ECSS E HB 31 01 - Part6A Thermal Control Surfaces

ECSS-E-HB-31-01 Part 6A
5 December 2011
Space engineering
Thermal design handbook - Part 6:
Thermal Control Surfaces
ECSS Secretariat
ESA-ESTEC
Requirements & Standards Division
Noordwijk, The Netherlands
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
Foreword
ThisHandbookisonedocumentoftheseriesofECSSDocumentsintendedtobeusedassupporting
material for ECSS Standards in space projects and applications. ECSS is a cooperative effort of the
EuropeanSpaceAgency,nationalspaceagenciesandEuropeanindustryassociationsforthepurpose
ofdevelopingandmaintainingcommonstandards.
The material in this Handbook is a collection of data gathered from many projects and technical
journals which provides the reader with description and recommendation on subjects to be
consideredwhenperformingtheworkofThermaldesign.
Thematerialforthesubjectshasbeencollatedfromresearchspanningmanyyears;thereforeasubject
mayhavebeenrevisitedorupdatedbyscienceandindustry.
The material is provided as good background on the subjects of thermal design, the reader is
recommended to research whether a subject has been updated further, since the publication of the
materialcontainedherein.
This handbook has been prepared by ESA TECMT/QR division, reviewed by the ECSS Executive
SecretariatandapprovedbytheECSSTechnicalAuthority.
Disclaimer
ECSSdoesnotprovideanywarrantywhatsoever,whetherexpressed,implied,orstatutory,including,
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Copyright: 2011bytheEuropeanSpaceAgencyforthemembersofECSS
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Table of contents
1 Scope.....................................................................................................................15
2 References ............................................................................................................16
3 Terms, definitions and symbols..........................................................................17

3.1 Terms and definitions ............................................................................................... 17
3.2 Abbreviated terms .................................................................................................... 17
3.3 Symbols....................................................................................................................18
4 General introduction ............................................................................................21
5 Coatings ................................................................................................................23
5.1 General.....................................................................................................................23
5.2 Solar reflectors .........................................................................................................25
5.2.1 Titanium Dioxide-Polymethyl Vinyl Siloxane .............................................. 25
5.2.2 Zinc Oxide-Potassium Silicate.................................................................... 32
5.2.3 Zinc Orthotitanate-Potassium Silicate ........................................................ 52
5.2.4 Zinc Oxide-Methylsilicone......................................................................... 136
5.2.5 Zinc Oxide-Potassium Silicate.................................................................. 163
5.2.6 Silver vacuum deposited on fused Silica .................................................. 196
5.2.7 Silver vacuum deposited on fused Silica with a conductive coating......... 251
5.3 Total reflectors........................................................................................................274
5.3.1 Leafing Aluminium-Silicone ......................................................................274
5.4 Total absorbers ......................................................................................................279
5.4.1 Carbon black-Acrylic resin........................................................................ 279
6 Adhesive tapes ...................................................................................................283

6.1 General...................................................................................................................283
6.1.2 Adhesive properties.................................................................................. 283
6.1.3 Curing of adhesive tapes.......................................................................... 285
6.1.4 General purpose adhesive tapes.............................................................. 286
6.2 Application and handling ........................................................................................298
6.2.1 Application ................................................................................................ 298
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6.2.2 Cleaning ...................................................................................................298
6.2.3 Handling ...................................................................................................299
6.2.4 Repairing ..................................................................................................300
6.3 Degradation............................................................................................................300
6.3.1 Introduction............................................................................................... 300
6.3.2 Terrestrial degradation .............................................................................300
6.3.3 Space degradation ................................................................................... 300
6.3.4 Blistering...................................................................................................304
6.4 Relevant properties of thermal control tapes.......................................................... 307
6.5 Past spatial use ......................................................................................................331
Bibliography...........................................................................................................333
Figures
Figure 4-1: Basic types of thermal control coatings. TR [K] is the equilibrium
temperature of a coated isothermal sphere at 1 AU. From Touloukian,
DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. ............................................................................ 21
Figure 4-2: Range of solar absorptance, s, and hemispherical total emittance, ,
covered by available thermal control coatings. From Touloukian, DeWitt &
Hernicz (1972) [126]. ........................................................................................... 22
Figure 5-1: UV radiation effects on solar absorptance, s, of Thermatrol 2A-100 vs.
