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The

Developmental Impact of Infrastructural Projects in


Indonesia: Tanjung Priok Port

















Authors - Shared Value Team
Milande Busquet




In collaboration with Utrecht University:
Annelies Zoomers


In 2017, RVO and Shared Value Foundation jointly set out to assess the impact of the development of the Tanjunk Priok port
in Jakarta, Indonesia. The project resulted in a report, focusing on the following key criteria:
Mapping of activities and livelihoods of local stakeholders surrounding Tanjung Priok port
The potential impact of the development of the Tanjung Priok port on the local communities.

This report contains the results of fieldwork undertaken by SVF in Jakarta, Indonesia between January and March 2017. It first
presents an overview of the existing socio-economic context, followed by empirical results to the key criteria above. The
report concludes with some key issues identified during this project.


For more information about the report please contact RVO

Shared Value Foundation, Utrecht 2017
Photographs and design: SVF, Utrecht
Issue date: 13-04-2017


The views, opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this report are strictly those of the
author(s). They do not necessarily reflect the views of RVO.

Shared Value Foundation
Kruithuisstraat 120
1018 WW Amsterdam
www.sharedvaluefoundation.com
info@sharedvaluefoundation.com

Kalibaru
Mussel processing along the coast


2






Contents

1. Executive summary p. 5
2. Project background p. 8
2.1 Aim of the research p. 8
2.2 Methodology p. 8
3. Context, stakeholders and livelihoods p. 11
3.1 Social, political and economic context p. 11
3.2 Local groups and stakeholders P. 13
3.3 Livelihood and local activities p. 14
3.4 Local challenges and possibilities p. 16
3.5 Discourse p. 18
4. Impact on people and society p. 21
4.1 Impact of port extension N-island p. 21
4.1 Possible impact of new port development p. 21
5. Conclusions p. 25
5.1 local livelihoods and value chain p. 25
5.2 Impact of port development p. 25
5.3 The way forward p. 26
6. References p. 28
7. Annexes p. 29

Cilincing

4 Fishermens boats along a canal
1. Executive Summary like port and industrial workers. As many activities
are related to the harbour and the sea, the harbour
Assigned by RVO, Shared Value Foundation extension project is expected to have not only
conducted an impact research to explore the local intended, but also the following three unintended
impact of the development of the Tanjung Priok port effects on local communities.
area in Jakarta, Indonesia. This report contains
aggregated data and synthesised recommendations The first possible effect involves the fish value chain
based on empirical evidence from a 2-month field which is strongly interconnected with other
research project in Indonesia. It identifies the economic activities. As different local groups and
livelihoods and activities of local groups and occupations are connected with each other, the
stakeholders and discusses the possible impact the effect of one group can trickle down to other local
port development can have on these local groups groups. This means that if fishermen are affected,
and stakeholders. this also affects fish processors, auctions, traders,
transporters, etc.
Jakarta is the economic centre of Indonesia and
plans are being developed to address problems that The second possible effect accompanying the
accompany rapid urbanization, environmental declining fish sector is a potential threat to food
pollution and land subsidence. One such plan is the security. Many people in Jakarta rely on fish as a
development of a fully integrated port-industry in cheap and accessible source of protein. If production
the Tanjung Priok area, including additional services and supply of fish decreases, because of endangered
and industries and the reclamation of three coastal livelihoods of fishermen, low and middle income
islands. As the expansion of the port area requires a residents can find difficulties accessing cheap forms
good transportation network, the initial stage of the of protein.
O, P and Q islands development involves linking the
harbour and its hinterland. This is part of a larger The third expected effect includes relocation of
strategy to develop zones for supporting facilities residents and industries. Relocation has an impact
(residential, social and public facilities) and relocate not only at the new location as well as the old
industry from residential areas to industrial clusters. location, a so called translocal effect. When
relocating industries to new industrial zones, this will
Indonesia is the worlds second largest country in on the one hand generate internal migration,
marine fishery production, of which traditional attracted by employment opportunities, to these
fishermen supply 95% of the total fishery new locations. On the other hand it might cause
production, providing a livelihood for over 2 million unemployment at former locations, where people
people. For this research livelihoods and activities lose their job. The jobs the harbour will provide in
surrounding the port have been explored showing return require skilled labour (e.g. construction work)
that many inhabitants depend on the harbour and which does not align to the high supply of unskilled
the sea. The first group of livelihoods is connected in labour in the neighbourhoods surrounding Tanjung
a value chain depending on the sea. This includes Priok port.
fishermen, fish processors, fish auctions and traders,
transporters and involves many more economic Shared Value Foundation believes that these
activities. The second group of livelihoods depends unintended effects of harbour expansion could be
more on the harbour and surrounding industries, mitigated through strategies that engage local

communities and stakeholders in the development


process during the project cycle and monitor
progress closely. One way to do so could be by
setting up multi stakeholder- or learning platforms.
RW and RT can play a crucial role as they are the link
between local government and citizens. Another
option could be the establishment of a continuous
contact point or person, demand driven by local
communities, either online or physical, which they
can inform or either ask for information whenever
needed.

In addition, existing CSR strategies of public and
private organisations involved in the port
development can be strengthened to maximize
positive impacts. This way, shared value can be
created, for example through a programme that
offers skills training and courses to enable unskilled
labourers to meet the demands of the labour
market, or for vulnerable groups who may lose their
livelihoods to gain new skills and provide for
themselves and their families in a different way.


