Indonesian Journal on Geoscience Vol. 3 No.

3 December 2016: 195-214

INDONESIAN JOURNAL ON GEOSCIENCE

Geological Agency
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
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ISSN 2355-9314, e-ISSN 2355-9306

Geochemical Signatures of Potassic to Sodic Adang Volcanics,

Western Sulawesi: Implications for Their Tectonic Setting and Origin

Godang Shaban1, Fadlin2, and Bambang Priadi3

Geochemist, Rare Minerals and REEs Researcher

1
2
Geological Engineering, Jenderal Soedirman University (UNSOED)
Jln. Mayjen. Sungkono Km 05, Blater, Purbalingga
3
Department of Geology, Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB)
Jln. Ganesha No.10, Bandung

Corresponding author: godang.sc@gmail.com

Manuscript received: July 26, 2016; revised: October 24, 2016;
approved: November 18, 2016; available online: December 7, 2016

Abstract - The Adang Volcanics represent a series of (ultra) potassic to sodic lavas and tuffaceous rocks of
predominantly trachytic composition, which forms the part of a sequence of Late Cenozoic high-K volcanic and
associated intrusive rocks occurring extensively throughout Western Sulawesi. The tectonic setting and origin of these
high-K rocks have been the subject of considerable debates. The Adang Volcanics have mafic to mafitic-intermediate
characteristics (SiO2: 46 - 56 wt%) and a wide range of high alkaline contents (K2O: 0.80 - 9.08 %; Na2O: 0.90 -
7.21 %) with the Total Alkali of 6.67 - 12.60 %. Al2O3 values are relatively low (10.63 - 13.21 %) and TiO2 values
relatively high (1.27 - 1.91 %). Zr and REE concentrations are also relatively high (Zr: 1154 - 2340 ppm; Total REE
(TREY = TRE): 899.20 - 1256.50 ppm; TRExOy: 1079.76 - 1507.97 ppm), with an average Zr/TRE ratio of ~ 1.39.
The major rock forming minerals are leucite/pseudoleucite, diopside/aegirine, and high temperature phlogopite.
Geochemical plots (major oxides and trace elements) using various diagrams suggest the Adang Volcanics formed
in a postsubduction, within-plate continental extension/initial rift tectonic setting. It is further suggested magma was
generated by minor (< 0.1 %) partial melting of depleted MORB mantle material (garnet-lherzolite) with the silicate
melt having undergone strong metasomatism. Melt enrichment is reflected in the alkaline nature of the rocks and
geochemical signatures such as Nb/Zr > 0.0627 and (Hf/Sm)PM > 1.23. A comparison with the Vulsini ultrapotassic
volcanics from the Roman Province in Italy shows both similarities (spidergram pattern indicating affinity with Group
III ultrapotassics volcanics) and differences (nature of mantle metasomatism).
Keywords: Adang Volcanics, sodic and potassic/ultrapotassic, within-plate continental extension/initial rift,
metasomatized silicate melts, leucite/pseudoleucite
IJOG - 2016. All right reserved

How to cite this article:

Godang, S., Fadlin, and Priadi, B., 2016. Geochemical Signatures of Potassic to Sodic Adang Volcanics, West-
ern Sulawesi: Implications for Their Tectonic Setting and Origin. Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, 3 (3),
p.195-214. DOI: 10.17014/ijog.3.3.195-214

Introduction with associated intrusives and volcaniclastics.

Large parts of the Western Sulawesi Prov-
ince are covered by thick (up to 5000 m) piles
of Upper Cenozoic shoshonitic to ultra-potassic
and subordinate sodic volcanic rocks together
he volcanic rocks occurring in the central part
of the province have been subdivided into four
units, these are Sekala Formation, Sesean, Adang,
and Talaya Volcanics (Ratman and Atmawinata,
1993). The Adang Volcanics are the subject of

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 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 3 December 2016: 195-214

this paper. Their locations are shown in Figure ous subduction processes (e.g. Yuwono et al.,
1. The unit consists of a sequence about 400 m 1985; Leterrier et al., 1990);
thick of poorly bedded leucite-bearing lapilli 2. The volcanic rocks were formed in an Active
tuff, volcanic breccias consisting of leucite basalt Continental Margin (ACM) setting in which
fragments embedded in leucite-bearing tuffaceous magma was generated from mantle melting in
matrix, and leucite basalt flows (Ratman and At- the final stage of the subduction process (Pus-
mawinata, 1993). Major element analyses carried pita et al., 2005), which involved subduction of
out previously on a number of samples suggest microcontinental crust (Sukadana et al., 2015);
the Adang Volcanics are mafic to intermediate in 3. The volcanics developed as the result of col-
composition, ranging from trachyte to tephrite lision between the Banggai-Sula fragment
and phonolite (Sukadana et al., 2015). Waele and and western Sulawesi (Bergman et al., 1996).
Muharam (2014) describe the rocks as phlogopitic The goal of the research is to deduce from
and leucitic volcanic rocks. The Adang Volcanics the magmatic typology of the Adang Volcanics,
interfinger with the marine sedimentary Mamuju their tectonic setting, and the nature of submantle
Formation, which has a latest Miocene to Early enrichment, using the geochemical approach.
Pliocene age (Ratman and Atmawinata, 1993), The studied area is defined by the following
and have yielded K/Ar ages of 5.4 and 2.4 Ma coordinates 1184511.10E - 119513.41E
(Bergman et al., 1996). The morphology of the and 23328.27S - 25934.52S, covering the
volcanics is youthful, showing a volcanic centre Subregencies of Kalukku, Mamuju, Tabulahan,
and several domal structures (Sukadana et al., Simboro, Tapalang, and Malunda.
2015).
Opinions differ regarding the origin of these
and other high-K rocks in the province: Materials and Methods
1. Magmatism took place in a postsubduction,
continental-margin rift setting with the source For this purpose, six outcrop samples (loca-
mantle having been metasomatized by previ- tions shown on Figures 1a, b, and 2) were sub-

a b 120oE 124oE
9.715.000

2oN 2oN
North
Palu - Koro Fault

Sulaw
esi Tre
nch
ch
9.710.000

en
Tr

Northern Sulawesi
ihe
ng

Mamuju
Sa
9.705.000

City
ait
r Str
9.700.000

Batui Trust
assa

Neogene
NW sedimentary rocks
Mak
lt

Paleogene
fau

2S
o
2S
o
9.695.000

sedimentary rocks
ng

Mesozoic
Tma (Adang Volcanic),
fti

sedimentary rocks
Ri

(Mid -- Late Miocene) Pliocene-Recent volcanics

CW Matano Fault
9.690.000

Neogene
calc-alkaline volcanics
Kls
nch

(Latimojong Neogene potassive volcanics

Easthern Sulawesi
Formation)
Tre
9.685.000

Paleogene volcanics
Tolo

Intrusive rocks

Tmtv SW
N Metamoorphic rocks
9.680.000

(Talaya Volcanic)
Tmpi Ophiolite
Wala

(Granitoid N
Major thrust
n

complex)
ae F

0 6 12 km 6S
o
6oS
Major strike-slip fault
ulta

695.000 700.000 705.000 710.000 715.000 720.000 725.000 730.000 735.000 120 E
o
100 km 124 Eo

Figure 1. (a). Geological map of central Western Sulawesi (Ratman and Atmawinata, 1993) showing the location of the
researched area and the six samples described in the text. Coordinate system UTM Zone 50S; (b). Simplified geological
map of Sulawesi (modified after Sukamto, 1975b; Hamilton, 1979; Silver et al., 1983; Parkinson, 1991, in Van Leeuwen
and Pieters, 2011). Western Sulawesi (dashed line) subdivided into NW (northwest; north part of Western Sulawesi), CW
(central-west), and SW (southwest) Sulawesi.

