properties; Fluid statics, manometry, buoyancy, forces
on submerged bodies, stability of floating bodies; control-
volume analysis of mass, momentum and energy; fluid
acceleration; differential equations of continuity and
momentum; Bernoullis equation; dimensional analysis;
viscous flow of incompressible fluids, boundary layer,
elementary turbulent flow, flow through pipes, head losses in
pipes, bends and fittings.
FLUID MECHANICS
CONTENT
1. Fluid Properties
Theory 1-1 to 1-8
Gate Objective Questions and Solutions 1-9 to 1-11
IES Objective Questions and Solutions 1-12 to 1-22
2.Fluid Statics
Theory 2-1 to 2-12
IES Objective Questions and Solutions 2-20 to 2- 49
IES Conventional Questions and Solutions 2-50 to 2- 52
3.Fluid Kinematics
Theory 3-1 to 3-10
IES Conventional Questions and Solutions 3-40 to 3-43
4.Fluid Dynamics
Theory 4-1 to 4-13
5.Flow through pipes
Theory 5-1 to 5-7
6.Boundary Layer Theory
Theory 6-1 to 6-8
7.Laminar Flow
Theory 7-1 to 7-7
8.Turbulent Flow
Theory 8-1 to 8-4
9.Dimensional Analysis
Theory 9-1 to 9-6
10. Hydraulic Machines
Theory 10-1 to 10-11
1 Fluid Properties
THEORY
1.1 FLUID 1.3.3 SPECIFIC VOLUME ( )
Fluid is the substance that deforms continuously
It is defined as the volume occupied by a unit mass
under the action of shear stress.
of fluid.
volume of fluid (V) 1
1.2 SOLID V/S FLUID
mass of fluid Density
(i) Solid can resist Tensile, Compressive & shear m
force upto certain limit. Fluid cannot resist tensile
1.3.4 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OR RELATIVE DENSITY (S)
force & have tensile strength zero or very little
(due to surface tension). Fluid can resist It is defined is the ratio of weight density (or density)
compressive force only when it is kept in any of the fluid to the weight density (or density) of the
container. standard fluid.
(ii) In solid by applying shear force strain developed For liquid standard fluid is water and for gases
is finite but in case of fluid by applying shear standard fluid is air.
force, fluid deform continuously. But it does not
Mathematically
mean that fluid will not experience any shear
stress. Shear stress will act in the fluid due to the Weight density or density of
internal resistance between the fluid layer. This
fluid
shear stress depends upon rate of shear strain. S=
Shear stress will be zero in case of fluid at rest. Weight density or density of standard
fluid
1.3 PROPERTIES OF FLUID
NOTE
1.3.1 DENSITY OR MASS DENSITY ( ) 1. For water Specific gravity is 1.0 at 40C and for
mercury Specific gravity is 13.6.
It is defined as the ratio of mass of the fluid to its 2. Specific gravity varies with temperature therefore
volume. it should be determined at specified temperature
Mathematically, (40C or 270C).
3. Density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
mass of fluid EXAMPLE 1.1

volume of fluid A body has a weight of 400 N at standard earths
gravity of 9.806 m/s2. When a force of 800 N is
1.3.2 SPECIFIC WEIGHT OR WEIGHT DENSITY applied to the body, what is the value of the
acceleration (i) on earth and (ii) on moon where the
It is defined as the ratio of weight to is volume. gravity is 1.6 m/s2?
Mathematically, Sol. The mass of the body,
Weight of fluid mg weight 400
m
Volume of fluid 40.791kg gravity 9.806
g
V
copyright reserved
1-2 | Fluid Mechanics
copyright reserved
Fluid Properties | 1-3
This mass is constant and does not change For gases, bulk modulus is not the property of
with location. Hence, when a force F is material but depends on the process.
applied, by Newtons second law,
F 1.4.3 COMPRESSIBILITY c , BULK MODULUS
ma
(K) FOR AN IDEAL GAS
or acceleration a F /
m 1. ISOBARIC PROCESS
Which is independent of g. Hence, both on
the earth, dp 0
as well as on moon, dp
800 K 0
dv
a 19.612m /
2
v
s 1 1
40.791 c
K 0
1.4 COMPRESSIBILITY AND BULK MODULUS
2. ISOCHORIC PROCESS
OF ELASTICITY
dv 0
1.4.1 COMPRESSIBILITY ( c )
Compressibility of a fluid refers to its ability to
change its volume and density when subjected to dp dp
K
pressure. The coefficient of compressibility c is dv 0
defined as the relative change of volume (or density) v
per unit pressure and is represented as 1 1
c 0
K
dv / v
c (i)
dp 3. ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
pv C
Where,
Differentiating above equation, we get
dp = change in pressure
pdv vdp 0
d v = change in volume dv dp
v = volume of the fluid.
v p
NOTE Hence,
dp dp
The negative sign indicates a decrease in volume v K p
dv / v dp / p
with increase in pressure.
1 1
c
1.4.2 BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (K) K p
The bulk modulus of elasticity K is defined as the
ratio of compressive stress to volumetric strain. 4. ADIABATIC PROCESS

