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    Jews of Yugoslavia 1918 - 1941 A History of Macedonian Sephards PDF

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    Rebecca378

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Jews of Yugoslavia 1918-1941 [A Histery of Macedonian Sephards Peter Lang rales» Frarkur am Main «New York = Oxford = Was Asigyp nan plied Dale, aot Renae inh peten we Bete Noah ‘tien dnd Bogen ne habe ete tt oi risdae ti tbr Catenin gbeton Dit calgon a ‘olen he Bt ee, cr ce sates ry of Cong Canlaon Das i ‘ethane Kina Jee Rieder 8190 hes acelin pets / In memary of my father Sen sras.ousnee | [bape e-208 entry 2 Yep: ions, bslosvanba so | Soseeuncorgos-deaa zoro1ser, ‘he winches Fncng, Mo Cater Fede be Slegtelcnet | “is books pubied wih suppor othe Schwsiamicher Noonan a Fide | ‘Stnghon ako coords he pst tok | sectarian pgs ri | Sees raes Fait deren Stal Daraonseenonman om uae: ecieldexannts an a min (Cor Tomas Ce Pang KS ssins7e0sesii469 a Lag AG, snl Aca Rei, an 2012 eda $2, CHO) ay, Stand ang com repay coe 1 acne is i ator on ponent eight ‘ofan ni Bae he capo wth prion Toop tein enice pctoten ‘Recrertpre oes, at mcg oe Pein tard ‘Table of Contents Acknowledgements Ineodusson Subject oF Reseach ‘Methodologieal Approaches ‘Aschival Data and Suess ‘Carte Sete of Research Chaps Chater Spe four Here ering Be teen cote a 1, Sephardi Jews in Wester Barope and th Bllans Arial onthe Balans inthe 15% Ceneury Jewish Life within the Ottoman Empite Involement of Jews in Tracom and National Movements on dhe Ballans 2 Cultural Charsctrinos of Sephardic Jows Ladino oF Judeo-Spaish Language Prva Tle Sayings and Song « ‘Sephardic Costome == ‘Sephardic Hower =. Sepahadc Kitchen 3, Adbkenanim: Another Seam of Tadtion 3 haprer 2 The Wars and Their Aftermath Navona ad Iteractional 1. Consequences ofthe Balkan Wars and Weld Wir 1 “The Balkan War and Their Impacts ‘The Treaty of Bucharest (1913) and Seenion ‘of Macedonia. Human Loses Economic Dedine, and Emigration: | following the Balkan Wars. ‘The Serbian Regime inthe Occupied Macedonian Teeitory afte the Bucharest Agreement sss ese Esablshment of Serban Adminiseation Serbian Calurl Poi i the Ori eo prior co World War... ‘Word Wor Tand les Implications 2, Inernatonal Conferences, Peace Tes, tnd Minorey Prtecton Conventions A Shore History of IncenationalPoies ‘on Minotey retin = ‘The 1919 Pats Peace Conference and he Jovish Delegation to the Conference =. ‘Minority Treaties with the New Counties of Souk Eastern Europe, Sebi, Bulga, and Gresce Goals Achieved by the Jewish Delegation 1 the Paris Peace Conference ‘The Macedonian Question atthe Pars Confrence = Mino Treties wth Sebia, Bulga, and Grecce in the Context ofthe Macedonian Question 3. ting he Kingdom: The Now Nason Yugosly Stace. “The Kinga af Se, Crows and Svenen Laer named the Knglom of Vag, and the New Challenge ofthe Sate . 68 2 oy ” ot 8 102 105 105 Iostutions and Sterres Yagoslav Minosiry Polis according co Ieeeationsl Conventions, Domestic Laws and Regulations Mi Deity inh Kio of ibs Coes and Slovenes so... . Chapter 3 Building Yogse Jury 1, Sets and Figures “The La on evi Rego Commis ia Yi 2 encod Seuce fhe gue fv: ‘An Overview (Other Jewish Insiatons 5. Humaniarian, Gurl, Education), and Social Movemencs sn Oxgaisations ‘Humanitarian Organisations Glut! Asvociations and Cbs | Dubishing Education of che Vogal Jews ==. BeonomicStaceure af the Joe in Yageslavin =~ 4, Philanthropic Activities of Yuga Jews within Bihe Bith he Rotary Cub, and Smit Assciations YYogpsly Branch of Bai Bil and lavolement of Vagodat Jews in Other Lodges Jews