196
 Geochemical Signatures of Potassic to Sodic Adang Volcanics,
Western Sulawesi: Implications for Their Tectonic Setting and Origin (Godang, S. et al.)

0 4.5 9 km

9.715.000
Sample for Petrographic
N (GS1-0016-17)

9.710.000
9.705.000

Mamuju City

lt
fau
g
ftin
9.700.000

Ri
9.695.000

Tma
1600 m
1500 m
1400 m
9.690.000

1300 m
1200 m
1100 m
Kls 1000 m
9.685.000

900 m
800 m
700 m
600 m
Sample for Petrographic
Tmtv
9.680.000

(GS1-0607-10) 500 m
400 m
300 m

Sample for Petrographic Tmpi 200 m

(GS1-0926-28) 100 m
0m

695.000 700.000 705.000 710.000 715.000 720.000 725.000 730.000 735.000

Figure 2. Image of DEM-SRTM (ASTER 30m) and the position of sampling points.

jected to major oxide, trace element, and rare
earth element (REE) analyses (Tables 1 and 2).
The rocks were petrographically also studied in
order to support the interpretation of the geo-
chemical data. Geochemical analyses involved
XRF and four acids digest (ICP-OES/MS, ICP-
REE) assay methods, which were carried out at
Intertek Laboratories in Jakarta and Perth. In
addition, trace element data have been plotted
on various diagrams previously obtained from
31 company drill core samples, and major oxide
data for 36 previously analyzed outcrop samples
for which LOI contents were not determined.
These samples were also analyzed in the Intertek
Laboratories.
weathering residue, trachytic fragments), vol-
caniclastics and lava intercalations of mafic/
mafitic-intermediate composition (consisting of
leucite/pseudoleucite, diopside/aegirine and high
temperature phlogopite). Other rocks observed
locally include peralkaline dyke, a mafic trachyte
body, multiple dykes of mafic and leucitic intru-
sions, subvolcanic sanidine trachyte intrusion,
intercalations of crystalline limestone, and other
carbonate rocks. The limestone intercalations and
the presence of pillow lavas indicate the Adang
Volcanics were deposited in a marine environ-
ment. Figures 3 and 4 show how the volcanics
occur in the field.

Field Relationships Analytical Results

The field and petrologic observations indicate
that the Adang Volcanics, covering an area of
~820 km2 (Ratman and Atmawinata, 1993), are
composed predominantly of leucite/pseudoleu-
cite-bearing trachytic tuff, lapilli-tuff, agglom-
erate, volcanic breccia, volcanic-sedimentary
products (volcaniclatics consisting of trachytic
The mineralogy of three samples in thin secton
is shown in Figures 5 - 7. Moreover, major and
trace element results for the six samples presented
in Tables 1 and 2 respectively have a Mafic Index
of Alteration (MIA(o)) ranging from 31.6 to 45.9
(Figure 8). This suggests that all six samples were

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 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 3 December 2016: 195-214

Table 1. Major Oxides (wt%) of Six Samples (Adang Volcanics)

No 28 75 82 99 121 1002
Sample_code GS1-0016-17 GS1-0481-85 GS1-0533-36 GS1-0607-10 GS1-0280-86 GS1-0926-28
Fine Mafic Leucitic Mafic Mafic Fine
Rock_types
Trachyte Trachyte Trachyte Trachyte Trachyte Trachyte
Area Salu Dango Takandeang Ampalas Botteng Bebanga Tapalang
SiO2 (%) 55.48 49.28 54.86 50.79 49.15 53.74
TiO2 (%) 1.91 1.77 1.27 1.45 1.70 1.70
Al2O3 (%) 10.91 10.92 13.21 10.63 11.89 12.10
Fe2O3 (%) 11.78 10.80 7.50 9.82 12.80 11.42
FeO (%) 2.15 2.04 2.83 2.04 3.68 1.49
MnO (%) 0.25 0.19 0.12 0.14 0.18 0.14
MgO (%) 2.54 5.87 3.00 6.19 3.53 2.11
CaO (%) 2.03 6.98 3.83 7.25 4.57 3.32
Na2O (%) 3.52 0.90 5.52 1.40 1.89 7.21
K2O (%) 9.08 9.03 1.15 7.86 8.16 0.80
LOI (%) 0.90 1.32 5.70 1.21 1.20 4.32
P2O5 (%) 0.22 0.86 0.55 0.56 0.46 0.22
Total (%) 100.76 99.96 99.54 99.34 99.21 98.56
TA=Na2O+K2O 12.60 9.93 6.67 9.26 10.05 8.01
K2O/Na2O 2.58 10.03 0.21 5.61 4.32 0.11
Cr2O3 (%) 0.006 0.01 <0.005 0.04 0.04 <0.005
Radiometric 345 cps 255 cps 419 cps 200 cps 250 cps 210 cps

fresh (after Nesbitt and Wilson, 1992), including
two samples (No.82 and No.1002) with relatively
high LOI contents (4.3 - 5.7 wt%). This is sup-
ported by petrographic observations (Figures
7a, b). The Adang Volcanics samples are mafic/
mafitic - intermediate in composition with rela-
tively low SiO2 contents (46 - 56 wt%). Na2O and
K2O contents show a wide range of values, 0.90 -
7.21 wt% and 0.80 - 9.08 wt%, respectively. Four
of the samples have high K2O contents (7.86 and
9.08 wt%) and Na2O contents varying between
0.90 and 3.52 wt%, which classifies these rocks
as ultrapotassic (Foley et al., 1987). The other two
samples have high Na2O contents (5.52 and 7.21
wt%) and low K2O values, indicating they have
a sodic composition. It is these two samples that
also have high LOI contents, possibly indicating
the presence of primary volatiles. Al2O3 contents
are relatively low (10.63 - 13.21 wt%) and TiO2
contents relatively high (1.27 - 1.91 wt%) (typi-
cal of nonsubduction volcanics {TiO2 > (-1.161
+ 0.1935 x Al2O3), (in wt%)} (Figure 9) (Muller
and Groves, 1993 and 2000).
Zircon concentrations are high (1,154.00 -
2,3440.00), the Total REE (TREY = TRE) ranges
between 899.20 and 1256.50 ppm, and TRExOy
between 1079.76 and 1507.97 ppm (Table 2). The
percentage of LREE is 88.23 % (LaSm) and
that of HREE 11.77% (EuY). The Th/U ratio is
~ 4.32/1, indicating a Non-Uranium anomaly,
based on a Th/U ratio of ~ 3/1 {normal abundance
of the earth crust : Th (6 ppm), U (1.8 ppm)}
(https://en.wikipedia.org). Relatively high radio-
metric signatures (200 - 419 cps) may be related
to relatively high contents of Zr, K, Th, U, and
Ba (Figure 3g).
Interpretation of Results
The analytical results on various diagrams
have been plotted in a diagram to classify the
Adang Volcanics, and to elucidate their tectonic
setting and the processes in the source mantle
that led to their formation.
On the TAS diagram of Le Bas et al. (1986)
most samples (including the 36 other samples)

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 Geochemical Signatures of Potassic to Sodic Adang Volcanics,
Western Sulawesi: Implications for Their Tectonic Setting and Origin (Godang, S. et al.)