6

Kalibaru
Labourer cutting ice for fisherboats

7

2.Project background neighbourhoods, this report explores the potential


local impact and (un)intended effects that the
2.1 Aim of the research development of the port could have on the local
community. It also makes recommendations on how
In 2017, The Netherlands Enterprise Agency (RVO) to address the possible negative and unintended
and Shared Value Foundation jointly set out to effects and maximize positive impact in order to
assess the potential local impact of the development meet the objective of the project to positively
of the Tanjung Priok port area in Jakarta, Indonesia. impact the city and residents of Jakarta.
As part of the development of a large scale
international port and port industrial area, the The outcome of the research project is this report,
government of Jakarta has, in cooperation with the which focuses on the following questions:
Dutch government, drafted a plan that includes the
expansion of the current Tanjung Priok Port. This Which local stakeholders could experience positive,
expansion entails the reclamation and development negative, intended and unintended change due to
of three artificial islands (O, P, and Q islands), the activities of the port development project?
located on the eastern side of the Tanjung Priok Which activities of local groups and stakeholders
port. take place in the proposed area?
How do the livelihoods of local groups and
Through the Develop2Build (D2B) program, RVO stakeholders look?
offers direct assistance to developing countries and Which developmental challenges and opportunities
emerging markets, by the development of are perceived by these local groups and
infrastructural projects that have a positive impact stakeholders?
on people, the environment and society. RVO How could these challenges and opportunities best
requested that Shared Value Foundation examine be addressed according to these local stakeholders?
the potential impact of the development of the What is the potential impact of the proposed
Tanjung Priok port on local groups and stakeholders. infrastructural project on the livelihood of local
By mapping the livelihoods and activities of different groups and stakeholders?
local stakeholders in the surrounding To what extent does the proposed infrastructural
project address the perceived problems and
Data No. proposed solutions of local stakeholders? How could
Interviews 102 this be improved?
Civil Government org. 7
Community leaders 8 2.2 Methodology
Residents 32
Port related labourers 8 Two researchers, one from Shared Value Foundation
Seafood processers 24 and one local researcher, conducted fieldwork in ten
Fishermen 10 sub-districts in the districts of Tanjung Priok,
Transport boat labourers 10 Cilincing and Kota in February and March 2017. Map
Academic institutions 3 1 provides an overview of the research area. Data
FGDs 3 has been collected through a total of 105 formal and
Media Articles 282 informal interviews and focus group discussions. In

Haiti
Table 1. Research Data Collection


8
addition, external sources, literature and project higher educated Indonesians as well as foreign
documentation has been consulted (see reference expatriates, while Detik.com targets a wider public
list). within Indonesia, and is Indonesias most popular
online news platform (Tarrant, 2008; Alexa, 2017).
During the fieldwork, different stakeholders were
identified and their activities were mapped. Table 2 shows a brief overview of the search terms
Stakeholders included community leaders, residents, used to select the articles and the number of articles
government organizations, labour- and market- found in the research period, between 20-12-2016
organizations, private institutions and different local and 20-03-2017.
groups involved in harbour activities, such as
fishermen, mussel- and salty fish processors, and After removing duplicates and errors a total number
unskilled workers on both transport boats and in of 68 articles for The Jakarta post and 213 articles
other port activities. Among residents of the areas, for Detik.com were used for analysis. Word clouds,
15 students were interviewed and took part in a excluding stop words, were analysed to highlight the
neighbourhood assessment to gain better main topics and understand the ongoing discourse
understanding of residents own neighbourhood about port development and related reclamation in
perception. An overview of the data can be seen in both online platforms.
table 1.

In addition to the data collected in the field a local The Jakarta Post Detik.com
media analysis was performed to understand the Tanjung Priok Port 31 Pelabuhan 104
impact and ongoing discourse about the port and Tanjung Priok
port related activities. For this analysis, two Reclamation 33 Reklamasi 93
independent online news platforms were chosen Kalibaru Port 7 Pelabuhan 5
in English, The Jakarta Post, and Indonesian
Kalibaru
NCICD 3 NCICD 18
Detik.com - as both observation and experts confirm
seawall 7 Tanggul Raksasa 19
smartphones to be the common form of news
Total 68 Total 213
consumption over newspapers. News platforms with
Table 2. Media analysis sample articles
different target groups have been chosen for
analysis so as to understand if there is a difference in
discourse: the Jakarta Post targets middle-class and Map 1. Research area

Map 1. Research Area

Cilincing

9

Cilincing


Fishermen at work emptying nets
10
3. Context, stakeholders and livelihoods 3.1. Social, Political and Economic Context

This chapter will provide an overview of the social, Social and economic context
political and economic context of Indonesia, Jakarta Indonesia is divided into provinces, which are
and the (sub) districts surrounding the port subdivided into regencies and cities. The city of
development project: Tanjung Priok, Kota and Jakarta has the special status of capital city district
Cilincing. In addition, this chapter discusses the (DKI) and is located on the north-west coast of Java,
identified stakeholders and activities, as well as the Indonesias most populous island. The official
ongoing discourse surrounding the infrastructural metropolitan area of Jabodetabek, covering the
project. Leading questions are: [1] Which local urban areas of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and
stakeholders could experience positive, negative, Bekasi) comprises more than 30 million residents as
intended and unintended change due to the of the 2010 census, making it one of the biggest
activities of the port development project?; [2] urban areas in the world (World Population Review,
Which activities of local stakeholders and other 2017). It has been estimated that in 2016, Jakarta
donors or companies take place in the proposed was home to more than 10 million residents of
area?; [3] How does the livelihood of local groups which 1.7 million lived in the coastal area of Jakarta.
and stakeholders look? [4] Which challenges and Because of this population growth, coupled with
opportunities are perceived by these local groups urbanization and continuing developments, the
and stakeholders?; [5] and how can these best be Jakarta coastline is dealing with environmental
addressed according to them? changes and challenges, including declining water

