Abstract

Increasing energy costs and climate change regulation have provoked efforts to
increase energy efficiency in university buildings. Moreover, now environmental
performance of the university directly affects to the government grant allocation, thereby
it is important that the universitys energy consumption is reduced effectively. Therefore,
this master thesis has the aim to analyse energy use at the campus University Park, Coates
Building, which provides both educational and social facilities for students and office staff
offered.

Electricity consumption data collected by web-based Energy Monitoring System

(MeterRing MM Pro-X) from Estate Office recording data energy consumption every 30 min.
Historical electricity monthly data was analysed in order to identify how building have been
performed past 4 years. In addition, the building consumption was compared with similar
building in University Park by total building consumption and was contrasted against
recognised benchmarks found in the literature.

In order to identify how building is used, operated and managed on a daily basis,
information about the electrical appliances was obtained through site visits as well as small
interviews was conducted with office staff. This analysis was performed on the hourly
electrical demand data to identify key trends and patterns of energy use. Results shows
that occupancy ..

In order to identify why large amount of energy are consumed in non-working hours
such as Christmas and Easter holiday, the bottom-up approach was applied. This method
is effective when there is not enough of sufficient data for end users. This approach helps
to build up more precise overview by estimating the energy performance of individual
systems, such as office equipment and lighting systems. Results shows that .

In addition building specification surveys, and comprehensive building classification

was carried out in order to identify efficiency of electricity performance in relation to energy
benchmarks. Results shows that Cafeteria is good

Finally, possible solutions is proposed to enhance the electrical system performance

such as //-//-//.
Contents

Acknowledgements
Contents
Figure, Tables and Equations Index
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
2 Background of Coates building
3 Aims and Objectives
4 Project Planning
5 Literature review
6 Methodology
7 Limitations
8 Historical electrical energy consumption for Coates building
Building services description
9 Analysis of power consumption
9.1 Lighting
9.2 Office equipment
9.3
9.4
10 Analysis and discussion
11 Cost estimation
12 Benchmarking according CIBSE Energy Performance

13

9.2
9.3
10
11 Conclusion
12 Further Work Recommendations
References
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix

Figure, Tables and Equations Index

Abbreviations
HEIs

BEES

Building and Energy Management System (BEMS)

BS Building Services

BEAU Building Environment Analysis Unit

1. Introduction

The University of Nottingham is working hard to reduce energy consumption, increase

efficiencies, use more renewable energy sources and reduce its carbon footprint. In order
to achieve this, they set themselves in ambitious carbon reduction targets in their Carbon
Management Plan as reducing carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) to 2020 (EstataOffice,
2016). Moreover, it is becoming more important as today grant allocation of government
directly relates to environmental performance and it is significant that university energy
consumption is decreased.

The Coates building, a picture Figure 1, was constructed in the 1970, for use by the
Schools of Engineering (Chemical and Environmental, Civil, Electric and Electronic,
Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing) and also it has large research offices and other
University facilities. This building proposes a good instance of first green building that
energy crisis of the 1970s has triggered where offices tend to have large windows and
natural ventilation with fluorescent lights and mechanical ventilation system (Franklin,
2016). The area of the building is approximately 8981m2. The building has five floors and
three distinct zones. Level A, B and C has 2794.56m2, 2940m2, and 2824.88m2
respectively and D floor 422m2. The Ring Road End (West) and Campus End (East) zones
contains cellular offices and meeting rooms which make up large proportion of the building,
also several lecture theatres and two large computer rooms . In the central zone, A floor
include catering store and coffee bar requiring good day lighting and natural ventilating
(Appendix 1). B floor accommodate offices, computer and meeting rooms (Appendix 2),
whereas C floor have several cellular offices, large seminar rooms, research offices and
computer rooms 9 (Appendix 3). D floor accommodates only central zone of the building
with plant facilities and open offices for Additive Manufacturing Research. It seems that
this small construction was added later (Appendix 4). Whereas, ground floor corresponds
to plant facilities where the main switchboards and other systems are located. The
entrance for the ground floor can be achieved through elevator in the central zone and
from the outside Entrance 1.

Figure 1: Coates building, The University of Nottingham

Also, it represents about 213 meters long building, which is connected to ESLC and
Laboratory 2 in the central zone and the beginning of East zone connected to Pope building,
and Laboratory 3. In the central zone of the building located stairs which is main entrance,
enclosed in glass. Additionally, it has other four entrance from the East and West zones.
Most recently Ring Road End (West) zones of A, B and C floor refurbished in 2016, now
the building provides more office rooms. Details of the refurbishment can be found at the
Appendix 3. Information on the building designs and the building services installation was
obtained from the original design and contract document wherever possible. Additional
data were obtained through site visits, discussions with the Estate Office management
personnel.

The purpose of this thesis is firstly, to determine how building is used, operated and
managed on a daily basis, thereby find the correlation between the electricity consumption
and occupancy rates of Coates building. Second, to identify why large amount of energy
are consumed in non-working hours and in Christmas and Easter holiday. To examine that
the bottom-up approach was applied with estimation the energy performance of individual
systems, such as office equipment and lighting systems. Third, to analyse the effectiveness
of energy performance of Coates building in relation to energy benchmarks. Finally, there
will be a possible improvements for energy savings, and future opportunities for energy
conservations will be outlined.

2. Background of Coates building

The Estate Office of the University of
Nottingham is responsible for the energy
management and development and
implementation of the Universitys
environmental, energy and sustainability policies.
For the present study Estate Office provided
access to the Building and Energy Management
System (BEMS) and web-based Energy
Monitoring System.
Electricity of all buildings of the University
of Nottingham is provided from the local
electricity utility at 11.000 Volts to a central main
ring. The transformers provide Low Voltage (LV)
power to whole blocks of buildings located in the
site. Every office block has own main incomer
where energy is distributed to different sources.
The electric energy consumption of Coates
building is broken down between three
transformers which distribute the electricity to
three zones of the building and also have three
sub-meters respectively. East and West of the A
floor, and B, C and D floor have the feeding from
the FS11 Coates Building Riser 1, and Riser 2.
Then Cafeteria in the A floor have own riser as
FS 9 Cafeteria (Figure 2).
Main challenges during data collection
was establising the breakdown of different users
due to only three submeters installed in the
building. To overcome this, this reseach will
attempt to estimate electrcity use of each end-
user.