in the Rotary Clb in Yagolavia. Emigration of Yugo Jews Palen 107 4 ns 1 a 125 18 133 14 2135 138 41 4 “7 152 153, 159 16 2163 169 Cheers ‘athena Sarin: Te Quon Asin 1. Able and Sephardi Joining Together? ‘The Ashkenarim in Generl and in che Yogelav Context - “The Sephardi in General and in che Yogev Content. ‘Struggle within dhe Federation of Jewish Comenuniin tnd the Zionist Federation of Ygoslvia 2, Bervesn Acculturation, Asimilation, and Iceration ‘Varios Arras towanls Iteration, Assimilation, snd Acciurtion among the Yaga Jews Chapin 5 ‘The Macedonian Sephands 1, Problems of Inlsion of Macedonia vith che Yogoav Kingdom ===... "Sephardic Jows Incorporated” wihia che Kingdom of Yagoivia v5 2, Shope: Capital of “South Serbia“ and Macedonia et arial Ona ofthe ras ope Jews of Skopje throughout the lnervatPeiod«---- enreen Traditional and Modern Why of Lil ‘Community Organisation (Sarues, Pais, “Membership and Funds) ‘Activites, Duis, and sues ofthe Skopje evi ‘Commurity thoughout the 305... ea Fartipacon ofthe Skopje ews inthe Macedonian Economy and this Profesional Seucture «+. = Education ofthe Skopje Jews a od Sper Oran ‘Skopje Zionists m sam im 174 ve 9 19 19 193 au 25 Dae ar 23, Bicol, the Cent ofthe Zionist Movement Brief Historical Overview ofthe Jewish Presence in Biola ‘Jews in Biola daring the Inca Pesiod Gimmunl Onpainaons,Sertes, Tae and Funds Hlumantaan and Philanthropic Actives Profesional Srucut ofthe rola Jos = Education of the Biola Jews Caltaral and Masel Clubs ofthe Biol Jews “Zionist Organisations in Bicol. and Emigraion to lestine Communic Aversa Bit 4, Josh Commit of Sp ae Bet Hisorcal Retrospecivef the City of Sip». Jesh Community of Sp ding che ltervat Pod Eeaaonic So oh ih Community in Sup cain of th Sip Jor Caltaral Acti ofthe Sip fos oni in Sp Gradual Inston sf Zinise Orginians ino the Communi Movement Chaper 6 Road Tilo 1, Growing Uscersiaicyduingshe 19305 ‘Anti Semitic Laws and Measees inthe Yogosiav Kingdom and the Dissolved Sate. . “The hte ofthe Yogee Auris towards German Pais 239 234 239 aa 2a 2M ms aT 250 m m a8 2, Policies under Bulgarian Occupation of Macedonia Gradual and Practical Esclason ofthe Jews fiom all Spheres of Sacery Deportation and Murder in Ticbiina Summary. Bibliography Acchival Sources nl Sources Que Newpapdoaom enos ind : Pblished Sources Secondary Literature 2 280 281 283 287 298 293 235, 235 27 208 ‘Acknowledgement “Theis to write 2 thesis on theory of Macedon, the Jews as well cher minor that ved in Macedonia was inital supported by Pro. Heiko laumano, fom the History Depatnent at she Universiy of Bale. The ropc was et but the exc ite period ofthe history of the Macedonian Jews tha was to 2ezesexched and analysed coulda be yet decided, After some consultations with experts fom the Bld eas ‘Concluded thac the history of theMacedonian Jews daring the incervat period was the leat examined ane and demanded further research, ‘During the drafting of the tess Tals realized te che history ofthe ‘Macedonian Jews s inseparable pr ofthe history ofthe Yugel Jews and therefore I decided to extend the research on Yogolvia and is Jevey daring the interwar perce, Thir meant «Bld and archiver search in Sibi and particualy in Belgrade and the Jewish Historia ‘Mureum in Belgrade ‘Ale the thesis was roughly dred, Prof Haumann led ne far ther 1 Prof Jacques Pia, spclictin General and Jewish History and the Clue of Modernity st the Univers of Buse, Pr Pea ‘thought char the projec could fllin the gap inthe history ofthe sout- este European Jewry, the Yuga, and che Macedonia Jewry in particular and decided wo further supervise che projet He