THEORIES

OF PERSONALITY
Introduction How Useful are Theories?
-Does the theory encourage further research?
Who am I? -Can the theory be tested?
How did you know? -does the theory integrate, content, existing
-other peoples comments knowledge
-how we perceive ourselves -can the theory guide in finding appropriate
to existing question?
PERSONALITY - is the theory consistent with itself?
-persona -is the theory simple and straightforward?
-mask worn during Greek theater -does it lessen the use of untested
-mask: something underneath assumptions?
- represents actors roles
-pattern of relatively stable traits and unique Philosophical Influences to Consider
characteristics that give both consistency and 1. Freewill vs Determinism- can we choose
individuality to a persons behavior who to become?
2. Pessimism vs Optimism- can we function
What makes me who I am? optimally or will we experience conflict
TRAITS all our lives?
-Contribute to individual differences 3. Causality vs Teleology- are we influenced
- high or low extraversion (e.g.) more by our path or our visions of the
-stable, OCEAN future
-makes act us consistently over time 4. Seen vs Unseen- are there unseen
-makes behavior stable across situations (unconscious) forces guiding our
behavior?
CHARACTERISTICS 5. Biological vs Social Influences- how much
-unique qualities of an individual, talents of each determines our personality? Does
-artistic musical, athletic it vary from person to person?
-not necessarily traits 6. Uniqueness vs Similarity- Do we focus on
what makes similar to each other or on
Why am I me? what makes us different from each other?
-can we know for sure?
Issues in the Study of Personality
THEORY 1. Theory of Personality
-set of related assumptions that allow us to use 2. Approach to assessment
logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable 3. Research procedures for testing personality
hypothesis 4. Applications derives from the theory
including methods of personality change (eg
ELEMENTS OF A SCIENTIFIC THEORY therapy)
Theoretical Constructs
- basic terms and building blocks
- invented to describe and explain
behavior
Relational Propositions
-statements that describe the relationships of
the constructs

Purpose of Having Theories
-organize and clarify observations
-providing a sense of understanding
-guiding future research
 PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY - love: your self-love displaced on
Sigmund Freud another person
- creativity/libido
Core Assumptions of Depth Psychology 2. THANATOS- death
(Psychoanalytic and others) - we are driven to return to an inorganic
state
1. Primacy of Unconscious- reason behind - associated with aggression and
everything destruction
2. Psychic Causality- no such thing as random - violence
event in life (theres always an intrapsychic
cause from unconscious) INSERT EROS AND THANATOS TABLE
3. Critical Importance of Early Experiences- HERE!!!!!!!!!!
where unconscious came from LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE (Topography)
Where do these drives reside?
Contributions of Psychoanalytic Theory to
Personality Theory 1. UNCONSCIOUS- motives, feelings, that are
beyond awareness
1. Existence of Drives- instincts - motivates words, feelings, action
-Trieb: drive/impulse - -reason behind dreams, slips of tongue,
-not inherited necessarily but something and repressions
in you when you were born - sexual, aggressive, generally
2. Topography of mind- conscious, preconscious, inappropriate content w/c tries to
unconscious come out but hindered by PRIMARY
3. Psychosexual Stages- people are CENSOR
developing/changing - will go back to unconscious:
4. Structure of Personality- id, ego, superego REPRESSION
- SECONDARY SENSOR: SUPPRESSION;
BASIC DRIVES we experience anxiety when we do this
-constant motivational force that cant be so repression is engage again; so that
escaped the anxiety will not be felt
- present at birth (not necessarily inherited) - CONTENTS: strong sexual and
-PERSONALITY: by-product of the ways by which aggressive motives
drives are expressed Anxiety-producing motives
Unacceptable impulses-
DIMENSIONS OF DRIVES oedipal complex
1. Impetus- how strong is the drive? Phylogenetic endowment-
- amount of force exerted early experiences of ancestors
2. Source- what part of the body feel the that have been passed on
tension?
- hunger: mouth, stomach 2. PRECONSCIOUS- not immediately paid
3. Aim- why do you need to do it? attention to but can be retrieved readily
-to reduce existent/tension - SOURCES/CONTENTS:
4. Object- to whom/what will you do you want to Conscious perception- images
do? from conscious: stored in
-person/thing thats the means of preconscious
satisfaction Unconscious- but are pushed
back down by censors
Why do we do the things we do? 3. CONSCIOUS- mental elements in awareness
1. EROS- sexuality, sex drive/impulse at any given point
- life/procreation - Only level thats directly available to us
- CONTENTS:
 Perceptions- medium for - Parents tell you what to do and not to
perceiving external stimuli do; introjection: claim positive qualities
Non-threatening ideas from of other people as theirs
preconscious (disguised ideas -
from the unconscious) *insert venn diagram of id, ego, superego

