Shear Walls

Load Distribution to Shear Walls

Shear wall stiffness
Shear walls with openings
Diaphragm types
Types of Masonry Shear Walls
Maximum Reinforcement Requirements
Shear Strength
Example: simple building

Shear Walls 1

Shear Walls: Stiffness

___________
Lateral Force
Resisting System

__________

d
h

h/d < 0.25 0.25 < h/d < 4.0 h/d >4.0

_____ stiffness Both shear and _______ stiffness

predominates bending stiffness predominates
are important
Shear Walls 2
 Shear Wall Stiffness
9.1.5.2 Deflection calculations shall be based on cracked section
properties. Assumed properties shall not exceed half of gross section
properties, unless a cracked-section analysis is performed.

Cantilever wall Em t h = height of wall

kcant Av = shear area; (5/6)A for
h h
2
cant 4 3
a rectangle
Ev = G = shear modulus
L L (modulus of rigidity);
given as 0.4Em
Fixed wall (fixed against rotation at top) (4.2.2.2.2)
Ev = ___________, where
Em t
fixed k fixed is Poissons ratio
h h t = thickness of wall
2

3 L = length of wall
L L
Real wall is probably between two cases; diaphragm provides some
rotational restraint, but not full fixity.
Shear Walls 3

T- or L- Shaped Shear Walls

Section 5.1.1 Wall intersections designed either to:
a) ____________________:
b) ____________________
Connection that transfers shear: (must be in running bond)
a) Fifty percent of masonry units interlock
b) Steel connectors at max 4ft.
c) Intersecting bond beams at max 4 ft. Reinforcing of at least 0.1in2 per foot of wall

Metal lath or wire

screen to support grout
2-#4s

1/ in. x 11/ in. x 28in.

4 2
with 2in. long 90 deg
bends at each end to
form U or Z shape

Shear Walls 5
 Effective Flange Width (5.1.1.2.3)
Effective flange width on either side of web shall be
smaller of actual flange width, distance to a movement
joint, or:
Flange in compression: 6t
Flange in tension:
Unreinforced masonry: 6t
Reinforced masonry: 0.75 times floor-to-floor wall
height

Shear Walls 6

Example: Flanged Shear Wall

Given: Fully grouted shear wall
Required: Stiffness of wall
Solution: Determine stiffness from basic
112in.

principles.
A
Find centroid from outer flange surface
7.62in48in 3.81in 7.62in40in 20in 40in.
y 11.16in
671in 2
Elevation
I
6t=48in.
56in.

Plan
Av

Shear Walls 7
 Example: Flanged Shear Wall

0.157in Em
P P 1
k
Ph 3

Ph 112in
3

112in

3Em I n Av Ev 3Em 86000in 4 305in 2 0.4 Em

Shear Walls 9

Shear Walls with Openings

1. Divide wall into piers.
h
ht

2. Find flexibility of each pier kt Top spandrel

3. Stiffness is reciprocal of flexibility ht
h

4. Distribute load according to stiffness

h
h 3 2kt kt kb 2kb 3 12h
hb

kb Bottom spandrel
f 1
6 EI kt 2kt kb kb 5 EA
hb

kt 1 kb
M t Vh
t
k 2 k k
t b k b
If hb = 0
h 3 2 kt 12h
kb 1 kt f 1
M b Vh 6 EI 2kt 1 5 EA
k t 2k t kb k b
kt 1 kt
As the top spandrel decreases in height, M t Vh M b Vh
the top approaches a fixed condition t
2 k 1 t
2 k 1
against rotation.

Qamaruddin, M., Al-Oraimi, S., and Hago, A.W. (1996). Mathematical model for lateral stiffness of shear walls
with openings. Proceedings, Seventh North American Masonry Conference, 605-617.
Shear Walls 10
 Example - Shear Walls with Openings
Given: Required:
A. Stiffness of wall
B. Forces in each pier under
4ft