Figure 2. Web-based Energy Remote Monitoring (ERM)

3. Aims and Objectives

Aim 1: Perform a detailed electrical energy consumption of Coates building in order

to investigate the relationship between the electrical energy consumption and user
activities.

Objectives 1:
- Identify the consumption for three building sub meters: Incomer 1, Incomer 2
and Cafeteria.
- Analyse energy use efficiency of the sub meters.
- Conduct interviews with key management personnel and office staff to identify
key trends and patterns in energy use.
- Understand the how building is used, operated and managed
- Identify opportunities to reduce unnecessary use of energy.

Aim 2: Identify electrical energy consumption trends for non-working hours and
Christmas/Easter holidays through measured electrical consumption

Objectives 2:
- Perform detailed energy graph for Easter and Christmas holiday
- Find out electricity consumption for each end users located in the building
- Apply bottom up approach Estimation the energy performance of individual
systems.

Aim 3: Compare the measured building electricity consumption against

benchmarks and performance predicted at the design stage

Objectives 3:
-Perform benchmarking and compare it with overall electrical performance
-Gather and analyse all the information given in energy benchmarking
methodologies identifying effectiveness electricity performance
-Gather data for similar buildings and contras their performance.

Aim 4: Identify opportunities for energy saving and propose recommendations of

energy savings for Coates building in terms of economy, energy consumed and
emissions released to the environment.

Objectives 4:
-Collect data about alternative solutions, and propose systems that have possibility
to lessen the electricity consumption
-Offer possible solutions to increase the electrical system performance
-Give further recommendations for future studies of energy usage in Coates
building.
4. Project Planning

5. Literature review
Despite the fact that the number of sustainable buildings are growing every year,
building still signifies a big percentage of energy consumption in comparison with other
sectors. Commercial buildings, particularly, office and university buildings are on the top
of highest energy consumption (DEEC, 2012). Key energy consumption characteristics for
commercial buildings, in particular higher education institutions (HEIs) in the UK examined.
Generally, UK represents electricity consumption for several categories by end-uses. We
focused on average office building energy consumption. As it can be seen from the Figure
3 major consumption falls into lighting (33%), whereas cooling & ventilation system
(21%), heating (20%) and Computing (15%) have approximately same amount of
electricity consumption (Carbon Trust and Action Energy 2014).

Figure 3. Average electricity consumption in UK office buildings.

(Ward, et al., 2008) research indicate that energy consumption of UK universities has
been on the increase, growing the use 2.7% above comparing with the 2001 energy
consumption level with 2007 . Therefore, for the University of Nottingham, it is important
to ensure that its buildings perform efficiently in terms of energy consumption. Despite
the fact that University of Nottingham (UoN) electricity consumption last year was down
3.4% and the size of the buildings increased by 1.4% (Annual Energy Report 2015/16), it
does not mean that they perform efficiently. This is because, electricity (4000-4500kW
per day) is consumed even during holidays such as Christmas and Easter break, when the
universitys buildings are fully closed.
Despite that new technologies are increasing to achieve the desired reduction in energy
consumption, (DEEC, 2012) report shows other approach of energy conservation for office
buildings from the perspective of user behaviour. An on-site survey of existing office and
university buildings conducted by (Arens, et al., 2005), (Lindelof & Nicolas, 2006),
(Mahdavi, et al., 2008) researches defined the possibility for energy saving by improving
the energy users behaviour patterns.
(Arens, et al., 2005) shows that 3M company's headquarters in Minnesota achieved
26% electrical energy savings by just asking office workers to shut off all office devices,
lights, lab equipment etc. not in use during peak price periods. As a result they can achieve
significant results as electrical consumption dropped from 15 MW to 13MW in 15 min, and
later to 11MW over 2 hours period.
(Masoso & Grobler, 2010), (Webber, et al., 2006) analyse electricity consumption
during non-working hours, and revealed that more than fifty percent of total building
electricity consumption are wasted due to poor behavioural factor. For example, just 96%
of monitors connected to computers were not found in the low power and 6% of desktop
computers entered low power mode.
 Moreover, Gul and Patidar (2014) analysed the relationship between energy
consumption and users in the university building and revealed that building is mostly
controlled by Universitys Estates and Facilities Management where users does not have
access to the controls. Therefore, in order to achieve overall energy reduction it is
important to identify sources of errors and develop these predictions.
However, in the research (Dubois & Blomsterberg, 2011) disclosed that barriers such
as controlling switch-off light behaviour at night can be difficult due to allowance to
extended office hours.
Overall, it can be suggested that analysis of energy consumption in commercial
buildings can be problematic because of the variance of activities (for e.g. as laboratories,
cafes, offices and seminar rooms) takes place. However, there are well-known
methodologies to understand the reasons for excessive energy consumption of university
building, leading to solutions for increasing energy efficiency. Hence, the next section will
describe general methodology for analysing data derived from meters.

6. Methodology
The main component of electricity supply system - Distribution Board located in
plant room of Coates building on the ground floor Appendix 5. This equipment divides an
electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits and provide a protective fuse. In particular,
it distributes electricity to the Main Incomer Riser 1 and Riser 2. The electric diagram
shows the structure of electricity in Coates building where these Main Two Risers have 5
sub risers which distributes electricity to the Building Services (BSs) (Appendix
6).Immersion Heater (44)

MAIN INCOMER

Riser 1 Riser 2 Cafeteria

Riser No 1 Riser No 3
Riser No 2 Riser No 4
Lift Riser No 5
Spare DB-C14
C2 isolator

Figure 4:

(Write about immersion heater, cafeteria)

There are three methods of analysis of energy consumption was applied for this
thesis. First, in order to identify the electricity consumption patterns and their connection
with the behaviour that are undertaken within building, it is necessary to find out room
activities. It was acquired through semi structured interviews with the Coates building
manager, caf staff and office staff. The questions of interview (Table 1) was structured
to explain the insight how the building is maintained and used on a daily basis and
recognise issues related to the electricity consumption. Also, sub hourly electricity
consumption data was logged from the MeterRing MM-Pro-x Software and the coverage of
data spans for 2015-2016. The electricity consumption was also broken down between
working days and non-working days. The detailed information will be explained in later
sections.