STRUCTURES OF PERSONALITY ANXIETY (Psychodynamic Theories)
1. ID- do bad things -felt, affective, unpleasant state with physical
- It sensation
- not fully accepted by yourself -warns of impending danger
- not yet owned component of
personality 3 types:
- not in contact with reality, not altered o Neurotic Anxiety- afraid of id taking
by tim or experience control; lead to punishment
- no morality, no concept of good and evil o Moral Anxiety- appears as guilt or shame
- PLEASURE PRINCIPLE o Realistic Anxiety- related to fear, real
- E.g baby: instant world events
gratification/satisfaction
- Inborn Defense Mechanism- to protect ego
a) Repression
2. EGO- I - push back anxiety-inducing to
- in contact with reality unconscious
- makes decisions on the preconscious, b) Reaction Formation
unconscious and conscious levels - opposite reaction or to what you
- reconcile demands od id, superego and are really feeling
external environment -obsessive compulsive
- when does the ego develop? When the c) Displacement
child begins to realize that he is not -an object or thing (transfer)
alone and he needs to consider other -not the target
people d) Fixation
- REALITY PRINCIPLE -stocked in a current state
-because moving on will give you
3. SUPEREGO- More than I much anxiety
- MORALITY PRINCIPLE e) Regression
- Moral and ideal aspect of personality -comeback to childhood state
- Guided by moralistic/idealistic principle -temporary
- No contact with the outside world f) Projection
- SUBSYSTEMS: -see whats in you in other people
Conscience: what you should -seeing yourself in other people
not do g) Introjection
Ego-ideal: should do; rewarded -incorporate positive attributes of
behavior others to yourself
- Directs the ego to repress sexul and -to add-on to your self-worth
aggressive impulses h) Sublimation
- Ego vs conscience: GUILT -channeling your creative energy
- Ego vs ego-ideal: FEELINGS OF to something beneficial to the
INFERIORITY society
- Strives blidnly and unrealistically to -converting our eros drive into
perfection positive
- When does it develop? 5 to 6 years old -all art are beneficial
-high eros by creative people
 -catharsis: release energy by doing -blurring boundary between the ego and
something like punching bag, superego
drawing -ego is strong enough not needing superego