10 kip horizontal load

4ft

A B C
8ft

2ft 4ft 2ft 6ft 2ft

Shear Walls 11

Example - Shear Walls with Openings

Sample calculations: Pier B
h = 4ft ht = 4ft hb = 8ft kt = h/ht = 4ft/4ft = .0 kb = h/hb = 4ft/8ft = 0.5
tL3
I A tL 2 ft t
12

h 3 2kt kt kb 2kb 3 12h

f 1
6 EI kt 2kt kb kb 5 EA

1 1
k 0.0210 Et
f 47.6 / Et

Shear Walls 12
 Example - Shear Walls with Openings
Pier h (ft) ht (ft) hb (ft) kt kb I (ft3) A (ft) f s f k
A 12 4 0 3 inf 0.667t 2t 308.4 18 326.4/Et 0.0031Et
B 4 4 8 1 0.5 0.667t 2t 41.6 6 47.6/Et 0.0210Et
C 4 4 8 1 0.5 0.667t 2t 41.6 6 47.6/Et 0.0210Et
f is flexural deformation; s is shear deformation

Total stiffness is 0.0451Et

Average stiffness from finite element analysis 0.0440Et
Solid wall stiffness 0.1428Et (free at top); 0.25Et (fixed at top)

Shear Walls 14

Example - Shear Walls with Openings

Sample calculations: Pier B Vb
kb
V
0.0210 Et
10k 4.66kips
k 0.0451Et

kt 1 kb
M t Vh
t
k 2 k k
t b k b

kb 1 kt
M b Vh
kt 2kt k b k b

Pier V (kips) Mt (k-ft) Mb (k-ft)

A 0.68 3.50 4.66
B 4.66 11.19 7.46
C 4.66 11.19 7.46

Shear Walls 15
 Example - Shear Walls with Openings
To find axial force in piers, look at FBD of top 4ft of wall. Moment
10k direction
on piers
4ft

0.68k 4.66k 4.66k

3.50k-ft 11.19k-ft 11.19k-ft
2ft 4ft 2ft 6ft 2ft

This 65.9k-ft moment is carried by axial forces in the piers. Axial forces are
determined from Mc/I, where each pier is considered a concentrated area.
Find centroid from left end.

y
y Ai i

A i

Shear Walls 17

Example - Shear Walls with Openings

The axial force in pier A is:

4.45k 0.45k 4.90k

3.50k-ft 11.19k-ft 11.19k-ft
FBDs of piers:
0.68k 4.66k 4.66k

B C

A 4.66k 4.66k
0.45k 7.46k-ft 4.90k 7.46k-ft

0.68k
4.45k 4.66k-ft
Shear Walls 19
 Example - Shear Walls with Openings
FBDs of entire wall to obtain forces in bottom right spandrel:

10k
F x 10k 0.68k Fx 0
Fx 9.32k

F y 4.45k Fy 0
Fy 4.45k
A B C
y M z 10k (16 ft ) (4.66k ft )
x 4.45k (1 ft ) 4.45k (11 ft ) Mz 0
Mz 110.8k ft

Z
0.68k Fx=9.32k
4.45k 4.66k-ft Mz=110.8k-ft
Fy=4.45k

Shear Walls 21

Shear Walls with Openings

Shear walls with openings will be composed of solid wall portions, and
portions with piers between openings.
Piers:
Requirements only in strength design
Length 3 x thickness; width 6 x thickness
Height < 5 x length
Factored axial compression 0.3Anfm (9.3.4.3.1)
One bar in each end cell (9.3.4.3.2)
Minimum reinforcement is 0.0007bd (9.3.4.3.2)

Shear Walls 22
 Shear Walls: Building Layout
1. All elements either need to be isolated, or will participate in carrying
the load
2. Elements that participate in carrying the load need to be properly
detailed for seismic requirements
3. Most shear walls will have openings
4. Can design only a portion to carry shear load, but need to detail rest of
structure

Shear Walls 23

Coupled Shear Walls

________ Shear Wall ___________ Shear Wall

Shear Walls 24
 Diaphragms
Diaphragm: _____________ system that transmits
____________ forces to the vertical elements of the lateral load
resisting system.
Diaphragm classification:
______________: distribution of shear force is based on
tributary ________ (wind) or tributary _______ (earthquake)
____________: distribution of shear force is based on
relative ______________.
Typical classifications:
__________: Precast planks
without topping, metal deck
___________ without concrete, plywood
Lateral Force sheathing
Resisting System _________: Cast-in-place
concrete, precast concrete with
__________ concrete topping, metal deck
with concrete
Shear Walls 25