Mathematically it is the reciprocal of compressibility pV C
( c ). Differentiating above equation, we get
1
v pdv v dp 0
1 dp
K (ii) pdv vdp 0
c dv
dv dp
v dp
v
The unit of K is N/m2 (Pa) . Hence,
copyright reserved
p dp
The bulk modulus of liquid and solid are the K p
property of material. In other words, for a given dv / v dp / p
liquid and solid, bulk modulus will be constant. c 1 1
K p
copyright reserved
NOTE 1.5.2 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY ( )
1. Sound is propagated in fluid due to The ratio of dynamic viscosity ( ) to the density (
)
compressibility of the medium, and the velocity of the fluid is known as kinematic viscosity.
of sound ( C ) is given by, Mathematically,

v
K
C
Unit of kinematic viscosity
1 1
Where, N.s / m
2
kg.m s
2
m /s
K Bulk modulus of elasticity of the medium kg / m 3
kg.m
3
mass density of fluid Sometimes, the kinematic viscosity is designated

by a unit stoke or as centistokes where
1.5 VISCOSITY
2 2
Viscosity is property by virtue of which the fluid cm 2 2 m
110
4
1stoke 1 10 m / s
2
offers resistance to the one layer of fluid over sec ond s

another. It occurs due to the combine effect of 1 6 2
1centistoke stoke 10 m / s
cohesive force and inter molecular exchange. Due to 100
viscosity one layer causes shear stress to the adjacent
layer. 1.5.3 VARIATION OF VISCOSITY WITH
TEMPERATURE
1.5.1 DYNAMIC VISCOSITY ( )
1. FOR LIQUID
For most of the fluids shear stress between the two
layer obeys the newtons law viscosity. In liquid cohesive force is predominant over inter
molecular transfer. With increase in temperature
NEWTONS LAW VISCOSITY cohesive force decreases therefore viscosity of the
liquid decreases with increase in temperature.
Shear stress between the fluid layers is
proportional to the deformation rate or velocity 2. FOR GASES
gradient.
In gases inter molecular transfer is predominant over
Mathematically, cohesive force. With increase in temperature inter
du d molecular transfer increases therefore viscosity of the

or
gases increases with increase in temperature.
dy dt
du d 1.6 CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID ON BASIS OF

(i)
dy dt SHEAR STRESS
du d
Here, is velocity gradient and deformation rate. 1.6.1 NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
dy dt
Fluids which obey Newtons Law of viscosity are
is known as coefficient of viscosity or dynamic known as Newtonian fluids. e.g. water, kerosene,
viscosity. Unit of is Ns / m (Pa.s).
2
petrol, ethanol, benzene, glycerin.
Sometimes, the coefficient of dynamic viscosity is 1.6.2 NON NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

also designated by a unit poise (abbreviated as P) or
as centipoises (abbreviated as CP) where Fluids which do not obey the Newtons Law of
1 viscosity are known as non Newtonian fluids. It
1 poise Pa.s obeys power law,
10 n
1 1 du
1 CP = poise Pa.s y k
100 1000 dy
Where, k = consistency and n = flow behavior index.
1.6.3 TYPES OF NON NEWTONIAN FLUIDS For linear velocity profile,
1. TIME INDEPENDENT NON NEWTONIAN FLUIDS U=0.5m/s
(a) Dilatant fluid: When y 0 and n > 1 fluid is

known as dilatants fluid. e.g. is Starch
Y=0.5mm
suspension, sugar solution.
(b) Pseudo plastic: When y 0 at n < 1 fluid is
known as pseudoplastic. Ex. Gelatine, milk,
Y = 0.5 x 10-3m
blood etc. U=0.5m/s
2. TIME DEPENDENT NON NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
Figure 1.2
(a) Bingham plastic: When y 0 and n = 1 fluid

is known as Bingham plastic. Ex. Tooth-paste v

(b) Thixotrophic : When y 0 and n < 1 fluid 7
v 7.4 10 (0.881000)
is known as Thixotrophic. Ex. Ice-cream, Yoghurt.
4
6.512 10 Pa s
(c) Rheopectic: When y 0 and n > 1 fluid is
known as Rheopectic. Ex. Gypsum Paste, du
Shear stress
Bentonite solution. dy
U

Y
0.5
Elastic
6.512 104
2
0.6512N / m
solid
3
0.5 10
EXAMPLE 1.3
Shear stress,
A thin plate is placed between two flat surfaces h cm

apart such that the viscosity of liquids on the top and
y
bottom of the plate are 1 and 2 , respectively.
Ideal fluid 0 Determine the position of the thin plate such that the
viscous resistance to uniform motion of the thin plate
Rate of shear , u/ y is minimum. [Assume h to be very small].
Figure 1.1 Sol. Let,
y be the distance of the thin flat plate from the
EXAMPLE 1.2
top flat surface.
An incompressible fluid (kinematic viscosity
7
7.4 10 m / and specific gravity 0.88) is held
2
V = velocity of the thin plate.
s
between two parallel plates. If the top plate is
moved with a velocity of 0.5 m/s while the
y Thin flat plate
bottom one is held stationary, the fluid attains a 1
linear velocity profile in the gap of 0.5 mm h V
between these plates; the shear stress in Pascals (h y) 2
on the surface of top plate is (GATE 2004)
(A) 0.651103 (B) 0.651 Figure 1.3
(C) 6.51 (D) du V
3 Shear stress on the top portion, 1 1 1
0.65110 dy y
Sol. (B)
Since the gap in the bottom portion h y Viscous torque on the element,
Shear stress on the bottom portion, dT r.dF r. .dA
V
2 2
h y dT r 2rdr r .2r 3dr
h h
Force on both sides of the plate R R
Total Torque T dT 2r 3dr
F A 1 2 VA 1 2 h
y hy
0 0
R
Where A = area of the thin plate. r 4
For F to be minimum, .2
h 4
0
dF 1
dy 0 T . .R
4

y 2 2 0
1
2 h
2
h y
2

1.7 SURFACE TENSION.
y y
The properties by virtue of which fluid tend to
1 or 1 / 2 minimize it surface area is known as surface tension.
h y
2
2 h y It is measured as the energy required to increase the
1 surface area of a liquid per unit of area.
h FREE SURFACE
2
y C
1
1
2