Table 1: Questions of interview on site visits.

1. How much time do you spend every day in this building?

2. Do you charge your mobile phone here?
3. Do you charge your laptop?
4. Do you switch off your computer while not in use?
5. Do you switch of light while it is not in use?
6. How many times are using microwave, electrical kettle?

Second, it was highly important to determine the breakdown of end users. If there
are several sub-meter are installed for each system, it is not problem. However, Coates
building does not have enough sub-meters. To solve this issue, this research propose to
estimate energy use of each end user in the building, with using bottom up approach.
Analysing power consumption of electrical variables gives opportunity to identify
parameters where power could be saved and therefore, avoid the unnecessary operation.
All information about end-users was acquired from the original design of building wherever
possible. Additional data were obtained through site visits, discussions with the energy
manager of the building.

a) Lighting
b) Office equipment
c) Household (kitchen) appliances
d) Other

For the study, there will be collected major devices used and operated in Coates
building. Devices for the pilot study belong to the following categories: Lighting, Small
power (Office Equipment), Catering. Lighting category includes different types of lighting
systems such as 2D, 3D luminaires, fluorescent luminaires, and spotlights, different types
of light switches, and detectors (daylight sensor, movement detectors, sign suppliers,
neon indicators). All lighting systems types installed in Coates building, their number and
power consumption is in Appendix 7. Small power includes all plug connections in the
building and corresponds to what is known as office equipment distributed around the
building. All kinds of printers, scanners, computers, ovens, refrigerates, water coolers,
coffeemakers, microwaves and their number as well are included in this Appendix 8. All
the remaining plug loads devices such as lifts, fans, elevators other electrical appliances
are in Other category (Appendix 9). The appliances which are difficult to estimate due to
dependency of user activity such as laptops, phone charging etc. are in the Category other.
Plug load meters were installed in some main devices of the building. Plug-in Power meters
have been used to measure the power consumption of devices. This devices display a
range of measurements by pushing an appropriate button, including voltage, wattage,
current draw, and consumption in kiloWattHours. It also has a clock display to tell you
how long the appliance has been connected (Figure 7).
 Also, benchmarking method have been applied for each category of end user and
overall electricity consumption of building. This is a widely used method of comparing
buildings energy performance to similar type of buildings or function, in terms of annual
energy use per unit area. For example, by comparing energy consumption of an office
building with other office buildings, it is possible to draw conclusions regarding how
building is performing. Benchmarking methods requiring information of the building in
terms of type and size, they also need meter readings, floor space and their typical purpose
of use. This information is used further in comparative studies. Benchmarking generally
uses methods such as Good Practice and Typical Practice to provide average
consumption figure as well as a consumption figure, generally indicating the performance
of a modern building (Altan, 2010). However, benchmark standards provide little insight
into how and where a building consumes energy.

7. Limitations.
Majority of data was not available due to lack of sub meters in Coates building. This
created biggest issue in gathering energy use data. Also, it was unclear to identify position
of each distribution systems riser (where which sub meter is responsible for part of
building).

The number of devices might be inaccurate due to some of office rooms were closed,
and the number of electrical appliances was assumed as if it was in other average office
rooms. Moreover, site visit has been carried out only in 24 th, 29th, 30th of July, 4th, 8th and
18th of August day and night for two week. This may not give enough and accurate
information how building is used in other terms of year. In addition there are several types
of computers, so power consumption may vary accordingly.

8. Historical electrical energy consumption of Coates Building

Figure 5 shows the changes in electricity consumption in Coates building from
2013-2016. Performance of electricity use is indicated in kWh/year. It can be seen that,
Coates building electricity consumption trends have not changed significantly over these
years ranging between 82000-90000 kWh a year. Figure 5 highlights that different month
have very similar patterns on electrical consumption with exception 2016. This is important
aspect to be noted in this figure, that the consumption of electricity was levelled off without
any big fluctuation throughout the year in comparison with other years. It might be due
to lighting types was changed for more efficient ones in 2016 as a result of refurbishment
processing C floor.

Moreover, on comparing total consumption across different months, it can be

clearly seen that there are considerably higher values between February-April than in
summer months May-August. This could be due to teaching activities are in the process in
February-April and most students are in campus than summer term. This difference might
also be because of weather temperatures, when May and July have brighter and warmer
days. Whereas, Figure 6 gives detailed information about how much electricity was
consumed in each sub meter (Incomer 1, Incomer 2 or Cafeteria) throughout these years.
Incomer 1 and Incomer 2 electricity consumption are changing considerably through years,
whereas Cafeteria performance are in the same level.
 From Figure 5, it can be
100000 observed that the
90000 maximum total loads
occurred in 2014 overall,
80000
in particular between
70000 March and in the middle
60000
of May. The reason for
2013 large consumption in
kWh

50000 January-April might be

2014
40000 because of issue with
2015 heaters which was
30000
happened in to 2014,
2016
20000 when people used
10000 heaters in their offices.

Month

Figure 5: Historical electricity consumption

In addition the Immersion Heater might be used, which also add consumption for building
performance. The past weather events from 2013 to 2016 was checked also, however
significant storms was not specified.

Overall, in comparison
Historical energy consumption of Coates building with 2013s consumption
450000
821331 kWh/year with
400000 2016, this number grew
350000 only for approximately
300000
834520 kWh/year. It can
be assumed that Coates
250000 building consumed
kWH

200000 almost same amount of

150000
energy to serve greater
amount of BSs.
100000

50000

0
Cafeteria Riser 1 Riser 2
2013 95896.344 370154.976 367295.963
2014 93574.795 410158.01 403376.752
2015 92526.904 376464.011 379868.231
2016 90256.017 364780.923 379483.074

Figure 6. Historical electricity consumption by each incomer

 140.00
123.14
120.00

100.00 93.31
83.57
76.58
80.00
kWh

58.65
60.00

40.00
24.96
20.00

0.00
Sir Clive Law and Social Pope Building Humanities Computer Coates
Granger sciences building Science

Figure 7: Electrical energy consumption 2016/2017.