Rigid Diaphragms

RRi
Direct Shear: Fv V
RRi

RRi d i
Torsional Shear: Ftt Ve
RRi di2

V = total shear force

RRi = relative rigidity of lateral force resisting element i
di = distance from center of stiffness
e = eccentricity of load from center of stiffness

Shear Walls 26
 Diaphragms: Example

Given: The structure shown is 50 ft 50 ft

subjected to a 0.2 kip/ft horizontal
force. Relative rigidities are given,

RR = 4

RR = 1
where the relative rigidity is a

RR = 5
normalized stiffness.
Required: Distribution of force
assuming:
flexible diaphragm
rigid diaphragm.
0.2 kip/ft
PLAN VIEW

Shear Walls 27

Flexible Diaphragms: Example

Solution: Flexible diaphragm wind 50 ft 50 ft

Distribute based on tributary area
RR = 4

RR = 1

For seismic, the diaphragm load would

RR = 5

be distributed the same (assuming a

uniform mass distribution), but when
wall weights were added in, the forces
could be different.

PLAN VIEW

Shear Walls 28
 Rigid Diaphragms: Example
50 ft 50 ft
Solution: Rigid diaphragm
Wall x RR x(RR)

RR = 4

RR = 1
Wall 3
Wall 2
RR = 5
Wall 1
1 0 4 0
2 50 5 250
3 100 1 100
Total 10 350
x
Center of stiffness = 350/10 = 35 ft

Wall RR d (ft) RR(d) RR(d2) Fv Ft Ftotal

1 4 -35 -140 4900 8 -4.1 3.9
2 5 15 75 1125 10 2.2 12.2
3 1 65 65 4225 2 1.9 3.9
Total 10 350 10250 20 0.0 20

Shear Walls 29

Diaphragms Design Forces

0.2 kip/ft
Solution: Forces are shown
for a rigid diaphragm.
50 ft 50 ft
The moment is generally 3.9 k 12.2 k 3.9 k
taken through chord forces,
which are simply the moment
divided by the width of the 3.9 6.1
diaphragm. In masonry
structures, the chord forces V (k) 19.5 ft
-3.9
are often take by bond -6.1
beams. 38 38

M (k-ft)

-55

Shear Walls 30
 Drag Struts and Collectors
Shear forces: generally considered
to be uniformly distributed across the
width of the diaphragm.
Drag struts and collectors: transfer PLAN VIEW
load from the diaphragm to the
lateral force resisting system.
w

v v

L/3 L/3 L/2

vL/2 vL/2 vL

WEST WALL ELEVATION EAST WALL ELEVATION

Shear Walls 31

Diaphragm Behavior
Three lateral force resisting systems: Length=20 ft; Height=14 ft
W24x68 W16x40

E = 1800 ksi
W14x68

W14x68

Face W16x40
shell bedding
End cells fully grouted
L 4x4x5/16 L 4x4x5/16

Moment Resisting Frame Braced Frame Masonry Shear Wall

k = 83.2 kip/in k = 296 kip/in k = 1470 kip/in

Lateral force resisting systems at 24 ft o.c. Diaphragm assumed to be

concrete slab, E=3120ksi, =0.17, variable thickness, load of 1 kip/ft.
Diaphragm
Lateral Force
Resisting System

24 ft 24 ft

Shear Walls 32
 Diaphragm Behavior

Shear Walls 33

Shear Walls
_____________ (unreinforced) shear wall (7.3.2.2): Unreinforced wall
_____________ (unreinforced) shear wall (7.3.2.3): Unreinforced wall with
prescriptive reinforcement.

Within 16 in. of top of wall Structurally connected floor and roof levels

40db or 24 in.

8 in.
8 in. 16 in.
Corners
Control
and end
joint
of walls

10 ft.

Joint reinforcement at 16 in. o.c. or bond beams at 10 ft.

Reinforcement not required at openings smaller than 16 in. in either vertical or horizontal direction

Reinforcement of at least 0.2 in2

Shear Walls 34
 Shear Walls
_____________ reinforced shear wall (7.3.2.4): Reinforced wall with
prescriptive reinforcement of detailed plain shear wall.

______________ reinforced shear wall (7.3.2.5): Reinforced wall with

prescriptive reinforcement of detailed plain shear wall. Spacing of vertical
reinforcement reduced to 48 inches.