Kalibaru

Salty fish processors gutting fish next
to the new port 11

quality and biodiversity, shifts and collapse of 45/2009), supply 95% of the total fishery production
ecosystems and destruction of habitats (Wolanski, in Indonesia, and provide not only a livelihood for
2006) over 2 million people (excluding post and pre-fishing
activities) but also contribute to affordable sources
Another challenge in Jakarta is land subsidence of food and protein for the poor (FAO, 2013; Bn et
some areas of Jakarta are sinking at a rate of almost al., 2007)
10cm a year (Abidin et al., 2015). Special attention is
currently given to the NCICD megaproject, which is Political context
at present being developed to protect the coastal As Jakarta is the economic and political centre of
areas from flooding caused by increasing sea levels Indonesia, the governor has an important position,
and subsiding land. It is feared by some, however, compared to other provinces in Indonesia. After Joko
that this project could increase pressure on the Widodo became president in 2012, he left his
environment and livelihoods of fishermen and other position as governor to Basuki Tjahaja Purnama
residents, because of reclamation of 17 new island (Ahok). During the research period, in February
and a large sea wall (Putri et al., 2015). 2017, Jakartas gubernatorial election took place,
with the second round taking place in April. The
elections have led to ethnic, religious and social
As Indonesia is the worlds second largest country in tensions (Indonesia Investment, 2017). The elections
marine fishery production, the traditional small-scale are a sensitive issue and support of and opposition
fishing industry plays a significant role in Indonesias to Ahok is stongly divided, due in part to his
and Jakartas food security, economic growth, predilection for taking swift action in the
livelihood subsistence and employment provision of implementation of sometimes unpopular reforms,
poor coastal communities. Traditional fishermen, his status as a member of both the Chinese and
defined as those with small capacity vessels and less Christian minorities, and his ongoing blasphemy trial.
than 5 gross tonnage (Indonesia Act of Fisheries No. His running mate in the elections is Djarot Saiful
Hidayat. Other candidates are Agus Harimurti
Table 3. Population numbers of neighbourhoods in research
sample Yudhoyono with running mate Sylviana Murni, and
Anies Rasyid Baswedan with Sandiaga Salahuddin
(Sub) district Population RW RT
Uno. The afore-mentioned NCICD project has been a
Cilincing 390 839 87 1024
hot topic during the elections. The latter candidates
Kalibaru 83 594 14 172
take a strong opposition to the reclamation of the 17
Cilincing 50 801 10 133
artificial islands in Jakarta Bay and are campaigning
Marunda 29 465 17 246
in the areas surrounding the port, whereas Ahok is a
Koja 318 889 82 905
strong advocate of the project.
Lagoa 68 925 18 222

Koja 34 828 13 147
Northern Jakarta Research Area
Tanjung 387 471 103 1269
The examined districts (kecamatan) of Tanjung
Priok
Priok, Koja and Cilincing that surround the Tanjung
Warakas 51 979 14 184
Priok Port, have respective populations of 387471,
Kebon 60 385 16 196
Bawang 318889 and 390839 citizens together over 1
Tanjung 41 733 16 158 million citizens as presented in table 3 (BPS, 2016).
Priok Besides showing the population of the districts


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(kecamatan) and sub-districts (kelurahan) under to develop zones for supporting facilities (residential,
review, it provides an overview of the number of social and public facilities) and relocation of
Rukun Warga (RW) and Rukun Tetangga (RT) in each industries from residential areas to industrial
sub-district. The RW is the administrative unit at the clusters. The activities performed to reach these
next to lowest level in the city under the office of project outcomes are expected to affect different
population & civil registration (Dinas Kependudukan local groups and stakeholders, among which are:
& Catatan Sipil). Under the RW are on average 10-15 Residents
RTs, or neighbourhood associations: the o of surrounding neighbourhoods
administrative units over a couple of hundred people o of Marunda Social housing
each. These administrative units function as Local labour groups
important key-informants for identifying different o Fishermen
local stakeholders and for mapping activities, o Fish processors (mussels, shrimps)
challenges and opportunities in the different o Fish pond owners / labourers in
neighbourhoods. Whereas the sub-district of Kebon Marunda
Bawang can be classified as a middleclass o Transport boat labourers (ice,
neighbourhood, most other sub-districts are passengers, water, etc.)
identified by the RWs and RTs as low-class to low- o Port labourers
middleclass neighbourhoods. o Industrial workers
Industries (flour, garment, Bimoli, astra, etc.)
3.2 Local groups and stakeholders Local government (RW, RT, community
leaders)
Interviews and examination of project State owned companies and governmental
documentation and external data like media articles groups (Pelindo II, KBN, Pertamina, Port
and other documents contributed to the Authority, TKBM, TPIs, schools (STIP))
identifications of local groups and stakeholders, who Private organizations (household groups,
will be described in more detail in the next section. religious groups, security groups, labour
unions)
For the reclamation of the O, P and Q islands to be Research centres and NGOs.
commercially and economically viable, RVO aims for
a fully integrated port-industry development of the For a detailed list of local groups and stakeholders,
Tanjung Priok area, including additional services and including expected positive and negative impact per
industries. As the expansion of the port area stakeholder, see appendix 1. The impact on the
requires a good transportation network, a first stage different stakeholders will be addressed in chapter
of the O, P and Q development is therefore creating 4.
this network in its hinterland, as part of a larger plan


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3.3 Activities and Livelihoods



Fishing activities
Zooming in on the north of Jakarta, and more
specifically the neighbourhoods surrounding Tanjung
Priok port, the main occupations involve either the
catching, selling, processing or transporting of
seafood.

The Fish Auction Place (TPI), under the Department
Sub Fisheries of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and
Fisheries, plays a vital role in the registration of
coastal economic activities and food security. Not
only do they provide permits for fishermen and
registration of fish processors, they also keep track
of production and sales of fish to monitor food
security. The TPI auctions are also are the main
locations for fishermen and traders to come
together for business. Within the research area TPI
Cilincing and TPI Kalibaru (two of the five TPI in
Jakarta) are located. This is where both fish from
marine and inland (fishpond) will flow via a value Figure 1. The value chain of fish in North Jakarta
chain of traders, fish-processors, markets, street
vendors and small restaurants to its final customers have been observed during this research, like the
and consumers (see figure 1). From interviews, TPI production of salty fish and shrimps and
Cilincing is estimated to process 1 million KG of fish a transportation of (processed) fish, ice cubes for
year, whereas BPS (2016) shows the production of preservation of fish and passengers (fishermen,
TPI Kalibaru to be 3 million KG in 2015. The biggest traders). Especially in the sub-districts bordering the
TPI market is TPI Muara Baru, located in the North- coast, like Kalibaru, Cilincing and Tanjung Priok,
West of Jakarta, as confirmed by both BPS (2016) peoples livelihoods depend to a large extent on the
and an interview with TPI Cilincing. harbour and the sea. From the 34 interviewed
seafood processors and fishermen, 26 highlight that
There are currently 6000 traditional and large scale many people have similar occupations. From the 11
fishermen and over 1100 people working in the interviewed fishermen, 7 of them talk about at least
cultivation of green mussel, but this is decreasing hundreds of other fishermen active in that area.
(BPS, 2016). In 2013 the cultivation of green mussels
was accommodated by 700 bamboo fishing All interviewed fishermen are self-employed, and are
platforms in the coastal waters of sub district either boat owners or work together with someone
Cilincing, surrounding Tanjung Priok port (FAO, who is, sometimes as well as one or two other
2014; BPS, 2016). Besides the processing of green fishermen. From the 12 interviewed mussel
mussels, many other post and pre-fishing activities processors, 6 were self-employed and the others