However, in comparison with other building, Coates building (Figure 7) performs not
efficient. This is because, Sir Clive Granger, Law and Social Sciences and Pope Building
have approximately similar design and activity and also was built in the same year as
Coates building (1965-1970), but their electricity consumption are low than Coates
building. On the other hand, Computer science building is the highest energy consuming
building, but this office block was built in 1999 with consideration of electricity saving
approaches. Additionally, Humanity building have been taken into consideration as well,
as this building is one of sustainable buildings of the University of Nottingham, their
performance shows a great example of energy saving opportunities. On average, Coates
building performance in terms of comparison with other buildings leave much to be desired.

In Ward et al. (2008) explored the trends on HEIs energy consumption, where
universities of UK was classified according to their age. It reflects that building use and
stock have direct and indirect impact for the energy consumption, thereby in this
categorisation of HEIs, Coates building can fall into Plate-Glass universities(because the
building was constructed in the 1960s, where extensive use of steel and concrete frame
and wide areas of plate glass glazing were applied). However, the University of Nottingham
itself is allocated as Redbrick University. In these two categories the electricity annual
EUI is 157.9 kW/m2 and 111.7 kWh/m2 respectively. In this comparison, Coates building
performs reasonably efficient.
8.1 Building Services Description and Results

According to the first method, there were site survey during day and night time.
As a result, the majority of questions were asked from office workers and research staff
(PhD), as they are main users of the building. In addition during site visits, there were
students from PG courses as well, which were using computer rooms of Coates building.
This indicates that students also constitutes a major proportion of users.

According to visits, it was recognised that generally office workers (academic staff
and administrative staff) spend time between 8:30 -17:30, they also stated that their time
can vary, they may stay till 18:30-19:00 depending on their work. Whereas PhD students
in C floor, and D floor indicates that the average of time spent in the building starts
between 9:00-11:00 for them. This is because due to flexibility, and time *****. In
addition they can spend the night in research office. They states that their stay could be
variable every day depending on their research process and how their work takes them
around the campus. It could be any time from 19:00 in the evening till 4:00 in the morning.

Other part of questions can give information about what kind of electrical
appliances are used by users. The number of appliances was recorded during site visit for
the purpose of calculation (Appendix *). It was found that approximately all office and
research staff members use an electric kettle, coffee maker, and table lamp at the
workplace as well as microwave ovens and water heaters in the kitchenette. Also, a half
of individual office staff members exploit laptop at the workplace, and a negligible number
of respondents say that they charge their tablets and phones in the building occasionally.
It is important to indicate that these last activities might happen at night as well, when
PhD student are in the building, which also adds small electrical consumption. Additionally,
approximately all individual office members switch off their lights and PC while they leaves
their office. In addition, due to inefficiency of heating system in Coates building, some
staff use radiators and electric heaters in their office. Finally, photocopying and printing
also one of the main activities in Coates.

The key information obtained from answers of office and research staff is follows:
normal working hours at Coates building starts from 7:00 to 18:30 from Monday to Friday
for most office staff with access to lighting controls, a personal computer and they share
printers and photocopiers in the corridor. In addition during the summer terms office
rooms are ventilated mechanically with desk fans. There are several 1-4 kitchenette rooms
in every floor for staff containing a microwave oven, water heater, a fridge, water cooler
and electric kettle. One of the kitchen room have big aquarium, which is connected for
electrical supply and turned on all time. There is limited access from 18:00 in weekdays,
and on Saturday and Sunday. However PG students and Research staff have access for
the building for every time of day. The building is alarmed and secured after midnight.
The non-working hours use of the building mainly relates to computer rooms on the C19,
C20 for students as well as research offices in C3-C7, D2-D4.

It was told that the cleaning staff comes from 7 am and leaves the building at 3pm.
Daily activities include vacuum cleaning of common areas such as corridors, social area,
stairs and toilets in the morning. Teaching rooms and office spaces cleaned once a week.

There are four air ventilation units attached on the ceiling of computer rooms.
These ventilations are most likely operates constantly in order to protect computers from
overheating.

Also, lifts are used hardly in Coates building due to staff tend to walk up stairs,
and they just operated by cleaning staff in the morning.
 Main activities happening in the caf was collected from the catering staff. The caf
opens from 8 am to 04:00 pm from Monday to Friday. The facilities such as fridge ad
freezer are switched on constantly. However other appliances such as coffee machine,
display fridge, electric till, soup kettle and 3 turbofan are switched off and working just
with time indicated above.

The lecture theatres are fitted with video-connected technology containing

interactive touchscreen displays. These devices are heavily applied during term time.
There is a possibility that teachers may leave projectors bulb turned on after the last
lecture of the day, because potentially PCs can be switched off, but control panel which
turns off the projectors may left on occasionally (information from the cleaning staff).
Office staff may not notice this.

It is also important to indicate that all lights in WC rooms and stairs are switched
on all day and night. Also some lecture and computer rooms lights are usually left on as
students do not tend to switch them off. Moreover, lights might be used more in the winter
because the sunset times are different in this season. In addition, it was interesting to find
out that the lights in computer rooms C19, C21 do not have automotive light switch.

Taking into consideration all these activities happening in Coates, next chapter
gives, the detailed average electricity consumption profile. First, Figure 8 shows overall
electricity consumption in Coates building between January-December, 2016. Generally,
it can be seen maximum electricity consumption is happening in February and November,
whereas June has minimum consumption. It can be also noticed that there is higher
variation of electricity consumption in the 2 nd term (January, March, April) in comparison
with 1st terms months (September, October).

78000 76510
76000 74259
74000
71612
72000 71238 71238
69044 68628 68995
70000
kWh

67321
68000 66860
66000 64260 64555
64000
62000
60000
58000

Figure 8: Monthly electricity consumption of Coates building

 Whereas, Figure 9 and 10 shows electricity consumption patterns from Monday to Sunday.