wat my out ‘most imporanc mento and guide during the lng proces of rsezch and completing ofthe thesis. ‘Asan exper in Macedonisn and south-cst Buropean history, 1 would like thanle Prof Nada Botkowska fom University of Zach, ‘who asthe second referee ia eluting the results of my sense research, Her expertise was very help while T wae working on the gener part of the Macedonian ad Yoga hor focusing the psod between che evo world wars Dring my recach in Belgade, Sebia and the Jovsh Hisorial ‘Maseum the help of VojslavaRaloxenovigand Mics Mihsilove who led me through piles of bats andgave ene aces tothe Manali photo- B rcv ws cnet bt ao the consaions with Prof Milan Riv fiom the Hinory Depatmone atthe Univerity of Belgrade und De Viadan Jonni Resech Asoc at nate fr the Reco Hi tory of Sein Belgrade Jn Slop, Macedonia Iwas warmly ivel by Mois Romano and Zamila Kolonomos, both of whom escaped che Holocaust. They ‘efaed ther memories fling in Macedon ding the intervat year and eched my work with suthene store rom thi period. ‘The Jewish community of Skopje opened its doors to ther libratis 26 ‘ella aril depos, whi ae par damage by inproper ‘rong condone ‘My rch adver ld me Farther to el and the Cente Archive forthe Hiory of Jvish People in Jlrs and the Evento chive managed by Zi Lackerand his atone a wel athe Cente ion Archives (CZ), which ontais vemendovs number of ls of ‘he Zone ovement in Yogi uring the nerve paid. Du dng my workin at the Central Zions Archive was constant aie ‘with canstione of mporane documents nd ding the elevate Foumacon by dhe archives, Meeting Zen Le an expert athe ony af the fs in Macedonia, in Tal i, wa vey lil we she vied me repding other raearch poe and sources ad Aon the long ist of people and inaiuions shat upped oy sce wot before Tobie my scholahip from che Sis N ona Fond (SNE, were. Elen Rogie, Daniel Pen Posen Foun. teal Archive provided lis fall Jos who lived in Macedonia belo deportation tht was submited ro the Bulgarian King Bois swell as ‘other politcal grein Bulgari. “The aes found atthe Conon Zionist Archives (CZA) wer of im sense importance thie stay. Besides providing ifort regard ing Zionism in Yugoslavia and Macedonia, they revealed information 26 nd contained seporeson the poi and economic situation a Yugo- ‘via ding the inrerwarpetiod the economic lations beeween ‘etine and Vogaava, and the arti-Semite measre alas in Yugo- Siva prior co WW IL. Finally the Yad Vane documentation cnt, shih soy focused onthe Halocaust, provided information gleaned fom the estimonies of Holos srvvor from Macedonia ad Ygo- alvin. Some ofthe etimoniee were eyeitnstsecounts ofthe siua- tion in Macedonia before and during WW Il afer the implementation ofthe Bulgarian Fac polices Current State of Research Jesh hor, in pariular the Holocaust of che Macedonian Jor, became atopic of gest research in the 1960s afer the publication of| The Hooch Macedonian usb Aleksandar Matos a Mace onan hisorian. This wel wali published in Macedonian in 1962 Sand later ranted into English 2nd Spanish. Machovl’s continued revearch int this sobjec marterrealted in his production of The Fli- tir of the Join Macedonia» book published in Macedonian in 1983 tha ofieed gl insight nto the Bory ofthe Jews in Macedonia from the ancient Roman ea tothe pes-WW I ea without focusing ‘om any period in pra. While Matkosk elaborates on the Holo- ‘aut ofthe Maceonian Jews in this book, he gives lie atention to the ingrwae perio, “Zen Leld, anther author ho has focused on Yugo Jey in greta wellas Macedonian Jews has conducted much research into the Jet community ia Macedonia ftom its eariyhiory