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analysis to indicate the state of damage opening, Wc is the crack opening at the
of concrete. complete release of stress, f is the
normal stress in the crack (crack
cohesion). Gf is the fracture energy
needed to create a unit area of stress-free
crack, ft is the effective tensile strength
derived from a failure function.
The softening law in compression is
linearly descending. The fictitious
Fig. 1: Uniaxial stress-strain law of compression plane model is used which
concrete based on the assumption, that
The above defined stress-strain relation compression failure is localized in a
is used to calculate the elastic modulus
plane normal to the direction of
for the material stiffness matrices. The compressive principal stress.
secant modulus is calculated as
.
terms of tractions on interface planes and reinforcements. Here the bilinear stress-
relative sliding and opening strain is assumed for all reinforcement as
displacements. shown in the fig. 6.
Parameter Formula
Cylinder Strength
Tensile strength
Initial elastic modulus
Poisson's ratio
Softening compression
Type of tension softening
Compressive strength in cracked concrete
Tension stiffening stress
Shear retention factor variable
Tension-compression function type linear
Fracture energy Gf according to VOS 1983
Orientation factor for strain localization
Continue Table 2
t l1 l2 l3 Eg
Author(s) Index Remarks
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (MPa)
N. Dash F1 -- 667 667 -- -- Control Beam
F2 2.2 667 667 667 11310 Wrapping on bottom
Wrapping on bottom
F3 2.2 667 667 667 11310
& side up to NA
A. Parghi 1 -- 333 333 333 --- Control Beam
2 1.2 333 333 333 --- Single layer
3 2.4 333 333 333 --- Two layer
4 3.6 333 333 333 --- Three layer
Sing-Ping Chiew
A1 -- 1000 800 -- -- Control Beam
et. al
A2 1.7 1000 800 750 27000 Single layer
A3 3.4 1000 800 750 27000 Two layer
A4 5.1 1000 800 750 27000 Three layer
Single layer with less
A5 1.7 1000 800 600 27000
length of wrapping
Single layer with less
A6 1.7 1000 800 450 27000
length of wrapping
B1 -- 400 1100 -- -- Control beam
B2 1.7 400 1100 1050 27000 Single layer
B3 3.4 400 1100 1050 27000 Two layer
B4 5.1 400 1100 1050 27000 Three layer
Single layer with less
B5 1.7 400 1100 900 27000
length of wrapping
Single layer with less
B6 1.7 400 1100 750 27000
length of wrapping
Fig. 10: Typical finite element model of gfrp sheet strength beam
that the proposed finite element model perspective, SVIT, Vasad (India),
with interface element can predict the January 21-22, 2010, pp. 1-8
load deflection response of the [5] W.F. Wong, S.P. Chiew and Q. Sun,
Flexural Strength of RC Beams
strengthened beam reasonably well, and
Strengthened with FRP Plate, FRP
is less sensitive to variation of concrete
Composites of Civil Engineering, Vol. 1,
tensile strength.
J.G. Tang (Ed), 2001, pp. 633-640.
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flexural Strength of RC Beams with
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