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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology

Research Article

ANALYTICAL MODEL OF REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE


BEAM USING GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER
*1
Prof. Parikh Kaushal. B. , 2Dr. Modhera Chetan. D.
Address for correspondence
*1
Department of Applied Mechanics, Government Engineering College, Surat, Gujarat,
India & Research scholar, Department of Applied Mechanics, SVNIT, Surat
E-mail: kbp1977@yahoo.co.in
2
Department of Applied Mechanics, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of
Technology, Surat, India
Email: cdmodhera@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
World wide, a great deal of research is currently being conducted concerning the use of
fiber reinforced laminates/sheets in the repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete
members. Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) application is a very effective way to repair
and strengthen structures that have become structurally weak over their life span. FRP
repair systems provide an economically viable alternative to traditional repair system and
materials. Analytical investigations on the flexural behaviour of RC beams strengthened
using continuous glass fiber reinforced polymer sheets are carried out by using ATENA
software. The effect of number of layers of sheet on ultimate load carrying capacity and
failure mode of the beams are investigated.
KEYWORDS Beam, Glass fiber reinforced polymer sheet; reinforced cement concrete
beam, finite element modelling; ATENA.

INTRODUCTION the adhesive gains strength. Also, since


Glass fiber reinforced polymer laminates FRP plates used for external bonding are
are increasingly being applied for the relatively thin, neither the weight of the
rehabilitation and strengthening of structure nor its dimensions are
infrastructure in lieu of traditional repair significantly increased. The latter may be
techniques such as steel plates bonding. important for bridges and tunnels with
FRP plates have many advantages over limited headroom, or when
steel plates in this application, and their strengthening in two directions. In
use can be extended to situations where addition, FRP plates can easily be cut to
it would be impossible or impractical to length on site. These various factors in
use steel. For example, FRP plates are combination make installation much
lighter than steel plates of equivalent simpler and quicker than when using
strength, which eliminates the need for steel plates. This is particularly
temporary support for the plates while advantageous for bridges due to the high
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costs of lane closures and possession reinforced polymer sheet by using


times on major highways and railway ATENA software. This research article
lines. has been published for pursing Ph.D of
Equally important is the fact that the first author.
materials used to manufacture FRP MATERIAL MODELLING
plates (i.e., fibres and resin) are durable Concrete
if correctly specified, and hence In ATENA, concrete can be modelled as
requirements for maintenance are low. If 3DNonlinear Cementitious. In this set of
the materials are damaged in service, it parameters is generated based on codes
is relatively simple to repair them, by and recommendations. This Fracture-
bonding an additional layer. In addition plastic model combines constitutive
to plates, various types of fibres are models for tensile (fracturing) and
available in the form of fabrics, which compressive (plastic) behavior. The
can be bonded to the concrete surface. fracture model is based on the classical
The chief advantage of fabrics over orthotropic smeared crack formulation
plates is that they can be wrapped and crack band model. The material
around curved surfaces, for example CC3DNonLinCementitious2 assumes a
around columns and chimneys, or hardening regime before the
completely around the sides and soffit of compressive strength is reached and
beams. Experience has shown that purely incremental formulation is used.
exhaustive testing is a very expensive Concrete in compression is considered to
and time-consuming process and in be a strain softening material. Any
recent years more emphasis has placed parameter can be changed by editing the
on numerical simulation complement contents of its numerical field. The
testing. The development of high speed nonlinear behavior of concrete in the
computers and more sophisticated non- biaxial stress state is described by means
linear constitutive material models of the so-called effective stress cef, and
capable of simulating exactly what the equivalent uniaxial strain eq .The
happens experimentally has helped to effective stress is in most cases a
make this transition. This paper presents principal stress. The numbers of the
an analytical model of reinforced cement diagram parts in Fig. 1 (material state
concrete beam wrapped by glass numbers) are used in the results of the

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analysis to indicate the state of damage opening, Wc is the crack opening at the
of concrete. complete release of stress, f is the
normal stress in the crack (crack
cohesion). Gf is the fracture energy
needed to create a unit area of stress-free
crack, ft is the effective tensile strength
derived from a failure function.
The softening law in compression is
linearly descending. The fictitious
Fig. 1: Uniaxial stress-strain law of compression plane model is used which
concrete based on the assumption, that
The above defined stress-strain relation compression failure is localized in a
is used to calculate the elastic modulus
plane normal to the direction of
for the material stiffness matrices. The compressive principal stress.
secant modulus is calculated as
.

The behavior of concrete in tension


without cracks is assumed linear elastic.
A fictitious crack model based on a
crack-opening law and fracture energy is
used for crack opening.