Table 2. Trace Element Concentrations (ppm) in Six Samples (Adang Volcanics)

No 28 75 82 99 121 1002
Sample_code GS1-0016-17 GS1-0481-85 GS1-0533-36 GS1-0607-10 GS1-0280-86 GS1-0926-28
Leucitic
Rock_types Fine Trachyte Mafic Trachyte Mafic Trachyte Mafic Trachyte Fine Trachyte
Trachyte
Cr 5.00 56.00 30.00 197.00 5.00 5.00
Cu 128.00 144.00 122.00 104.00 199.00 96.00
Mn 1,600.00 1,320.00 831.00 965.00 1,150.00 838.00
Ni 14.00 46.00 35.00 116.00 17.00 11.00
P 900.00 3,740.00 2,410.00 2,510.00 2,020.00 870.00
S 90.00 <50 1,330.00 160.00 1,150.00 60.00
Sc 7.00 21.00 9.00 23.00 11.00 8.00
Ti 11,300.00 11,000.00 8,030.00 9,180.00 10,100.00 9,650.00
V 254.00 218.00 177.00 210.00 350.00 319.00
Zn 162.00 136.00 130.00 133.00 180.00 101.00
Ag <0.1 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.50 0.40
As 17.00 6.00 29.00 5.00 15.00 4.00
Ba >5000 2,450.00 4,970.00 4,270.00 >5000 >5000
Be 34.20 19.80 28.40 25.10 28.30 39.00
Bi 1.57 1.53 0.72 0.89 2.49 0.95
Cd 1.36 0.75 0.75 0.83 1.10 1.06
Co 22.00 33.00 23.00 30.00 28.00 17.00
Cs 32.30 57.70 50.60 68.20 31.60 214.00
Ga 21.40 20.20 23.70 20.10 24.30 23.00
Ge 0.40 0.60 0.40 0.80 0.20 0.60
Hf 61.50 36.60 35.20 31.90 45.30 47.20
In 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.10
Li 61.50 33.10 33.30 30.80 52.00 12.60
Mo 0.30 0.30 1.80 0.40 0.30 0.20
Nb 192.00 102.00 117.00 94.70 121.00 104.00
Pb 330.00 143.00 293.00 147.00 313.00 203.00
Rb 336.00 636.00 614.00 2,126.26 498.00 1,310.00
Sb 0.60 0.40 1.40 0.70 0.80 0.70
Re <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
Se <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
Sn 29.80 18.10 24.00 15.60 25.70 31.00
Sr 699.00 1,350.00 930.00 1,300.00 1,410.00 769.00
Ta 10.00 5.83 6.38 4.82 7.30 8.44
Te <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.10 <0.1
Th 310.00 154.00 266.80 167.80 230.30 324.10
Tl 4.84 2.66 1.48 3.43 5.52 12.90
U 62.80 32.60 68.10 45.80 51.30 75.50
W 3.00 4.50 18.40 3.20 8.60 2.30
Zr 2,340.00 1,384.00 1,269.00 1,154.00 1,549.00 1,651.00
Average % REE
La 277.00 230.60 234.20 194.20 263.60 292.30 248.65 22.28% LREE= 88.23%
Ce 552.00 445.40 429.70 371.90 513.70 469.00 463.62 41.54%
Pr 59.60 52.90 47.50 44.30 58.20 63.10 54.27 4.86%
Nd 194.00 196.60 166.70 159.70 191.20 211.00 186.53 16.71%
Sm 32.30 32.80 27.40 26.20 33.70 37.70 31.68 2.84%
Eu 5.80 6.10 4.90 4.70 6.50 7.20 5.87 0.53% HREE = 11.77%
Gd 21.70 21.80 20.20 18.10 24.40 30.40 22.77 2.04%
Tb 3.10 3.00 2.70 2.40 3.20 4.00 3.07 0.27%
Dy 16.30 13.10 12.60 10.90 15.20 19.20 14.55 1.30%
Ho 2.50 2.10 2.00 1.70 2.60 3.40 2.38 0.21%
Er 7.10 5.40 5.40 4.90 6.40 8.90 6.35 0.57%
Tm 0.90 0.80 0.90 0.60 0.90 1.20 0.88 0.08%
Yb 5.70 4.20 4.60 3.70 5.40 7.40 5.17 0.46%
Lu 0.70 0.30 0.60 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.67 0.06%
Y 67.60 61.90 63.20 55.30 69.40 100.70 69.68 6.24%
TRE 1,246.30 1,077.00 1,022.60 899.20 1,195.20 1,256.50
TREO 1,391.46 1,202.53 1,142.18 1,004.26 1,334.62 1,404.64
TRExOy 1,497.89 1,292.80 1,228.36 1,079.76 1,435.94 1,507.97
TRE2O3 1,464.03 1,265.29 1,201.96 1,056.78 1,404.32 1,478.70
dEu 0.67 0.70 0.64 0.66 0.69 0.65
*The average values of Th (242.17 ppm) and U (56.02 ppm); average Th/U ratio = 4.32/1, Zr/TRE (avg) = 1.39

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 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 3 December 2016: 195-214

a b c

d e f

g h i

j k l

Figure 3. Field observation photos of Adang Volcanics. (a) Volcaniclastic rock (consists of trachytic fragments); (b) Boul-
der of trachyte lava; (c) Crystalline limestone; overlies the Adang rocks, indicating that it formed after volcanic activ-
ity had ceased; (d) Intercalation of heavy concentrate-rich sediment in Adang trachytic rock, indicating the volcanics
were deposited in a submarine environment (drill sample A07_14-15m); (e) Pyroclastic sodic-rich fine-grained trachyte
breccia (East Tapalang region); (f) Peralkaline dyke (silica and alumina undersaturated), sample of fine-grained trachyte
No. 28 (GS1-0016-17); (g) Portable Dosimeter (Thermo Scientific tester), showing relatively high radiometric signature
(255 cps) of mafic trachyte rock (sample GS1-0481-85, No.75) with low U (32.60 ppm), Th (154.00 ppm), high Zr (1384
ppm), Ba (2450 ppm), high K (K2O: 9.03 wt% and Na2O (0.90%); (h) The marine sedimentary rock (clastic carbonate; drill
sample M01_14-15m); (i) Magnifier 40x manual close-up of zircon crystal (tetragonal, yellow), drill sample C03_10-11m;
(j) Magnifier 40x manual close-up of green diopside (monoclinic) in leucite trachyte; (k) Leucite trachyte (drill sample
A29_22-23m) containing zircon crystal; (l) Magnifier 40x manual close-up of zircon crystal (tetragonal, colorless) from
(k) leucite trachyte.

plot in the trachybasalt and basaltic-trachyandesite
fields (Figure 10). The two sodic samples fall
under the basaltic-trachyandesite field, while the
remaining other samples are in the tephrite and
alkali-basalt fields. On the K2O vs. SiO2 diagram
(after Peccerillo and Taylor, 1976) (Figure 11) the
Adang Volcanics are represented by three series:
potassic alkaline, alkaline, and subalkaline. If the
recently developed Godangs Trapezoid Geochem-
istry Diagram (Godang, 2016) is used which also

200
 Geochemical Signatures of Potassic to Sodic Adang Volcanics,
Western Sulawesi: Implications for Their Tectonic Setting and Origin (Godang, S. et al.)

a b c

leucite phenocryst coarse-grained medium-grained

(mela-trachyte) (leucite trachyte) (leucite trachyte)

d e f

medium-grained ne-grained sub-volcanic sanidine

(leucite-rich mela-trachyte) (leucite trachyte phenocryst trachyte

g h i

ne-grained very ne-grained

mac trachyte
(sodic-rich trachyte breccia) (peralkaline dyke)

Figure 4. Nature of the Adang volcanic rock textures, showing variation in: (a-f) trachytic textures, (g) mafic aphanitic
texture (sample GS1-0481-85), (h) pelitic like texture (sample GS1-0926-28), and (i) green pelitic like texture (sample
GS1-0016-17).

a Thin section mineralogy (GS1-0016-17) b Thin section mineralogy (GS1-0016-17)

Leucite pyroxene (diopside)
phlogopite Lamproite
Mineralogy (% volume):
*Leucite: 52%
* Pyroxene (diopside): 35%
*Phlogopite: 12% phlogopite
phlogopite phlogopite
phlogopite * Apatite : < 1%
Total = 100%

diopside needles
diopside needles in groundmass
pyroxene (diopside) in groundmass pyroxene (diopside)

leucite leucite

250 m 250 m

PPL XPL

Figure 5. (a) Petrographic (PPL) sample GS1-0016-17 (No. 28; fine-grained trachyte; peralkaline dyke); (b) Petrographic
(XPL) sample GS1-0016-17 (No. 28; fine-grained trachyte; peralkaline dyke) showing abundant leucite (52%), interpreted
as lamproite.