Weekly consumption profile 2016-2017 Cafeteria

3000
400
2500 350
300
2000
kWh

250

kWh
1500 200
1000 150
100
500
50
0 0

Monday-Sunday Monday Sunday

Figure 9: Riser 1, Riser 2 electricity Figure 10: Cafeteria electricity

Consumption (Monday-Sunday) consumption (Monday-Sunday)

From these we may conclude that from Monday and Friday, approximately
2500kWh are consumed in working days, whereas about 1500 kWh are consumed in non-
working days. Based on the research Firth et al. (2013) the base electricity consumption
include continuous appliances which have to remain switched on all the time: such as
detectors, computer servers, refrigerators etc. But electricity consumed by active
appliances (e.g. lights, kettles, computers, printers, photocopiers, microwave ovens) and
standby appliances (e.g. computers and printers) is flexible consumption, because these
kinds of electric equipment and appliances can be switched on/off at any time, depending
on the behaviour of users.
However, it can be observed that electrical consumption in Saturday and Sunday,
where there are no office room workers and activities, we can see that the amount of
energy does not change significantly, except Cafeteria. It means that active appliances
gives 60% of electricity consumption, other 40% cannot be for continuous appliances. This
means that considerable amount of energy wasted. Here, a point that need to be noted,
that identified activities of the building does not match actual variation of electricity
consumption.
Therefore based on Figure 11, 12 and 13 we can show average daily profile at
hourly levels to explore the differences in the

Incomer 2 January
Incomer 1 January
80 80
70 March March
70
60 July 60 July
50 December 50
kWh

KwH

40 40 Decemb
30 er
30
20 20
10 10
0 0
1:00
3:00
5:00
7:00
9:00
11:00
13:00
15:00
17:00
19:00
21:00
23:00

1:00
3:00
5:00
7:00
9:00
11:00
13:00
15:00
17:00
19:00
21:00
23:00

TIME time
 January
30 Cafeteria
March
25 July
20 December

KwH
15

10

0
1:00
3:00
5:00
7:00
9:00
11:00
13:00
15:00
17:00
19:00
21:00
23:00
Figure 13: Cafeteria average daily profile

electrical consumption due to the influence of human activities and correlate them with
questionnaire results. This analysis is carried out each hour point of the day.
Figures 11, 12 and 13 show four graphs for January, March, October, and December
for incomers 1, 2 and Cafeteria. There only days from Monday till Friday have been used,
in order to make the analysis more accurate in terms of analysis of behavioural factor. We
can see that generally these four different graphs have almost similar patterns at similar
times.
On comparing average consumption between 7:20am-15:30pm across different
month, it can be clearly seen that there is considerably higher values in this range, it can
be because of the heavy usage of the building, when teaching activities are in the start of
the day and office staff are in workplace. However, this range is decreasing in July and
December due to most of students and staff are away from campus, and students are
preparing for exams in other buildings as library and postgraduate centres. Also, start of
the day in every month are almost similar, since the all active equipment and devices in
the building start to turn on (lights, computers in the office).
However, between 00:30-05:00 and 18:30-23:30, it can be seen that, the amount
of electricity consumption are fluctuating. This variation could be that users of the building
are not switching off the all electricity devices, some of them might be on all night. This
also effects to the efficient energy use of the building. The same patterns are employed
for other months of 2016 year, which is shown in Appendix *.

Incomer 1 Incomer 2
40
40
35
35
30
30
kWh

25 January 25 January
kWh

20 20 March
March
15 15 July
July
10 10 December
December 5
5
0 0
1:00
3:00
5:00
7:00
9:00
11:00
13:00
15:00
17:00
19:00
21:00
23:00
1:00
3:00
5:00
7:00
9:00
11:00
13:00
15:00
17:00
19:00
21:00
23:00

Figure 14: Average non-working profile Figure 15: Average non-working profile
 6 Cafe
5
4

kWh
3 January

2 March
1 July
0 October

1:00
3:00
5:00
7:00
9:00
11:00
13:00
15:00
17:00
19:00
21:00
23:00
TIME
Figure 16: Cafeteria non-working profile.

In order to identify electricity consumption profile for non-working hours, Figure

14, 15 and 16 was created for Sunday and Saturday to January, March, July and December
months. According to questionnaire, research staff indicated that, they sometimes come
to office room on weekends to work as well, and remains in office till evening, thereby this
behaviours match the Figure 14 and Figure 15 as electricity consumption increases at
11am and 12 am. Whereas lowest electricity consumption is shown between 05:00-07:00.
However, it is not clear that consumption remains quite high even in night, with no room
activities. Also, there is important aspect to notice that electricity consumption in July
(24:00-6:00) is higher than January. This does not correspond to the fact that most
research staff in July are away from university. Therefore, it is clear that room activities
does not have significant impact on the electrical consumption, which remain quite high.
Whereas Cafeteria non-working profile trends fluctuated slightly throughout day but in
general remained steady. However, Julys electricity consumption is increased at 11am-
15pm. It can be due to immersion heater working in summer time.

9. Analysis of power consumption of end-users in Coates

building
Plug-in Power meters have been used to measure the power consumption of
devices. This devices display a range of measurements by pushing an appropriate button,
including voltage, wattage, current draw, and consumption in kiloWattHours. It also has a
clock display to tell you how long the appliance has been connected.

9.1 Lighting
This section estimated energy consumption of lights using a bottom-up analysis,
as described previously, the produced estimates were derived from new primary data
sheet Periodic Electrical Testing 2015 where drawn lighting plans. For this building there
are different types of luminaires installed to satisfy the illumination requirements of each
room. The lighting of office rooms runs from 08:30 to 17:30, the rest of the time out of
that range the office stays with their lights off. Whereas, corridors, lectures and computer
rooms of the building has 24 hours access, also have manual light management.

As this building was constructed in 1960s, the types of lights was changed several
times. For example, during recent refurbishment works in C floor, the traditional 28W
lights, was replaced for energy efficient 24W LED luminaires. Also, during the interview
with energy manager of Coates building, it was found out, that some part of the building
still uses traditional electric lamps that may add considerable consumption for the
electricity. There also several types of detectors sensors (daylight and motion), which
also consume energy to some extent. The power consumption of these electrical
appliances have been included as well. Appendix 10 gives detailed information about types
of sensors, types of lights and other end users as well.

As mentioned above, Coates building has two transformers, which also divided into
five risers. This thesis calculated every riser respectively. Possible average running hours
for lights taken according to site visits survey, and also from documents and information
provided from Estate Office. To be precise, Table 2 was created to give overall information
about light types in Coates building, and how they operate and maintained during day and
night time. It is important to indicate that time for running hours cannot be exact as lights
operation depends on human behaviour. In order to convert electric power in (W) to
energy in kilowatt-hour (kWh) E(kWh)=P(w)*t(hr)/1000 was applied (Appendix *). This
method will be applied for the next three chapters.