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES Where is Freud now?
1. Oral Phase (0-2 y/o) -psychotherapy
Erogenous Zone: mouth -transference
2 phases -each persons unconscious can
a. oral-receptive phase- putting things in communicate with other persons
your mouth (feelings of frustration- unconscious
mother) -want to know what is in unconscious
b. oral sadistic phase- biting -insight about your unconscious
-during development of
teeth; inflict hurt TALK THERAPY and FREE ASSOCIATION
THUMB SUCKING- autoerotic behavior
2. Anal Phase (2-3 y/o) Dream Analysis- symbolism of dreams
Erogenous Zone: anus -dream: royal road to the unconscious
-bed wetting; potty-training
-taking out
a. Early Anal- destruction
-Thanatos Drive
b. Late Anal- pleasure from defecating
(Eros drive)
-anal triad: orderliness, stinginess,
obstinacy
-being neat represents control
3. Phallic Phase (3-5 y/o)
Erogenous Zone: genitals
-suppression of masturbation
-male/female Oedipus complex
-Castration complex: sexual drive vs.
castration
-Superego: destruction of castration
complex
-penis envy: eros towards father
4. Latency Period (5-13 y/o)
-dormant sexual activity
-energy towards school, friends, hobbies
-internalized feelings of shame, anxiety
(superego) when feeling the eros drive
5. Genital Period (13 and up)
-reawakening of the sexual aim
-directing sexual energy towards another
person
- vagina is sought after
-vagina before is scary because of
castration complex
6. Maturity
-balance among the id, ego and superego
-minimal need to repress sexual and
aggressive urges
 INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY 5. The self consistent personality structure
Alfred Adler develops into a persons style of life
-flavor: goal, self-concept, feelings of
Six tenets of this theory: others, attitude to the world
1. Striving for success and superiority is the -Heredity x Environment (more powerful
one dynamic force than heredity) x Creative Power (most
-personal superiority vs success of powerful; ability to live your life)
humankind -established 4-5 y/o
-being born weak and inferior pushes -unhealthy: very rigid, inflexible in
ones development reacting to the environment
-push: need to overcome inferiority -healthy: actively trying to solve the 3
-pull: desire for completion tasks
2. Subjective perception shape behavior and a. occupation- willingness to make
personality contributions
-fictions: ideas that do not objectively b. sexual love- personal courage,
exist but influence people as if they exist take chances (you will be
-teleology: explanation of behavior in vulnerable, weak)
terms of final purpose c. love (neighborly)- through
-private logic: you know why did you do it cooperation
might be unconscious 6. Ones creative power molds one style of
3. Personality is unified and self-consistent life
-each person is unique and indivisible -freedom to create ones own style of life
-organ dialect: disturbance in one part of -all people are responsible for who they
the person disturbs the entire person are and how they behave
-harmony between conscious and -we are the architects of our lives and we
unconscious can choose to create a useful or useless
unconscious: not clearly life
formulated and understood
conscious: understood and They could really dance with the load under
regarded as helpful towards which they stagger
success -view on abnormal behavior
4. The value of all human activity must be -strongman pretends that the load is
seen from the view point of social interest heavy
-feeling of ones with humankind
-incorporating the community into *insert feelings of inferiority table
yourself
-Gemeinschaftsgefhl ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Gemein: community, neighborship -underdeveloped social interest: please only
Schafts: making, maintaining themselves
Gefhl: feeling -setting goals to high
-indicative of psychological health -live in own private world
-thinking about other people -rigid and dogmatic style of life: not allowing
-develops from mother-child relationship your creative power/yourself to control
during infancy your life
Mother: develop healthy love -over concern about the self
relationship for family and others
Father: avoid emotional CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
detachment and authoritarianism -exaggerated physical deficiencies
-standard for evaluating how useful a life -pampered style of life
is -neglect: feel that being not given attention,
detached from community
DEFENSE MECHANISM vs SAFEGUARDING
TECHNIQUE
protect against anxiety
-shield against id, - shield against
superego and fear public disgrace
-present only
in neurotic
-present in healthy individuals( have
individuals abnormal behavior;
neurosis)
-unconscious -partly conscious

SAFEGUARDING TECHNIQUES
1. EXCUSES (Yes, but)
2. AGGRESSION
a. Depreciation- belittle other people
b. Accusation- blame others for your
own mistakes
c. Self-accusation- self pity
3. WITHDRAWAL
a. Moving backward- move back to a
place you are comfortable
b. Standing still- afraid of taking
chances
-afraid of moving on
c. Hesitating- holding back; if you do
not try, you wont do any mistakes
d. Constructing obstacles- blaming
prof
4. MASCULINE PROTEST
-overemphasis on being manly

APPLICATIONS
1. Family Constellation
-birth order
-Eldest: superior (but have inferiority
with the 2nd child)
-middle: compete for attention
-youngest: pampered
-only child: superior; social interest (late)
2. Early Recollections
3. Dreams
-self deception
-deceive you that you can set your goals
too high
4. Psychotherapy
- high courage, low inferiority, high social
interest (ideal)



 ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY 4. ANIMUS
Carl Gustav Jung -masculine archetype in women
*insert diagram -symbolic of thinking and reasoning
The Psyche -irrational thinking and illogical opinions
-the whole of ben=ing
-seeking growth equilibrium 5. GREAT MOTHER
- fertility and nourishment
Levels of Psyche - power and destruction
a. Conscious
-EGO center of consciousness; 6. WISE OLD MAN
anyone who has any ego- - wisdom and meaning
consciousness at all takes it for - pre-existing knowledge of lifes
granted that he knows himself mysteries
-but the ego knows only its own - can be projected into unworthy
contents, not the unconscious
b. Personal Unconscious 7. HERO
-repressed, forgotten, subliminally - powerful person who fights great ods
perceived experiences - frees one from impotence and misery
-complex - must have a vulnerability
c. Collective Unconscious
-ancestors experiences *insert dynamic of personality and
transmitted through generations psychological types
-inherited response tendencies
-same for everyone 8 BASIC PERSONALITY TYPES
1. EXTROVERT THINKING
CONTENTS= ARCHETYPES -Charles Darwin, Karl Marx
-emotionally-toned collections of -scientist/economists
associated images from the collective -direct themselves into fix rules and
unconscious principles
-high emotional charge -natural laws
-powerful, compelling effect on an -interested in reality, order abd material
individual facts
-recurring across eras and cultures
-SELF: regulating center of the psyche; 2. INTROVERT THINKING
facilitates individuation -philosophers, psychologist
-formulate questions and seek to
1. SHADOW understand themselves
-qualities that we do not want to -neglect the world and often dwell on own
acknowledge ideas
-attempt to hide from others
-knowing the shadow is the 1st test of 3. EXTROVERT FEELING
courage -begin and end relationship quicjly
-chat show hosts, stars
2. PERSONA -can be moody/sentimental/surprising
- side of the personality shown to the -controversial and well adjusted to time
world -into fashion/changeable
- different form self -personal and social success
3. ANIMA
- feminine side of men 4. INTROVERT FEELING
- reason behind irrational moods and - monks, nuns, musicians
feelings - mysterious and enigmatic
 - attract powerful extrovert members of -I can be the subject and
opposite sex object
- inaccessible but appear harmonious and 2. YOUTH (Puberty Middle Life)
self sufficient -gaining psychic and physical
- still water runs deep independence from parents
-overcome CONSERVATIVE
5. EXTROVERT SENSATION PRINCIPLE (do not want to move
- builders, speculators on; want to go back)
- seek pleasure through 5 senses 3. MIDDLE LIFE (35-40 y/o)
- external facts, practical, hard headed -surrender lifestyle of the youth
- amiable/enjoyers of life (but can lead to -begin to become introverted to
addictions, perversions and expand consciousness
compulsions) 4. OLD AGE
-psychological rebirth
6. INTROVERT SENSATION -self realization
-connoisseur, aesthetics -preparation for death
-difficulty in expressing our own vision
and creativity INDIVIDUATION
-feed on sense impression and immerse -process of becoming whole
themselves -assimilated unconscious into personality
-aesthetic
7. EXTROVERT INTUITION Word Association Test
-PR, adventures COMPLEXES- emotionally toned images
-project or relationship= haywire Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
-future novelty -judging and perceiving
-charismatic leaders but unfit for longer -16 possible types
stability

8. INTROVERT INTUITION
-mystics, poets
-can seen like cranks, eccentric
-follow inner vision, day dreamers often
gifted in clairvoyance, seek themselves as
misunderstood geniuses struggling with
unique experience

*insert hierarchy of functions

DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY
1. CHILDHOOD (Infancy Puberty)
-anarchic consciousness: dont
understand the world
-chaotic
-monarchic: verbal thinking and
ego are developing
-dualistic: divide into object vs
subject
-self, other
-can do things in
environment
 PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL THEORY prestige against
Karen Horney -personal isolation
-1st women to study med in Germany admiration
Culture and childhood experience leads in -ambition and
shaping personality (collective: Jung) personal
-subjective perception: Adler achievement
Modern culture is based on competition.: -to gain
personal
The development of neuroses superiority
1. competition and basic hostility -why do wee
2. feelings of isolation need to be
3. need for affection superior?
4. overvaluing of love Battle hostility
5. love and affection is the solution to all of others
problems
6. desperate need for love
7. low self esteem, high hostility, basic Normal Neurotic
anxiety, high competitiveness, high need -conscious of -unaware of basic
for love and affection (neurosis) strategies, of those attitude
needs -forced to act
Contributions of Culture to Personality -freedom to choose -severe and insoluble
1. kinship, humility, aggressiveness, actions conflict
superiority -mild conflict -limited to single
2. demand for success and achievements -employs a variety of trend
3. illusion of freedom through hard work vs strategies
deterministic genetics, social position and
other competitiveness Theory of the Self
Aim: Self- realization
Basic Hostility and Basic Anxiety - establish our identity/ own self
v Basic Hostility- dissatisfaction for safety and -idealized self- extravagantly positive view
security of the self that exist early in belief system
v Basic Anxiety- feeling of being isolated and -standard for self evaluation
alone in a potentially hostile world Aspects:
v What is their relationship? search for glory- need for perfection