one WW T Her book Pina and Som, publshed in Serbian in 1990 bu abo avail able in Hebrew i based on achval mated collece in the achive of the Jowsh Museum in Belgrade as well a other rclevant archives in Israel, The primary focs of her research was the Pinks (the comm nity protocols) and Jewish newpapers published daring the interwar previo, Discasing on the sccultrtion proces among the Yuglay s) ” “Jews she refutes the thesisthat he Jos of dhe Macedonian eon were ‘sasimlaed as were ocr Joe, partly the Serbian Jes. On the ontay, she cms thatthe Macedonian Jews never Became Serbs or ‘Yugslins of the Mosaic ith, However, her book does noc abwaspre= cal india the sourees of her research. “The process of ebining 2 Yagoda, Serb or Cron deny, a aval those ofthe seculeuraion, asain, and incegration ofthe ‘Yagoay Jens daring the interwar period, have never been sobjet of greater interes than they a now. Zamila Koloncmos, a Macedonian Jer wo escaped the Holocaust by joining the patsans, has dedicated ha life to investigating the history ofthe Macedonian Jews. Her bool: ‘The Jes in Macedonia in the Second Wold War 1941-194, published in ‘Macedonian in 1986, explores the role ofthe Jew in the Commanist Dany, the putiipaton of de Jos in the parinn movernent dung ‘WW Il, andthe Jewish vitns ofthe Holocaust. Kolonomos, just as -Matkovi hae dediated very lise ttemtion to the interwar pesiod. “The culate ofthe Yogola Sephardi was the subject of analysis for Krinka Vidakovt, 2 Serbian hisorian and pilosopher who pub lished he book The Calare of the Spanish Jes on Yaga Territory Ierven the 16° andthe 20° Census in Serbian in 1986, This bok, the only work chr deats withthe calkural development ofthe Jewish ‘comunity in Yogolavis i quite 2 useful source of information, ‘hough it doesnt elaborate ually upon al of che Vagos commini- ties Mocover, he ser shat ony some cultural and socal if existed {mong the Jows inthe Macedonian eon whea infact was booming, noompatng various orgnisatins and cultural and musica groups. ‘The Macedonian hinorans Coley, Todoréeska and Romano, whose research on cultura fe in Macedonia during the interwar pti se- ‘ald chat the cultural if of che Jews and other groups in Macedonia ‘na ourising is supported by documents uncovered by this uy. “Among the work focusing onthe history of Jews fom pacar sea ore in Macedonia is The Btls fw, published in Macedonian in 1993 bythe Macedonian historian Gjorg Dimov-Coley, which pro- vides an extensive overview of the Jews fom Bitola (Monasi) fom thei icappearanc in that town unl the present. Although the book ie quite rich in information, it overooks the important role ofthe Bai 8 Brite Rory Clays kr planopi onions inthe ‘evelopment of the Jv communi of Bola aer WW I, when Jeni commenity war nponeisbed and needed ch suppor. In Sop Eve (Stop Jes), plied in Macedonian 2002, Miko Keron, atempero msosnc he Jevsh community in Skopje ting compton of previous wks and secondary sources, Whe ‘Ketan ds th ich clu i ofthe Jew in Shope, he fle tp connate on the fons lizal movement ofthe Sknpe Jr ‘ho cabled umber of onunsatins wid a pro-ionit rena Ton some of which finctioned wih or ors sucess Meteors is thes at Zions onion Sd not ext in Shope contac ytiedaa. Hane Pes Feri among the cmon stor en ‘ged in rsenrching the Jw community a Yogsaia who have Fuld ther work in Engh The fous of her well-documented Ik Te ora aaa, obtain 1979, isu inca che enpiniston of Jw communis in Belgrade, Zagat and Saris ‘ert soll od curl rganitons: and Jewish ety and pli involvement, Ester Bemba and Avon Rodrige’s ie ow of the “alk, publ in 1995, osc on the dco