exposure time, t. From Breuch (1967) [22]. ......................................................... 28
Figure 5-2: Change in solar absorptance, s, of Thermatrol 2A-100, under various
radiation conditions, vs. exposure time, t. From McCargo et al. (1971) [82]........ 28
Figure 5-3: Normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ', of Thermatrol 2A-100,
measured by two different methods, vs. wavelength, . From Cunnington,
Grammer & Smith (1969) [33].............................................................................. 29
Figure 5-4: Effect of Ultra-Violet Radiation on spectral reflectance, ', of Thermatrol
2A-100 vs. wavelength, . Most of the data, concerning bidirectional
reflectance, are from Rittenhouse & Singletary (1969) [105], while dashed
line and dotted line, normal-hemispherical reflectance, are from
Cunnington, Grammer & Smith (1969) [33]. ........................................................ 30
Figure 5-5: Variation of solar absorptance, s, with thickness, tc. From Stevens (1971)
[120].....................................................................................................................36
Figure 5-6: Estimated changes in the solar absorptance, s, of Z-93 during the total
mission profile for a near-Earth orbit. From McCargo, Spradley, Greenberg
& McDonald (1971) [82].......................................................................................45
Figure 5-7: Normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ', of Z-93 vs. wavelength, .
All data are from Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126] except solid
and dashed lines which are from Cunnington, Grammer & Smith (1969)
[33].......................................................................................................................47
Figure 5-8: Effect of Ultra-Violet Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ', of Z-93 vs. wavelength, . Data points are from Touloukian,
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DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126], while smooth curves are from Cunnington,
Grammer & Smith (1969) [33].............................................................................. 49
Figure 5-9: Effect of Proton Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ',
of Z-93 vs. wavelength, . From Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. ..... 50
Figure 5-10: Hemispherical total emittance, , of Zinc Orthotitanate-Potassium Silicate
Coatings vs. temperature, T. : SSR pigment,> phosphated. From Keyte
(1975) [70]. : MOX pigment,> YB-71. From Harada & Wilkes (1979) [58].
: YB-71.> AESC. From Ahern & Karperos (1983) [4]........................................ 60
Figure 5-11: Solar absorptance, s, of YB-71 vs. thickness, tc. : From Harada &
Wilkes (1979) [58]. : From measurements on 16 panels by AESC.
Scatter is due to tc variation. From Ahern & Karperos (1983) [4]......................... 60
Figure 5-12: Solar absorptance, s, of Zinc Orthotitanate-Potassium Silicate coating vs.
incidence angle, . SSR pigment, phosphated. From Keyte (1975) [70]. ............ 63
Figure 5-13: Solar absorptance, s, of several YB-71 coatings vs. exposure time, t, as
deduced from data of various spacecraft in geosynchronous orbits.
Numbers corresponds to sample designations.................................................... 74
Figure 5-14: Normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ', of Zinc Orthotinanate-
Potassium Silicate coatings vs. wavelength, . ................................................... 76
reflectance, ', of Zinc Orthotitanate- Potassium Silicate coatings vs.
wavelength, . ......................................................................................................78
Figure 5-16: Effect of Protons Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance,
', of Zinc Orthotitanate-Potassium Silicate coatings vs. wavelength, .
From Gilligan & Zerlaut (1971) [46]. .................................................................... 79
Figure 5-17: Hemispherical total emittance, , of S-13 G coating vs. temperature, T. 2 x
10-4 m thick coating on molybdenum substrate. From Spisz & Jack (1971)
[119].....................................................................................................................85
Figure 5-18: Hemispherical total emittance, , of S-13 and S-13 G coatings vs.
