*features/barriers/processes of communication ppt/slides are also posted on our fb group

ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT

COMMUNICATION is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information
from one person to another within and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures.

1. Communication is a process.

2. Communication occurs between two or more people (the speaker and the receiver).

3. Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words, actions

(nonverbal), or both spoken words and nonverbal actions at the same time.

Elements of Communication
Communication is divided into elements which help us better understand its
mechanics or process. These elements are the following:
1. Speaker the source of information or message
2. Message the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or
in actions
3. Encoding the process of converting the message into words, actions, or other
forms that the speaker understands
4. Channel the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or
nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed
5. Decoding the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the
receiver
6. Receiver the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message
7. Feedback the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver
8. Context the environment where communication takes place
9. Barrier the factors that affect the flow of communication.

Process of Communication

1. Idea Formation - The speaker generates an idea.

2. Message Encoding - The speaker encodes an idea or converts the idea into
words or actions.
3. Message Transmission - The speaker transmits or sends out a message.
4. Message Decoding - The receiver decodes or interprets the message based on
the context.
5. Feedback - The receiver sends or provides feedback/reply/response.

Functions of Communication

Basically, there are five functions of communication. These are control, social
interaction, motivation, emotional expression, and information dissemination.

1. Control Communication functions to control behavior.

2. Social Interaction Communication allows individuals to interact with others.

3. Motivation Communication motivates or encourages people to live better.

4. Emotional expression Communication facilitates peoples expression of their

feelings and emotions.

5. Information dissemination Communication functions to convey information

Verbal Communication refers to an interaction in which words are used to relay a

message. For effective and successful verbal communication, use words to express
ideas which can be easily understood by the person you are talking to.
*features/barriers/processes of communication ppt/slides are also posted on our fb group

Nonverbal Communication refers to an interaction where behavior is used to convey

and represent meanings. All kinds of human responses that are not expressed in words
are classified as nonverbal communication. Examples of nonverbal communication are
stares, smiles, tone of voice, movements, manners of walking, standing and sitting,
appearance, style of attire, attitude towards time and space, personality, gestures,
paralanguage and others.

Intercultural communication happens when individuals interact, negotiate, and create

meanings while bringing in their varied cultural backgrounds. For some scholars,
intercultural communication pertains to communication among people from different
nationalities.

Still, others look at intercultural communication as communication that is

influenced by different ethnicities, religions, and sexual orientations.Both interpretations
show that intercultural communication takes place when people draw from their cultural
identity to understand values, prejudices, language, attitudes, and relationships).
Moreover, this facet of communication can also be seen as a bargained understanding
of human experiences across diverse societies. Simply put, intercultural communication
is the sending and receiving of messages across languages and cultures.

Sometimes, intercultural communication can flow smoothly and become very

interesting for a cross-cultural group. However, things may not go as planned when
communication is disrupted by cultural collisions.

When you speak, your speech is continuously accompanied by gestures, facial

expressions, and other body movements that add to what you are saying in different
ways. For example, nodding means yes in the Indian subcontinent, Iran, most of
Europe, Latin America, and North America. However, in Greece, Lebanon, Syria,
Palestine, Turkey, Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Albania, nodding indicates disagreement.
Moreover, in the case of Japanese culture, silence as a form of communication is more
integrated in their customs than in Western languages. It is therefore important for you
to acknowledge and understand the many communication patterns present in other
cultures.

The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity

The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS) offers a structure

that explores how people experience cultural differences. According to Dr. Milton
Bennett it has six stages. These are the following:

Stage 1: Denial. The individual does not recognize cultural differences.

Stage 2: Defense. The individual starts to recognize cultural differences and is

intimidated by them, resulting in either a superior view on own culture or an unjustified
high regard for the new one.

Stage 3: Minimization. Although individuals see cultural differences, they bank more
on the universality of ideas rather than on cultural differences.

Stage 4: Acceptance. The individual begins to appreciate important cultural differences

in behaviors and eventually in values.

Stage 5: Adaptation. The individual is very open to world views when accepting new
perspectives.

Stage 6: Integration. Individuals start to go beyond their own cultures and see
themselves and their actions based on multifarious cultural viewpoints.
*features/barriers/processes of communication ppt/slides are also posted on our fb group

Types of Speech Context

1. Intrapersonal This refers to communication that centers on one person where

the speaker acts both as the sender and the receiver of message. The message
is made up of your thoughts and feelings. The channel is your brain, which
processes what you are thinking and feeling. There is feedback in the sense that
as you talk to yourself, you discard certain ideas and replace them with others.
2. Interpersonal This refers to communication between and among people and
establishes personal relationship between and among them. The inter part of the
word highlights how interpersonal communication connects people when you
engage in interpersonal communication, you and another person become linked
together The personal part means that your unique qualities as a person
matter during interpersonal communication
Kinds
1. Dyad Communication communication that occurs between two people
2. Small Group This refers to communication that involves at least three but not
more than twelve people engaging in a face-to-face interaction to achieve a
desired goal. In this type of communication, all participants can freely share ideas
in a loose and open discussion.
3. Public This type refers to communication that requires you to deliver or send
the message before or in front of a group. The message can be driven by
informational or persuasive purposes. In public communication, unlike in
interpersonal and small group, the channels are more exaggerated. The voice is
louder and the gestures are more expansive because the audience is bigger. The
speaker might use additional visual channels such as slides or a Power Point
presentation.
4. Mass Communication This refers to communication that takes place through
television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, internet, and other
types of media.

Types of Speech Style

The context dictates and affects the way people communicate, which results in
various speech styles. There are five speech styles. These are (1) intimate, (2) casual,
(3) consultative, (4) formal, and (5) frozen. Each style dictates what appropriate
language or vocabulary should be used or observed.

1. Intimate This style is private, which occurs between or among close family
members or individuals. The language used in this style may not be shared in public.
2. Casual This style is common among peers and friends. Jargon, slang, or the
vernacular language are used.
3. Consultative This style is the standard one. Professional or mutually acceptable
language is a must in this style. Examples of situations are communication between
teachers and students, employers and employees, doctor and patient, judge and
lawyer, or President and his/her constituents.
4. Formal This style is used in formal settings. Unlike the consultative style, this is
one-way. Examples are sermons by priests and ministers, State of the Nation Address
of the President, formal speeches, or pronouncements by judges.
5. Frozen This style is frozen in time and remains unchanged. It mostly occurs in
ceremonies. Common examples are the Preamble to the Constitution, Lords Prayer,
and Allegiance to country or flag.