Table 2: Types of Lights in Coates building

Lights type Location Average

working
hours/day
1 Square 2D Luminaire 28W Lecture rooms, and computer 12 hours
rooms, and kitchenette, office
rooms
2 Round 2D Luminaires 28W Corridors in office room area 10 hours
(large)
3 Round 2D Luminaires 18W Corridors in Cafeteria 10 hours
4 600x600 Recessed fitting 4*18W Lecture theatres, and 12 hours
computer rooms
5 1 Tube Linear Fluorescent 28W Storage, and printer rooms 11 hours
Luminaire
6 2 Tube Linear Fluorescent 28W*2 Office rooms 11 hours
Luminaire
7 Low Energy Uplight 18W Stairs 24 hours
8 50w TH Track Light 28W Cafeteria, corridors in C floor 8 hours

As a result, the average energy consumed per day is approximately 774,516kWh.

There are on the 365 days per year, hence the total kWh consumption for the overall year,
is approximately 282,698 kWh, which is approximately 23,558 kWh per month.
 4%, 4%
Lighting 6% 16%
7%

11%
15%

9%
32%

Square 2D Luminaire Round 2D Luminaires (l)

600x600 Recessed fitting 1 Tube Linear Fluorescent Luminaire
2 Tube Linear Fluorescent Luminaire Low Energy Uplight
50w TH Track Light PIR/PEC Detector (daylight sensor)

Figure 18: Lights types electricity consumption of Coates building

As it can be seen in Figure 18, highest electricity consumption comes from Recessed
fitting (32%) and Square 2D Luminaire (16%) which established in seminar and computer
rooms. While 1 and 2 tube linear fluorescent luminaire (9% and 15%), which mostly
located in office rooms have second highest consumption in Coates. Also from the
light Round 2D luminaires fitted in corridors presents only on average 11% of light
consumption. This can prove efficiency of automated lights overall. Whereas low energy
up lights, Detectors and Track lights has 7%, 4% and 4% electricity consumption
respectively.

Table 3: After-hours survey results.

Date Time
- 10th of August 2017 23:10 Students were found in the C19, while C20s lights
was switched on despite there were not any
students. A01, B2 research offices lights was
switched on as well.
Lights is the toilet room and stairs are switched on.
-11th of August 2017 22:00 Research offices A01, C5-C7, C19, C20, D floors
lights switched on. However B2 rooms lights
turned off.
-12th of August 2017 03:00 Lights of C19, C20, C5-C7 research offices, and
additionally Cafeteria lights are switched on as well.
-18th of August 2017 00:30 Lights of A01, C19, and C20 switched on again.

According to the table 3, it can be proven that lights with high consumption, which
established in seminar rooms in C19, C20, and C5-C7, A01 are switched on all night. In
addition to give more detailed evidence, in survey day 18th of August, lights in rooms C19,
C20 and A01 was switched off at 12:30 at night in order to check whether sub meter
readings will change or not. As a result, Table 4, presents that meter reading of Coates
building drops slightly.
 Table 4: Sub meter readings for 18th August, 2017.

Date- C20 room 00:30 01:00 01:30 02:00 02:30 03:00 03:30 04:00 04:30 05:00
17-Aug-17 20 18 20 17 18 20 18 19 18 20
18-Aug-17 18 17 16 16 17 17 18 17 17 20
19-Aug-17 18 19 19 20 16 18 18 18 19 16
Date C19, A01 00:30 01:00 01:30 02:00 02:30 03:00 03:30 04:00 04:30 05:00
17-Aug-17 17 16 16 16 15 17 15 17 16 17
18-Aug-17 16 15 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 17
19-Aug-17 15 17 15 18 13 16 16 15 16 14
Taking into consideration all these aspects, it was reasonable to suggest that lights
can be major consumer in Coates building.

9.2 Office Equipment

For the purpose of this study, power consumption of office building are
characterised. Plug load data observed for approximately three weeks, measuring the
instantaneous power and the energy consumed during given periods and compare results
with benchmarks.

-Printer (C19): From 10th of August -16th of August 2017(154 hour)

-PC+Monitor+Phone (B99): 19th of July 26th of July 2017 (169 hour)

Office equipments electricity consumption was calculated according to discussed

methodology with application of these metered data. Figure 19 shows, total average
electricity usage of main office appliances such as Computer, Printer and Office fans and
lamps, and projectors in lecture rooms for one year.

Office equipments Desktop + Computer Monitor+

Phone
3% 1%
Printer 1

office fans

office lamps

radiator
96%
projectors

Figure 19: Electricity consumption of Office Equipment

Figure 19 indicates that Computers and Printers are sharing electricity consumption
with 96% and 3% respectively. Whereas Projector consume only 1% of total power usage.
Other end-users does not consume much electricity.

Results of the monitoring and their appropriate benchmarks [D. Menezes et al.
(2012)]are shown in Table 5. The daily and weekly power consumption monitored Printer
in C20 has a little high consumption than benchmark. While, PC+Monitors+Phone in B99
and Computers in C19 has lower power consumption than the benchmark, but obviously
this consumption is dependent of user behaviour.
 Table 5: Monitoring results and benchmarks for office equipment.

Printer PC+Monitor+phone PC+Monitor (C19)

Monitor Benchmar Monitor Benchmar Monitor Benchmar
ed king ed king ed king
Electricity Weekly 13.75 13.25 3.97 4.02 3.25 4.01
consumption
[kWh]
Standby- Weekly 33.75 29.9 84 90.8 1.4 2.6
mode [W]

9.3 Catering
The following Plug Load data analysis was performed for main catering staff
electrical appliances.

-Coffee machine and Kettle: From 10th of August -15th of August 2017(120 hour)

-Water cooler: 10th of August 15th of August 2017 (120 hour)

The next categories of electrical appliances used by office staff in Coates building
are household appliances such microwave, kettles, coffee machine and water heaters etc.
Figure 20 demonstrate electricity consumption distribution by type of electrical
applications for major catering staff. Accordingly, Water heater takes the highest
proportion of electricity usage (58%) of building. Whereas Fridge the second highest
proportion (24%) of energy consumption and the electricity consumption of other catering
appliances such as Kettle (10%) and Microwave (4%) are also responsible for minor
proportion, finally Coffee Machine and Water fill Machine have lowest proportion of
electricity consumption at 2%. It is highly important to indicate that this estimation
includes only catering equipment in individual and research offices and kitchenette.
Cafeteria electricity consumption located in the A floor have not been included as cafeteria
has own sub meter. Later section shows overall results for catering service including
cafeteria.