takes Al2O3 and NaO contents into consideration some in the ultrapotassic-series field. A plot on
(Figure 12), most of the 43 samples plot in the the Rock Classification Diagram of Pearce (1996),
sodic-series and shoshonitic-series fields, and which is based on relatively immobile trace ele-

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 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 3 December 2016: 195-214

a Thin section mineralogy (GS1-0607-10) b Thin section mineralogy (GS1-0607-10)

Clinopyroxene Clinopyroxene Clinopyroxene Clinopyroxene

Vesicle lled Amphibole

Vesicle lled with zeolite pseudomorph
with zeolite
Diopside needles
in groundmass
Diopside needles
Phlogopite in groundmass
Leucite pyroxene phlogopite lamprophyre
Mineralogy (% volume):
*Leucite: 40%
* Clinopyroxene (diopside & aegirine): 20%
* Phlogopite: 10%
Phlogopite *Apatite: <<1%
*Opaque grains/masses: 3%
Amphibole
*Glass materials (groundmass): 5%
pseudomorph
*Vesicles (voids): 10%
Leucite *Clay minerals: 6%
Leucite *Zeolite (secondary): 5%
Total = 100%

PPL XPL

Figure 6. (a) Petrographic (PPL) sample GS1-0607-10 (No. 99; mafic trachyte dyke). (b) Petrographic (XPL) sample GS1-
0607-10 (No. 99; mafic trachyte dyke) showing abundant leucite (40%), intrepeted as lamprophyre.

a Thin section mineralogy (GS1-0926-28) b Thin section mineralogy (GS1-0926-28)

Pyroxene inclusions Pyroxene inclusions

Phlogopite Phlogopite
Pyroxene (aegirine) Pyroxene (aegirine)
needlesin groundmass needlesin groundmass

Leucite? pyroxene (diopside/aegirine) phlogopite Lamproite

Mineralogy (5 volume):
pseudoleucite * Pseudoleuctite: 70%
pseudoleucite *Pyroxene (diopside/aegirire): 27%
*Phlogopite: <1%
*Nosean: <1%
*Opaque: <1%
Total = 100%
Rock Class (Pearce, 1996): Sodic-rich ne-treachyte
SiO2 (53.74%), NA2O (7.21%, K2O (0.80%), Al2O3 (12.10%)

125 m 125 m

PPL PPL

Figure 7. (a) Petrographic (PPL) sample GS1-0926-28 (No. 1002; sodic-rich fine-grained trachyte volcanic breccia) shows
clearly unaltered condition. (b) Petrographic (XPL) sample GS1-0926-28 (sodic-rich fine-grained trachyte volcanic brec-
cia) : pseudoleucite (70%): an intergrowth of albite, nepheline, orthoclase; interpreted as lamproite.

ments, indicates that the rocks are of trachyte af-
finity (Figure 13), consistent with the TAS results.
As a comparison, data for a leucite phonolite
have been plotted from the Vulsini Volcano, Roman
Province, Italy (Santii et al., 2003) on Figure 11,
which shows the rock belongs to the ultrapotas-
sic sub-alkaline series (alkaline-calcic character,
alumina oversaturated). It should be noted that its
alumina content (Al2O3: 19.97 - 20.37 %) is sig-
nificantly higher than that of the Adang Volcanics
(Al2O3: 10.63 - 13.21 %).
Using the diagram designed by Muller and
Groves (1994) to discriminate the tectonic settings
of potassic to ultrapotassic rocks, the plotting result
shows that the Adang Volcanic samples fall within
the anorogenic within-plate field (Figures 9 and 14).
In contrast, the Vulsini Volcanics appear to have
formed in an arc-related tectonic setting (Alkaline
Continental Arc; Supra-subduction Continental
Volcanic Arc). Similar settings for the two units
are suggested by plots on tectonic discriminant dia-
grams for mafic rocks using trace elements shown
on Figure 15 (after Hollocher et al., 2012b) (http://
minerva.union.edu), Figure 16 (after Wang et al.,
2001; modified in this paper), and Figure 17 (after
Sun et al., 2006; modified in this paper).

202
 Geochemical Signatures of Potassic to Sodic Adang Volcanics,
Western Sulawesi: Implications for Their Tectonic Setting and Origin (Godang, S. et al.)

Ternary Diagram of Weathered/Unweathered Mac/Basaltic Rock C (Al2O3+Fe2O3(t))

(after Nesbitt and Wilson, 1992), 0 100
modied by Babechuk et al., 2014 (MIA(o))
[Ternary : (Al2O3+Fe2O3(t))-(CaO*+Na2O+K2O)-MgO (in molar)]

MIA(o)= Mac Index of Alteration (oxidized) 10 90

Symbols:
Adang Volcanics: : 20 80
Mac Trachyte
Fine-grained Trachyte .
Leucitic Trachyte

Others Adang Trachytic rocks 30 70

Vulsini Volcanics (Roman, Italy)

Altered (weathered)
40 60

50 50

60 40

70 30

Unaltered (unweathered)
80 20

90 10

A 100 0
B
(CaO*+Na2O+K2O) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 MgO

Figure 8. Plots in Ternary Diagram of weathered/unweathered rock (after Nesbitt and Wilson, 1992), showing all Adang
Volcanic samples (6), others Adang Trachytic rocks (36 outcrop samples) and Vulsini Volcanic samples (5) are fresh
showing unweathered rocks.

4.5
Symbols:
Adang Volcanics
4.0
Mac Trachyte
Fine-grained Trachyte
Leucitic Trachyte
3.5 Others Adang Trachytic rocks

Vulsini Volcanics (Roman, Italy)

3.0 l 2O 3
Ti2O (wt%)

5xA
Within-plate 0. 193
.16 10 +
2.5 = -1
TiO 2

2.0

1.5

1.0 Arc-related

0.5

0
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Al2O3 (wt%)

Figure 9. Geotectonic diagram for within-plate vs. Arc-related (Muller and Groves, 1993 and 2000) suggesting the Adang
Volcanics, others Adang trachytic rocks and Vulsini Volcanic rocks were formed in different tectonic settings.

Figures 18 and 19 are diagrams designed by drill core samples suggest that the rocks were
La Fleche et al. (1998) for mafic rocks to identify formed by mantle metasomatism during the
different metasomatic processes in the mantle. silicate melting processes, whereas the Vulsini
Plots of the six Adang Volcanic outcrop and 31 Volcanics were derived from a hydrated mantle

203
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 3 December 2016: 195-214

18
Symbols :
17 Note:
Adang Volcanics:
* ol = CIPW normative olivine.
16 * P.I = Peralkaline Index (mol),
Mac Trachyte
Line
ation
(Na2O+K2O)/Al2O3 Satur Fine-grained Trachyte
15
Leucitic Trachyte
phonolite
14 Others Adang Trachytic rocks.

13
Vulsini Volcanics (Roman, Italy)
12
Na2O+K2O (wt %)

tephriphonolite
alkali trachyte
11 (P.I > 0.875) alkali rhyolite
(P.I > 0.875)
10 foidite
phonotephrite
9 trachyandesite
trachyte
Alkaline vs. Subalkaline (Miyashiro,
1978)
(P.I < 0.875)
8 tephrite
(ol < 10%) -
7 basaltic rhyolite
trachyandesite (P.I < 0.875)
6 basanite trachy
(ol > 10%)
basalt
5
salt
4 li-ba
alka

3
picro-
2 basalt
basaltic
basalt andesite andesite dacite
1
0
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81

Mac Intermediate Felsic SiO2 (wt%)

Figure 10. Plot in TAS Diagram (after Le Bas et al., 1986) Vulsini Volcanics show peralkaline magma series (silica under-
saturated), whereas Adang Volcanics and other Adang trachytic rocks show subalkaline to peralkaline series.