Spanish Community tween the 15% and 208 cence Although ict x ale tin ddd othe Holocaust othe Jesh eomemniy in Macedo inthe major ofthe book pena wo dhe Jew commit in “These, which war hana Sephari sh community inthe Talla Other Jevsh comnts Macedonia, pial he Bila emus were infest by the economic andthe socal derop- then of Theron unl he allan Wars ‘Amore cee pblconpraning to Mardin Joss ates. Gone of Spare Canty, Workplan 2003 by Mare Cher sing onthe Joi tunity in Bitola This boos n- Gi based on sources provide by the Victoria Unvesiy Archives in Trento the Archiver of he American Jewish Jie Disbution Commits in New Yor ad the Conl Zionist Archives in ad Soe ofthe mal wat dood by flies who ad erie the Holocaust an whose dcenders now living inthe Unie Sats, Isa and South Americ, Thsbook, which inde very ood phot » callection, valle Bonuses the only publication that investigates the emigration ofthe Jews fons Macedonia. However, the book docs ot suficenly rer to wares thar exit inthe local archives in Belgrade, Sofa, and Skopje. ‘Saka | Janowsks The ews and Minority Rights 1898-1919, pub lished in New You in 1966, greatly aided this sed’ esearch into ‘nernatinal polices teglmtng the Jewish postion in sae and pro- ‘ded an overview on the petinear international conferences, Heo “Andonoy-Pajnals 1973 publication Gres Britin andthe Macedo- tian Question a he Pari Conference 1919, which consid of selec tom of records was uel in revealing aspects ofthe history of Macedo fia and information on the initation of che Macedoaian Question a the Paris Peace Conference rearing independence and the minorses tno lived in Macedonia the dine, The impliaion of the interna Sonal acs aimed a the prtesion of nacional and religious minors, ‘witha Focuscom the Yagodae Kingdom, are the ubjet mater of Zoran Janjetovids Dae caro, pore hen (Nasional Minis in Yago- slave 1918-1941), publi in Belgade in 2005. Although the Jews tre not the excuse subject of his anal he often fers them and ‘Compares them with other minor groups to describe cei postion as {Trelis commmnity in Yugoslavia: Nebos Popovic fre Sri 11918-1941, publi in Belgade in 1997, discases che postion of ‘the Jo in Serbia ding the iterva prio, thi el pecepion of i place in scien an the perception of ei place by others he process of acculturstion and ateetin, and the song connection Fhenwen che Serbs and the Jews. ‘Devi Biles The Clare fh Joes 2002) is of imamense impor tance in analysing the proces of actuation and increta tl Sons and contemporary clr influences onthe Jews in Europ, i fading Yugostvs, "The fui comms il ax pei unc was almost nota al subject of nasi, unt nw In order vo reconstruc the Jesh com- tunity of Macedonia dhe achive inveigated in Sebiaand sal po- ‘ide subsantal infomation sbost this complex issue. The sources Ted inchs suady that dated fom the imerwar period are mainly in Sebian or Blgarin.Sulient data. che Jewish community in Skopje 30 mic i sana ‘wee found in the Jewish Museum in Belgrade fled under Fond 0. “Stopes however, lack of time aswell ar dhe disorganization of the “chia material di not alow pes ofall cords zpudng the Skopje Jewish communi: The Cental Zionse Archive provided addtional ‘ata or the analysis ofthe Jews communities in Yugsava and Mac- ‘elonia and the tforementoned books by Mare Cohen and Gjngi Dimor-Colev regarding the Jews Community in Bitola were hep in reveing ome apt ofthe ovis community in Bitola. There are fener data on the tip Jewish cmamunity chan the Skopje and Biola commutes due tothe dertrocson of Sip, the emigration of Sip Jews {0 other ee, andthe Seip communis lack of communication with