exposure time, t, at 1-Sun level and 395 K. From Cunnington, Grammer &
Smith (1969) [33]. Equal symbols correspond to the same sample. :>
Sample 27; :> Sample 43; :> Sample 28; :> Sample 44. ......................... 87
Figure 5-19: Variation of solar absorptance, s, of S-13 coating with coating thickness, t
c . :> Nominal composition. Sprayed on primed surface. Air dryed. T =
298 K. (Designation in the ref.: 119 to 127). :> ZnO in silicone binder. T =
298 K. (Designation in the ref.: 29, 30). From Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz
(1972) [126]. ........................................................................................................89
Figure 5-20: Solar absorptance, s, of S-13 G coating vs. incidence angle, . From
Keyte (1975) [70]. ................................................................................................90
Figure 5-21: Change in solar absorptance, s, of S-13 and S-13 G coatings due to
Protons and Alpha Particles Radiation vs. integrated flux, n. .............................. 94
Figure 5-22: Change in solar absorptance, s, of S-13 G coating due to Electrons
Radiation vs. integrated flux, n. Data taken in situ. Compiled by Bourrieau,
Paillous & Romer (1976) [21]............................................................................... 96
Figure 5-23: Changes in solar absorptance of S-13 and S-13 G coatings. OSO III
experiment. From Millard (1969) [84]................................................................... 98
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Figure 5-24: Change in solar absorptance, s, of S-13 coatings vs. flight time in ESH
as measured in orbital flight. Prepared by the compiler after Touloukian,
DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. ............................................................................ 99
Figure 5-25: Change in solar absorptance, s, of S-13 G coating vs. flight time in ESH
as measured in orbital flight. Prepared by the compiler after Touloukian,
DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. .......................................................................... 100
Figure 5-26: Position on the sample holder of the samples 1 and 2, for irradiation and
measurement. From Paillous (1976) [96]. ......................................................... 104
Figure 5-27: Solar absorptance, s, of S-13 G/LO coating vs. flight time,............................ 105
Figure 5-28: Variation of absorptance to emittance ratio, /, of S-13 coating vs. flight
time. Prepared by the compiler after Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972)
and Triolo (1973) [126] ...................................................................................... 106
Figure 5-29: Variation of absorptance to emittance ratio, /, of S-13 G coating vs. flight
time. Prepared by the compiler after Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972)
[126]...................................................................................................................107
Figure 5-30: Normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ', of S-13 coating vs.
wavelength, l, for five different values of P-VC. G.E. LTV-602 binder. From
Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. ...................................................... 108
Figure 5-31: Effect of Ultra-violet Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ', of S-13 coating vs. wavelength, . LTV-602 silicone binder.
Two different pigment-binder ratios (PBR). From Touloukian, DeWitt &
Hernicz (1972) [126]. ......................................................................................... 109
reflectance, ', of S-13 coating vs. wavelength, . Several binders and
PBRs. From Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. .................................. 110
reflectance, ', of S-13 coating vs. wavelength, . From Touloukian, DeWitt
& Hernicz (1972) [126]....................................................................................... 111
reflectance, ', of S-13 coating vs. wavelength, . From Zerlaut, Rogers &
Noble (1969) [144]. Drawn from Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. ... 112
reflectance, ', of S-13 G coating vs. wavelength, . Two different pigment
treatment processes. From Zerlaut, Rogers & Noble (1969) [144]. Drawn
from Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. .............................................. 113
reflectance, ', of S-13 G coating vs. wavelength, . Sweated pigment.
Two different solvent systems. From Zerlaut, Rogers & Noble (1969) [144].
Drawn from Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. ................................... 114
reflectance, ', of S-13 G coating vs. wavelength, . Two different pigment
treatment processes. Owens-Illinois 650 binder. From Zerlaut, Rogers &
Noble (1969) [144]. Drawn from Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. ... 115
reflectance, ', of S-13 G coating vs. wavelength, . Pigment was sifted
prior to wet grinding. Paint grind time 3 h. From Zerlaut, Rogers & Noble
(1969) [144]. Drawn from Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]............... 116
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reflectance, ', of S-13 G coating vs. wavelength, . Silicated pigment with
five mechanical perturbations. From Zerlaut, Rogers & Noble (1969) [144].
reflectance, ', of S-13 G coating vs. wavelength, . Plasma annealed and
potassium silicate treated pigment. From Gilligan & Zerlaut (1971) [46]. .......... 118
Figure 5-41: Protons exposure effects on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance,
', of S-13 coating vs. wavelength, . LTV-602 silicone binder. From
Gillette, Brown, Seiler & Sheldon (1966) [54]. Drawn from Touloukian,
DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. .......................................................................... 120
Figure 5-42: Protons exposure effects on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance,
', of S-13 G coating vs. wavelength, . Plasma annealed and potassium
silicate treated pigment. From Gilligan & Zerlaut (1971) [46]. ........................... 121
Figure 5-43: Electrons exposure effects on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance,
', of S-13 G coating vs. wavelength, . Radiation intensity 20 keV.
Recovery after exposure. From Fogdall, Cannaday & Brown (1970) [43].
', of S-13 G coating vs. wavelength, . Radiation intensity 80 keV.