10
basalt (TAS) basaltic-andesite andesite (TAS) dacite and rhyolite (TAS)

9 Symbols:
Adang Volcanics
Mac Trachyte
Mac
Fine-grained Trachyte
8 Leucitic Trachyte
Others Adang Trachytic rocks

Vulsini Volcanics (Roman, Italy)

7

2)
, 200
et al.
6 nchi
K2O (wt%)

ala
(after C 400 k
m
aline
sic alk ries
Potas on ite se
Shosh m
5 350 k )
high-K rhyolite , 1983
(Keith
balk aline
3 00 km ne vs. su
e Alkali
4 Banakit high-K dacite
high-K (Calc-alkaline series)
250 km
on ite ite
Shosh andes
3 high-K
kite 200 km
aro
Abs medium-K (Calc-alkaline series)
high-K
site 150 km
basaltic-ande medium-K rhyolite
2 medium-K dacite
basalt site
high-K medium-K ande 100 km
site m edium-K
1
basaltic-ande
basalt
m-K 50 km low-K rhyolite
mediu
site low-K dacite low-K (Tholeiitic series)
tic-andesite low-K ande
low-K basalt low-K basal
0
45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78

Mac Intermediate Felsic SiO2 (wt %)

Figure 11. Volcanic rocks classification for orogenic zone (K 2O vs. SiO2, wt%), (Peccerillo and Taylor, 1976). The depth
to Benioff Zone 15 (modified by Fadlin and Godang, 2015 (in Godang, 2015; after Hatherton and Dickinson, 1969). The
plotting result of Vulsini Volcanic (Table 3) shows ultrapotassic rocks whereas the Adang Volcanics and others Adang
trachytic rocks showed medium-K calc-alkaline to potassic peralkaline.

source (subduction arc-related). This is reflected (Hf/Sm)PM < 1.00) of the Vulsini volcanic rocks
in the relatively high Zr and REEs contents (Table 3).
(with geochemical signature (Hf/Sm)PM > 1.23) Figure 20 (diagram after Aldanmaz et al.,
of the Adang rocks, and low Zr contents rela- 2000; modified in this paper) suggests the
tive to Total REE (with geochemical signature mantle source from which the Adang Volcanics

204
 Geochemical Signatures of Potassic to Sodic Adang Volcanics,
Western Sulawesi: Implications for Their Tectonic Setting and Origin (Godang, S. et al.)

Godangs Trapezoid Geochemistry Diagram (2016) Peralkaline

e
in
al
lk
Discrimination of Alkaline type of Igneous rocks for 1.05

A
Ultra-potassic-Potassic-Shoshonitic-Sodic-Calc-alkaline rocks.
(after Shand, 1927 (alumina saturation), after Turner et al., 1996 Ab )
1.00
(ultra-potassic and sodic series)) t%
(w
/2
=1

ite
Calc-alkaline sub-group Na
O
0.90

lb
2

O/

A
* Calc-alkaline (Sodic, Potassic) K2
* Tholeiitic
Nepheline
Symbols : 0.80
Adang Volcanics /1
O =1
Mac Trachyte /Na

se
2

s)
K 2O

la
ou

oc
Fine-grained Trachyte /1 0.70
.24

in

lig
=1

um

O
Leucitic Trachyte a 2O

al
/N

r
K 2O

Pe
Others Adang Trachytic rocks.

a-
.52/1

et
1
O=

M
Sanidine
/Na 2
0.60

e(
Vulsini Volcanics (Roman, Italy) K 2O
in

Na2O/Al2O3, (molar)
al Anorthoclase
Madupitic Lamproite
lk

)
ic
-a

(Badgers Teeth, Leucite Hills) lc ies 2/1

b

O=
ca
er
Su

cs /Na 2
e-

Nyiragongo 2002 lava & Older lavas, 0.50

ies K 2O
in

di er
al

Virunga Volcanics (East African Rift) e

So cs
e

alin
lk

in

i
bit
(a

alk
es

o
nd

osh on
siti
A

Sh tran s es
erie seri 0.40
ic s ssic
ass ota
Ab 50% (strong Na-) Pot ltra
-p
U enrichment of
An 50% (strong Ca-)
Zr and/or REEs 0.30
n e
ali
ite
p)

after Deer et al., 1963 (approx)

alk
or
ou

e
ad

lc- lin
gr

lka
br

ca
b-

c-a
La
su

d ic cal
0.20
ne

So ssi
c Vulsini Volcanic :
lii

ta Phlogopite
ka

Ultra-potassic Sub-alkaline Kalsilite

Po
al
c-

te
al

ni
(C

0.10
w
to
By

Microcline
Mostly weathered/altered
Anorthite (or Potassic mac rocks) Leucite

An
Biotite
Or 0
0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50

[Na2O+K2O]/Al2O3, (molar)

Figure 12. Plots in Godangs Trapezoid Geochemistry Diagram (Godang, 2016). The Vulsini Volcanics show the ultrapo-
tassic subalkaline (alkaline-calcic character, alumina oversaturated; higher Al2O3 contents), whereas Adang Volcanics
and others Adang rocks show a contrast multimagmatic affinity (sodic series, shoshonitic, potassic, and ultrapotassic with
alumina from oversaturated to undersaturated). Madupitic lamproite indicates ultrapotasic alkaline - peralkaline, whilst
Virunga Volcanics are shoshonitic subalkaline - alkaline - peralkaline.

1.0

Alkali Rhyolite
0.5
Phonolite
Trachyte

Evolved
Rhyolite Dacite
Z/Ti (ppm)

Tephriphonolite
0.1

Trachy-andesite
0.05

Andesite-basaltic

Intermediate Foidite

0.01
Symbols :
Adang Volcanics
Mac Trachyte
Alkali Basalt
Fine -grained Trachyte
0.005
Leucitic Trachyte
Basalt
Others Adang Trachytic rocks

Vulsini Volcanics (Roman, Italy)

Basic
Madupitic Lamproite
(Badgers Teeth, Leucite Hills)
Nyiragongo 2002 lava & Older lavas,
Virunga Volcanics (East African Rift)

0.001

0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1.0 5.0 10 50 100

0.01
Sub-alkaline Alkaline Ultra-alkaline Nb/Y (ppm)

Figure 13. Rock Classification Diagram (Pearce, 1996) showing Adang Volcanics, others Adang trachytic rocks and Vul-
sini Volcanics to have trachytic composition, whereas Virunga Volcanics (East African Rift) and Madupitic lamproite
(Leucite Hills) showing the foiditic composition.

205
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 3 December 2016: 195-214

1.000
Symbols :
Adang Volcanics:
Mac Trachyte
500
Fine-grained Trachyte
Leucitic Trachyte
Others Adang Trachytic rocks Within-plate ( anorogenic)
Vulsini Volcanics (Roman, Italy)

100
(Zr in ppm, Al2O3 in wt %)

50
Zr/Al2O3

wit
hin
-pl
Continental Arc (or ACM) arc ate
-re
+ Post-collisional Arc late
d
10

Initial oceanic arc, Late oceanic arc

(Subduction Ocean crust-Ocean crust)

1
0.001 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1
TiO2 / Al2O3 (in wt%)

Figure 14. Tectonic discrimination diagram for high-K igneous rocks (Muller and Groves, 1994) suggesting the Adang
Volcanics, other Adang trachytic rocks were formed in different tectonic settings.