Protection against basic anxiety neurotic claims- self entitlement; treated the way
v Affection we want to be
v Submissiveness
v Striving for power, prestige, possession neurotic pride- based on your idealized self but
v Withdrawal- isolate yourself not on your real self

Neurotic Trends and Needs (Strategies) Self-hatred: hate yourself for not reaching your
Moving Moving Moving Away idealized self
Toward Against
-affection and -restrict life to -self
approval of narrow sufficiency and
powerful borders independence
partner power -perfection
-protect from -exploit others and
helplessness -social unassailability
recognition/ -to battle
 b. AGGRESSION: overcome opposition
PERSONOLOGY forcefully; fight, attack another
Henry Murray c. EXHIBITION: make an impression; to
Murrays System of Needs be seen or heard; show-off
- Needs: drive personality d. INFRAVOIDANCE: avoid humiliation;
- personality is rooted in the brain quit embarrassing situations; fear of
- people act to reduce the tension that they feel; failure so quit action; avoid failure
the mere act of reduction is satisfying e. NURTURANCE: give sympathy to
-we need tension helpless other; take care other people
-personality continues to develop overtime f. SUCCORANCE: to be nursed,
-each person is unique but also similar to others supported; to be taken care of
3. DIGNITY
ID, EGO, SUPEREGO a. AUTONOMY: get free, shake off
1. ID- repository of innate impulsive tendencies restraint; resist restriction and
(including empathy, love, mastery of coercion; independent and free to act;
environment) defy conventions; dont want to be
2. SUPEREGO- shaped not only by parent-child trapped
interaction but also by culture and literature b. COUNTERACTION: make up for a
3. EGO- rational governor of personality and is failure; making bawi; obliterate
not a slave of the id humiliation; overcome weakness;
maintain self-respect and pride on
Why do people do what they do? high level
1. Needs: arouse a level of tension which c. DEFENDANCE- defend yourself
individual tries to satisfy against attach, assault, blame; conceal
2. Needs energize and direct behavior a misdeed or failure
3. Needs differ in terms of urgency 4. SURVIVAL
4. Press: situational/environmental influence a. HARMAVOIDANCE: avoid pain, injury;
on behavior escape from dangerous situation; take
precautionary measures
MURRAYS LIST OF NEEDS b. SEX: form and further an erotic
1. POWER relationship; have sexual intercourse
a. ABASEMENT: submit passively to 5. OTHER
external force; admit inferiority; need a. PLAY: act for fun, without further
for others to dominate you purpose
b. ACHIEVEMENT: accomplish b. ORDER: put things in order; achieve
something difficult; master an object; cleanliness, organization
surpass others c. UNDERSTANDING: inclined to analyze
c. DEFERENCE: admire and support events, discuss; argue; show interest
other; acknowledge that someone is in science, math; driven by need to
better understand the world
d. DOMINANCE: control ones d. SENTIENCE: seek and enjoy sensuous
environment; influence/convince impressions; sensual pleasure; we
others need to feel that we exist and alive;
e. REJECTION: exclude/abandon to an stimulate our senses
inferior other; exclude other people to
make yourself special TYPES OF NEEDS
2. SOCIAL 1. PRIMARY NEEDS- for survival; arise
a. AFFILIATION: draw near and internally
cooperate with an allied other; adhere 2. SECONDARY NEEDS- developed from
and be loyal to a friend primary
3. REACTIVE NEEDS- aroused only when
environmental cues appear like for eg
abasement
4. PROACTIVE NEEDS- spontaneous and
independent of environment

