LO

1. Chronic pain lasts for weeks, months, even years. Generally, it's diagnosed after three to six
months of pain. In some cases, the pain comes and goes. (web.md)
2. Anatomy knee copy fotonya dari sobotta halaman 272 sampai
The meniscus, the cartilage pad between the joint formed by the thighbone and the shinbone,
plays an important role in protecting this joint. It acts as a shock absorber

3. The anterior cruciate ligament prevents the femur from sliding backward on the tibia (or the
tibia sliding forward on the femur).
The posterior cruciate ligament prevents the femur from sliding forward on the tibia (or the tibia
from sliding backward on the femur).
The medial and lateral collateral ligaments prevent the femur from sliding side to side.
Numerous bursae, or fluid-filled sacs, help the knee move smoothly
the tibiofemoral joint between the femur and tibia, which is the weight-bearing knee joint, and
the patellofemoral joint, which joins the patella (kneecap) with the femur.
The popliteus muscle, located in the lower leg, is responsible for unlocking the knee joint after
extension
Sartorius - The sartorius, a thin muscle in the thigh, the is the body's longest muscle.

Attachments: Originates from the pelvis and attaches to the tibia.

Actions: Flexing of the lower leg at the knee joint.
Quadriceps Femoris The quadriceps femoris is actually composed of four muscles that
comprise the front of the thigh: three deep-lying vastus muscles (lateralis, intermedius, and
medialis) and the rectus femoris which covers them. All four muscles are the key extensors of
the lower leg at the knee joint and also stabilize and protect the patella.

Attachments: The vastus lateralis, intermedius, and medialis originate from the femur and
attach to the patella. The rectus femoris originates from the pelvis and attaches to the patella.
Actions: Extends the lower leg at the knee joint and stabilizes the patella. The rectus femoris
additionally facilitates rotation at the hip.
 Biceps Femoris A similar muscle to the biceps brachii in the upper arm and also double-
headed. Two synergistic muscles are associated with the biceps femoris, the semitendinosus
and the semimembranosus.

Attachments: Originates from the pelvis and femur and attaches to the fibula.
Actions: Extends and laterally rotates at the hip, main action is flexing of the lower leg at the
knee.
Popliteus - The popliteus is located behind the knee joint and acts to unlock the knee by
rotating the femur on the tibia allowing for the lower leg to be flexed.

Attachments: Originates from the posterior of the tibia and attaches to the femur.
Actions: Laterally rotates the femur on the tibia unlocking the knee joint so that flexion can
occur.
Extension

Produced by the sartorius and quadriceps femoris group of muscles.

Flexion

Produced by the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles. The popliteus
muscle facilitates this movement by unlocking the fully extended knee joint.
Rotation

The knee joint allows for slight rotation when flexed, which is produced by the biceps femoris,
semitendinosus, semimembranosus, gracilis, and sartorius.
There are two major tendons in the kneethe quadriceps and patellar. The quadriceps tendon
connects the quadriceps muscles of the thigh to the kneecap and provides the power for
straightening the knee. It also helps hold the patella in the patellofemoral groove in the femur.
The patellar tendon connects the kneecap to the shinbone (tibia)which means its really a
ligament.`
4. Traumatic injury is a term which refers to physical injuries of sudden onset and severity which
require immediate medical attention. Traumatic injuries are the result of a wide variety of blunt,
penetrating and burn mechanisms. They include motor vehicle collisions, sports injuries, falls,
natural disasters and a multitude of other physical injuries
One way of thinking about it is to say a non-traumatic acquired brain injury is the result of things
going on inside the body, such as a stroke or meningitis. Some of the more common causes
include infections, lack of oxygen, tumours and bleeding on the brain.
Inflamatory injury When something harmful or irritating affects a part of our body, there is a
biological response to try to remove it, the signs and symptoms of inflammation, specifically
acute inflammation, show that the body is trying to heal itself. Inflammation is the body's
attempt at self-protection to remove harmful stimuli and begin the healing process.
5. It is commonly thought that dehydration and depletion of electrolytes will lead to muscle spasm
and cramping. Muscle cells require enough water, glucose, sodium, potassium, calcium, and
magnesium to allow the proteins within them to develop an organized contraction. Abnormal
supply of these elements can cause the muscle to become irritable and develop spasm.
 Motor neurons that are overly sensitive may fire below their normal thresholds. The muscle
membrane itself may be overly sensitive, causing contraction without stimulation
Prolonged exercise : Curiously, relaxation of a muscle actually requires energy to be expended.
The energy is used to recapture calcium and to unlink actin and myosin. Normally, sensations of
pain and fatigue signal that it is time to rest. Ignoring or overriding those warning signals can
lead to such severe energy depletion that the muscle cannot be relaxed, causing a cramp. The
familiar advice about not swimming after a heavy meal, when blood flow is directed away from
the muscles, is intended to avoid this type of cramp.
Exercising or participating in activities in high or humid temperatures: Copious sweating during
prolonged exercise can lead to heat cramps, a condition associated with brief, painful cramps,
especially in the legs, sweating, and mild fever , usually less than 102F. Heat cramps are more
likely to occur when the child has not taken in enough fluids before, during, and after the
activity. Exercising in high temperatures without adequate fluid intake may increase the risk of
dehydration .
Dehydration and salt depletion: This condition may be brought on by repeated bouts of
vomiting or diarrhea or by copious sweating during prolonged exercise. Loss of fluids, salts, and
mineralsespecially sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calciumcan disrupt ion balances in
both muscle and nerves. This imbalance can prevent the muscles and nerves from responding
and recovering normally and can lead to cramping.
Metabolic disorders that affect the energy supply in muscle: These are inherited diseases in
which particular muscle enzymes are deficient. They include deficiencies of myophosphorylase
(McArdle's disease), phosphorylase b kinase, phosphofructokinase, phosphoglycerate kinase,
and lactate dehydrogenase.
Myotonia: Myotonias include myotonic dystrophy , myotonia congenita, paramyotonia
congenita, and neuromyotonia. These conditions cause stiffness due to delayed relaxation of
the muscle but do not cause the spontaneous contraction usually associated with cramps.
However, many patients with myotonia do experience cramping from exercise. Symptoms of
myotonia are often worse in cold temperatures.
Fasciculation may be due to fatigue, cold, medications, metabolic disorders, nerve damage, or
neurodegenerative disease, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as Lou
Gehrig's disease). Most people experience brief, mild fasciculation from time to time, usually in
the calves.