14
work under a boss. This is similar to the salty fish Transport and industry labour
processors of whom 6 of the 11 interviewed people Another type of occupation related to the port and
work under a boss and the other 5 are self- the sea are the people working as transport boat
employed. For both self-employed and wage labourers. From the 10 interviews held with these
workers, income depends on the weather, as they labourers, it becomes clear they transport various
get paid by load. Loads are usually higher if the goods and passengers for different reasons.
weather is good and the supply of fish or mussels is Examples are the transport of ice cubes, water, and
more plentiful. This dependence on the weather is other goods to supply fisher boats or other vessels in
perceived as a challenge by 10 out of 12 interviewed the port or to transport passengers to these vessels,
mussel processers: other port areas or the nearby islands. Some of the
interviewed also rent out their boats to hobby
I dont like it when rain comes down, big waves, I get fishers.
less mussels, I get less money. It is not nice to be
unemployed. - Mussel processor Other common occupations both observed and

mentioned by BPD (2016) are labour in trade,
I hate it when it is the east wind season. The weather
is bad. And I can't go if its rainy. If I dont go sailing, I restaurants, accommodation, transportation,
don't get any income. - Fisherman storage, communication, manufacturing and
community services. In the different sub districts of
Salty fish processors feel less influence of the Tanjung Priok and Kota, port labour (Buruh) and
weather on their income as they, in most cases, get industrial labour are very common occupations. Port
payed per day instead of per load (9 out of 11). workers have the possibility to join a (state-owned)

cooperation, ensuring the welfare of port workers by
The different occupations encountered in this
research often have a clear task division between offering different insurances, or labour unions who
men and women. Whereas fishermen are mostly fight for port workers rights. Not all port workers
men, women are more involved in fish processing however, are members of one of these
activities. Men are involved in boiling the mussels, organizations. As became clear from all 8 interviews
while women peel them. For the salty fish and a FGD with port workers, they are concerned
processors men and women each have their specific
about their income as employment, which for them
type of fish they are supposed to process, based on
is mostly manual, is decreasing and they dont have
the size of the knife needed for the activity.
skills to catch up with the automatization. This fear is
Fishermen, mussel processors and salty fish also expressed by the cooperative and two RWs in
processors mostly reside in the sub-districts of neighbouring sub districts. Port labours dont have a
Kalibaru and Cilincing, as both observation and contract and work with assignment letters, which
interviews with a fishermen community leader, a means there is no employment if they dont receive
school head of a high school in Kalibaru and 3 RWs a call of a company who needs them.
and RTs confirm. According to two of them,
fishermen are decreasing in number because of new For fishermen, processors and port labourers, the
fishing net rules, pollution of the water and income of them and their families is heavily reliant
(planned) reclamation of islands. on their current skills. From the 53 interviews with
fish processors, fishermen, transport boat labourers
and port workers, 45 respondents claim to have no
other skills than the work they are currently doing.


15

Often family members like spouses and children However, most fishermen are not equipped for this.
have a share in the households income acting as Around 95% of the fishermen are small scale (FAO,
(movable) food vendors and street sellers to secure 2013) and interviews with community leaders point
their livelihood: out that they dont always have vessels to fish far in
the open sea.
Even there was a time that up to 6 months I didnt
get any call [for working in the port]. For eating in Not only fishermen are concerned about the waste.
that period, I depended on the activities of my wife When asking 15 senior high school students to make
selling coffee, street food and cigarettes. - Port pictures of something they are disturbed of the most
labourer in their own neighbourhood (Kalibaru), 13 of them
mention the waste and litter on the streets and
3.4 Local perceived challenges and shores.
opportunities
Because the environment is a lot of garbage
Throughout this research, respondents have scattered and people do not care about the
identified different developmental and environment. - Student
environmental concerns and opportunities in their
own neighbourhoods and lives of which this section For me, if there is no more trash in the sea, the sea
presents an overview. will be better and we can absorb fresh air and have
better scenery. - Student

Perceived challenges of local groups I did not like there are still many people who litter.
Still lacking community responsibility for protecting
Waste & pollution the environment. - Student
The first and foremost challenge mentioned by
respondents is the issue of waste management and Flooding
environmental pollution. As mentioned in an A second challenge mentioned by respondents,
interview with a fishermen community leader, an including the students and other residents, is
flooding. From interviews with other residents and
RW and TPI Cilincing, Fishermen decrease in
RWs and RTs, it becomes clear that flooding in most
number, because of new fishing net rules, pollution
neighbourhoods decreased, whereas in Kalibaru it
of the water and land reclamation. Asking the
increased. Both an RW and RT in that area explain
fishermen themselves, 7 of the 10 explain it is more
that this is due to the instalment of a pump at a
challenging to catch or produce the same supply as marine housing complex, pumping the water in
the years before. They explain that environmental times of flood from the complex into drainage canals
pollution or new regulations force them to fish in Kalibaru. Also, the redirection of a drainage
further away from the shore: system for the construction of a coastal highway into
this canal, which doesnt have the capacity to deal
Before, 500 metres from the shore for fishing was with this extra amount of water, adds on to the
enough. But now we (fishermen) have to go to Pulau problem of flooding. This is a clear example of trans
Damar. That is 2 hours travel time. And the fish is not local unintended effects of infrastructural
fresh and as good as before, because of the waste. development.
- Fisherman
Interesting to note is the difference in experience of
flooding by residents in the areas, for which there