the eto the Vagal Jewry dung de interwar pid. (Chapeers “The sey prsened in six caper. Thefise chapter pov ove of he history ofthe Sephardic Jews the Iberian Fang on the history, eooms laguage, archivctre, and kitchen of the Sephardi Jews during Oona fle. The epilogue ofthis chaptes presets the Adenarim, focusing on cheifferences erween them and the Sopa and among the senzzintherelves “The second chapter porteas the Ballans and che Jews during the Balan Wars and WW I, focusing on the Pais race Conference, and estes the insiatona suuenze and calturl and minor pois ‘ofthe Kingdom of Serbs, Coat, and Slovene fist cxablishment ia 1919. The thie chapter dels ail with she Vagslay Jewish com> ‘musi focsing on its naatonal roca egal satus witin the Yugoslav Kingdom: social philnchropi, cult, and humanitarian seas publishing of Jewish newspapers and avolverent in the Zk “The fourth chapter clabortes upon the mixed composition ofthe ‘Yugoaliv Jewry (ves Sephardim and Ashkenazi) and examines the stttude of thee evo groups ewrardsinegaion, acculturation, and a social adaptation. The 6th chapter is diced comple 0 the ‘Macedonian Jewry. Kincade abe vevew of the history ofthe Jews it she dee Macalonian cies of Skopje Bil, and Sep fom Ihe Roman cunt te dilsion ofthe Onoman Ep, ousing Gr he itera period ual che outrek of WW I and chee see {el opntaron, cl vdopment, end partion inde Yor ‘pales Zon movement “Theil chper dc the aonoophee in che Yoav King- dom thoughout he 1930s de apearne of a-Si and the pola ns in the Kingdom. Furthermore i provides insight {eo Blatan polis ovals Nacedoni ars occupation in 1941 tod tbe nod of at Sen av that eo the complete de- {uci ofthe Macedonian Jom during the Holocaust. Te sun ‘ht Rls sven wodeand compiles he mostimporen pints al previous caper. 2 (Chapter 1 Sephardic! Jewry ~ Heritage from Iberian and Occoman Times 1, Sephardic Jews in Westen Buope andthe Balls ‘While under Muslim rule beewem th 8 and 12 centuries Spin was the land of opportunity forthe ews, dung che later Masi Berber Dynasty, and especially afer the esalishmen ofthe Cath Spanish relgn, Spain became apace of far and vot. Eventually Spain, called forthe suas expulsion ofthe Jews. Sl, our cencure of pescefl co cxinence with Muslims on the Besian Pesisula brought much pros petsy and socal development among both Jaws and Christian. The Jews became sled crafers meaworkers, goldsmiths, and jewelers aswel as exllentraers, Furthermore, they advanced inthe sciences, ‘Spay in medicine, Their laowledge of lnguages such as Latin, ‘Gree, and Arabic wae of immense importance for the Maslims, they tanlted cassia works Arabic. Theerof thecal intel- lect, and economic development of the Spanish Jews was masked by grat number of Josh witer and philosophers, among whom “Maimonides we the moe signin? However, the golden xa of Span- ih Jewry ended when many Jews chose leave the county afer che ‘ai Mastin Berbers reser he Js withthe options of converting ‘0 lam, lenvng Spain, o facing death, Te regime unde the Catholic 1 “The wad “Sophie fim Spa he Heber em fr Spin Thi tem hapa w th dace af the eles wg fm Sp ad Fem The Unive ens Elon Va 9,9 47. 