B
EXAMPLE 1.4
A circular disc of radius R is kept; at a small height
above a fixed plate by means of a layer of oil of A
viscosity . If the disc is rotated at an angular
velocity , obtain an expression for viscous torque
on the disc (Refer figure 1.4).
Sol. Consider an element of disc of width dr at a Figure 1.5
radial distance r.
The phenomenon of surface tension is explained by
Velocity at this radius V r. Figure 1.5. Consider three molecules A, B, C of a
Assuming linear variation of velocity with liquid in a mass of liquid. The molecule A is attracted
depth in the gap h, in all directions equally by the surrounding
molecules of the liquid. Thus the resultant force
acting on the molecule A is zero. But the molecule B,
which is situated near the free surface, is acted upon
by upward and downward forces which are
R unbalanced. Thus a net resultant force on molecule B
is acting in the downward direction. The molecule C,
situated on the free surface of liquid, does experience
h
a resultant downward force. All the molecules on the
Stationary Shear stress
free surface
r
dr experience a
Figure 1.4 downward
V force. Thus
r h the free
h
surface of the
liquid acts
like a very
thin film
under tension
of the surface
of the liquid.
1.7.1 SURFACE TENSION ON LIQUID DROPLET 1.7.3 SURFACE TENSION ON LIQUID JET
Consider a small spherical droplet of a liquid of Consider a liquid jet of diameter d and length L as
radius r. On the entire surface of the droplet, the shown in the figure 1.7.
tensile force due to surface tension will be acting
d
Let,
= surface tension of the liquid
p = pressure intensity inside the droplet (in excess of L
the outside pressure intensity)
d = Diameter of the droplet
Let the droplet be cut into two halves as shown in Figure 1.7
figure 1.6.
Let,
The forces acting on one half ( say on left half) will be
p = Pressure intensity inside the jet in excess of the
1. Tensile force due to surface tension acting around outside pressure
the circumference of the cut portion as shown in
= Surface tension of the liquid
the figure 1.6 and this is = x circumference
.d L = length of the jet
Consider the equilibrium of the semi jet, we have,

2. Pressure force on the area p d
2
Force due to pressure = p area p.L.d
4
Force due to surface tension = . 2L
Equating the two forces, we have,
p.L.d .
2L
DROPLET SURFACE TENSION ON PRESSURE FORCES ACTING ON
A DROPLET A DROPLET 2
p
Figure 1.6 d
These two forces will be equal and opposite under 1.8 ANGLE OF CONTACT OR CONTACT
equilibrium, ANGLE
d2 Surface tension occurs during a gas liquid interface,

p . but if that interface comes in contact with a solid
d
4 surface such as the walls of a container the interface
4 usually curves up or down near that surface. Such a
p concave or convex surface shape is known as
d
meniscus.
1.7.2 SURFACE TENSION ON HOLLOW BUBBLE The contact angle is determined as shown in the
A hollow bubble like a soap bubble in air has two figure 1.8.
surfaces in contact with air, one inside and other
outside. Thus two surfaces are subjected to surface
tension. In such case, we have,

d 2 .d
2
p

4
8
p
d
Figure 1.8
Case I When the meniscus is concave ( dips down): The value of between water & clean glass tube is
Adhesive force > cohesive force approximately equal to zero and for mercury & glass
tube equal to 1280.
Angle of contact is less than 900.
Case I: If then h will be +ve, hence capillary
Case II When the meniscus is convex 2
rise.
Adhesive force < cohesive force

Angle of contact is greater than 900 Case II: If then h will be -ve, hence capillary
2
. fall.
1.9 CAPILLARITY OR CAPILLARY ACTION EXAMPLE 1.5

The difference in pressure (in N/m2) across an air
Capillarity or Capillary action is the ability of a bubble of diameter 0.001 m immersed in water
narrow tube to rise or fall of a liquid against the force (surface tension = 0.072 N/m) is
of gravity. Adhesion & cohesion both are responsible
for capillary action. The rise of liquid surface is (GATE 2014)
known as capillary rise while the fall of the liquid Sol . (576 N/m2)
surface is known as capillary depression.
For air bubble
Consider a small glass tube as shown below
R 8 8 0.072
P
d 0.001
h EXAMPLE 1.6
P Two vertical glass tubes of bore 1 mm and 2 mm are
Capillary Rise Capillary fall introduced inside a liquid. The capillary rise of the
Figure 1.9 liquid in the two tubes indicates a difference in
height, between the two menisci, of 1.30 cm. If the
Let , mass density of the liquid is 800 kg/m3, estimate the
d = diameter of glass tube. surface tension of the liquid. [Take the angle of
contact of the liquid with glass as zero.]
h = height of liquid in the tube.
Sol. Here,
= surface tension of liquid
0 and hence cos 1.0
= Angle of contact between liquid & glass tube.
d 1 1.0mm R1 0.0005m;
density of liquid
d 2 2.0mm R 2 0.001m;
Weight of liquid of height h in the tube
3
2 g 800 9.81 7848N / m
d hg
4 2 cos 2
h1
Vertical component of the surface tensile force R1 7848 0.0005
d cos 0.50968
for equilibrium, 2 cos 2
Similarly, h2
4 5484
2
d hgd