COMPLEXES
Each stage leaves a mark on our personality
1. CLAUSTRAL
- simple claustral: in the womb; safe;
warm;isolated
- in support: fearing open places, exits;
unsafe
- anti-claustral/egression: need to be
free/to exit
2. ORAL
- Oral succorance: need to be taken care
of by giving milk/feeding
- Egression: can now hurt others
- Rejection: rejecting only show of help;
independence
3. ANAL
- anal rejection: disorganized and dirty
people
- anal retention: over controlling; clean;
hoarding things; control environment
4. URETHRAL
- excessive ambition
- aiming to high
5. GENITAL
- fear of castration; penis cut off



 POST- FREUDIAN THEORY
Erik Erickson Has a crisis been
EGO- synthesis of past, present and perceptions experienced?
YES NO
of the self
Has a YES Identity foreclosure
-has the ability to unify experiences and commitment achievement
actions adaptively been made? NO moratorium Identity
-emerges from and is largely influenced diffusion
by society
-developed by adolescence
-ego and identity is the basis of
personality
-identity: how you show yourself

EGO
1. Body Ego- physical comparison with
others
2. Ego-Ideal- ideal self that we want to
achieve
3. Ego Identity- image of yourself in
different social role


PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES

EPIGENETIC PRINCIPLE-ego develops according
to a pre-determined rate in fix sequence
-stage is built upon but does not replace
earlier stage

DIALECTICAL-psychological health is founded on
resolution of conflict between antithetical states
SYNTONIC: harmonious
DYSTONIC: destructive; can destruct your
comfort zone
-both harmonious and disruptive
events are necessary for proper
adaptation
BASIC STRENGTH: arises from resolution
of conflict
CORE PATHOLOGY: underdeveloped basic
strength

*insert psychosocial table

IDENTITY CRISIS
- turning point of increased vulnerability
and potential
- opportunity for adaptive or maladaptive
adjustment


 HUMANISTIC PSYCHOANALYSIS -spontaneous and full expression without
Erich Fromm self conscious and constraints
Individual personality can only be understood -components: LOVE and WORK (express
in the light of human history yourself)

HUMAN DILEMMA o Character orientation- relatively permanent
-isolation from the natural world and way of uniting with people and things
awareness of this isolation o Personality- inherited and acquired psychic
-survival vs war is bad qualities, characteristic of an individual and
-impossible dichotomies makes him unique
-live vs death o Character- relatively permanent system of
-goal of self realization but life is non- instinctual strivings thru which man
too short related to the world
- alone but cannot tolerate
isolation NON-PRODUCTIVE CHARACTER ORIENTATION
-failing to move close to positive freedom and
*insert table self realization
o Receptive- source of good lies outside the
Freedom (no constraints, do whatever) is a self
burden. o Exploitative- aggressively taking what is
desired
1. Reason is both a curse and a blessing. o Hoarding- possess rather than letting it
2. Reason is responsible for our feelings of grow
isolation o Marketing- seeing self as a commodity; I
3. But through reason, we can be reunited with am as you desire me; consumer good;
the world; address our needs through reason highest bidder
4. Basic anxiety- being alone in the world
without mothers security PRODUCTIVE CHARACTER ORIENTATION
-no one is there to help you o Dimensions- working, loving, reasoning
- How is it different form Hornet? The o Work is creative self- expression
world is hostile, angry world o Love- concerned interest in another
person or object
Mechanism of Escape
-to free from freedom CONCLUSION (for depth psych)
Freud- sex and aggression
1. AUTHORITARIANISM Murray- needs
- give up independence Adler- inferiority complex/social interest
- MASOCHISM-powerless, helpless, Jung- archetypes and collective unconscious
makes inferiority Horney- basic anxiety and hostility
- SADISM- make others dependent on self Klein- object
2. DESTRUCTIVENESS Erickson- psychosocial stages
- feelings of aloneness and isolation; Fromm- human dilemma
rejection
3. CONFORMITY Determinism
- giving up individuality Causal
Pessimistic
POSITIVE FREEDOM Negative/Weak first then getting stronger
-free and not alone normal
-critical but not filled with doubts
-independent but part of mankind
 HOLISTIC- DYNAMIC THEORY
Abraham Maslow Pathological Effects
Basic assumptions: Self Actualization- metapathology: love has no
1. HOLISTIC- whole individual, not just parts, is purpose, meaningless
motivated Esteem- doubt, inferiority, dependence
2. COMPLEX- there are multiple possible
motives for a single behavior Love and Belongingness- loneliness, insecurity,
3. CONTINUING- people are continually indifference, isolation, desperation, aggression
motivated by our need or another
4. UNIVERSAL- basic needs are universal, ways Safety and Security- helplessness, paranoia, fear,
of satisfying these vary stress, suspicious, dread
5. HIERARCHIC- lower level needs: basic to
survival; higher needs are less basic to Physiological- hunger, death, fatigue, sickness,
survival health, malnutrition

