Lesson b

1.- the four stroke cycle: the power stroke

Piston moving down

Electric spark ignites mixture

Both valves closed

Figure 1.- the power stroke

Figure 1 shows the power stroke. The power stroke is the piston movement that provides the
power or force to turn crankshaft flywheel.

Look at a. When piston reached the top of the cylinder, the engine electrical system cause dan
electric spark to occur suddenly in the top of the cylinder. The hot spark caused the
compressed fuel air mixture to ignite, or begin burning. The compressed mixture burns very
rapidly and expands in all directions with a strong force.

Look at b. The very strong forc af the rapidly expanding gas pushes the piston down in the
cylinder. This causes the crankshaft and the flywheel to turn rapidly. This movement is what
provide the output power or force

Summary: When the piston compresses the fuel air mixture in the top of the cylinder, the
mixture is ignited and burns rapidly. The forc of the burning expanding gases pushes the
piston down with a strong forc. The crankshaft changes this forc to a rotating movement.

2.- the four stroke cycle: exhaust stroke

Cam lobe lifting valve tappet

Valve tappet lifting valve

Exhaust valve open

Intake valve closed

Piston moving up

Figure 2.- the exhaust stroke

Figure 2 shows the exhaust stroke. The exhaust is the piston movement that pushes the burned
gases, or exhaust, out of the cylinder.

Look at a. the flywheel continues to turn the cranksft and the crankshaft gear with the force ir
received from the power stroke.

Look at b. and c. the camshaft gear has turned the camshaft so that the lobe of the second cam
lifts nthe other valve tappet. This causes the exhaust valve to rise and open the exhaust port.

Now look at d. As the piston rises, it forces the exhaust gases out through the exhaust port.

Summary: When the piston reached the bottom of the cyliner during the power stroke, the
flywheel continued to turn and coused the piston to start back up into the cylinder. When the
piston began to move up into the cylinder, the second cam on the camshft lifted the exhaust
valve and opened the exhaust port. As the piston rose, it forced the exhaust gases out of the
cylinder.

Classwork assigment: lesson b

The following comprehension exercises should be completed in class with the instructors
assistance:

Figura 1.- power stroke

Figure 2.- exhaust stroke

1. Figure 1 shows the power stroke, the fuel - air mixture has been ignites by the electric
spark. The burning fuel - air mixture is expanding and pushing against, the piston.
indicates the valve they are both closed. The piston is pushing down quickly with a
strong both valves. This provides the power that rotates, the flywheel and, the
crankshaft
2. Figure 2 shows the exhaust stroke. indicates the lobe cam; it has lifted, the exhaust
valve. The exhaust valve is now open. the intake valve, is closed. the piston is rising and
forcing the piston or burned gases out of the cylinder.
3. The four strokes a four stroke cycle engine are:
a. Admission b. Compression
c. Combustion d. Escape

Stationary parts / engine cooling / basic engine types

Lesson A
1.- stationary parts
Ir is useful to separate engine parts into two types, the moving parts and the fixed or
stationary parts. In this lesson we will talk about the stationary parts.

Crankcase
Cylinder block
Cylinder head
Exhaust manifold
Intake manifold
Carburator

Figure 1.- single-cylinder internal combustion gasolina engine

The simple engine shown in figure 1 contains the five main stationary parts found in
most engines. A indicates the crankcase encloses or contains the crankshaft. B indicates
the cylinder block. The block is the section above the crankcase that contains the
cylinder. C indicates the cylinder head. The cylinder head is the piece that covers the
top of the cylinder. D indicates the exhaust manifold. The exhaust manifold is the tube
that carries the exhaust gases away from the cylinder. E indicates the intkae manifold.
The intake manifold is the tube that carries the fuel-air mixture from the carburator to
the cylinder.
2. engine cooling
The engine shown in figure 1 is a water cooled engine. Look at the figure 2. The cool
water is passed near the cylinder so that it absorbs (takes) some of the heat from the
cylinder block. The heated water is then taken from the block to another part of the
system where it is cooled. Then the water is returned to cool the cylinder again. The
circulation (moving in a circle) of the water cools the engine. Engine cooling is
necessary because of the heat produced by the combustin of the fuel air mixture.

Figure 2.- water cooled engine

Water absorbing heat from engine
Heated water from engine
Water recooled
Cool water to engine
Heated air
Water absorbing heat from engine
Figure 3 .- air cooled engine
Connecting rod crank pin
Piston
Air absorbing heat from engine
Cylinder head
Cool air
Cylinder barrel
Crankcase

The engine shown in figure 3 is an air cooled engine. Cool air passes around the
cylinder barrel (cylinder unit) and cylinder head, and absorbs heat from the engine. Air
cooled engines are often used in airplanes because there is a constant circulation of air
past the engine when the aircraft is moving. When air cooled engines are used for
other purposes, ir is usually necessary to have a method of forcing air past the engine.
The cooling system will be explained in more detail in a later lesson.

Classwork assigment: lesson A

The following exercises should be completed in class with the instructors assitance:
Figure 1
Carburator
1.- look at figure 1. Fill in the blancks below.
A indicates the cylinder head
B indicates the cylinder block
C indicates the crankcase
D indicates the intake manifold
E indicates the exhaust manifold

The ilustration shows a single cylinder internal combustion cycle gasolina engine. It is a
water cooled engine. Water moves around the cylinder and the cylinder head. The
water absorbing heat from the cylinder and cylinder head. The heat is caused by the
combustion of the fuel air mixture