cos 0.2
R 2 7848 0.0 01
1.3
4 cos h1 h 2 0.50968 0.25484
h 100

gd
0.0123 0.2548 and = 0.051N/m.
EXAMPLE 1.7
What is the speed of sound in Neon gas at a
temperature of 500K (Gas constant of Neon is
0.4210kJ / kg K )
?
(A) 492 m/s (B) 460 m/s
(C) 592 m/s (D) 543 m/s
Sol. Speed of sound
K
C

p
C

RT
C

C RT
C 1.4 0.4210 1000 500

C 543 m / s.
GATE OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
(GATE 1995) (GATE 2004)
1. A fluid is said to be Newtonian when the shear 6. An incompressible fluid (kinematic viscosity,
stress is: 7
7.4 10 m / specific gravity, 0.88) is held
2
s
(A) Directly proportional to the velocity between two parallel plates. If the top plate is
gradient moved with a velocity of 0.5 m/s while the
bottom one is held stationary, the fluid attains a
(B) Inversely proportional to the velocity linear velocity profile in the gap of 0.5 mm
gradient between these plates; the shear stress in Pascals
(C) Independent of the velocity gradient on the surface of top plate is
3
(D) None of the above (A) 0.65110 (B) 0.651
3
(C) 6.51 (D) 0.65110
(GATE 1996)
2. The dimension of surface tension is (GATE 2006)
(A) ML
1
(B) L T
2 1
7. For a Newtonian fluid
(C) ML T
1
(D) MT
2 (A) Shear stress is proportional to shear strain
1
(B) Rate of shear stress is proportional to shear
(GATE 1999) strain
3. If p is the gauge pressure within a spherical
(C) Shear stress is proportional to rate of shear
droplet, the gauge pressure within a bubble of
strain
the same fluid and of same size will be
(D) Rate of shear stress is proportional to rate of
p p
(A) (B) shear strain
4 2
(C) p (D) 2 p (GATE 2014)
4. Kinematic viscosity of air at 20C is given to be 8. The difference in pressure (in N/m2) across an
5 air bubble of diameter 0.001 m immersed in
1.6 10 m / s . Its kinematic viscosity at 70C
2
water (surface tension = 0.072 N/m) is
will vary approximately
5 5
(A) 2.2 10 m /
2
(B)1.6 10 m / s
2
s 5
(D) 3.2 10 m / s
2
5
(C)1.2 10 m /
2
s
5. The SI unit of kinematic viscosity ( ) is
2
(A) m / sec (B) kg / m sec
2 3 2
(C) m / sec (D) m / sec
ANSWER KEY
1 (A) 2 (D) 3 (D) 4 (A) 5 (A)

6 (B) 7 (C) 8 (576)
SOLUTION
copyright reserved
Fluid Properties | 1-11
1. (A) 3
T2
Newtons law viscosity
3
Shear stress between the fluid layers is XT 2 (i)

3
proportional to the deformation rate or velocity 5
1.610 X (273 20) 2
gradient.
X=3.361 10-9
Mathematically, Putting Value of X in equation (i)
3
9 5
(3.36110 ) (273 70) 2 2.134 10 m2 /
sec
du
dy 5. (A)
2. (D) Kinematic viscosity
Surface tension = Force per unit length

dynamic viscosity L2
Dimension of surface Tension () m2 / s
mass density T
2
Dimension of force MLT 2 6. (B)
MT
Dimension of length For linear velocity profile,
L
3. (D) U=0.5m/s
Hint : A bubble will have two surface layers

where as a spherical droplet will have only one.
Y=0.5mm
-3
Y = 0.5 x 10 m
U=0.5m/s
Bubble droplet
Figure 1.11
Figure 1.10
v
Hence,
Pressure bubble 2 Pressuredroplet 7
v 7.4 10 (0.881000)
Pressure bobble 2 p
4
6.512 10 .Pa s
4. (A) du
Shear stress
For air kinematic viscosity increase with dy
temperature as given below. U
3
Kinematic viscosity Temperature in Kelvin 2 Y
0.5 2
6.512 104 3 0.6512N / m
0.5 10
copyright reserved
7. (C)
For a Newtonian fluid,
d

dt
i.e. shear stress is proportional to rate of shear
strain.
8. (576)
For air bubble
8 8 0.072
P
d 0.001
P 576 N / m2
IES OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
NOTE
For Assertion(A) and Reason(R) type questions use the following options,
Of these statements
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false but R is true
(IES 1995)
1. Match List-I (Properties of fluids) with List-II
(Definition/Results) and select the correct
answer using the codes given below the lists:
List I List II
List I List II A. Capillarity 1. Cavitation
A. Ideal fluid 1. Viscosity does not vary with B. Vapour pressure 2. Density of water
rate of deformation C. Viscosity 3. Shear forces
B. Newtonian
fluid 2. Fluid of zero viscosity Codes:
D. Specific gravity 4. Surface tension
C. / 3. Dynamic viscosity A B C D
4. Capillary depression (A) 1 4 2 3

