380 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 15, NO.

4, DECEMBER 2000

Internal Faults in Synchronous Machines

Part II: Model Performance
Peter P. Reichmeider, Dale Querrey, Charles A. Gross, Damir Novosel, and Sheppard Salon, Fellow, IEEE

Abstract—This paper applies techniques for analyzing in- TABLE I

ternal phase and ground faults in the stator windings of large MACHINE DATA
synchronous machines. A variety of internal fault conditions are
considered, with results for a 75% ground fault presented, along
with comprehensive data for a test machine. The methodology is
validated by comparison with results obtained from independent
finite element analyzes.
Index Terms—Internal faults, machine modeling, partitioning of
windings, synchronous machines.

I. INTRODUCTION

T HIS is the second part of a two part paper investigating

internal stator winding faults in synchronous machines.
Part I: The Machine Model [9], provides a summary of the un-
derlying machine theory, and describes how internal faults are
implemented [1]. Part II: Model Performance provides results
for an example machine and considers model validation.

II. IMPLEMENTATION OF ANALYSIS

The model described in Part I of this paper was implemented
in a computer program named GENSIM [1], [10]. For a given
machine, GENSIM accepts manufacturer’s generator data (see
Table I) and converts the set into analytical generator data, as
required by the model, or vice-versa. The user may work in SI
units, or per-unit; GENSIM automatically converts one to the
other, using generator ratings as bases. Either the Rankin or re-
ciprocal per-unit system may be used [2], [11], [3]. Data entry
into GENSIM is accomplished in a Windows format; there are
three such data windows, providing independent entry of ma-
chine ratings, impedances, and time constants [4]. Data pro-
vided in Table I is for a fictitious, but realistic, example machine.
The internal fault types are selected from the following
choices:
1) No Fault Fig. 1. Phase a currents.
2) – Fault
3) – Fault from the neutral to the phase terminal. Thus “a 75% ground fault
4) – – – Fault on a phase” means that 75% of the phase winding turns are be-
5) – – Fault tween and , and 25% from to . Fault locations below
Recall from Part I that , , terminals are the interior fault 5%, or above 95%, are not recommended because of possible
points in the corresponding ( ) windings. The node rep- computational difficulties due to one of the partitioned wind-
resents ground. The fault location is specified in %, measured ings having only a few number of turns. The time at which the
fault is to be applied, and the simulation time, can be indepen-
Manuscript received September 8, 1998; revised March 25, 1999. dently specified. The rotor -axis is aligned with phase- mag-
P. P. Reichmeider and D. Querrey are with ETI-ABB; Raleigh, NC 27606. netic axis at 0( ), which defines the time origin.
C. A. Gross is with Auburn University, AL 36849. The transient fault analysis is executed in the
D. Novosel is with ABB T&D Technology, Ltd., Baden-Daettwil, CH-5405.
S. Salon is with the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180. MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The state equation
Publisher Item Identifier S 0885-8969(00)11014-9. solution algorithm is user selectable from the standard routines
0885–8969/00$10.00 © 2000 IEEE
REICHMEIDER et al.: INTERNAL FAULTS IN SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES PART II: MODEL PERFORMANCE 381

Fig. 4. q -axis damper currents.

Fig. 2. Phase b; c currents.

Fig. 3. Field, d-axis currents. Fig. 5. Phase a; c voltages.