Recovery after exposure. From Fogdall, Cannaday & Brown (1970) [43].
', of GSFC, 101-7 coating vs. wavelength, . Radiation intensity 20 keV.
Different integrated fluxes. 101-7 is a coating, similar to S-13 G, developed
by NASA Goddard. From Fogdall, Cannaday Brown (1970) [43]. Drawn
Different integrated fluxes. 101-7 is a coating, similar to S-13 G, developed
by NASA Goddard. From Fogdall, Cannaday & Brown (1970) [43]. Drawn
Recovery after exposure. 101-7 is a coating, similar to S-13 G, developed
by NASA Goddard. From Fogdall, Cannaday & Brown (1970) [43]. Drawn
Recovery after exposure. 101-7 is a coating, similar to S-13 G, developed
by NASA Goddard. From Fogdall, Cannaday Brown (1970) [43]. Drawn
Figure 5-49: Effect of Combined Exposure on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ', of S-13 G coating vs. wavelength, . Plasma annealed and
potassium silicate treated pigment. From Gilligan & Zerlaut (1971) [46]. .......... 130
Figure 5-50: Effect of Combined Exposure, simulating up to three years in
geosynchronous orbit, on normal- hemispherical spectral reflectance, ', of
S-13 G/LO coating vs. wavelength, . From Paillous (1976) [96]. ..................... 131
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Figure 5-51: Effect of O2 bleaching, after Combined Exposure, on normal-hemispherical
spectral reflectance, ', of S-13 G/LO coating vs. wavelength, . Curves of
and are those shown in Figure 5-19. From Paillous (1976)
[96]. ....................................................................................................................132
geosynchronous orbit, on normal- hemispherical spectral reflectance, ', of
S-13 G/LO coating vs. wavelength, . Curves of and are
those shown in Figure 5-50. From Paillous (1976) [96]. .................................... 133
Figure 5-53: Change in normal-hemispherical spectral absorptance, ', of PSG 120
coating, due to Ultra-Violet Radiation, vs. exposure time, t. Wavelength, =
0,46x106 m. From Simon (1974) [118].............................................................. 140
Figure 5-54: Change in normal-hemispherical spectral absorptance, ', of PSG 120
coating, due to Ultra-Violet Radiation, vs. exposure time, t. Wavelength, =
2,5x106 m. Shaded zone in a is enlarged in b. See Explanation in the
caption of Figure 5-53. From Simon (1974) [118]............................................. 141
Figure 5-55: Change in solar absorptance, s, of PSG 120 coating, due to UV
radiation, vs. exposure time, t. Shaded zone in a is enlarged in b. From
Simon (1974) [118]. ...........................................................................................142
Figure 5-56: Estimated change in solar absorptance, s, of PSG 120 vs. time, t. From
Paillous (1976) [96]. : From Guillaumon & Guillin (1981) [52]........................ 148
Figure 5-57: Bidirectional total radiation intensity of reflected flux, i'', vs. cone angle, ',
for several values of the cone angle of the incident flux, . PSG 120
coating. Incident and reflected fluxes are coplanar. i'' is measured by the
response of a photocell attached to a photogoniometer. From ASTRAL
(1976)a [6]. ........................................................................................................148
reflectance, ', of PSG 120 coating vs. wavelength, . Thick line: Before
irradiation. p<1,3x105 Pa. T = 348 K. Thin line: After irradiation.
p<1,3x105 Pa. T = 348 K. A Sun level. t = 212 ESH. From Simon (1973)
[117]...................................................................................................................149
Figure 5-59: Effect of Protons radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance,
', of PSG 120 coating vs. wavelength, . Radiation intensity 45 keV.
See Explanation in the caption of Figure 5-61. From Paillous, Amat, Marco
& Panabiere (1977) [97].....................................................................................150
See Explanation in the caption of Figure 5-61. From Paillous, Amat, Marco
& Panabiere (1977) [97].....................................................................................151
From Paillous, Amat, Marco & Panabiere (1977) [97]. ...................................... 151
Figure 5-62: Effect of Electrons Radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ', of PSG 120 coating vs. wavelength, . Radiation intensity
40 keV. See Explanation in the caption of Figure 5-63. From Paillous,
Amat, Marco & Panabiere (1977) [97]. .............................................................. 153
80 keV. From Paillous, Amat, Marco & Panabiere (1977) [97]. ......................... 153
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210 keV. From Paillous, Amat, Marco & Panabiere (1977) [97]. ....................... 154
Figure 5-65: Change in normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ', of PSG 120
coating, due to particulate irradiation, vs. penetration range, Xd.