D. Mercury in
glass 5. Kinematic viscosity (B) 1 4 3 2
(C) 4 1 2 3
6. Capillary rise
(D) 4 1 3 2
Codes:
3. Assertion (A): In fluid, the rate of deformation is
A B C D far more important than the total deformation
(A) 1 2 4 6 itself.
(B) 1 2 3 4 Reason (R): A fluid continues to deform so long

as the external forces are applied.
(C) 2 1 3 6
(D) 2 1 5 4 (IES 1997)
4. Which one of the following is the bulk modulus
(IES 1996) K of a fluid ? (Symbols have the usual meaning)
2. Match List-I (Fluid properties) with List-II
(Related terms) and select the correct answer (A) dp
dp (B)
using the codes given below the lists: d
d
d
d
(C) (D)
dp dp
5. The dimensions e D
of surface tension are f s )
o s
(
r V
A
c a i
)
e n s
N
s d c
/
o
m (
2 s s
B
t i
( )
r t
B
a y
) C
J i
o
/ n a
h
m n
e
i d
(C s
n
) i
s
J/ o
a h
m2 n
e
(D ( f a
) C l r
W ) u
/ i s
m A d t
d r
( (B)
h e
I Shear
e s
stress,
E s s
pressur
S i
e and
o (
velocit
1 n I
y
9 (D) The E
9 (C S
difference
8 )
between
) Sh 1
adhesive
ea 9
6. Surface tension and
r 9
is due to cohesive
str 9
forces
( es )
A 7. Newtons law of s
) viscosity depends an 8. If the surface
upon the d tension of water-air
V rat interface is
( 0.073 N/m, the
i e
A gauge pressure
s of
) inside a rain
c str
o ai drop of 1 mm
S diameter will be
u n
t
s r ( (A)
0.146 an open ( A. Ideal fluid
N/m container. I
2 B. Newtonian fluid
Assertion (A): E
(B) C. Non-Newtonian
The mercury S
73 fluid
level inside the
N/m
2 tube shall rise 2 D. Bingham plastic
above the level of 0
(C) 146 mercury outside. 0
N/m2 2
(D) Reason (R): The
cohesive force )
292
N/m2 between the 11. The capillary at
molecules of 20C in clean
( mercury is glass tube of 1
I greater than the mm diameter
E adhesive force containing water
S between mercury is approximately
and glass.
(A)
2 15
0 m
0 m C
1 (B) o
50 d
)
m e
9. The shear stress s
m
developed in a :
lubricating oil, (C)
of viscosity 20 A
9.81 poise, m
filled between m
B
two parallel (D)
plates 1 cm apart 30
and moving with m C
relative velocity m
of 2 m/s is 12. Match List-I
(A) 20 (Type of D
N/m2 fluid) with
(B) 196.2 List-II (Variation
N/m 2 of shear stress) (
and select the A
(C)
correct answer
29.62 )
using the codes
N/m2
given below the
(D)
lists:
40 3
N/m2 List-I
1
10. A capillary tube
is inserted in
mercury kept in 2
2
4
3
( 13. Assertion(A): In
general,
B
viscosity in
) liquids increases
and in gases it
decreases with
4 rise in
temperature.
2 Reason (R):
Viscosity is
caused by
1 intermolecular
forces of
cohesion and
3 due to transfer
of molecular
momentum
( between fluid
C layers; of which
in liquids the
) former and in
gasses the
later contribute
3 the major part
towards
viscosity.
2
(
D
)
1
copyright reserved
(IES 2003) (IES 2007)
14. Match List-I (Rheological equation) with List-II 17. If the relationship between the shear stress
(Types of fluids) and select the correct answer du
using the codes given below the lists: and the rate of shear strain is expressed as
dy
List I List II n
du
n 1. Bingham
du dy
A. , n 1 plastic
dy Then the fluid with exponent n 1 is known
as which one of the following?
du
n 2. Dilatant fluid (A) Bingham plastic
B. , n 1
dy (B) Dilatant fluid
(C) Newtonian fluid
du
n 3. Newtonian
C. , n fluid (D) Pseudoplastic fluid
dy 18. What are the dimensions of kinematic viscosity
1
n 4. Pseudo-plastic of a fluid?
du
D. 0 , n 1 fluid (A) LT 2 (B) L2T 1
dy
(C) ML1T 1 (D) ML2T 2
19. Assertion (A): Blood is Newtonian fluid.
Codes: Reason (R): The rate of strain varies non-
A B C D linearly with shear stress for blood.
(A) 3 2 4 1 (IES 2008)