Fig. 3: softening displacement law in


compression.
In case of compression, the end point of
the softening curve is defined by means
of the plastic displacement wd. In this
way, the energy needed for generation of
a unit area of the failure plane is
Fig. 2: Exponential crack opening law indirectly defined.
The softening model is used as The material stiffness matrix for the
exponential crack opening law as shown uncracked concrete has the form of an
in the Fig. 2, where, W is the crack elastic matrix of the isotropic material. It

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is written in the global coordinate system Where is the secant material


x and y. stiffness matrix for the uncracked or
cracked concrete depending on the
material state.

In the above E is the concrete elastic


modulus derived from the equivalent
uniaxial law. The Poisson's ratio is
constant.

Fig. 4: Failure surface of interface


Fig. 5: Typical interface model
element
behavior in (a) shear and (b) tension
For the cracked concrete the matrix has
Following are the parameters have been
the form of the elastic matrix for the
used for the constitutive model for the
orthotropic material. The stiffness matrix
generation of the model.
has given by
The formulas for these functions are
taken from the CEB-FIP Model Code
90.
Interface material model
Here interface material model can be
used to simulate contact between two
The stresses in concrete are obtained
materials such as concrete and glass
using the actual secant component
fiber reinforced polymer sheet.
material stiffness matrix
The interface material is based on Mohr-
Coulomb criterion with tension cut off.
The constitutive relation is given in
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terms of tractions on interface planes and reinforcements. Here the bilinear stress-
relative sliding and opening strain is assumed for all reinforcement as
displacements. shown in the fig. 6.

Linear bond-slip relationship for the


interface is assumed in both tangential
and normal directions as shown in fig.
Fig. 6: the bilinear stress-strain law
5(a) and (b).
for reinforcement.
The ktt and knn denote the initial elastic
The initial elastic part has the elastic
normal and shear stiffness respectively.
modulus of steel Es. The second line
The contact between surface and glass
represents the plasticity of the steel with
fiber reinforced polymer sheet
hardening and its slope is the hardening
considered as 3D interface having zero
modulus Esh. The CEB-FIB model code
thickness. To estimate the stiffness value
1990, bond slip law is used for the bond
ATENA uses the following formulas
between concrete and reinforcement.
And
Where E and G is minimal elastic
Glass fibre polymer sheet (GFRP)
modulus and shear modulus respectively
model
of the surrounding material, t is the
Here GFRP material is modelled as 3D
width of the interface zone.
elastic isotropic i.e. FRP plate was
Reinforcement material model
assumed to behave elastically up to
Reinforcement is modeled as smeared.
rupture, the idealized stress-strain curve
The smeared reinforcement is a
is presented in Fig. 7.
component of composite material and
can be considered either as a single (only
one-constituent) material in the element
under consideration or as one of the
more such constituents. The smeared
reinforcement can be an element with Fig. 7: linear stress strain relation

concrete containing one or more for GFRP.


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Table: 1 Parameters to be used in the model

Parameter Formula
Cylinder Strength
Tensile strength
Initial elastic modulus
Poisson's ratio
Softening compression
Type of tension softening
Compressive strength in cracked concrete
Tension stiffening stress
Shear retention factor variable
Tension-compression function type linear
Fracture energy Gf according to VOS 1983
Orientation factor for strain localization

Fig. 8:Geometry of (a) ccisobrick<...> elements. and (b) ccisotetra<...> elements.

Fig. 9:Geometry of ccisogap<.> elements for interface elements

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Table 2 : Geometrical and Mechanical data of the experimental R/C beam


L l b h Asc Ast Asv Sv
Author(s) Index 2 2 2
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm ) (mm ) (mm ) (mm)
N. Dash F1 2300 2000 200 250 56.6 226.2 56.6 150
F2 2300 2000 200 250 56.6 226.2 56.6 150
F3 2300 2000 200 250 56.6 226.2 56.6 115
A. Parghi et.
1 1200 1000 150 200 100.5 100.5 56.6 115
al
2 1200 1000 150 200 100.5 100.5 56.6 115
3 1200 1000 150 200 100.5 100.5 56.6 115
4 1200 1000 150 200 100.5 100.5 56.6 115
Sing-Ping
A1 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150
Chiew et. al
A2 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150
A3 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150
A4 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150
A5 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150
A6 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150
B1 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150
B2 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150
B3 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150
B4 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150
B5 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150
B6 2800 2600 200 350 157 402.0 157 150