___________ reinforced shear wall (7.3.2.6):

1. Maximum spacing of vertical and horizontal reinforcement is min{1/3 length of
wall, 1/3 height of wall, 48 in. [24 in. for masonry in other than running bond]}.
2. Minimum area of vertical reinforcement is 1/3 area of shear reinforcement
3. Shear reinforcement anchored around vertical reinforcing with standard hook
4. Sum of area of vertical and horizontal reinforcement shall be 0.002 times gross
cross-sectional area of wall
5. Minimum area of reinforcement in either direction shall be 0.0007 times gross
cross-sectional area of wall [0.0015 for horizontal reinforcement for masonry in
other than running bond].

Shear Walls 35

Minimum Reinforcement of Special Shear

Walls
Reinforce- 8 in. CMU wall 12 in. CMU wall
ment Ratio As (in2/ft) Possibilities As (in2/ft) Possibilities
#4@24
#4@32
0.0007 0.064 0.098 #5@32
#5@56
#6@48
#4@24 #4@16
0.0010 0.092 #5@32 0.140 #5@24
#6@40 #6@32
#4@16
#5@16
0.0013 0.119 #5@32 0.181
#6@24
#6@40

Use specified dimensions, e.g. 7.625 in. for 8 in. CMU walls.
Shear Walls 36
 Special Shear Walls: Shear Capacity

Minimum shear strength (7.3.2.6.1.1):

Design shear strength, Vn, greater than shear
corresponding to 1.25 times nominal flexural
strength, Mn
Except Vn need not be greater than 2.5Vu.

Normal design: Vn has to be greater than Vu. Thus, Vn has to be greater

than Vu/ = Vu/0.8 = 1.25Vu. Thus, the requirement approximately doubles the
shear.

Shear Walls 37

Seismic Design Category

Seismic Design Category Allowed Shear Walls
A or B
C
D and higher

Response modification factor: Shear Wall R

Seismic design force divided by response Ordinary plain 1.5
modification factor, which accounts for
ductility and energy absorption. Detailed plain 2
Ordinary reinforced 2
Intermediate reinforced 3.5
Knoxville, Tennessee
Category C for Use Group I and II Special reinforced 5
Category D for Use Group III (essential
facilities

Shear Walls 38
 Maximum reinforcing (9.3.3.5)
No limits on maximum reinforcing for following case (9.3.3.5.4):
Mu
1 and R 1.5 Squat walls, not designed for ductility
Vu d v

In other cases, can design by either providing boundary elements or limiting

reinforcement.
Boundary element design (9.3.6.5):
More difficult with masonry than concrete
Boundary elements not required if:
Pu 0.1 f m A g geometrically symmetrical sections
Pu 0.05 f m A g geometrically unsymmetrical sections

AND
Mu Mu
1 OR Vu 3 An f m AND 3
Vu lw Vu lw

Shear Walls 39

Maximum reinforcing (9.3.3.5)

Reinforcement limits: Calculated using
Maximum stress in steel of fy
Axial forces taken from load combination D+0.75L+0.525QE
Compression reinforcement, with or without lateral ties, permitted to be
included for calculation of maximum flexural tensile reinforcement

mu P
0.64 f m b
d
As
mu y v
Uniformly distributed reinforcement
dv
f y y mu

= 1.5 ordinary walls mu y

= 3 intermediate walls
= 4 special walls
mu P
0.64 f m b
bd

As
mu y
Compression steel with area
f y min mu mu y , y Es
bd d
equal to tension steel
d

Shear Walls 40
 Maximum reinforcing
Consider a wall with uniformly distributed steel:
y Cm Cs Ts P
y mu
Cm 0.8 f m 0.8 d v b

mu y
Strain mu y y y 1 y
Ts f y As

2 y
mu y y
fy 0.8fm
Portion of steel Yielded Elastic
in tension steel steel
mu mu y 1 y
Cs f y As
Steel in tension
2 mu
mu y mu

Stress Steel in mu mu 0.5 y

f y As
compression mu
mu y
As taken as total steel mu 0.5 y
dv is actual depth of masonry f y As

mu y
Shear Walls 41

Maximum reinforcing
Ts Cs Cm P

y 0.5 y 0.5 y mu
Ts C s f y As f y As mu f y As y

mu y mu y mu y

y mu
Ts Cs f y As 0.8 f m 0.8 mu d v b P Cm P

mu y mu y

mu P
0.64bf m
d
As
mu y v

dv mu
fy y

mu y

Shear Walls 42
Maximum reinforcing, s = 4y

Shear Walls 43

Maximum reinforcing, s = 3y

Shear Walls 44
 Maximum reinforcing, s = 1.5y

Shear Walls 45

Shear Strength (9.3.4.1.2)