(B) 4 1 2 3 20. In an experiment, the following shear stress-
(C) 3 4 2 1 time rate of shear strain values are obtained for
a fluid:
(D) 4 2 1 3
Time rate of shear
(IES 2004)
strain (1/s) : 0 2 3 4
15. An oil of specific gravity 0.9 has viscosity of 0.28 Shear stress (kPa) : 0 1.4 2.6 4
stokes at 38C. What will be its viscosity in N-
s/m2? How can the fluid the classified?
(A) 0.2520 (B) 0.0311 (A) Newtonian fluid (B) Bingham plastic
(C) 0.0252 (D) 0.0206 (C) Pseudo plastic (D) Dilatant
21. Consider the following statements related to the
(IES 2006) fluid properties:
16. When the pressure on a given mass of liquid is 1. Vapour pressure of water at 373 K is
increased from 3.0 MPa to 3.5 Mpa, the density
101.5103 N/m2.
of the liquid increases from 500 kg/m3 to 501
kg/m3. What is the average value of bulk 2. Capillary height in cm for water in contact
modulus of liquid over the given pressure with glass tube and air is (tube diameter)
range? 0.268.
3. Blood is a Newtonian fluid.
(A) 700 MPa (B) 600 MPa
Which of these statements is/are correct?
(C) 500 MPa (D) 250 MPa
(A) 1 only (B) 1 and 3
copyright reserved
(C) 1 and 2 (D) 2 only
copyright reserved
22. What is the unit of dynamic viscosity of a fluid 28. Assertion (A): A narrow glass tube when
termed poise equivalent to? immersed into mercury causes capillary
(A) dyne/cm2 (B) gm-s/cm2 depression, and when immersed into water
causes capillary rise.
(C) dyne-s/cm2 (D) gm-cm/s
Reason (R): Mercury is denser than water.
23. What is the pressure difference between inside
and outside of a droplet of water? (IES 2010)
2 4 29. Consider the following statements:
(A) (B)
d d 1. A small bubble of one fluid immersed in
8 12 another fluid has a spherical shape.
(C) (D)
d d 2. The droplets of a fluid move upward or
24. What is the pressure inside a soap bubble, over downward in another fluid due to
the atmospheric pressure if its diameter is 2 cm unbalance between gravitational and
and the surface tension is 0.1 N/m? buoyant forces.
(A) 0.4 N/m2 (B) 4.0 N/m2 3. Droplets of bubbles attached to a solid
surface can remain stationary in a
(C) 40.0 N/m2 (D) 400.0 N/m2
gravitational fluid if the surface tension
25. The capillary rise or depression in a small exceeds buoyant forces.
diameter tube is
4. Surface tension of a bubble is proportional
(A) Directly proportional to the specific weight to its radius while buoyant force is
of the fluid proportional to the cube of its radius.
(B) Inversely proportional to the surface Which of these statements are correct?
tension
(A) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (B) 1, 2 and 4 only
(C) Inversely proportional to the diameter
(D) Directly proportional to the surface area (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 2, 3 and 4 only
30. The annular space between two coaxial vertical
(IES 2009) cylinders, of equal length, is filled with an
26. What is the capillary rise in a narrow two- incompressible liquid of constant viscosity. The
dimensional slit of width w ? outer cylinder is held fixed and the inner
cylinder is slowly rotated about its axis at a
(A) Half of that in a capillary tube of diameter uniform rotational speed. Assuming that
w Newtons law of viscosity holds good
(B) Two-third of that in a capillary tube of (A) The tangential velocity of liquid varies
diameter w
linearly across the gap
(C) One-third of that in a capillary tube of
(B) Viscous shear stress in liquid is uniform
diameter w
across the gap
(D) One-fourth of that in a capillary tube of
(C) The tangential velocity of liquid varies
diameter w
non-linearly across the gap
27. Assertion (A): In a fluid, the rate of deformation
(D) Viscous shear stress in liquid varies
far more important than the total deformation
linearly across the gap.
itself.
Reason (R): A fluid continues to deform so long
as the external forces are applied.
31. A thin plane lamina, of area A and weight W,
slides down a fixed plane inclined to the vertical
at an angle and maintains a uniform gap
from the surface of the plane, the gap being
filled with oil of constant viscosity . The
terminal velocity of the plane is
List I List II
A. Capillarity 1. Cavitation
B. Vapour pressure 2. Density of water
C. Viscosity 3. Shear forces
cos W D. Specific gravity 4. Surface tension
(A) (B) Codes:
WA Asin
A B C D
W cos W sin
(C) (D)
A A (A) 2 3 1 4
32. In quiescent sea, density of water at free surface (B) 4 3 1 2

is 0 and at a point much below the surface (C) 2 1 3 4
density is . Neglecting variation in (D) 4 1 3 2
gravitational acceleration g and assuming a
constant value of bulk modulus K, the depth h 36. Newtons law of viscosity relates
of the point from the free surface is (A) Velocity gradient and rate of shear strain
k 1 1 K 0 (B) Rate of shear deformation and shear stress