CATERING
Microwave Coffee machine Kettle
Fridge 1 Waterfill machine Water heater

4% 2%
10%

58% 24%

2%

Figure 20: Electricity consumption of Catering in offices

9.4 Other
All possible plug-load devices whose energy is not usually accounted, they are portable,
whose number and power consumption
350 are unknown, such as laptops, phone
cleaning charging and other devices. The average
1628.16 power consumption for phones and
laptops have been derived from
unaccounta (Sustainability, 2015) report. Therefore,
ble
Figure 21 shows possible electricity
aquarium
consumption for cleaning operation of
12584
offices (12584 kWh/year), portable
devices (1628.16kWh/year) and
aquarium (350 kWh) in the kitchenette.

Figure 21: Electricity consumption of Other category.

9.5 Heating pumps

The pumps installed in Coates Building are controlled by the building management
system (BMS). There are five pumps installed which transfer the hot/chilled water from
the thermal storage buffers to the end-use service, i.e. Domestic Hot Water. There are six
pumps located in Coates building, first two pumps control water heating in Telford
Exhibition Centre, other two pumps control water heating system of Laboratory 2
(Appendix *), finally further two pumps control West and East part of the Cotes building.
In order to calculate amount of energy consumed by them, the power consumption of
pumps and their possible working hours have been into consideration. The Appendix *
represents possible electricity consumption for Coates building. Overall, heating pumps of
Coates building consume * kWh in one year.

Immersion heaters. The IH is a 30Kw electric water heater device, which connected to
main incomer and acts as backup water heater for heating pump boilers. The IH are called
off in summer period.

Table 6: Heating pumps and immersion heater

Pump
Heating Pump Pump Pump Pump Pump immersion
2
system (west) (east) 1Telford 1 L2 2 L2 heater
Telford

Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Watts
consumed 2200 2200 3000 3000 3000 3000 2300
days/year 110 110 110 110 110 110 110
hours 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
total 1210 1210 1650 1650 1650 1650 1265
Results and discussion
The section 9 estimated power consumption for each end user, and this
corresponds to the electricity consumption trends which indicated in Summary of Energy
Consumption Survey (CBECS, 2014). For example, in a commercial buildings of UK about
21% of total electricity consumption from lighting, 19% is mechanical ventilation, 16% for
electrical appliances, and other 6% for catering. In the case of Coates building largest
share of the electricity consumption at 43% (233,775 kWh/year) falls into Lights, followed
by Office equipment at 23% (128,958 kWh/year) and Catering accounts 31% of total
electricity consumption of building (Figure 22). Whereas Heating pumps and Immersion
heaters accounts

Estimated electricity consumtion of Coates

building
Coates building

3%
lighting Estimated Actual
Consumption consumption

31%
43% office
equipment

559, 704 kWh 834,520kWh

catering
10%
23%
other
Difference
274,816 kWh
33%

Figure 22: Estimated electricity consumption

measured data Figure 23: Difference between actual and
of Coates building .

However, there is a gap between measured and actual energy consumption, Figure 23
highlights that a significant amount electricity energy (33%) has not been calculated. As
mentioned in Limitation, that the data available for calculating these vales could not be
accurate. If we include these several facts in Limitation and consider that assessed value
has uncertainty in estimates about 10%, the difference will be 25% from actual electricity
consumption. There is a question, where this 26.25% (503, 737 kWh) are consumed.
There are several predictions for this question.

(Menezes, et al., 2012) discussed the existence of gap between predicted and
actual energy consumption, thereby post occupancy evaluation have been applied. This
study highlighted the need for better understanding occupancy behaviour in office
buildings (not only when they arrive and or leave). In the case of Coates building, it can
be suggested that variations in the behaviour of occupants can be inaccurate due to overall
behaviour have been taken into consideration. However, this may not be full explanation
and there may be other reasons for the difference. Research paper (Kragh, et al., 2017)
analysed energy consumption of heating and hot water equipment in domestic buildings
of Germany, Cologne. As a result, they found a significant variation in heating energy
consumption in relation to occupancy hours. This analysed energy consumption data
showed that hot water pumps and hot water boilers consume significant share of electricity
due to control systems have not been commissioned properly. Despite this research
considers only domestic buildings, it might be regarded to office buildings as well.
Therefore, one of the reason for the gap in electricity estimation can be hot water
consumption. One possible explanation for the energy audit gap could be different
computer types, which consume energy differently (Roberson, et al., 2004). Also, the
number of each type of equipment do not necessarily reflect their relative energy intensity.

The most research papers in the analysis of gap between electricity consumption
is related to occupant use; an analysis (Bruhns, 2000) discovered that the relationship
between electricity consumption and occupancy rate in non-domestic buildings in the UK
was poor. This is because of lack of robust methods to collect accurate information about
occupancy range. Therefore, this phenomenon can be major factor for the difference in
the estimation electricity consumption with bottom-up approach.

From section 8 we identified, the major activities and average end-users electricity
consumption are summarised. Increases of electricity during day time can be due to
application of active appliances and standby appliances which are listed in the research
(Firth et al. 2012). The peak occurs between 11:00-15:00 afternoons, when everyone use
catering equipment such as kettle, microwave etc., followed by gentle reduction from
17:30 to 9:00 when the active appliances are out of hours. However the graphs showed
that on average 40% of electricity used even during non-working hours. This trend shows
that decreased occupation do not influence to the consumption profile.

Automated control of lights and

The BMS is therefore a critical component in managing energy demand. Improperly configured BMS that are rigid tend to increase
building energy usage. In a building like the PG centre where all rooms will not be used throughout the day, the strategy for energy efficiency
should be to configure systems such as mechanical ventilation to allow the ventilation to individ-ual rooms to be reduced back to the
minimum set-back rates when not in use. This will save energy in heating and cooling and will also significantly reduce fan power
consumption. One would think that the BMS strategy for the PG centre would be that the ventilation systems are configured and controlled
to enable the system to run at reduced flow rates during times of low occupancy or when the rooms are not being used. This contradicts
the findings of this study where higher electrical consumption was observed when there are no occupants in the rooms and no activities are
being carried out. This implies that the automatic systems are running irrespective of the room occupancy and activity status.