Vn Vnm Vns g 0.8 g = 0.75 for partially grouted
shear walls and 1.0 otherwise

M Mu/Vudv need not be taken > 1.0

Vm 4.0 1.75 u Anv f m 0.25Pu
Pu = axial load
Vu d v

Vertical reinforcement shall not be less than one-

A
Vs 0.5 v f y d v third horizontal reinforcement; reinforcement shall
s be uniformly distributed, max spacing of 8 ft (9.3.6.2)

Maximum Vn is:
Vn 6 Anv
f m g ( M u / Vu d v ) 0.25
Vn 4 A
nv f
m g ( M u / Vu d v ) 1.0

Interpolate for values of 4 M

Vn 5 2 u Anv f m g
Mu/Vudv between 0.25 and 1.0 3 Vu d v
Shear Walls 46
 Partially Grouted Walls

Vexp / Vn
Method
Mean St. Dev.

Partially Grouted Walls (Minaie et al, 2010; 60 tests)

2008 Provisions 0.90 0.26

Multiply shear strengths by Ag/An 1.53 0.43
Using just face shells 1.77 0.78

Fully Grouted Walls (Davis et al, 2010; 56 tests)

2008 Provisions 1.16 0.17

0.90/1.16 = 0.776; rounded to 0.75

2013 Draft Code Changes 47

Example
Given: 10ft. high x 16 ft long 8 in. CMU shear wall; Grade 60 steel,
fm=2000psi; 2-#5 each end; #5 at 48in. (one space will actually be 40 in.);
superimposed dead load of 1 kip/ft. SDS = 0.4
Required: Maximum seismic load based on flexural capacity; shear steel
required to achieve this capacity.
Solution: Check capacity in flexure using 0.9D+1.0E load combination.

Weight of wall: 38 psf(10ft) = 0.38 k/ft

(Wall weight from lightweight units, grout at 48 in. o.c.)

Pu = (0.9-0.2SDS)D = (0.9-0.2*0.4)(1k/ft+0.38k/ft)
= 0.82(1.38k/ft) = 1.13 k/ft
Total = 1.13k/ft(16ft) = 18.1 kips

Strength Design 48
 Example
Solve for stresses, forces and moment in terms of c, depth to neutral axis.
T1 T2 T3 T4 C2 C1

8 in
c
52 in
92 in
140 in
188 in

Shear Walls 49

Example
Use trial and error to find c such that Pn = 18.1 kips/0.9 = 20.1 kips
Pn = C1 + C2 T1 T2 T3 T4
c = 14.85 inches
C1 = 97.6 kips; C2 = 15.5 kips
T1 = 37.2 kips; T2 = 18.6 kips; T3 = 18.6 kips T4 = 18.6 kips (all yielded)
Sum moments about middle of wall (8 ft from end) to find M
Mn = 37.2(188-96) + 18.6(140-96) + 18.6(92-96) + 18.6(52-96) +
97.6[96-8/2] + 15.5[96-8-(0.8*14.85-8)/2]
Mn = 13660 kip-in = 1140 kip-ft; Mu = 0.9(1140 kip-ft) = 1025 kip-ft
Seismic = Mu/h = (1025 kip-ft)/(10ft) = 102.5 kips

Strength Design 51
 Example
Calculate net shear area, Anv, including grouted cells. Net area

Net area: Anv 2.5in192in 5(8in)(7.62in 2.5in) 685in 2

M u / Vu d v Vu h / Vu d v 10 ft / 16 ft 0.625

Maximum Vn

Maximum Vu Vu 0.8Vn 0.8114.9kips 91.9kips

Maximum shear controls; seismic = 91.9 kips

Strength Design 52

Example
Top of wall (critical location for shear):
Pu = (0.9-0.2SDS)D = 0.82(1k/ft) = 0.82 k/ft
Total: 0.82k/ft(16ft) = 13.1 kips

Vnm 4.0 1.750.625 685in 2 2000 psi 0.2513.1kips 89.0kips

Vn gVnm 114.9 0.7589.0k

Vns 64.2k
g 0.75

Use #5 bars in bond beams. Determine spacing.