(A) (B)
g 0 g 0
2
(C) Shear deformation and shear stress

K 1 1 (D) Pressure and volumetric strain
K 0
(C) (D)
g 0 g 0 37. In an experiment to determine the rheological
behavior of a material, the observed relation
33. Pseudo plastic is a fluid for which between shear stress, , and rate of shear strain,
0.5
(A) Dynamic viscosity decreases as the rate of du du
shear increases , is 0 c . The material is
dy d
(B) Newtons law of viscosity holds good
(A) A Newtonian fluid
dynamic viscosity increases as the rate of
shear increases (B) A thixotropic substance
(C) Dynamic viscosity increases as the rate of (C) A Bingham plastic
shear increases
(D) An ideal plastic
(D) Dynamic viscosity increases with the time
38. Assertion (A): In non-Newtonian fluids, the
for which shearing forces are applied
shear stress at any point is not a linear function
34. If angle of contact of a drop of liquid is acute of normal distance from the surface.
then
Reason (R): The behavior usually arises because
(A) Adhesion is more than cohesion the fluid molecules are very large, like polymers
or proteins.
(B) Cohesion is more than adhesion
39. Assertion (A): The mercury level inside the tube
(C) Cohesion is equal to adhesion
shall rise above the level of mercury outside.
(D) Adhesion and cohesion have no bearing
Reason (R): The cohesive force between the
with angle of contact
molecules of mercury is greater than the
adhesive force between mercury and glass.
(IES 2011)
35. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
answer using the code given below the Lists:
(IES 2012) (IES 2014)
40. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct 43. The pressure inside a soap bubble of 50mm
answer using the code given below the lists: diameter is 25N / m2 above the atmospheric
List I (Fluids) List II(Viscosity pressure. The surface tension in soap film
equal to ) would be
(A) 0.156 N/m (B) 0.312 N/m
A. Ideal fluid 1. Zero
(C) 0.624 N/m (D) 0.078 N/m
B. Newtonian fluid 2. Non-zero
44. A Newtonian fluid is one which
C. Inviscid fluid du
3. (A) Is viscous but incompressible
D. Real fluid dy
(B) Has a linear relationship between the shear
Code: stress and the rate of angular deflection
A B C D (C) Exhibits an increase in viscosity with
(A) 1 2 3 2 increasing rate of deformation
(B) 2 3 3 1 (D) Exhibits a decrease in viscosity with
increasing rate of deformation
(C) 1 3 1 2
(D) 2 3 1 2 45. Unlike the viscosity of liquids, the viscosity, of
gases increases with increasing temperature.
(IES 2013) This is due to
41. The unit of the following property is not m2/s (A) Increased cohesive force between the
molecules
(A) thermal diffusivity (B) kinematic viscosity
(B) Increased momentum transfer in the
(C) dynamic viscosity (D) mass diffusivity molecules
42. Statement (I) :In a fluid, the rate of deformation
(C) Decreased momentum transfer in the
is far more important than the total deformation
molecules
itself.
(D) Increase in both cohesive force and
Statement (II) :A fluid continues to deform so
momentum transfer
long as the external forces are applied.
46. Statement (I) :A small insect can sit on the free
(A) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
surface of a liquid though insects density is
individually true and Statement (II) is the
higher than that of the liquid
correct explanation of Statement (I).
Statement (II) :Liquids have viscosity
(B) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
individually true but Statement (II) is NOT (A) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
the correct explanation of Statement (I). individually true and Statement (II) is the
correct explanation of Statement (I).
(C) Statement (I) is true but Statement (I) is
false. (B) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
individually true but Statement (II) is NOT
(D) Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is
the correct explanation of Statement (I).
true.
(C) Statement (I) is true but Statement (I) is
false.
(D) Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is
true.
ANSWER KEY
1 (D) 2 (D) 3 (C) 4 (A) 5 (C) 6 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9 (B) 10 (C)
11 (D) 12 (D) 13 (D) 14 (C) 15 (C) 16 (D) 17 (B) 18 (B) 19 (D) 20 (D)
21 (A) 22 (C) 23 (B) 24 (C) 25 (C) 26 (A) 27 (C) 28 (B) 29 (A) 30 (C)
31 (*) 32 (C) 33 (A) 34 (A) 35 (D) 36 (B) 37 (B) 38 (C) 39 (D) 40 (C)
41 (C) 42 (C) 43 (A) 44 (B) 45 (B) 46 (B)
SOLUTION
copyright reserved
1. (D) 4. (A)
A. Ideal fluid = Fluid of zero viscosity Bulk modulus is given by:
B. Newtonian fluid = Viscosity does not vary dp
with rate of deformation K
dv / V
C. = Kinematic viscosity 1
andV
D. Mercury in glass = Capillary depression
For an ideal fluid viscosity is zero. dp
K
A Newtonian fluid is a fluid for which the d / 2
viscosity is constant and the stress versus strain 1/
rate curve is linear and passes through-origin.
dp
/ is called as kinematic K d
viscosity.
5. (C)
For the mercury glass interface,the cohesive In SI units surface tension is expressed in
force is stronger than the adhesive force and J
hence no wetting of surface take place which N / m or 2 .
lead to capillary depression.. m
2. (D) 6. (B)
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its Surface tension due to cohesion between liquid
resistance to gradual deformation by shear particles at the surface, where as capillarity is
stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it due to both cohesion and adhesion.
corresponds to the informal concept of The property of cohesion enables a liquid to
"thickness". For example, honey has a much resist tensile stress, while adhesion enables it to
higher viscosity than water.. stick to another body.
Specific gravity is the ratio of density of fluid to 7. (C)
the density of standard fluid.
According to Newtons law of viscosity
Capillarity is the ability of liquid to flow against shear stress,
gravity combination of surface tension and du
adhesion act to lift the liquid. dy
3. (C) du
Rate of strain=
dy
copyright reserved
8. (D) 14. (C)
Pressure intensity inside a droplet
2 0.073
P N / m 2 292N /
Elastic solid
m2 3
r 10
2
9. (B) Shear stress ,
Shear stress,

du
y
dy
Ideal fluid 0
1 2 2
(9.8110 ) 2 196.2N / m
10 Rate of shear , u/ y
10. (C)
The mercury level inside the tube shall be below Figure 1.12
the level of mercury. So, assertion is wrong and
15. (C)
for capillary rise adhesive force is greater than
the cohesive force. So, reason is true. v kinematic vis cos ity
Viscosity, v
11. (D) , density
At 20C surface tension of water (contact with 0.9 1000 0.28 10

4
air) =0.0736 N/m

0.0252Ns / m
2
Capillary rise:
4 cos 4 .073 1 16. (D)
h Since,bulk modulus,
gd 1000 9.81 .001
0.0298 m 30 mm dp 500 3.5 3.0
K 250MPa
d 501 500
12. (D)
17. (B) For n>1,the fluid is dilatant.
Newtonian fluid
du
dy
Elastic solid
n
du
Non-Newtonian fluid
d
Ideal fluid 0
Shear stress,
du
Bingham plastic constant +
d
13. (D) viscosity of gases increases with increase
In case of liquid, viscosity is due to cohesion in temperature.
which decreases with rise in temperature.
In case of gases, viscosity is due to molecular
momentum exchange and with rise in
temperature of gas the kinetic energy of
molecules increases, thus increasing the
molecular momentum exchange. Hence, the
y
Ideal fluid 0
Rate of shear , u/ y
Figure 1.13
18. (B) d
2
Bursting force P
Dynamic viscosity 4
Kinematic Viscosity (v)
Mass density Resisting force d
2
ML T
1 1 d