16
are different words in the Indonesian language. As Perceived Opportunities
mentioned, for most of the areas serious flooding As many people, both residents, labour groups and
(banjir) has decreased over the years and people community leaders are aware of the high amount of
only experience ganangan every now and then, unskilled labour surplus, community leaders see a lot
since pumps have installed to pump the water away. of opportunities in education to improve the living
Ganangan means that the water will not rise higher conditions and welfare in the communities around
than your ankles and will disappear within an hour, the port. Community members also prioritize a
and is thus not perceived as a major problem by the better future for their children through education to
local population, who have many adaptation increase their chances on the labour market.
strategies of hoisting up their furniture to the ceiling
and other creative methods to protect themselves I hope my children can get higher education and do
and their belongings. not end up like me. Salty fish processor

Unemployment, violence, drug and alcohol abuse Another opportunity is identified by Rujak Center for
Urban Studies. They highlight the importance to
A third problem of drug use and violence in the
integrate middle class and lower class
neighbourhoods is mentioned by several residents (8
of 20) in the neighbourhoods of Tanjung Priok and neighbourhoods, citing the example of middle class
residents not being able to afford expensive lunches
Kalibaru. This concern is also mentioned by RWs and
and therefore going to the lower class
a local high school in these neighbourhoods. They
express their high concerns about the high neighbourhoods to eat. Engaging the lower class
neighbourhoods more with the port areas therefore
unemployment rates in the neighbourhoods
could offer the working middle class in the port the
surrounding Tanjung Priok Port. This unemployment
affordable services they need, while offering
is perceived to be caused by either disappearing
employment opportunities in the lower class
industries, which used to absorb a lot of unskilled
labour, or by automatization of the port. These neighbourhoods. This fits in the Indonesian concept
of Gotong Royong, in which solidarity and support
unskilled port workers used to work in the port, but
within the community, regardless of family, class or
their manual labour is less and less needed, as they
are replaced by machines they dont know how to income is a core principle to the Indonesian society,
and a principle Indonesians are very proud of
operate. In addition, they are often thought to be
according to many interviews with residents and
replaced by contracted labour migrants of large
companies. community leaders.
Local CRM initiatives & LMK
RTs and RWs point at these high unemployment Different interviews with RWs and RTs identified
rates of unskilled labour as causes of drugs use, initiatives of industrial and state owned companies,
violence and criminality. As different RWs mention who as part of their Corporate Social Responsibility
that the neighbourhoods surrounding Tanjung Priok (CSR) strategies, contribute to improving
often have low educations rates, not excelling senior neighbouring schools and parks, offering courses
high school degrees, there are little opportunities for and infrastructural improvements to surrounding
the local communities to work in high skilled jobs in neighbourhoods and residents or donated food.
the port, as this often requires a bachelor degree or These CSR initiatives are governed and initiated by
additional skills training. Therefore, unskilled job the Lembaga Musyawarah Kelurahan (LMK), a
opportunities are important.


17

legislative organization on sub-district level. The A first interesting result is that for the same search
LMK is formed by a selection of RTs, who identify a terms, more than three times more articles are
mutual interest for the company and the published on Detik.com, showing that more content
communities. Different respondents highlight that is available on these subjects among a broader
the ability of the LMK members to successfully do public of detik.com than on the Jakarta Post,
so, highly depends on the capacity, negotiation skills targeting mostly middle-class Indonesians and
and network of the LMK members. Although foreigners. When comparing all the word clouds, the
successful initiatives have been encountered, this difference in discourse between The Jakarta Post
dependency on capacity of the LMK means that in and Detik.com is rather small. When comparing all
some areas there is a mismatch between citizen articles, the discourse is mostly a mix of economical,
concerns, governmental interests and private geographical and political tone. Detik.com is slightly
interests of involved companies: more focused on the political discourse surrounding
these topics, mentioning candidates as anies and
Tidak Tepat Sasaran (Not on target). The solution ahok more often than The Jakarta Post.
doesnt fit the problem. All parties have their own
interest and agenda, so the problem isnt solved for
Bigger differences are found when comparing the
citizens. RW Lagoa
word clouds of both port related search terms with
CSR initiatives are considered by community leaders NCICD related search terms. For both The Jakarta
as future opportunities to improve neighbourhoods Post and Detik.com articles about the port have
by combining public and private means. By mostly an economical discourse with popular words
strengthening the governance structure, being million [juta], development [pembangunan],
respondents believed that it could benefit many container [container], international [internasional],
more people.
business [usaha], terminal and new [baru], excluding

the search terms. The discourse in Detik.com
3.4 Discourse
however is a little more focused on reporting crimes
Before describing the potential impact of the and accidents than The Jakarta Post, with more
harbour extension, this section will describe the emphasis on words like victim[korban], suspect
language used in local media to understand the [tersangka] and fire [api].
impact and ongoing discourse about the port and
port related activities. For two online news platform Notable is that for both online platforms the articles
three word clouds have been generated based on about NCICD and reclamation entail a more sensitive
the selected articles and the most common 100 discourse and politics play an important role, which
words of each cloud have been analysed. The first is visible from frequently used words like election,
word cloud contained all selected articles. The candidates [calon], ahok, anies, governor, etc. The
second word cloud contained articles from port discourse is also more on social and environmental
related search terms (Tanjung Priok Port, Kalibaru aspects than port related articles, as seen from
port, Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok and Pelabuhan popular words like environment [lingkungan],
Kalibaru). The third word cloud contained search mangrove, sea [laut], people [rakyat], resident
terms related to the larger NCICD project (NCICD, [warga], society [masrayakat], fishermen [nelayan],
Reclamation, Seawall, Reklamasi, Tanggul coast. Figure 2. shows an overview of the most
Raksasa). popular words used on Detik.com when talking


18
about the both the port and about reclamation and
the NCICD.