A 0.5 Av f y d v
Vns 0.5 v f y d v s
s Vns

Use __ bond beams, spaced at ____ in. o.c. vertically.

Strength Design 54
 Example: Maximum Reinforcing
Check with boundary elements:
Geometrically symmetrical section:
0.1fmAn = 0.1(2.0ksi)(685in2) = 137 kips
Check with Pu = (1.2+0.2SDS)D = 1.28(1.38k/ft) = 1.77 k/ft
Total = 1.77k/ft(16ft) = 28.3 kips OK
Since Mu(Vudv) = 0.625 1 No boundary elements required
Maximum reinforcement provisions satisfied

If we needed to check maximum reinforcing, there are at least two ways. These
are shown on the following slides.
A live load of 1 k/ft is assumed for maximum reinforcement calculations.

Strength Design 56

Example: Maximum Reinforcing

Check on axial load:
a) Set steel strain to limit and find c
b) Find axial load for this c
c) If applied axial load is less than axial load, OK

Steel strain = 1.5y = 0.00310

c = 0.0025/(0.0025+0.00310)*192 = 85.7 in.
From spreadsheet, Pu = 258 kips

Pu = D+0.75L+0.525QE = (1.38k/ft + 0.75(1k/ft))16ft = 34.1 kips OK

Note: Did not include compression steel which is allowed when checking
maximum reinforcement.
If compression steel had been included, Pu = 299 kips

Strength Design 57
 Example: Maximum Reinforcing
Find steel strain for given axial load:
a) Through trial and error (or solver), find c for given axial load
b) Determine steel strain
c) If steel strain greater than limit, OK

P = 34.1 kips (from D+0.75L+0.525QE)

c = 20.4 in. (from spreadsheet and solver)
s = (192-20.4)/20.4*0.0025 = 0.0210 = 10.2y OK

Note: Did not include compression steel which is allowed when checking
maximum reinforcing.
If compression steel had been included: c = 11.3 in. s = 0.0400 = 19.3y

Strength Design 58

Example: Special Shear Wall

If this were a special shear wall:
Vn shear corresponding to 1.25Mn (7.3.2.6.1.1)
1.25Mn = 1.25(1140 k-ft) = 1425 k-ft
Vn = Mn/h = 1425k-ft/10ft = 142.5 kips
Vn = 142.5k/0.8 = 178.1kips
But, maximum Vn is 114.9 kips (64% of required).

Cannot build wall. Need to fully grout to get greater shear capacity.

Strength Design 59
 Example: Special Shear Wall
Fully grouted:
Use spreadsheet to find Mn corresponding to Pn = 20.1 kips
Mn = 1156 kip-ft; Mu = 1041 kip-ft a 1.4% increase
Seismic = 104.1 kip-ft
1.25Mn = 1.25(1156 k-ft) = 1445 k-ft
Vn = Mn/h = 1445k-ft/10ft = 144.5 kips
Vn = 144.5k/0.8 = 180.6kips

Anv 7.625in.196in. 1494in 2

Vnm 4.0 1.750.625 1494in 2 2000 psi 0.2513.1kips 194.2kips

No shear steel required; choose horizontal reinforcement to satisfy

prescriptive requirements.

Strength Design 60

Example: Special Shear Wall

Prescriptive reinforcement:
Minimum reinforcement in either direction: 0.0007A
Vertical: 0.0007(1494 in2) = 1.05 in2
7-#5s provided: 7(0.31 in2) = 2.17 in2 OK
Spacing is min{1/3 length of wall, 1/3 height of wall, 48 in.} = {192
in./3, 120 in./3, 48 in.} = min{64, 40, 48 in.}
Need to decrease spacing of vertical reinforcement to 40 inches
Use spacings of 40, 32, 40, 32, 40 inch to match wall coursing.
This will have a small impact on moment capacity, increasing
Mu from 1041 kip-ft to 1166 kip-ft, a 12% increase
This increases the required nominal shear strength to 202.4
kips. This is slightly greater than the nominal shear strength
due to the masonry (194.2 kips), but with the prescriptive
reinforcement, everything will be OK.