currents in the partitioned phase winding, on the terminal and

provided by SIMULINK; we recommend the Dormand–Prince
method (ode 45), to which GENSIM defaults.
III. EXAMPLE RESULTS FOR A 75% FA-G FAULT
As an example, the machine of Table I was taken as oper-
ating as a generator at rated output, power factor 0.866 lagging,
prior to the incidence of the fault. The external phase , are
0.190 44 ohm, and 0.353 64 mH, respectively, as are the ground
values , .
Prefault loading produces an external voltage of
volts, with and bal-
anced, sequence . Rotation is counterclockwise and
constant at 377 rad/s. The initial rotor angle
radian. The simulation runs from 0.0 to 0.20 second, with
a 75% – fault applied at second. The transient
stator currents appear in Figs. 1 and 2. Recall that , are the
neutral sides respectively. Fig. 2 shows the , phase currents.
Fig. 3 shows two rotor currents ( , the field current; and ,
the axis damping winding current).
The two -axis damper winding currents are presented in
Fig. 4. The phase voltages ( ) are also available (see
Fig. 5). In all, 13 variables (10 currents, three voltages) are
accessible, both in graphical and tabular form. The currents
and (Fig. 1) are identical prior to the fault. After the fault,
note that abruptly reverses phase, due to the fault and external
connections, and that is suddenly is much larger, (since
is almost shorted). Fig. 2 shows dramatic changes in and ,
results which would have difficult if not impossible to predict
from traditional fault simulations. Likewise, Fig. 3 reveals
strong transients in the field and -axis damper windings, with
a dominate 120 Hz component, as one would expect from a
unbalanced ground fault. Note that there is some coupling into
382 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 15, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2000

Fig. 6. GENSIM compared with FE results.

the -axis damper windings (Fig. 4). Fig. 5 shows a slight dip TABLE II
MAXIMUM ERROR VALUES FOR SELECTED FAULT STUDIES
in , with a slight rise in ; (not shown) is somewhere
between the two.