Wavelength, = 2,05x106 m. From Bourrieau (1978) [19]. .............................. 157
geosyncronous orbit, on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ', of
PSG 120 coating vs. wavelength, . From Paillous (1976) [96]......................... 157
Figure 5-67: Effect of O2 bleaching, after Combined Exposure, on normal-
hemispherical spectral reflectance, ', of PSG 120 coating vs. wavelength,
. Curves and are those shown in Figure 5-66. From
Paillous (1976) [96]............................................................................................ 158
Figure 5-68: Change in normal-hemispherical spectral absorptance, ', of PSZ 184
coating, due to UV Radiation, vs. exposure time, t. Wavelength, =
0,46x106 m. See Explanation in the caption of Figure 5-69. From Simon
(1974) [118]. ......................................................................................................166
Figure 5-69: Change in normal-hemispherical spectral absorptance, ', of PSZ 184
coating, due to UV Radiation, vs. exposure time, t. Wavelength, =
2,5x106 m. From Simon (1974) [118]................................................................ 167
Figure 5-70: Change in solar absorptance, s, of PSZ 184 coating, due to UV
Radiation, vs. exposure time, t. Shaded zone in a is enlarged in b. From
Simon (1974) [118]. ...........................................................................................168
Figure 5-71: Estimated change in solar absorptance, s, of PSZ 184 vs. time, t. From
Paillous (1976) [96]............................................................................................ 173
reflectance, ', of PSZ 184 coating vs. wavelength, . Thick line: Before
irradiation. p<1,3x105 Pa. Thin line: After irradiation. p<1,3x105 Pa. 1 Sun
level. Neither sample temperature nor exposure time are given. From
Simon (1974) [118]. ...........................................................................................174
', of PSZ 184 coating vs. wavelength, . a Coating on P 131 primer. b
Coating on silicated primer. Radiation intensity 45 keV. See Explanation
in the caption of Figure 5-74. From Paillous, Amat, Marco & Panabiere
(1977) [97]. ........................................................................................................175
', of PSZ 184 coating, on silicated primer, vs. wavelength, . Radiation
intensity 75 keV. From Paillous, Amat, Marco & Panabiere (1977) [97]. ........ 176
', of PSZ 184 coating, on silicated primer, vs. wavelength, . Radiation
intensity 150 keV. From Paillous, Amat, Marco & Panabiere (1977) [97]. ...... 177
reflectance, ', of PSZ 184 coating, on silicated primer, vs. wavelength, .
Radiation intensity 40 keV. From Paillous, Amat, Marco & Panabiere
(1977) [97]. ........................................................................................................178
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(1977) [97]. ........................................................................................................179
(1977) [97]. ........................................................................................................180
geosynchronous orbit, on normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ', of
PSZ 184 coating, vs. wavelength, . From Paillous (1976) [96]. ....................... 181
Figure 5-80: Effect of O2 bleaching, after Combined Exposure, on normal-
hemispherical spectral reflectance, ', of PSZ 184 coating, vs. wavelength,
. Curves and are those shown in Figure 5-79. From
Paillous (1976) [96]............................................................................................ 182
Figure 5-81: Solar absorptance, s, of PCBZ coating vs. UV Radiation exposure time, t.
From Guillaumon (1982) [48].............................................................................189
Figure 5-82: Normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ', of PCBZ coating, sample
A, vs. wavelength, . Effect of Ultra-Violet radiation. ......................................... 192
Figure 5-83: Normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ', of PCBZ coating, sample
C, vs. wavelength, . Effect of Ultra-Violet radiation.......................................... 193
Figure 5-84: Hemispherical total emittance, , of OCLI Type SI-100 Thermal Control
Mirrors as a function of temperature, T . :> From Breuch (1967) [22].