This signposts a huge energy saving potential. If we intuitively consider that not
more that 20% of the electricity to be consumed during night, than means 20% can be
saved.

There are numerous

factors such as controls and operation that could contribute to such a phenomenon. The
intensive uses of electricity despite small number of occupied hours may be for example due
to parasitic loads from equipment or fixed building services being left on during unoccupied
hours (e.g. lighting).

12. Benchmarking according CIBSE -

In order to evaluate how the Coates building performs in terms of electrical energy,
it is necessary to classify the building into its primary uses. A building survey was
conducted to classify the building into the following uses, with the floor space of each room
taken from the floor plans to identify the proportion of the building occupied by each
function.

Lecture theatre (seminar rooms, common rooms, conference room)

Offices type 1 (cellular, naturally ventilated)
Offices type 2 (cellular, naturally ventilated as study rooms, studios)
Library
Computer room
General space (storage rooms, corridors, stairwells)
Facilities (WCs, Showers, Kitchens)
Laboratory
Caf
This classification can now be used to create a benchmark for the energy the building.
This grouping was created in order to implement building usage for existing benchmarks,
shown Figure 2*.

Pie chart representing the relative floor space

occupied by various functions in the Coates

2%6% 8%

30% 34%

5%
15%

lecture theatre 700.41 offices (cellular) 3046.74

offices (open) 1371.87 computer room 394.34
general 2650.66 WC 211.98
caf 533.19

Figure 2: Pie charts representing the relative floor space occupied by various
function in Coates building.

Such classification can be inaccurate due to storage rooms was included to general
floor space, because these types of buildings contain features, and as such, their
benchmarks should account for these. Additionally, the facilities category was added for
open space benchmark. These assumptions may reduce the accuracy of the
benchmarking method, but it shows the overall usage of the building.

Now that building classification and benchmark information have been conformed
for all the buildings, now it can be calculated individual benchmarks for Coates building.
This was calculated by dividing the total electricity consumption of the building type for
overall floor space in each category. This calculation can help to produce the energy
performance which is shown in the Table 1.

Table 6. Benchmark values and Coates Building calculated value.

Benchmarks (kWh/m2/year
 Building category Electricity (good) Electricity (typical) Coates Building
Lecture theatre 67 76 46
Offices (cellular) 33 54 52/39/42
Offices (open) 54 85 85/92/159
Computer room 155 175 142
Cafeteria 200 218 171

Results 1: Lecture theatre

Lecture rooms
80 76
67
70
60 Electricity (good)
kWh/m2/year

50 46

40 Electricity
30 (typical)
20 Coates building
10
0
1

Result 2: Offices (cellular)

Offices (Cellular)
60 54 52
Electricity
50 (good)
42
39 Electricity
kWh/m2/year

40
33 (typical)
30 Coates building
A floor
20
Coates building
10 B floor
Coates building
0 C floor
1

Result 3: Offices (open)

 Offices (open)
180
159
160 Electricity
(good)
140
Electricity
kWh/m2/year

120
(typical)
100 92
85 85
Coates building
80 A floor
54
60
Coates building
40 C floor
20
Coates building
0 D floor
1

Result 4: Computer room

Computer rooms
200 175
155
142
150 Electricity
kWh/m2/year

(good)
100 Electricity
(typical)
50 Coates building

0
1

Result 5: Cafeteria analysis.

As it can be seen from Figure 3, Coates

Caf building performance is compared with
benchmarks shows efficient use of energy.
250 218
200 171.28006 This might be due to cafeteria space have
more open spaces where facilities of caf
KWh/m2/year

200 9
Electricity (good)
150 were not widely used. However, cafeteria
100 category expects well-lit, well-equipped cafes,
Electricity
(typical) which inevitably use more energy. It may also
50
be that the occupancy level can be low, which
0 Coates building
makes building performance low, thus
caf
covering the issues with efficiency.
Axis Title
13. Conclusion

14. Further work recommendations

Recommendations for Lights

1. Installation of automatic lights enable to avoid unnecessary electrical power

wastage in Computer rooms and research offices.
2. The electricity performance of Coates building can be also improved by retrofitting
energy efficient light emitting diodes (LED) instead of the current florescent lights
in Office rooms. As was described above office rooms have second highest
electricity consumption in terms lights in Coates building. For example, if we
consider that lights in C floor West side 207 normal T8-fluorescent lights tubes will
be replaced with same T8 - LED tubes, there is a high potential to save energy.
Coates building use Philips lights, which have price 9 per piece in local market,
while price for LED lamps is 30.98. Considering the time 10 hours a day for lighting
in office rooms, the yearly (265) kWh consumption for 207 fluorescent tubes in
offices will be 15,359 kWh for standard tubes, whereas 12,068 kWh for the LED
tubes. There is nearly 3291 kWh electricity can be saved in one year. A typical
average cost for electricity could be 11p per kWh. With regard to this nearly
36,200 can be saved just by replacing 207 fluorescent lamps in B floor with their
LED equivalents. Initial price for LEDs is three times higher than traditional ones.
However, capital cost estimation of LED tubes 6411, and this cost can be easily
compensated from the LED energy saving benefits in less than one and half year.
Overall, the electricity consumption will reduce to about 20%.
Table 7: Comparison of standard fluorescent tube and LED tube

Model T8-Fluorescent tubes in B T8-LED tubes

floor
Power consumed (W) 28 22
Luminous (lm) 59 100-111
Approximate lifetime 13000 50000
(hours)
Lifetime of bulb 8.9 34,25
(10 hours of day usage in
years)

Considering the lifetime, less power consumption, luminous and cost effectiveness of
LED tubes, it can be reasonable to suggest that retrofitting the existing traditional
lights in offices with LED lights will be highly efficient for Coates building.

3. Use of motion sensors in toilets as well where light can be illuminated based on the
presence of persons

Recommendations for Office Equipment

Recommendations for Catering Service

Overall

Overall the study has highlighted the need for better understanding of occupancy
patterns and behaviour in office buildings. Variations in the electricity consumption of
different tenants occupying the same building have demonstrated that modelling
software would need to account for different occupancy patterns and behaviours if
realistic predictions are to be achieved.

References