The brief analysis shows that the discourse about
the larger NCICD project and reclamation is more
sensitive than the discourse about the port in both
online platforms and that reclamation and the
NCICD project are topics which are politically
coloured and related to Jakartas gubernatorial
election in Febraury 2017.

Figure 2. Word Clouds of Detik.com for respectively port related
search terms and NCICD & reclamation related search terms.
Translation available on request.


19

Kalibaru

Salty fish processing next to the new port
20
4. Impact on people and society Before the dike was constructed, fishermen would
come directly to TPI Kalibaru. Now only transport
boats come here and small number of fishermen
This chapter will explore how the port development
boats come to TPI kalibaru. - Resident Kalibaru
project may have an impact on the different local

groups and stakeholders and how this impact relates
Not only is the new port directly affecting the
to the challenges and opportunities as identified by
fishermen. It also affects the industrial and port
these local groups and stakeholders in the previous
labourers. According to an RW in the sub district of
chapter, therefore answering the question: [4] What
Tanjung Priok, garment industries have been
is the impact of the proposed infrastructural project
relocated to East Jakarta, to make way for the
on the livelihood of local groups and stakeholders?
development of the new port, causing many people

to lose their job.
4.1 Impact of port extension N-island


Whereas this research has not been designed to ask According to an RW in Kalibaru, no new job
local groups and stakeholders directly about their opportunities have been created for local people for
perception and experience with the recently the construction of the new port. Despite a large
developed Kali Baru port expansion (N-island) or the workforce in neighbouring Kalibaru, most
NCICD project, people do share their opinion and unemployed labourers dont have the certificates to
concerns about this development, providing valuable work in construction. This is expected to cause
insight in the impact the port development project tensions:
might have.
The new port is developed 300 meter from this
In different interviews with a community leader, the house, but they didnt open jobs for local people. If
Cilincing fish auction, residents and an RW in this year no jobs will open for construction, they will
Kalibaru people expressed their concern about the protest. RW Kalibaru
decreasing income of fishermen due to the
reclamation of the new port.
4.1 Impact of new port development
Fishing ponds (bamboo) and places for the
traditional fishermen are gone. It is a place where (Macro) Economic impact
fish, crab, etc. gathers. But now there is a new island According to project documentation, (The Jakarta
(N-island). The fishermen now try to find a new Port Concept draft 2 & 3, 2016) RVO sets out to
place. They fish in between the island(s) or they go to positively impact society as an outcome of the
nearby Ancol. Their income decreases with about 50- project. The project not only aims to achieve macro-
60%. - TPI Cilincing office economic benefits, but also to reduce traffic and
congestion by creating additional road and rail
The fishermen number is decreasing because of the connections to the port area. In addition, it aspires
big dike in the sea, making it hard for fishermen to to create new residential opportunities by relocating
continue. - RW, Kalibaru industries to dedicated industrial zones (on the new
islands) and to have a positive influence on flood
safety in the mainland areas as the development of


21

the O,P and Q islands and required road the islands. This means that fishermen and mussel
infrastructure will become part of the East Reservoir. cultivators are either forced to relocate to continue
their activities, or they will lose their livelihood and
The overall intended impact of the project is income from their current activities.
twofold: to create urban space for residents, as
industries will be relocated; and to engender socio- As the value chain of fish starts with the fishermen,
economic benefits by new employment there is an indirect impact on many other local
opportunities generated by port development. As groups residing in Kalibaru and Cilincing and other
the port will expand, it is expected that job localities in the case fishermen disappear or
opportunities will open up for the construction of relocate. The fish auctions of Kalibaru and Cilincing
the new port. In addition, when the new port starts could see a possible decrease in production. In the
operating, job opportunities in machine operation, case of the auction in Kalibaru, production has
administration, management and transport will dropped by two-thirds in 2015 (BPS, 2016), possibly
increase. The project therefore will create job due to the location of the fish auction, which is right
opportunities mostly in the skilled sector, but also, under the recently constructed N-port and is now
to some extent, unskilled job opportunities in the hard for fishermen to reach, as confirmed in
industries. However it is mostly the skilled residents interviews. As supply is decreasing, this will trickle
surrounding the port and migrants contracted by the down to a decline in fish processing activities in
companies, who will benefit from this impact. Kalibaru and its accompanying labour in
transportation and logistics of ice, water and food
Local impact for fishermen and passengers, as well as fish itself.
This research focused on the potential impact at the This means large groups of people are at risk of
local level, which has not been elaborated upon in losing their livelihood and income. As entire families
the provided project documentation. As discussed, are involved in fishing activities, it means families are
the extension of the harbour is expected to provide vulnerable: they have little resilience and
job opportunities for skilled residents of the alternatives to cope with loss of livelihood.
surrounding communities. There are, however, risks
of unintended effects, directly and indirectly, on Not only fishermen and post- and pre-fishing related
local level surrounding the harbour, but also in other occupations are at threat from loss of livelihood. If
localities (translocal effects). The main expected industries relocate to new industrial zones as part of
effects, are listed below: the port project (to create new residential
opportunities) many unskilled labourers lose their
1. Loss of livelihoods job in the neighbourhood from which the industry is
As the port will be developed, it is planned that the disappearing (a translocal effect), as they are not
new islands (O, P and Q) will be located north of always able to reach, or move to the new location.
Tanjung Priok and Kalibaru. Currently, this area is This translocal effect also occurred during the
used by fishermen and mussel cultivators. Fishing development of the N-island, as an industry was
locations will disappear after reclamation of islands making place for the development of the extension.
and most of the fishermen are not equipped to fish The jobs the harbour will provide in return are
far in the open sea (as discussed in the previous mostly skilled labour (construction work), for which
chapter). Bamboo fishing platforms for mussel those who are unemployed are not trained for.
cultivation also need to be cleared to make way for


