EC3013 DSP Monsoon 2016-17

Notes 1: Support
Continuous time signals
Continuous time signals or analog signals are dened for every value of time,
and they take on values in the continuous interval (a, b), a = , b = .
Sinusoidal signal

xa (t) = Acos (t + ) < t <

= 2F
Tp = 1/F

Discrete time signals

Dened only at certain specic values of time.

x (n) = Acos (n + ) , < n <

= 2f
periodic only if f is a rational number. (Rational number - can be expressed as
the ratio of two integers).

x(n) = xa (nT ) < n <

n
t = nT =
Fs
where T is the sampling period.

xa (nT ) = Acos(2F nT + )
2F n
= Acos( + )
Fs
now we see that the frequency variables f and F are related as,

F
f=
Fs
f is thus called relative or normalized f requency .

Discrete time sinusoids whose frequencies are separated by an integer mul-

tiple of 2 are identical.

cos [(0 + 2)n + ] = cos [0 n + 2n + ] = cos(0 n + )

So k and 0 , where k = 0 + 2k 0 are indistinguishable.
= 2f , hence the corresponding range for f 21 f 12 . Frequencies
is
1
in this range are considered unique and all frequencies || > , or |f | >
2 are
considered as aliases.

1
The sampling theorem
If the highest frequency contained in an analog signal xa (t) is Fmax and the
signal is sampled at a rate Fs > 2Fmax , then xa (t) can be exactly recovered
from its sample values using the interpolation function

sin(2Fmax t)
g(t) =
2Fmax t

Thus xa (t) may be expressed as

X n n
xa (t) = xa ( )g(t )
n=
Fs Fs

when Fs = 2Fmax ,

X n sin(2Fmax (t n/2Fmax ))
xa (t) = x( )
n=
2Fmax 2Fmax (t n/2Fmax )

the sampling rate FN = 2Fmax is called the Nyquist rate.

Bandpass form or baseband form
Consider a signal with high frequency components conned to

B1 < F < B 2

where, B1 B2 = B is dened as the bandwidth of the signal. Assumption is

that
B << B1 < B2
Such signals are called as bandpass or narrowband signals. Now, if this signal
is sampled at a rate
Fs 2B
but,
Fs << B1
then all the frequency components contained in the signal will be aliases of the
Fs
frequencies in the range 0 < F <
2 . But we know precisely the frequency
content of the analog signal since we know the band,

B1 < F < B 2

Hence, if the signal is narrowband, we can reconstruct the original signal from
the samples, if the signal is sampled at a rate Fs > 2B .