Tholeiitic Transitional Calc-alkaline to alkaline (peralkaline)

La/Yb <3 La/Yb = 3 - 6 La/Yb > 6

5
Continental extensional zone/initial rift basalts

Continental arcs
(or alkaline arcs)

(ACM)
2
Th/Nb (in ppm)

Alkaline arcs
1 Oceanic arcs (or within-plate continental rift)
(IAB)
Th/Nb = 0.67/1

0.5
(alkali basalts)
Intracontinental rift

Th/Nb = 0.27/1
lower HREE
signature
Lower crust
(La/Yb ~ 800).
(tholeiitic)

PM
OIB Th/Nb - 0.11/1

0.1
OIB, EMORB, T-MORB, Mantle plume

Symbols:
Adang Volcanics:
Hawaiite
Mac Trachyte
Fine-grained Trachyte
0.05
Leucitic Trachyte
MORB Oceanic islands
Trachytic rocks (company drill data)
(or within-plate oceanic crust basalts)
Vulsini Volcanics (Roman, Italy)
Madupitic Lamproite
La/Yb (in ppm) (Badgers Teeth, Leucite Hills)
0.02 Nyiragongo 2002 lava & Older lavas,
Virunga Volcanics (East African Rift)
0.4 0.5 1 5 10 50 100

Figure 15. Tectonic discrimination diagram for Basalts (after Hollocher et al., 2012b). Magmatic Affinity: ratio La\Yb for
Tholeiitic--Transitional--Calc-alkaline to Alkaline (MacLean and Barrett, 1999), ratio Th/Nb (after Sun et al., 2006). Plot
in Figure 15 and overlaying with Figure 14, the result showed Adang Volcanics were formed in within-plate continental
extension zone/initial rift and Vulsini Volcanics formed in alkaline arcs, whereas Virunga Volcanics (East African Rift)
were formed from within-plate oceanic island and the magma is possible generated from mantle plume? Madupitic
lamproite (Leucite Hills) shows a lower HREE signature (La/Yb ~ 800).

206
 Geochemical Signatures of Potassic to Sodic Adang Volcanics,
Western Sulawesi: Implications for Their Tectonic Setting and Origin (Godang, S. et al.)

2
6 4
1. 1/
Symbols:
t 1/ =
en t) =
Th
Th
Adang Volcanics: /
hm en / Ta
ric m Ta
Mac Trachyte n ich
e e enr

lts
lat

sa
Fine grained Trachyte
-p ated

ba
1 in

ts
ti h t-rel

li
Leucitic Trachyte

al

ka
as
W el

al
Hawaiite

eb
(M Subduction enrichment

ift
Trachytic rocks (company drill data)

um

lr
ta
pl
(Fluid-related enrichment)

en
tle
Vulsini Volcanics (Roman, Italy)

in

enriched mantle source

an

nt
co
M
Madupitic Lamproite

ra
V:
(Badgers Teeth, Leucite Hills)
0.5

nt
:I
Nyiragongo 2002 lava & Older lavas,

-2
IV
Virunga Volcanics (East African Rift)
Ta/Th (ppm)

Ta/Hf = 0.29

rift
tal
nen
onti
(OIB, E-MORB, T-MORB) rac (or Alkaline arcs)
Int
III: Oceanic Intra-plate
Intra Island 1: c IV-3: Continental extensional zone/
IV- leiiti
Ta/Th = 0.131 (PM) th o initial rift basalts
PM

slightly
---t r a n s i t i o n---
Ta/Hf = 0.1
0.1

II-2: Continental arc & Continental margin island-arc

depleted mantle source

0.05

I: N-MORB II-1: Island arc (Oceanic arc, IAB) (ACM)

0.02
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10
Th/Hf (ppm)

Figure 16. Tectonic discrimination diagram for basalts (after Wang et al., 2001; modified in this paper). Overlaying with
Figure 14 suggesting the Adang Volcanics were formed in within-plate continental extension zone/initial rift, Vulsini
Volcanics were formed in an arc-related (alkaline arcs; supra-subduction continental volcanic arc) and Virunga Volcanics
were formed in mantle plume.

1.0
Symbols :
27

t
en
11

67
0.

Adang Volcanics: t)
0.

0.
1/

hm en
1/

1/

ric
=

hm
=

=
Th

Mac Trachyte en ric

Th

Th
b/

e en
lat
b/

b/
N

Fine-grained Trachyte
N

-p ated
N

in l
0.5 Leucitic Trachyte ith t-re
W el
Trachytic rocks (company drill data) (M Subduction enrichment
(Fluid-related enrichment)
c
iti

Vulsini Volcanics (Roman, Italy)

ts
ei

al

Hawaiite
ol

Madupitic Lamproite
as
th
enriched mantle source

ib

(Badgers Teeth, Leucite Hills)

ift

al
lr

lk

Nyiragongo 2002 lava & Older lavas,

ta

ta
en

Virunga Volcanics (East African Rift)

rif
in
nt

l
ta
co

en
ra

V: Mantle plume basalts

tin
nt

n
:I

Nb/Zr = 0.15
co
-1

ra

(or Alkaline arcs)

IV

nt
Nb/Zr (ppm)

:I

IV-3: Continental extensional

-2
IV

zone/initial rift basalts

0.1
(OIB, E-MORB, T-MORB)
III: Oceanic Intra-plate Island
Nb/Zr = 0.0627 (PM) PM
slightly

0.05 --- t r a n s i t i o n ---

Nb/Zr = 0.04
depleted mantle source

I: N-MORB

(ACM)
II-1: Island arc (Oceanic arc, IAB) II-2: Continental arc & Continental margin island-arc

0.01
0.001 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1.0
Th/Zr (ppm)

Figure 17. Tectonic discrimination diagram for basalts (after Sun et al., 2006; modified in this paper). Overlaying with Figure
14 suggesting the Adang Volcanics were formed in within-plate continental extension zone/initial rift, Vulsini Volcanics
was formed in an arc-related (alkaline arcs; supra-subduction continental volcanic arc) and Virunga Volcanics (East African
Rift) were formed in mantle plume, but the plot result of Madupitic lamproite (Leucite Hills) showed the difference tectonic
setting (after Wang et al., 2001 and after Sun et al., 2006) is possible indicating to an interaction of two magma sources.

207
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 3 December 2016: 195-214

5.0

Primitive Mantle Ta La Hf Sm

ppm 0.0370 0.6480 0.2830 0.4060

* Sun and McDonough (1995)

Melt-related subduction metasomatism

(from mantle source metasomatized by silicated uids)

MORB
OIB
DM (Depleted Mantle)
1.0
Hawaiite
(Hf/Sm)PM

PM Lower crust

Fluid -related subduction metasomatism

(from a hydrated mantle source)
0.5

Symbols:
Adang Volcanics:
Mac Trachyte
Fine-grained Trachyte
Leucitic Trachyte

Trachytic rocks (company drill data).

Carbonatite metasomatism
Vulsini Volcanics (Roman, Italy)
Madupitic Lamproite
0.1 (Badgers Teeth, Leucite Hills)
Nyiragongo 2002 lava & Older lavas,
Virunga Volcanics (East African Rift)

0.07
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1.0 5.0
(Ta/La)PM

Figure 18. Metasomatism of Mafic Rocks Diagram (La Flche et al., 1998). The plotting result showed Adang volcanics
(Adang Volcanic Complex) were formed by the silicate melt mantle metasomatism + a hydrated mantle source meta-
somatism process and Vulsini Volcanics was formed by a hydrated mantle source metasomatized, whereas Madupitic
lamproite (Leucite Hills) showed forming from a hydrated mantle source + carbonatite metasomatized.