Other Needs
1. Aesthetic Needs
- non universal
-need for beauty and aesthetically
pleasing experiences
-SICK: not fulfill this need
2. Cognitive Needs
-desire to know, solve mysteries, be
curious
-necessary to fulfill other needs
-undegrad, masters, phd,etc
3. Neurotic Needs
-non productive, does not contribute to
style of life
Self actualization - no value for self- actualization
- motivation to reach his or hell full -compulsion: if not fulfill this need
potential; morality, creativity, spontaneity,
problem solving, lack of prejudice, accepteance INSTINCTOID NEEDS
of facts -innately determined (in-born)
-need to eat Jollibee Sundae- learned, not
Esteem instinctoid
- self-esteem (to see yourself), confidence, -thwarting produces pathology
positive achievement, reputation (how others -persistent
will see you) -satisfaction leads to psychological health
-species: specific
Love and Belongingness -unique to human beings
- adequately satisfied; never experienced -can be molded, inhibited or altered by
love (incapable of love); strongly motivated to environment
seek more NEEDS- high level needs develop higher on the
evolutionary ladder
Safety and Security -high level need develop later in the
- cannot be over satisfied lifespan
-basic anxiety: when safety needs are not -high level needs produce more happiness
satisfied and peak experiences

Physiological Needs- recurring
 -a person who has reached self-
actualization would have no motivation to return
to a lower stage of development

THINKING CRITICALLY
-is the hierarchy followed at all times?
-No, whole satisfying one need,
this need can also satisfy another
-should lower level needs become 100%
before moving to higher needs?

SELF- ACTUALIZATION
-free from psychopathology
-had progressed thru hierarchy of needs
- embracing of Being Values (B-Values)
-full use of talents, capacities,
potentialities

CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF- ACTUALIZERS

1. more efficient of perception of reality
2. accepts self, others and nature
3. spontaneous, simple and natural
4. interested in problems outside the self
5. detached; alone but not lonely
6. autonomous
7. freshness of appreciation
8. peak experience
9. social interest
10. profound interpersonal relationships
11. friendly and considerate with other people,
willing to learn from them
12. distinguishes between means and ends
13. philosophical, non-hostile humor
14. creative
15. transcends cultural norms and transactions

BEING VALUES (B- VALUES)
-indicators of psychological health
-truth, goodness, beauty,
wholeness/transcendence of dichotomies,
aliveness/spontaneity, uniqueness, perfection,
completion, justice and order, simplicity, totality
effortlessness, self-sufficiency
-thwarting leads to existential illness