22
2. Food security 3. Resettlement
As the production and supply of the TPI markets in As the development of the port comes together with
the north-east of Jakarta decrease or eventually development of a good transportation network in its
disappear, it can become more difficult for a poor hinterland, this means there is the possibility that
population to access cheap forms of protein like fish, not only economic activities, but also certain
and this can eventually threaten the food security of residential areas need to be relocated. Considering
these populations, especially if people dont manage people's current livelihoods, it means people might
to find an alternative form of income to maintain need to travel very far from their new location to the
their livelihoods. However as explained before, not area in which they work. If relocation is carried out
only the poor, but also the working middle-class of with the involvement of those it affects, this does
(future) employees in the port, need to buy their not need to be a problem: in the example of
lunch, which they are likely to do in the surrounding Marunda Social Housing in the north-east of Jakarta,
neighbourhoods, meaning they are indirectly people happily travel for free by boat from their new
exposed to the threat of food insecurity as well. residential area to their old place where they often
still work (in the north-west), being able to avoid
traffic congestions by road. New employment
opportunities will also cause another form of
resettlement, namely of internal migrants who will
be attracted for economic reasons by development
of the port area. An integrated planning of spatial
development is needed, offering appropriate
settlement areas for both newcomers and
(resettled) local communities.

























23
Kalibaru

Passenger transport boat



24
5. Conclusions have not only intended effects like the creation of
employment, but also the following three
As the previous chapters show, the integrated port- unintended effects on local communities.
industry development of the Tanjung Priok port area First, as the fish value chain is strongly
affects the lives of many people, both positively and interconnected with other economic activities, it is
negatively. To encourage the positive impact and important to realize that an effect on one specific
reduce the negative impacts, developmental group can influence different other local groups and
opportunities will be discussed below. activities. A possible negative impact on fishermen is
that fishing locations will disappear after reclamation
5.1 Local livelihoods and value chain of islands. Most of the fishermen are not equipped
to fish far in the open sea, catch less fish and may
As discussed in chapter 3, the harbour and the sea lose significant shares of their income. This decrease
play an important role in the lives, activities, and of supply can influence activities of other actors
employment of many residents in the districts of involved in the fish value chain, like fish processors,
Cilincing, Kalibaru and Tanjung Priok. The first auctions, traders and transporters.
identified group of livelihoods depends on the sea.
It is important to realize that many types of these Second, If the production and supply of fish in the
activities, like fishing, the processing of fish, north-east of Jakarta decrease or eventually
transport and sales of fish, do not stand alone, but disappear, it can become more difficult for a poor
are part of a value chain of activities depending on population to access cheap forms of protein like fish,
each other. When one employment group is directly and this can eventually threaten the food security of
affected, for example the fishermen, this can these populations. These indirect effects do not only
indirectly trickle down to other labour groups and occur locally to surrounding residents and labour
actors involved in the value chain, like street sellers groups but can even have trans local effects on
and local restaurants owners, who may not have consumers and labour groups in other parts of the
been initially considered. The second group of city.
livelihoods depends mostly on the harbour and
surrounding industries, like port and industrial Third, it is likely that relocation of residents and
workers. As people often have limited skills outside industries take place as the port expands. It is
their current occupation, it is important to take their important to realize that relocation has an impact
livelihoods and the connected chain of activities into not only at the new location, but also at the old
account when relocating different local groups. The location, a so called trans local effect. When
jobs the harbour will provide require mostly skilled relocating industries to new industrial zones, this will
labour (such as construction work) which does not on one hand generate internal migration, attracted
align to the high supply of unskilled labour in the by employment opportunities, to these new
neighbourhoods surrounding Tanjung Priok port. locations, creating need for residential areas. On the
other hand, it might cause unemployment at old
5.2 Impact of port development locations, where people lose their job. The jobs the
harbour will provide in return require often skilled
As many activities are related to the harbour and the labour (such as construction work) which does not
sea, the harbour extension project is expected to align to the high supply of unskilled labour in the
neighbourhoods surrounding Tanjung Priok port.


25

When planning the port-industrial zone, it is valuable provide skills training and courses to unskilled
to include unskilled labour opportunities, as labourers, to create their own skilled workforce. This
industries can offer, but it is important to realize that can reduce unemployment in the areas surrounding
employment will disappear elsewhere and the port, and benefits companies as they dont need
residential areas near industrial zones are needed to to facilitate migration of skilled labour.
house employees.
Community leaders like the RW and RT play an
Furthermore it is important to not disconnect essential role in strengthening governance
residential areas from the port, as middle-class and structures and involving private companies in CSR
high-skilled employees in the port are dependent on strategies, as they are the link between local
these residential areas for provision of services, residents and local government and know what
including accommodation and food, as mentioned issues concerns people in their neighbourhoods.
before.
Unintended effects of harbour expansion can be
5.3 The way forward mitigated through strategies that involve monitoring
and involvement and engagement of local groups
One of the opportunities identified by community and stakeholders. Via multi stakeholder platforms or
leaders is the mobilization of CSR strategies of learning platforms, stakeholders and local groups
private companies for the well-being of local can express their concerns and deliver input to
communities. Existing CSR strategies and governance mitigation strategies. Another option could be the
structures of public and private companies involved establishment of a contact point or person, for local
in development and employment in the port can be communities to turn to with their questions, issues
strengthened to maximize positive impacts and or ideas related to the development of the port.
mitigate negative impacts. Through existing This provides a more demand-driven and continues
structures, the private sector can be mobilized to monitoring, and provides project partners with the
mitigate and address local challenges identified by option come with feasible and suitable mitigation
the communities, thus creating shared value. For strategies.
example, there can be a benefit for companies to


26
Tanjung Priok

living next to railway
Residents
27

References: Putri, A., Pearson S., & Windupranata, W.