6. Joint stiffness is the sensation of difficulty moving a joint or the apparent loss of range of motion
of a joint. Joint stiffness often accompanies joint pain and/or swelling. Depending on the cause
of joint stiffness. Joint stiffness caused by inflammation usually occurs or is worse immediately
after awakening or after prolonged resting or immobility. Stiffness is common with arthritis.
Morning stiffness commonly occurs with rheumatoid arthritis and other types of inflammatory
arthritis and gradually lessens with activity after an hour or longer. Stiffness that gets worse as
the day progresses is usually not caused by inflammation.
7. Histology, cari gambar
8. Inflammation is a vital part of the body's immune response. It is the body's attempt to heal itself
after an injury. defend itself against foreign invaders, such as viruses and bacteria; and repair
damaged tissue. Inflammation is often characterized by redness, swelling, warmth, and
sometimes pain and some immobility.
Infection:
Fever.
Chills.
Back, side (flank) or groin pain.
Abdominal pain.
Frequent urination.
Strong, persistent urge to urinate.
Burning sensation or pain when urinating.
Nausea and vomiting.
A metabolic disorder occurs when abnormal chemical reactions in your body disrupt this
process. When this happens, you might have too much of some substances or too little of other
ones that you need to stay healthy. There are different groups of disorders. You can develop a
metabolic disorder when some organs, such as your liver or pancreas, become diseased or do
not function normally. Diabetes is an example.
Metabolic disorders can take many forms. For instance:

a missing enzyme or vitamin that is necessary for an important chemical reaction

abnormal chemical reactions that hinder metabolic processes
disease in the liver, pancreas, endocrine glands or other organs involved in metabolism
nutritional deficiencies Metabolic disorders can take many forms. For instance:

a missing enzyme or vitamin that is necessary for an important chemical reaction

abnormal chemical reactions that hinder metabolic processes
disease in the liver, pancreas, endocrine glands or other organs involved in metabolism
nutritional deficiencies

Hurler syndrome (abnormal bone structure and developmental delay)

Niemann-Pick disease (babies develop liver enlargement, difficulty feeding, and nerve damage)

Lethargy
Poor appetite
Abdominal pain
Vomiting
Weight loss
Jaundice
Failure to gain weight or grow
Developmental delay
Seizures
Coma
Abnormal odor of urine, breath, sweat, or saliva
Neoplastic conditions: An abnormal tissue growth resulted from uncontrolled cell proliferation.
Benign neoplastic cells resemble normal cells without exhibiting significant cytologic atypia,
while malignant ones exhibit overt signs such as dysplastic features, atypical mitotic figures,
necrosis, nuclear pleomorphism, and anaplasia. Representative examples of benign neoplasms
include papillomas, cystadenomas, and lipomas; malignant neoplasms include carcinomas,
sarcomas, lymphomas, and leukemias