Where L = total length of beam, l = effective span of beam, b = width of beam, h =


depth of beam, Ast = Area of tension reinforcement, Asc = Area of compression
reinforcement, Asv = Area of vertical stirrups, Sv = spacing of stirrups, fy1 = yield
strength of main, reinforcement, fy2 = yield strength of stirrups, Es1 = young modulas
of main, reinforcement, Es2 = young modulas of stirrups, fck = compressive strength
of concrete, l1 = length between two loading point, l2 = length from loading point to
support, l3 = length from loading point to laminate, t = thickness of glass fiber
reinforced polymer sheet, Eg = young modulas of glass fiber reinforced polymer
sheet

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Continue Table 2

fck fy1 fy2


Author(s) Index Es1 (MPa) Es2 (MPa)
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
N. Dash F1 31 437 2.10 x 105 240 2.10 x 105
F2 31 437 2.10 x 105 240 2.10 x 105
F3 31 437 2.10 x 105 240 2.10 x 105
A. Parghi et al. 1 29 415 2.10 x 105 250 2.10 x 105
2 29 415 2.10 x 105 250 2.10 x 105
3 29 415 2.10 x 105 250 2.10 x 105
4 29 415 2.10 x 105 250 2.10 x 105
Sing-Ping Chiew
A1 41.4 516 2.06 x 105 560 2.03 x 105
et. al
A2 41.4 516 2.06 x 105 560 2.03 x 105
A3 41.4 516 2.06 x 105 560 2.03 x 105
A4 41.4 516 2.06 x 105 560 2.03 x 105
A5 41.4 516 2.06 x 105 560 2.03 x 105
A6 41.4 516 2.06 x 105 560 2.03 x 105
B1 41.4 516 2.06 x 105 560 2.03 x 105
B2 41.4 516 2.06 x 105 560 2.03 x 105
B3 41.4 516 2.06 x 105 560 2.03 x 105
B4 41.4 516 2.06 x 105 560 2.03 x 105
B5 41.4 516 2.06 x 105 560 2.03 x 105
B6 41.4 516 2.06 x 105 560 2.03 x 105
Where L = total length of beam, l = effective span of beam, b = width of beam, h =
depth of beam, Ast = Area of tension reinforcement, Asc = Area of compression
reinforcement, Asv = Area of vertical stirrups, Sv = spacing of stirrups, fy1 = yield
strength of main, reinforcement, fy2 = yield strength of stirrups, Es1 = young modulas
of main, reinforcement, Es2 = young modulas of stirrups, fck = compressive strength
of concrete, l1 = length between two loading point, l2 = length from loading point to
support, l3 = length from loading point to laminate, t = thickness of glass fiber
reinforced polymer sheet, Eg = young modulas of glass fiber reinforced polymer
sheet.

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t l1 l2 l3 Eg
Author(s) Index Remarks
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (MPa)
N. Dash F1 -- 667 667 -- -- Control Beam
F2 2.2 667 667 667 11310 Wrapping on bottom
Wrapping on bottom
F3 2.2 667 667 667 11310
& side up to NA
A. Parghi 1 -- 333 333 333 --- Control Beam
2 1.2 333 333 333 --- Single layer
3 2.4 333 333 333 --- Two layer
4 3.6 333 333 333 --- Three layer
Sing-Ping Chiew
A1 -- 1000 800 -- -- Control Beam
et. al
A2 1.7 1000 800 750 27000 Single layer
A3 3.4 1000 800 750 27000 Two layer
A4 5.1 1000 800 750 27000 Three layer
Single layer with less
A5 1.7 1000 800 600 27000
length of wrapping
Single layer with less
A6 1.7 1000 800 450 27000
length of wrapping
B1 -- 400 1100 -- -- Control beam
B2 1.7 400 1100 1050 27000 Single layer
B3 3.4 400 1100 1050 27000 Two layer
B4 5.1 400 1100 1050 27000 Three layer
Single layer with less
B5 1.7 400 1100 900 27000
length of wrapping
Single layer with less
B6 1.7 400 1100 750 27000
length of wrapping

Where L = total length of beam, l = effective span of beam, b = width of beam, h =


depth of beam, Ast = Area of tension reinforcement, Asc = Area of compression
reinforcement, Asv = Area of vertical stirrups, Sv = spacing of stirrups, fy1 = yield
strength of main, reinforcement, fy2 = yield strength of stirrups, Es1 = young modulas
of main, reinforcement, Es2 = young modulas of stirrups, fck = compressive strength
of concrete, l1 = length between two loading point, l2 = length from loading point to
support, l3 = length from loading point to laminate, t = thickness of glass fiber
reinforced polymer sheet, Eg = young modulas of glass fiber reinforced polymer
sheet.