IV. VALIDATION OF GENSIM

The best available resource with which to validate this work
was a detailed finite element (FE) study [5] on a machine
whose design constants (dimensions, slot configuration, etc.)
were known, and for which it was possible to run internal fault
situations. The FE package used for the validation is commer-
cially available and has been verified using manufacturer’s test
data. The parameters for the test machine are proprietary. A
comprehensive series of case studies were made, the results
for which are summarized in Table II. The FE-analysis could
only reproduce open circuit stator (no-load) results; hence, in
GENSIM, consider the line RL elements to be infinite. This
was not really a problem since the objective was to exclusively
validate the machine model.
Waveforms for (inner phase current) are provided for
the “ 75%” case in Fig. 6, which is typical for the current
validation checks. Agreement in the stator voltage waveforms
is not as good, the error ranging from 5 to 8%. However, the
currents are more important for fault protection applications.
The FE analysis uses detailed machine design data, including
rotor and stator geometry, slot depth, air gap dimensions, etc.,
whereas the method of the paper uses coupled circuit models
developed from routine manufacturer’s data, such as , ,
etc. Also, the coupled circuit model is based on an assump-
tion of sinusoidal distributed windings, an assumption which
is reasonable, but is not the true winding distribution, which is
used by FE analysis. Thus, it was not surprising that there was
some mismatch in results.
V. CONCLUSION
GENSIM is a powerful analytical tool for determining all
synchronous machine transient voltages and currents for a va-
riety of stator inter- and intra-winding faults. GENSIM runs in
a MATLAB®5.1- Simulink®2.2 environment [6], [7]. The simu-
lation has been validated by favorable comparison with detailed
finite element analysis. Whereas FE can take many hours, and in
fact, days, GENSIM simulations typically run in under a minute.
The motivation for such studies is the development of sophisti-
cated and improved generator protection schemes.
In this work, the external system was modeled as a simple
wye-connected series R-L-source network, GENSIM can be
interfaced with powerful computer programs such as EMTP,
which provide the capability of modeling the external system
REICHMEIDER et al.: INTERNAL FAULTS IN SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES PART II: MODEL PERFORMANCE
in great detail. The same is true of the excitation system.
Likewise experimental relay designs can be driven directly
from GENSIM outputs.
Improvements in GENSIM are currently under development.
The actual stator winding geometry, including parallel windings
is under study, as is inclusion of saturation. Modification of the
computer code is straightforward because of the modularity of
MATLAB®-Simulink®.
In conclusion, we believe that GENSIM predicts transient
machine response to internal stator faults to the limits of ac-
curacy inherent in coupled circuit machine modeling and avail-
ability of machine data.
REFERENCES
[1] P. P. Reichmeider et al., “Internal faults in synchronous machines—Part
I: The machine model,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol.
15, no. 4, December 2000, submitted for publication.
[2] A. W. Rankin, “Per-unit impedances of synchronous machines,” AIEE
Transactions, pt. I, vol. 64, pp. 569–573, August 1945.
[3] J. M. Stephenson, “Per-unit systems with special reference to electric
machines,” in IEEE Monograph: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
[4] P. P. Reichmeider and D. Querrey, “Accurate generator modeling for
power systems applications,” ABBETI, Raleigh, NC, Phase II Final Re-
port, PSC 96-0112-30 R-1, Dec. 1997.
[5] FLUX2D User Guide: MAGSOFT Corporation, 1998.
[6] MATLAB Applicaton Program Interface Guide. Natick, MA: The
MathWorks, 1996, Version 5.
[7] Simulink Dynamic System Simulation for MATLAB, Users
Guide. Natick, MA: The MathWorks, 1998, Version 2.2.
[8] P. P. Reichmeider, D. Querrey, C. A. Gross, D. Novosel, and S. Salon,
“Partitioning of synchronous machine windings for internal fault anal-
ysis,” IEEE-PES Transactions on Energy Conversion, to be published.
[9] , “Internal faults in synchronous machines—Part I: The machine
model,” IEEE-PES Transactions on Energy Conversion, to be published.
[10] D. Querrey, C. A. Gross, P. P. Reichmeider, D. Novosel, and S. Salon,
“Using MATLAB-Simulink for transient analysis in synchronous ma-
chines,” in 1999 IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Con-
ference Proceedings, May 1999, to be published.
[11] A. W. Rankin, “Per-unit impedances of synchronous machines,” AIEE
Transactions, pt. II, vol. 64, pp. 839–845, December 1945.
383
Peter P. Reichmeider received a B.S. in marine engineering (1984) from the
United States Merchant Marine Academy, a M.Eng. in electric power engi-
neering (1992) from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He has extensive indus-
trial experience in electro-mechanical engineering and is currently Director of
Engineering for ABB High Voltage Systems in North Brunswick, NJ.
Dale Querrey received a B.S. in mechanical engineering (1987), a B.S. in elec-
trical engineering (1987), from the West Virginia Institute of Technology, and
a M.S.E.E. (1991) from Renssalear Poytechnic Institute. He has extensive ex-
perience in the analysis and mathematical modeling of rotating electromagnetic
systems. Mr. Querrey is currently a Fellow Engineer at the ABB Electric sys-
tems Technology Institute in Raleigh, NC.
Charles A. Gross received a B.S. in physics, and B.S. in electrical engineering,
from the University of Alabama, and a M.S.E.E. and Ph.D. from the Univer-
sity of Missouri, Rolla. He has extensive academic, industrial, and consulting
experience in electric power engineering, and is the author of a textbook Power
System Analysis, Wiley, 1986. Dr. Gross is currently Square D Power Professor
at Auburn University.
Damir Novosel holds the Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Mississippi State
University, where he was a Fulbright scholar. His professional experience in-
cludes 13 years of management, research, product development, consulting, and
teaching, and has published numerous papers in protection, control, and mod-
eling of power systems, and power applications of expert systems and neural
networks. Dr. Novosel is presently R&D Technology Manager for Substation
Automation Applications for ABB world-wide, and is an Adjunct Professor at
North Carolina State University.
Sheppard Salon is Professor of Electric Power Engineering at RPI, where he
has been since 1978. Before that he was a development engineer at the Westing-
house Electric Corporation working on large rotating machines. Dr. Salon is a
Fellow of IEEE and Past Chairman of the synchronous machine subcommittee.
He presently conducts research on electric machines and numerical methods in
fields.