DM (depleted mantle) weakly metasomatism moderately metasomatism strongly metasomatism

enriched (0-10x) enriched (10-60x) enriched ( > 60x)

5.0 Low moderate high

moderate
For the six samples:
Strongly metasomatized of silicate melts from
mantle source.
High Zr signature (Zr/TRE (avg) = 1.39)
(Hf/Sm)PM or 1.4346 x (Hf/Sm)

Melt-related subduction metasomatism REE rich

(from mantle source metasomatized by silicated uids) Ratio (Hf/Sm)PM > 1.23
Hf/Sm)PM = 1.23
depleted mantle Komatiite IAB MORB OIB
Hawaiite
1.0
Chondrite PM Lower crust

Fluid-related subduction metasomatism Strongly metasomatized from

(from a hydrated mantle source) a hydrated mantle source
0.5 Low Zr signature (Zr/TRE (avg) = 0.85)
REE rich
Ratio (Hf/Sm)PM < 1.00

Strongly metasomatized from a hydrated

mantle source + Carbonatite metasomatized
Lower Zr signature (Zr/TRE (avg) = 0.28)
REE rich
Ratio (Hf/Sm)PM < 1.00
*Sun and McDonough (1989)
Carbonatite metasomatism
0.1 Primitive Mantle (PM) Hf Sm
ppm 0.2830 0.4060

1 5 10 50 100 500 1000 5000

TREY = (REE+Y)

Figure 19. Plot in metasomatism of Mafic Rocks Diagram (after La Flche et al., 1998; modified in this paper) shows
Adang Volcanics (Adang Volcanic Complex) were formed by the silicate melt mantle metasomatism + a hydrated mantle
source metasomatism process and Vulsini Volcanics was formed by a hydrated mantle source metasomatized, whereas
Madupitic lamproite (Leucite Hills) formed from a hydrated mantle source metasomatism + carbonatite metasomatism
(very low HREE signature, Figure 19) and Virunga Volcanics (East African Rift) were formed from moderate to strongly
of the hydrated mantle metasomatism process.

208
 Geochemical Signatures of Potassic to Sodic Adang Volcanics,
Western Sulawesi: Implications for Their Tectonic Setting and Origin (Godang, S. et al.)

Table 3. Major Oxides (%) and Trace Elements (ppm) of Vulsini Volcanics - Roman, Italy (Santi et al., 2003)

Code# #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 Code# #1 #2 #3 #4 #5

Leucite Leucite Leucite Leucite Leucite Leucite Leucite Leucite Leucite Leucite
Rock_type Rock_type
phonolite phonolite phonolite phonolite phonolite phonolite phonolite phonolite phonolite phonolite

Sample_No# OSM 1 OSM 2 OSM 3 OSM 4 OSM 7 Sample_No# OSM 1 OSM 2 OSM 3 OSM 4 OSM 7

SiO2 55.51 55.03 55.44 56.21 56.31 La 173.00 182.00 189.00 176.00 169.00

TiO2 0.53 0.51 0.51 0.49 0.52 Ce 345.00 312.00 317.00 304.00 336.00

Al2O3 20.04 19.97 20.01 20.37 20.28 Pr 37.30 34.00 34.60 32.20 36.30

Fe2O3 4.19 4.08 4.13 3.92 4.18 Nd 124.00 112.00 114.00 106.00 116.00

FeO Sm 18.40 16.70 16.90 15.70 17.50

MnO 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.16 Eu 3.67 3.33 3.52 3.26 3.54

MgO 0.77 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.81 Gd 12.30 11.20 11.70 10.80 11.90

CaO 3.81 3.66 3.84 3.66 3.84 Tb 1.56 1.43 1.45 1.37 1.50

Na2O 3.42 2.83 3.89 2.69 3.07 Dy 8.01 7.28 7.35 6.89 7.62

K2O 8.46 9.18 9.01 9.78 9.11 Ho 1.47 1.34 1.35 1.26 1.38

LOI 2.34 3.05 1.32 1.93 1.75 Er 4.22 3.74 3.77 3.55 3.93

P2O5 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.13 0.13 Tm 0.62 0.55 0.57 0.51 0.57

Total 99.34 99.41 99.23 100.15 100.16 Yb 4.00 3.66 3.60 3.32 3.74

TA=Na2O+K2O 11.88 12.01 12.90 12.47 12.18 Lu 0.60 0.53 0.54 0.50 0.55

K2O/Na2O 2.47 3.24 2.32 3.64 2.97 Y 47.50 42.40 43.80 40.10 45.10

Radiometric ? cps ? cps ? cps ? cps ? cps TRE 781.65 732.16 749.15 705.46 754.63

V 131.00 130.00 129.00 121.00 129.00 TREO 873.08 817.72 836.73 787.87 842.88

Cr < 20 < 20 < 20 < 20 < 20 TRExOy 939.94 879.63 899.96 847.68 907.59

Co 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 TRE2O3 918.79 860.49 880.52 829.07 886.99

Ni < 20 < 20 < 20 < 20 < 20 dEu 0.75 0.74 0.77 0.77 0.75

Rb 298.00 395.00 292.00 350.00 294.00 Hf 12.30 10.90 11.20 10.40 11.70

Sr 2,130.00 1,900.00 2,140.00 2,020.00 2,150.00 Ta 2.79 2.44 2.53 2.35 2.62

Zr 677.00 610.00 626.00 584.00 657.00 Pb 183.00 157.00 200.00 217.00 192.00

Nb 49.50 46.60 47.90 45.80 51.40 Th 194.00 170.00 173.00 161.00 180.00

Ba 2,430.00 2,330.00 2,670.00 2,540.00 2,520.00 U 38.40 36.60 34.60 35.30 39.40

Tholeiitic Transitional Calc-alkaline to alkaline (peralkaline)

La/Yb < 3 La/Yb = 3 - 6 La/Yb > 6
1

Remarks:
*DMM = Depleted MORB Mantle. 0.1%
*PM = Primitive Mantle. ite
ol
0.5 erz
*WAM = Western Anatolian Mantle,
el-lh
dened in Aldanmaz et al., 2000. in
sp
0.1%

Symbols: Hawaiite lite

rzo
enriched mantle source

e
Nb/Zr (in ppm)

Adang Volcanics:
net-lh
Mac Trachyte
0.1% gar 0.1%
Fine-grained Trachyte
OIB
Leucitic Trachyte WAM

Trachytic rocks (company drill data). te

oli
erz
-lh
Nyiragongo 2002 lava & Older lavas, E-MORB net
lite gar
Virunga Volcanics (East African Rift) zo
er
0.1 lh
el-
in
sp
Lower crust 0.1%
Nb/Zr = 0.0627 (PM) PM 0.1%

Chondrite
slightly

0.05
ld
Nb/Zr = 0.04 e
B
OR
M te
N-MORB oli
e erz
lit -lh
zo net
depleted mantle
he
r gar
l
el-
depleted mantle source

in
sp

IAB
DMM

La/Yb (in ppm)

0.01
0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 150

Figure 20. Partial melting curves of mantle source (after Aldanmaz et al., 2000; modified in this paper). magmatic affin-
ity: ratio La\Yb (MacLean and Barrett, 1999), Depleted--slightly--enriched Mantle (after Le Roex et al., 1983 and after
Sun et al., 2006), showing the genesis of the Adang Volcanics is related enrichment of DMM (garnet-lherzolite), whereas
Virunga Volcanics are related enrichment of WAM (spinel-lherzolite).