2 1 P d
v L T 4
ML
3
Bursting force= Resisting force

19. (D)
4
Blood is a pseudo plastic fluid like milk. So,A is
d
false. And rate of strain varies non-linearly with
shear stress for blood as for Pseudo plastic 24.(C)
fluid,n>1 in the equation: Since the soap bubble has two surface areas,one
n inner and other outer,so
du
8 8 0.1
dy Pressure = 2
d 2 10
20. (D)
0.4 100 40N / m
2
4 25. (C)
Capillary rise is given by
4 cos
2.6 h
gd
Dilatant ,hence rise or fall is inversely

1.4 n>1 proportion to diameter.
d
1 2 3 4
Figure 1.14
21. (A) h
(i) Vapour pressure of water at 373K is
101.5 10 N / m
3 2
(ii) Capillary height in cm for water in contact

0.3
with glass tube
d
(iii) Blood is a pseudoplastic fluid,n<1.
26. (A)
22. (C)
In C.G.S, the unit of dynamic viscosity is poise
which is equivalent to dyne sec/cm2
Also,1 poise=0.1 N sec/m2
23. (B)
Pressure difference between inside and outside
4
of a droplet of water
Figure 1.15
For capillary tube

w 2
T cos w hg
4
4T cos
h
wg
T Drag force = shear force
V
Drag force A

V
W sin =A

W sin
V
A
32. (C)
Figure 1.16
We Know, p= gh
For narrow slit
dp
surface tension force= weight of fluid g .... (i)
dh
T cos 2l h l
From the relation of bulk modulus of Elasticity
g
K
2T cos d
h
wg
dp K ... (ii)
p
Hence,it is half of the capillary rise in tube of
diameter w. Integrating equation (ii) treating K as constant
w p K ln ... (iii)
C
T
For C, p=p0 and
0
Equation 3 becomes
h
p p0 K ln (iv)
0
Substitution of dp from equation (i) in to
equation (ii)
Figure 1.17
Kdp
27. (C) dh
g
2
28. (B)
K
After integration, h C1
29. (A) gp
30. (C) For C1 0 at h 0
31. None of the option is correct. K 1 1
Hence, h
g 0
33. (A)

W

(shear stress)
Figure 1.18
For zero acceleration
du
W sin = drag force dy
Here Figure 1.19

copyright reserved
34. (A) Dynamic viscosity, has unit Pa.
When adhesion force is more than cohesion S
force then fluid will wet the surface and angle of Mass diffusivity has also unit of (m2/S)
contact between fluid and surface will be less
than 90(acute). 42. (C) Statement (II) is wrong.
35. (D) Because ,fluid is a substance which can deform

under the action of very slightest shear force
CapillarySurface tension and fluid does not regain its shape after
Vapour pressureCavitation removal of load and continue its deformation
even after the removal of load.
ViscosityShear forces
Specific gravityDensity of water
43. (A)For soap bubble,
36. (B) Pd 25 50 103

0.156 N / m
8 8
du d

44. (B) For Newtonian fluid
d d
d
Above equation shows the relation between
rate of angular deformation and shear stress.
37. (B) dt
i.e. Shear stress Rate of shear strain or Rate of
angular deformation
Elastic solid
45. (B)
As viscosity of gases depend upon the
interatomic momentum transfer, so on
increasing the temperature the momentum
Shear stress,
transfer due to collision of gas molecules

increases and hence viscosity increases.
y
46. (B)
Ideal fluid 0
Insect can sit over free surface because of
Rate of shear , u/ y surface tension forces.
Both statements are correct, but statement (II) is
Figure 1.20
not correct explanation of Statement (I)
38. (C)
39. (D)
40. (C)
41. (C)
k
Thermal diffusivity,
C p
m2 / s

Kinematic viscosity,

m 2
/ s
copyright reserved

copyright reserved
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FLUID MECHANICS

As per New GATE 2016 Syllabus

Thoroughly explained concepts

25 years IES solved papers with explanations

Fluid Mechanics (2016 2017)

1st Edition : 2015

The birth of this book is based on the feedback of

Thus we came up with this book in Fluid

mass density of fluid Sometimes, the kinematic viscosity is designated

offers resistance to the one layer of fluid over sec ond s

du d 1.6 CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID ON BASIS OF

Sometimes, the coefficient of dynamic viscosity is 1.6.2 NON NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

(a) Dilatant fluid: When y 0 and n > 1 fluid is

A thin plate is placed between two flat surfaces h cm

Where A = area of the thin plate. r 4

d2 Surface tension occurs during a gas liquid interface,

1.9 CAPILLARITY OR CAPILLARY ACTION EXAMPLE 1.5

C 1.4 0.4210 1000 500

1 (A) 2 (D) 3 (D) 4 (A) 5 (A)

Shear stress between the fluid layers is XT 2 (i)

2. (D) Kinematic viscosity

Surface tension = Force per unit length

Hint : A bubble will have two surface layers

4. Capillary depression (A) 1 4 2 3

(B) 1 2 3 4 Reason (R): A fluid continues to deform so long

(A) 3 2 4 1 (IES 2008)

32. In quiescent sea, density of water at free surface (B) 4 3 1 2

k 1 1 K 0 (B) Rate of shear deformation and shear stress

At 20C surface tension of water (contact with 0.9 1000 0.28 10

air) =0.0736 N/m

Bursting force= Resisting force

(ii) Capillary height in cm for water in contact

For capillary tube

Here Figure 1.19

35. (D) Because ,fluid is a substance which can deform

36. (B) Pd 25 50 103

transfer due to collision of gas molecules

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