Strength Design 61
 Example: Special Shear Wall
Prescriptive reinforcement:
Minimum reinforcement in either direction: 0.0007A
Horizontal: 0.0007(120 in)(7.625 in) = 0.64 in2
Use #5s at 40 in (required spacing); total is 3 bars
3(0.31 in2) = 0.92 in2 OK
Total reinforcement: 0.002A
Vertical: 2.79in2/1494in2 = 0.00187A
Horizontal: 0.92in2/915in2 = 0.00100A
Total = 0.00187A + 0.00100A = 0.00287A OK

Strength Design 62

Example
Given: Wall system constructed with 8 in. grouted CMU (Type S mortar).
Required: Determine the shear distribution to each wall

Solution: Use gross

properties (will not
112in

make any difference

for shear distribution).

40in 40in 64in 40in 40in

Elevation
6t=48in
56in

a b c

Plan
Shear Walls 63
 Example
Pier b Et E 7.62in
kb 0.286inE
h h
2 2
112 in 112 in
4 3 4 3
L L 64in 64in

Piers a and c Previously determined stiffness from basic principles.

k a ,c 0.157inE

Portion of shear load = stiffness of pier over the sum of the stiffnesses.

ka 0.157inE
Va V V 0.26V Vb = 0.48V
k 0.157inE 0.286inE 0.157inE

Deflection calculations:
k = (0.600in.)E = (0.600in.)(1800ksi) = 1080 kip/in
Reduce by a factor of 2 to account for cracking: k = 540 kip/in

Shear Walls 64

Example
Required: Design the system for a horizontal earthquake load of 35 kips,
a dead load of 1200 lb/ft length of building, a live load of 1000 lb/ft length
of building, and a vertical earthquake force of 0.2 times the dead load.
Use a special reinforced shear wall (R>1.5).
Solution: Use strength design. Check deflection.

P 35k
0.065in
k 540k / in

0.065in h
0.000579 or
h 112in 1728

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 Example
Wall b: Vub = 0.48Vu = 0.48(35k) = 16.8k
D = 1.2k/ft(_____________)(1ft/12in) + 0.075ksf(112in)(64in)(1ft2/144in2) = 14.1kips
Tributary width

Use load combination 0.9D+E

Mu = 16.8k(112in)(1ft/12in) = 156.8k-ft Pu = 0.9(14.1k) - 0.2(14.1k) = 9.87k

Minimum prescriptive reinforcement for special shear walls:

Sum of area of vertical and horizontal reinforcement shall be 0.002 times
gross cross-sectional area of wall
Minimum area of reinforcement in either direction shall be 0.0007 times gross
cross-sectional area of wall

Use prescriptive reinforcement of (0.002-0.0007)Ag = 0.0013Ag in vertical direction

As = 0.0013(64in)(7.625in) = 0.63in2

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Example: Flexural Steel

Use load combination 0.9D+E Mu = 156.8k-ft Pu = 9.87k

Try 2-#4 each end; 1-#4 middle: As=1.00in2

Middle bar is at 28 in. (8 cells, cannot place bar right in center)
From spreadsheet: Mn=152.7k-ft NG
Note: used solver to find value
Try 1-#6 each end; 1-#6 middle: As=1.32in2 Mn=194.1k-ft OK
Try 2-#5 each end; 1-#5 middle: As=1.55in2 Mn=219.1k-ft OK

Use 2-#5 each end; 1-#5 middle: As=1.59in2

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 Example: Maximum Reinforcing
Check maximum reinforcing:
Axial force from load combination D+0.75L+0.525QE
L=1k/ft(104in)(1ft/12in) = 8.67kip
D+0.75L+0.525QE = 14.1k+0.75(8.67k)+0.525(0) = 20.60kip
For maximum reinforcing calculations, compression steel can be included even
if not laterally supported
For #5 bars and P = 20.60kip, c = 6.35in.. (from solver on spreadsheet)

d kd 60in 6.35in
s emu 0.0025 0.0211 10.21 y 4 y OK
kd 6.35in

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Example: Shear
M u Vu 112in
1.75 1 Use Mu/Vudv = 1.0
Vu d v Vu 64in