209
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 3 December 2016: 195-214
are derived was enriched (Nb/Zr > 0.0627)
and the magma was generated by small-scale
partial melting (< 0.1 %) of Depleted MORB
Mantle (DMM) composed of ultramafic (garnet-
lherzolite).
Discussion
The results show that the Adang Volcanics
are represented by potassic and sodic magma
series, and consist predominantly of trachybasalt
and basaltic trachyandesite. Furthermore, they
indicate that they were formed in a within-plate
continental extension/initial rifting tectonic set-
ting after subduction had ceased.
The samples include ultrapotassic rocks. Foley
et al., 1987 (in Gupta, 2015) have subdivided the
within-plate ultrapotassic rocks into four groups,
as follows:
1. Group I: Lamproites. These rocks are not
readily linked to subduction, although
they may occur above a fossil subduction
zone. Classic examples are Leucite Hills
(Wyoming, USA), West Kimberley, and
Gaussberg.
2. Group II: Ultrapotassic rocks of continental
rift zones. Included in this group are leucitites,
olivine melilities, perovskite, kalsilite, and
some micaceous kimberlites. Type localities
are in the East African Rift (e.g. Virunga
Volcanics, Nyiragongo; Cupaello and San
Vananzo, Italy).
3. Group III: Ultrapotassic rocks of active oro-
genic zones. These rocks are a typical feature
of many Cenozoic volcanic provinces in the
Mediterranean region, including the Roman
Province of Central Italy. Group III rocks
show a strong association with active or re-
cently active subduction systems.
4. Group IV: which cannot be included in either
of the three groups. The type examples of
group IV rocks are the potassic rocks of Na-
vajo volcanic field, which lack mantle-derived
xenoliths.
The Adang Volcanics clearly belong to Group
III based on their spidergram pattern, which
210
is similar to that of the Vulsini volcanic rocks
(Figure 21a and b) and other Group III volcanics,
which are characterized by distinctly negative
spikes in Ba, Nb-Ta, Ti, and P, whereas Rb, Th,
and K are strongly enriched (Wilson, 1989).
Lamproites of Group I and Group II rocks show a
very different pattern (Figure 21b; Wilson, 1989).
These differences may be caused by different
genesis or metasomatism processes. Lamproites
of Group I (e.g. Leucite Hills rocks) were formed
from mixing between melts from metasomatized
hydrated mantle and carbonatite sources (the
rocks have a lower Zr/TRE and very low HREE
signatures) (Figures 19 and 21b) and Group II
rocks {e.g. Virunga Volcanics (Nyiragongo,
East African Rift)} have a genesis from related
enrichment of the Western Anatolian Mantle
(WAM) from mantle material spinel-lherzolite
(Figure 20). While the patterns shown by the
Adang and Vulsini volcanics are very similar, it
should be noted that the Adang rocks are more
strongly enriched in Zr and Hf (~110222x) than
the Vulsini volcanic rocks (Zr 56x and Hf 38x).
This difference can be explained by authors
interpretation that the high Zr-Hf signature
displayed by the Adang Volcanics is the result
of enrichment of the silicate melt from a source
within the mantle itself, whereas the relatively
low Zr-Hf signature of the Vulsini volcanic rocks
is linked to metasomatism by a hydrated mantle
source (see above; Figure 19).
Over the years a number of models have been
proposed for the tectonic setting and origin of the
Late Cenozoic potassic to ultrapotassic volcanics
and associated intrusives in Western Sulawesi.
Most favour a post-subduction, within plate
extensional setting (cf. Maulana et al., 2016),
consistent with authors findings, which some
authors based on similarities with the high-K
volcanics in the Roman Province (Leterrier et al.,
1990). It is generally assumed that the magmas
were derived from mantle previously metaso-
matized by one ore more subduction events. As
mentioned above, the result suggests, however,
the magma that generated (at least part of) the
Late Cenozoic volcanics in Western Sulawesi
was metasomatized in a different way.
 Geochemical Signatures of Potassic to Sodic Adang Volcanics,
Western Sulawesi: Implications for Their Tectonic Setting and Origin (Godang, S. et al.)

20000
LILE LILE LILE Symbols:
10000 Adang Volcanics:
HFSE HFSE HFSE HFSE HFSE HFSE
Mac Trachyte
5000
Fine-grained Trachyte

strongly metasomatism
Adang Volcanics (Trachyte afnity) :
Leucitic Trachyte
Tectonic setting : within-plate continental extension/initial rift.
Strongly metasomatized of silicate melts. Vulsini Volcanics (leucite phonolite
lava; Roman, Italy)
Geochemical Signature : High Zr -Hf
1000 (enriched ~ 110 - 222x)Hf (enriched ~ 110 - 222x) Madupitic Lamproite
(Badgers Teeth, Leucite Hills)
500
Normalized concentration
(Rock/Primitive mantle)

100

50

moderately
10

5 Vulsini Volcanic, Italy (leucite phonolite):

weakly
Tectonic setting : Arc-related (Supra-subduction
Volcanic Arc). Geochemical Signature: low Zr-Hf
(enriched: Zr 56x and Hf 38x)

Primitive Mantle (PM)

1

0.5

depleted
mantle
tle
ed man
deplet

0.1
Rb Th Ba U Nb La* Ta P Ce* Sr Pr* Nd* Ti Sm* Eu* Hf Gd* Zr Tb* Dy* Ho* Er* Tm* Yb* Lu* Y* TREY

incompatible to compatible compatible to incompatible

increasing compatibility decreasing compatibility

20000
LILE LILE LILE
10000
HFSE HFSE HFSE HFSE HFSE HFSE
5000 Symbols:

strongly metasomatism
Adang Volcanics (6 samples)

Virunga Volcanics (East African Rift : Group II)

Madupitic Lamproite (Badgers Teeth, Leucite Hills : Group I)

1000
Vulsini Volcanics (leucite phonolite, Roman-Italy : Group III)
500
Normalized concentration
(Rock/Primitive mantle)

100

50

moderately
10

5
weakly

Primitive Mantle (PM)

1

0.5
depleted
mantle

tle
ed man
deplet

0.1
Rb Th Ba U Nb La* Ta P Ce* Sr Pr* Nd* Ti Sm* Eu* Hf Gd* Zr Tb* Dy* Ho* Er* Tm* Yb* Lu* Y* TREY

incompatible to compatible compatible to incompatible

increasing compatibility decreasing compatibility

Figure 21. (a) Incompatible to compatible multitrace elements diagram Normalized to Primitive Mantle (the inco patibility
sequence: after Zhang, 2014; depletedweaklymoderatelystrongly metasomatism: after La Flche et al., 1998 (Figure
19); modified in this paper) showing plots of the Adang Volcanics, Vulsini Volcanics (leucite phonalite), and Madupitic
lamproite (Leucite-Hills); (b) Plots of the Adang Volcanics, Group I (Madupitic lamproite, Leucite-Hills), Group II (Virunga
Volcanics: Nyiragongo, East African Rift system) and Group III (Vulsini Volcanics: leucite phonalite, Roman-Italy).

Conclusion and Suggestion diagrams, is that the Adang Volcanics consist of

(ultra) potassic to sodic rocks of predominantly
The main conclusion of this study, involv- trachytic composition, that were formed by minor
ing petrographic and geochemical analyses, the partial melting (<0.1 % by volume) which has
results of which have been plotted on a series of been enriched DMM (Depleted MORB Mantle)

211
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 3 December 2016: 195-214
of garnet-lherzolite composition. Metasomatic
processes accompanying silicate melting caused
the strong enrichment in Na, K, Zr, and REEs
(with a geochemistry signature of (Hf/Sm)PM
> 1.23). The magmatism that gave rise to the
Adang volcanic complex took place during a
within-plate rifting event. The presence of both
potassic and sodic volcanic rocks possibly indi-
cates magma was generated from more than one
mantle reservoir.
It would be of great interest to carry out a
comparative study on the ultrapotassic leucite/
pseudoleucite-bearing volcanics from Gunung
Muria and Bawean Island (Central Java) with
the aim to establish whether or not those rocks
were formed by similar processes as the Adang
Volcanics and in a similar tectonic setting. It is
further recommend to carry out U/P zircon dat-
ing on a suite of representative samples from the
Adang Volcanics in order to better constrain the
age of this unit, including the temporal relation-
ship between the potassic and sodic series.
Acknowledgements
The authors express their gratitude to Dr. Nur-
chayo Indro Basuki (ITB) for petrographic ad-
vise and useful discussions pertaining to leucite/
pseudoleucite, Dr. Ade Kadarusman for valuable
input regarding the partial melting of mantle, Dr.
rer. nat. Arifudin Idrus (UGM) for his help and
support in writing this manuscript, and Theo Van
Leeuwen for his constructive review.
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