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Fig. 9: Geometry of ccisogap<.> elements for interface elements.

Fig. 10: Typical finite element model of gfrp sheet strength beam

FINITE ELEMENT: fiber reinforced polymer sheet. The


Here in concrete, support, loading steel validation of this model has been carried
plates and glass fibre sheet brick element by various available literature
as well as tetra element is used from the experimental data. The geometrical and
ATENA library. For the interface mechanical data of experimental
element Gap element is used from the reinforced concrete beam of various
ATENA library as shown in fig. 8 and researches are shown in table 2.
fig. 9.
FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR
BEAM
Using finite element programme of non
linear analysis ATENA software,
analytical model for beam having glass
fiber reinforced polymer has been
Fig.11:Graph of load v/s deflection of
developed. Fig. 10 shows typical finite
beam [Nishikant Dash]
element model of beam with using glass
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Table 3: Comparison of results of analytical model with available experimental


results
Model results Test results Relative
Author(s) Index /Ultimate load /Ultimate Error Remarks
(KN) Load (KN) (%)
N. Dash F1 79.5 78 1.92 Control Beam
Wrapping on
F2 97.5 104 -6.25
bottom
Wrapping on
F3 110.3 112 -1.52 bottom & side up
to NA
A. Parghi et
1 63.4 60 5.67 Control Beam
al.
2 90.8 88 3.18 Single layer
3 108.9 100 8.90 Two layer
4 126.8 120 5.67 Three layer
Sing-Ping
A1 159 163 -2.45 Control Beam
Chiew et. al
A2 200.6 203.5 -1.43 Single layer
A3 219 219.3 -0.14 Two layer
A4 236.2 238.5 -0.96 Three layer
Single layer with
A5 190.4 196 -2.86 less length of
wrapping
Single layer with
A6 192.5 204.8 -6.00 less length of
wrapping
B1 118 122 -3.28 Control beam
B2 156 146.2 6.70 Single layer
B3 163 152 5.90 Two layer
B4 187 176.9 5.70 Three layer
Single layer with
B5 140.8 144 -2.22 less length of
wrapping
Single layer with
B6 136.7 145.6 -6.11 less length of
wrapping

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


Using the finite element model of beam
the following results and graphs were
obtained. The graphs are as shown in fig.
11 to14.

Fig. 14: Finite element model - graph


of load v/s deflection of beam [Sing-
Ping chiew et al.]

The following table 3 shows the


Fig. 12: Finite element model - graph
comparison of ultimate load received
of load v/s deflection of beam
from the finite element model and
[A Parghi et. al]
available experimental researches.
It is very much clear from the graphs
From the above table it is very much
that glass fiber reinforced polymer sheet
clear that the generated model accurately
enhances the flexural strength of
accesses the flexural strength of beam
reinforced concrete beam.
wrapped with glass fiber reinforced
polymer sheet.
CONCLUSION
This paper presents a numerical
modelling technique for FRP plate
strengthened RC beams by using type of
3D interface element in a standard
finite element analysis of ATENA
software. It is assumed that the bond
development along the interface is
Fig. 13: Finite element model - graph related to the relative slip between the
of load v/s deflection of beam concrete surface and the FRP plate.
[Sing-Ping chiew et al.] Comparison of the analytical results with
the published experimental data shows

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that the proposed finite element model perspective, SVIT, Vasad (India),
with interface element can predict the January 21-22, 2010, pp. 1-8
load deflection response of the [5] W.F. Wong, S.P. Chiew and Q. Sun,
Flexural Strength of RC Beams
strengthened beam reasonably well, and
Strengthened with FRP Plate, FRP
is less sensitive to variation of concrete
Composites of Civil Engineering, Vol. 1,
tensile strength.
J.G. Tang (Ed), 2001, pp. 633-640.
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flexural Strength of RC Beams with
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Application of glass fibre reinforced for Construction, Vol. 11, No. 5,
polymer to structural components A October 2007, pp. 497-506.
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October 25-27, 2009, pp. 1-10 2009, pp. 1-145.
[2] C.Arya, J.L. Clarke, E.A. Kay and P.D. [8] K.J. Bathe, Finite Element Procedures
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Strengthening Concrete Structures Using Hall, Inc.
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Engineering Structures, Vol. 24, 2002, Finite Element Method, McGraw-Hill
pp. 889-900. Book Company.
[3] K.B. Parikh, M.M. Shirgar, K.M. Shiraj [10] CEB-FIP Model Code 1990, First
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