Find Pu neglecting wall weight

Pu = 0.9(10.4k) - 0.2(10.4k) = 7.28k

Vnm 4.0 1.75M u / Vu d v An f m 0.25Pu

2.25(7.625in)(64in) 2000 psi 1k / 1000lb 0.257.28k 50.9kips

Ignore any shear steel: Vn 50.9kips

Vn 0.850.9kips 40.7kips 16.8kips OK

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 Example: Shear
Mn = Mn/ = 219.1k-ft/0.9 = 243.4k-ft
V corresponding to Mn: [243.3k-ft/(112in)](12in/ft) = 26.1kips
1.25 times V: 1.25(26.1k) = 32.6kips < Vn=40.7kips OK

Minimum prescriptive horizontal reinforcement: 0.0007Ag

As = 0.0007(64in)(7.625in) = 0.34in2
Maximum spacing is {64in./3, 48in.} = 21.3 in.
Use bond beams at 16 in. o.c. (I would be fine with 24 in.)

Wall b: Vertical bars: 2-#5 each end; 1-#5 middle

Horizontal bars: #4 at 24 in. o.c. (Total 5-#4)

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Example
Wall a: Vua = 0.26Vu = 0.26(35k) = 9.1k
D = 1.2k/ft(20in+40in)(1ft/12in) + 0.075ksf(112in)(40in+48in)(1ft2/144in2) = 11.1kips

Use load combination 0.9D+E

Mu = 9.1k(112in)(1ft/12in) = 84.9k-ft Pu = 0.9(11.1k) - 0.2(11.1k) = 7.77k

Minimum prescriptive reinforcement: 0.0013Ag

As = 0.0013(88in)(7.625in) = 0.87in2

Design issues:
Flange in tension: easy to get steel; problems with max
Flange in compression: hard to get steel; max is easy
Steel in both flange and web affect max
Need to also consider loads in perpendicular direction
Need to check shear at interface of flange and web

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 Example
Use load combination 0.9D+E Mu = 84.9k-ft Pu = 7.77k

Axial force for max from load combination D+0.75L+0.525QE

L=1k/ft(60in)(1ft/12in) = 5.00kip
D+0.75L+0.525QE = 11.1k+0.75(5.00k)+0.525(0) = 14.85kip

To be consistent with other wall, try #5 bars

Try 3 in the flange (either distributed as shown, or one in
the corner, and two in the jamb
Try 2 in the web jamb

Flange in tension: Mn=150.8k-ft OK

Max reinforcing check: s=0.0127=6.14y
Note: with 2-#5 in flange, Mn=106.9k-ft, but might need 3 bars for
perpendicular direction or out-of-plane

Flange in compression: Mn=125.8k-ft OK

Max reinforcing check: s=0.0564=27.3y

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Example: Shear
M u Vu 112in
2.8 1 Use Mu/Vudv = 1.0
Vu d v Vu 40in

Vm 2.25(7.625in)(40in) 2000 psi 1k / 1000lb 0.254.2k 31.7kips

Ignore any shear steel: Vn 31.7 kips Vn 0.831.7kips 25.4kips OK

Mn = Mn/ = 150.8k-ft/0.9 = 167.6k-ft

V corresponding to Mn: [167.6k-ft/(112in)](12in/ft) = 18.0kips
1.25 times V: 1.25(18.0k) = 22.4kips < Vn=25.4kips OK

Minimum prescriptive horizontal reinforcement: 0.0007Ag

Use 5 bond beams, 24in. o.c. (top spacing is only 32in.)

Walls a,c: Vertical bars: 5-#5 as shown in previous slide

Horizontal bars: #4 at 24 in. o.c. (Total 5-#4)

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 Example
Section 5.1.1.2.4 requires shear to be checked at interface. Check
intersection of flange and web in walls a and c.

Approximate shear force is tension force in flexural steel.

Vu As f y 3 0.31in 2 60ksi 55.8kips
Conservatively take Mu/Vudv=1.0, and Pu=0.

Vm 4.0 1.75M / Vd v An f m 0.25Pu

4.0 1.751.0 (7.625in)(112in) 2000 psi 1k / 1000lb 85.9kips

Vn 0.885.9kips 68.7 kips OK

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Example: Drag Struts

Vu 35k 12in
Distributed shear force: 1.875k / ft
L 224in 1 ft

Look at top of wall:

1.88k/ft 1.88k/ft 1.88k/ft 1.88k/ft 1.88k/ft

2.8k Drag strut 3.4k 3.4k Drag strut 2.8k

9.1k 16.8k 9.1k

3.33ft 3.33ft 5.33ft 3.33ft 3.33ft

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