2am hemo pera Jv pimps of dine were Abn be fa led Bc a Ra Kn Spi, Thee Jevth Hay St-msheons 1800.207, 3 Spanish crown proved tobe even more brutal forcing the Jews fst 10 conver (become mars) and then leave Spain, Fleinghe Spanish Inquisition in 1492, he Spanish Jews and ates, in 1497 he Porcguese Jews, immigrated o Nort Af, Buope (es Prcialy tothe Medie ranean countries) As, and Ausalia Thess, ‘Constantinople, Jerusalem, Safed, Caio, Ankona, Venice, Amsterdam, London, and Bordewsx became the lage Sephardic come ‘While che Sephards who immigrated to Holland, France, and Eag- land represented the Western Sephardi, who underwent a ister nites within the Otoman Ezyite. The total mimber ofthe Sephardic Jews who immigrated tothe Lalla edifice to eaimate various authors have roughly concluded thatthe number was between 100,000 and 200,000 The Sephar who emigrated co the Balla is sted in Constantinople and Thess, rom where they spread vo other ‘ites within the Otoman Emre. Arrival on the Balkans in the 198 Century ‘Thefise Sephardic Jews who areved in Thsslonii fom 149201493, sndlaein 1536 from Sly, Cabri, Majorea, Lisbon nd Calan all ‘sablshedcheirown communiti,whichincudedauberofmarnnes fiom Porugal* According wo Gack satin, the suber of Sephardic evn in Thesis rose fez 20,000 upon thei aval to 80,000 in 1900, wheres according Aleandar Mathov, the number ofewsin ‘Thessaloniki in 1900 was 90,00. From Theslonl, the Sephardic Jews migrated tothe smaller ccs of todays Gree, such as Kavala, Dama, and Florina Jews knownas Romani, Gredapeaking Jewish community dating fom the Helenistic period, lived in some of thee ‘iis, Throughout the cencutes Theslni, duet its excellent go _saregi position ata pore cy, Became the gest cultural and spina «ent of che Sephardic communities inthe Balkans ctning the sobri- ‘quet "The Moche of rae" Inthe 17cencay Tessa became 7 Gio Dino Coley Bee Be Bis 1999, 27; Kur Seber Jee Gach Mtnchen 207. 73 1 Thetfeocnt fie Grae, Matas and Moni, then 2006p. 33s. 2 Alina Math, tenes nce ol Man Shop 1983, 39. 10 Baby Ve Masta Thesyagoga ef Saba Nein Alen 1997p 39, 3 the centre ofthe mesanic movement of Sabbeti Zev, whose 300 fol- lomers or erties followed his example andconvered oar! Facing to setlement resections fiom Constantinople and Thesalonii under ‘Occoman rie the ewe seared emigrating 0 other partsof the Epic, frst Macedonia, then o Bulgaria, Serbia, Romani, and Bos, vet- ting in geographically well pstioned cies and prosperous trade cen- tues where they evablshed communities an bul synagogues. Tnthe South Sav lands (tex Yugoslavia ofthe 15 centr, dhe msc of Sephardic Jes seed in Macedonia around the cts of Biro, Skopje, Sp aod Ohi anda very small minority seein Vles, and Kumanove." Ohsid, one ofthe more sigifcane and pronperous [ei communis, paonized by renowned rabbis sucha Jude Lzon “Mosk and Mane Ben Bub, vas wasted encrelyt0 Cons ‘nope by he Tek. The oldest Jewish cemeeetis in the South Slavs Lands were cetabihet in Sop and Sip in 1400 andi Bla in 1457, ‘whose the cometre in oer Yagosa cies were established in ater eats indicating the the Jews ative here later tan hey had in Mac ‘dona. Accordingto Turks staistisfor Macedonia, 400 Jewslved in Bitola (Monat), 20 ia Vels, 225 in Dojan, 100 in Pile, 50 in Ohrid, 1,200 in Skopje, aad 350i Sip in 1890." rom Macedonia, the Sepia expanded inc Serbia, preomi- sandy nc Belgrade and Bosnia and Flrzgovia,concentraingin rest futmbers in noe only Sarsjevo but aso Mostar, Baja Lala, Bijlina, “enica, ia, Viera ad Beth The SephardiccommuntyofSariero vwarone ofthe ager snd more sigaicant Sephardi communities inthe 98 By gt ed ene hee 12 Thejwri Speen Tks dominion ie ges ppd cl inthe 10 entry nn ty pel ne contre he Eat td he Wa Te Joh con soy sd sca ach Vi. Fn sd de El, wos sno hn pie in sh on. The ewe [pga Blather Ort ewe Laon al cle eal cunts eh 15 baie Se Rose, Hiri Ec apa. Zapeb Bop ian 1o2sep 2 14 Gh iso Bale et Bike 995». 28 15 Sfden Capen Sa Sia doa, op 0, pf 36 “Yugo ercriey,Itwas alo own athe mos conservative one. The

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