(2015). Sustaining the environments, sustaining
the livelihoods: Insights from the coast of
Abidin, H. Z., Andreas H.,Gumilar I., & Brinkman Jakarta, Indonesia. In 15th Indonesian Scholars
J.J. (2015). Study on the risk and impacts of land International Convention, Kings College London,
subsidence in Jakarta. Proc. IAHS, 370, 1520. ed. B. Tjahjono, F. Muslim, S. Anjara, and T.
doi:10.5194/piahs-372-115-2015 Asmari, 1830

Alexa. Top sites in Indonesia. Retrieved on 18 Tarrant, B. (2008). Reporting Indonesia: The
January 2017, from Jakarta Post story 1983 2008. Sheffield,
http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/ID England: Equinox

Bandan Pusat Statistiek (BPS) (2016). Kota Wolanski, E. (2006). Is harbour development
Jakarta Utara Dalam Angka 2016. Retrieved ecologically sustainable? In The environment in
from Asia Pacific harbours, ed. E. Wolanski, 489-493,
https://jakutkota.bps.go.id/backend/pdf_publik Netherlands: Springer.
asi/Kota-Jakarta-Utara-Dalam-Angka-2016.pdf
World Population Review (2017). Jakarta
Bn, C., Macfadyen G., & Allison, E. H. (2007). Population 2017. Retrieved from
Increasing the contribution of small-scale http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-
fisheries to poverty alleviation and food cities/jakarta-population/
security. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 481

Food and Agricultural Organization of the
United Nations (FAO).(2014). Fishery and
Aquaculture Country Profiles - The Republic of
Indonesia. Retrieved from:
http://www.fao.org/fishery/facp/IDN/en

Food and Agricultural Organization of the
United Nations (FAO).(2013). Indonesia, FAO to
strengthen fisheries and aquaculture
cooperation. Retrieved from
http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/17677
6/icode/

Indonesia Investment. (2017). Politics in
Indonesia: Jakarta's 2017 Gubernatorial Election
Retrieved from http://www.indonesia-
investments.com/nl/news/news-
columns/politics-in-indonesia-jakarta-s-2017-
gubernatorial-election/item7575?

Zimbabwe

28
Appendix 1. Stakeholder Analysis

Stakeholder How affect/affected by activity? Method of


Positive/Negative involvement
Residents living near the port Positive: Interviews, FGDs
- new skilled employment opportunities (in
construction, administration, management,
transport, etc)
Negative:
- possible relocation to make space for
industries, infrastructure
- loss of livelihood (unskilled jobs)
Fishermen Negative: Interviews, FGDs
- difficult access sea-shore
- loss of fishing area by reclamation islands
Fish processors (salty fish, clams) Negative: Interviews
- dependent on supply of fishermen
- dependent on location near the shore
Local transport boat laborers Positive: Interviews
- new work opportunities transporting
passengers (port employees)/ goods to port.
Negative:
- depending on supply fishermen
- difficult access to shore
Port laborers (buruh) Positive: Interviews, FGDs
- more skilled employment, different type of
jobs
Negative:
- vulnerable to lose jobs as tendering partners
work with contract organizations, where
unskilled port laborers are not part of
Industrial workers Positive: Interview with
- more unskilled employment opportunities key/secondary
when new industries arrive stakeholders
- more employment opportunities if industries
can grow because of better transport network
Negative:
- loss of job when industry moves away
Koperasi TKBM Positive: Interview
- getting more members as employment in
port will rise
Negative:
- lose members if unskilled port work
disappears
TPI Kalibaru (Tempat pelelangan Ikan)
Negative: Interview
Sub-agency of vis auction - depend on supply fishermen
- depend on access fishermen and transport 29
boats

- food security unsure


Positive:
- better accessible by customers if roads
improve

TPI Cilincing (Tempat pelelangan Ikan) Negative: Interview
Sub-agency of vis auction - depend on supply fishermen
- depend on access fishermen and transport
boats
- food security unsure
Positive:
- better accessible by customers if roads
improve


Fishpond owners Positive: Interview (key
- less supply from sea, so fresh water fish informants)
demand can rise at TPI, more employment
Negative:
- TPI markets might be relocated, extra
transport cost if relocated further away

Local government (RW, RT, LMK) Positive: Interviews
- will benefit from better transport network,
public facilities and public places as meeting
satisfaction residents and meeting targets.
Negative
- deal with new neighbourhood dynamics if
neighbourhood is resettled

Labor Unions Positive: -
- getting more members as employment in
port will rise
Negative:
- lose members if unskilled port work
disappears
Residents Marunda Social housing Negative: Interviews
- more difficult for residents to reach work via
the sea in the west of North Jakarta, when
islands are created.
PPSU No significant changes to PPSU employees are Interviews
Facility and infrastructure works identified
Marine Schools (STIP, etc) No significant changes to marine schools are Observation
identified because of further location from
Tanjung Priok
SMKN (vocational high school with focus Positive: Interviews
on marine) - Can play vital role in skills training /


30
courses > more students
Negative:
- Lose students, capital, significance if
relocated.
Industries (flour, bimoli, astra, garment, Positive: Macro
etc) - improved transport network will benefit
industries to grow
- development port will lead to easier access

State owned companies (Pelindo II, KBN, Positive: Macro
Pertamina, Port Authority) - will benefit from increased port activities

Research centers and NGOs (Rujak center Negative Interviews,
for urban studies, KIARA, UN-Habitat, - Not reaching goal, if labor groups, Secondary sources
Cipta Foundation, Urban Poor residents are disadvantaged.
Consortium, Urban and Regional Positive:
Development Institute, etc) - Reach goals if people manage to find
other livelihood/occupations/ rights
are protected


31

Appendix 2. Word Clouds The Jakarta Post and Detik.com



Translation available on request.

The Jakarta Post


Word cloud of articles Jakarta Post online platform from 5 search terms.


Word Cloud of the terms Tanjung Priok Port and Kalibaru Port.




32

Word Cloud of the term reclamation, seawall, NCICD.

Detik.com

Word Cloud of the all search terms






Word Cloud of the terms pelabuhan tanjung priok, pelabuhan kalibaru


33



Word Cloud of the terms reklamation, NCICD, Tanggul Raksasa.


34

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