 PERSON CENTERED THEORY -the symbolic representation (not
Carl Rogers necessarily in verbal symbols) of some
Overview portion of our experiences
-All human beings have the innate capacity to -synonymous with:
become whole, fully functioning persons -consciousness
-However, this innate capacity needs -symbolization
necessary and sufficient conditions to be fully
realized: LEVELS OF AWARENESS OR SYMBOLIZATION
1. congruence -below the threshold
2. unconditional positive regard -ignored
3. emphatic understanding -denied
-subception: perceived but not
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS accepted into awareness
1. Formative Tendency -accurately symbolized
o tendency of all matter to evolve from -non-threatening
simple to more complex forms -consistent with existing self-
2. Actualizing Tendency concept
o tendency within human beings to move
towards completion or fulfillment of DISTORTED FORM
potentials -not consistent with view of self
3. Actualization involves the whole person -reshaped to be assimilated into self (false
o psychological and intellectual memories)
o rational and emotional
o conscious and unconscious DENIAL OF POSITIVE EXPERIENCES
4. Not limited to humans -negative self concept: then deny it
5. Realized only under certain conditions completely
o congruent only under certain conditions
o empathy and unconditional positive regard NEEDS
*insert phenomenological idiographic 1. Maintenance
- satisfaction of basic needs such as food,
infant me actualizing tendency self- air, and safety
actualized - resist change and to seek status quo
2. Enhancement
Self subsystem - the need to become more, to develop
and to achieve growth
1. Self-concept - willingness to learn things that are not
-includes all those aspect of ones being immediately rewarding
and ones experiences that are perceived 3. Positive Regard
in awareness - a need to be loved, liked or accepted by
2. Ideal Self another person
-ones view of self as one wishes to be 4. Positive Self-Regard
- stems from satisfaction or frustration of
*venn diagram their need for positive regard
- positive regard: a need to be loved, liked
Carl Rogers self concept or accepted by another person
-self image - after the self has emerged
- ideal self - becoming a person: make contact
- experience of prizing or valuing self
Awareness - autonomous and self- perpetuating

BARRIERS TO PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH
 1. Conditions of Worth PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY
-people perceive that parents,
peers, partners love and accept o A therapist cannot possibly understand
them only if they meet these clients as well as clients understand
peoples expectation and approval themselves
2. Criterion by which a person accept or o Clients rather than therapists are
reject their experiences responsible for changing themselves
3. External evaluation do not foster o The therapist provides the atmosphere
physiological health but prevent people within which clients are able to help
from being completely open to their own themselves
experiences
v Condition
PHYSIOLOGICAL STAGNATION o Counselor congruence- authentic
INCONGRUENCE- not congruent with sense of o Unconditional positive regard
self o Empathic listening
o Vulnerability unaware of the
discrepancy between their organic self v Process
and their significant experience o Stages of therapeutic change
o Anxiety- a state of uneasiness or o Theoretical explanation for therapeutic
tension whose cause is unknown change
o Threat- an awareness that their self is v Outcomes
no longer whole or congruent
DEFENSIVENESS IF the following conditions exist:
o Distortion- people misinterpret an 1) A vulnerable or anxious client
experience in order to fit into some 2) Contacts a counselor who posses
aspect of their self- concept 3) Congruence in the relationship
o Denial- people refuse to perceive an 4) Unconditional positive regard for
experience in awareness client and
5) Empathic understanding for the
DISORGANIZATION clients interval frame of reference
o When in congruence between peoples and
perceived self and their organismic 6) The client perceives condition 3, 4
experience is either too obvious or and 5 and the 3 necessary and
occurs too suddenly to be denoed or sufficient conditions for therapeutic
distorted growth
o Inconsistent, unpredictable behavior
because of shattered self-concept THEN therapeutic change occurs; the client
will:
Blue- happen within therapy;
Personality Theory of Carl Rogers black- happen outside the therapy
Basic human others result 1) Become more congruent
needs responses 2) Be less defensive
3) Become more open to experiences
need for unconditional self- 4) Have a more realistic view of the
self-concept positive actualiza- world
regard tion 5) Develop positive self regard
6) Close the gap between ideal self and
need for conditional self real self
positive regard positive discre- 7) Be less vulnerable to threat
regard pancies 8) Become led anxious
9) Take ownership of experiences
 10)Become more accepting of others
11)Become more congruent in
relationship with others

STAGES OF THERAPEUTIC CHANGE
o Stage 1- unwillingness to communicate
anything about oneself
o Stage 2- client become slightly less rigid
o Stage 3- client talks more freely about
self, although still as an object
o Stage 4- client begin to talk of deep
feelings but not ones presently felt
o Stage 5- clients undergo significant
change and growth
o Stage 6- clients experience dramatic
growth and an irreversible movement
toward becoming fully functioning; end of
therapy
o Stage 7- can occur outside the therapeutic
encounter; become fully functioning
persons of tomorrow

FULLY- FUNCTIONING PERSON
o More adaptable
o Open to their experiences
o Live fully in the moment- appreciate
o Harmonious relations with others
o More integrated
o Basic trust of human nature
o Greater richness in life

CONCLUSION FOR HUMANISM
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