:> From Marshall & Breuch (1968) [80]. :> From Cunnington, Grammer &
Smith (1969) [33]. Uncertainty limits are from Marshall & Breuch (1968)
[80].....................................................................................................................201
Figure 5-85: Solar absorptance, s, of OCLI Type SI-100 Thermal Control Mirrors vs.
incidence angle, . The full lines in a correspond to the analytical
geometries sketched in b. Circles are from solar reflectance
measurements, and the dotted line is based on flight temperatures of the
NEMS radiator. From Stultz (1976) [123]. ......................................................... 203
Figure 5-86: Change in solar absorptance, s, of OCLI Type SI-100 Thermal Control
Mirror vs. incidence angle, , as deduced from data of COMSTAR D-1, D-2
and D-3 satellites. The envelopes contain all the data points. :>
Integrated sphere spectroreflectometer measurements made on a single
mirror. From Hyman (1981) [62]. .......................................................................204
Mirrors vs. exposure time, t. ..............................................................................207
Figure 5-88: Solar absorptance, s, of OSR Fused Silica Mirrors vs. orbital time, t, as
deduced from data of NavStar 5........................................................................ 215
exposure time, t, as deduced from data of COMSTAR D-1, D-2 and D-3
satellites. : Derived from> temperature telemetry. :
Corrected to> normal solar incidence. ............................................................... 220
exposure time, t, as deduced from data of SCATHA spacecraft. ...................... 223
Mirrors vs. exposure time, t, as deduced from data of HELIOS-A and B
spacecraft. .........................................................................................................227
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Figure 5-92: Summery data on the change in solar absorptance, s, of OCLI Type SI-
100 Thermal Control Mirrors vs. exposure time, t.............................................. 229
Figure 5-93: Normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ', of OCLI Type SI-100
Thermal Control Mirrors vs. wavelength, . From Cunnington, Grammer &
Smith (1969) [33]. ..............................................................................................230
Figure 5-94: Effect of Ultra-Violet radiation on normal-hemispherical spectral
reflectance, ', of OCLI Type SI-100 Thermal Control Mirrors vs.
wavelength, . From Cunnington, Grammer & Smith (1969) [33]...................... 231
Figure 5-95: Effect of Combined Exposure, simulating up to seven years in
OCLI Type SI-100 Thermal Control Mirrors vs. wavelength, . a Bonded
sample. b Sample fastened bare. From Paillous (1975) [95]............................. 240
Figure 5-96: Effect of Combined Exposure, simulating up to seven years in
OCLI Type SI-100 Thermal Control Mirrors vs. wavelength, . Sample
fastened bare. From Paillous (1975) [95]. ......................................................... 241
Figure 5-97: Solar absorptance, s, of OCLI Type CC-SSM vs. incidence angle, .
Circles are calculated values. From Winkler & Stampfl (1975) [139]................. 255
Figure 5-98: Estimated change in solar absorptance, s, of OCLI Type CC-SSM vs.
exposure time, t. The tests simulate geosynchronous orbit exposure of the
Orbital Test Satellite (OTS) equatorial faces. ....................................................256
Figure 5-99: Change in solar absorptance, s, of OCLI Type CC-SSM vs. exposure
time, t. The insert shows the changes in s which suddenly results when
ultra-violet exposure, at 16 Suns, begins........................................................... 258
Figure 5-100: Solar absorptance, s, of OCLI Type CC-SSM vs. exposure time, t as
deduced from data of SCATHA spacecraft........................................................ 260
Figure 5-101: Change in solar absorptance, s, of OCLI Type CC-SSM vs. exposure
time, t as deduced from data of HELIOS-A and B spacecraft. Line of circles:
First HELIOS-A orbit. Simplified model of data analysis.................................... 261
Figure 5-102: Summary on the change in solar absorptance, s, of OCLI Type CC-
SSM vs. exposure time, t. The estimated values of the initial solar
absorptance, so, are shown near each curve. .................................................. 262
OCLI Type CC-SSMs vs. wavelength, . From Paillous (1976) [96]. ................ 263
Figure 5-104: a. Electrical resistance, R, of six CC-SSM samples as a function of
temperature, T. b shows the two alternative configurations of the electrical
contacts set for performing the measurements. From Joslin & Kan (1975)
[67].....................................................................................................................264
Figure 5-105: a. Sheet electrical resistance, R, of three OCLI Type CC-SSMs vs. time
in simulated geosynchronous orbit, t. b. Configuration of the electrical
contacts and position of the mirrors on the sample holder for irradiation and
measurements. From Paillous (1976) [96]......................................................... 269
Figure 5-106: Normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ', of Fuller 172A1, vs.
wavelength, . From Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. ..................... 277
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Figure 5-107: Normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ', of Fuller 172A1, exposed
to gamma radiation, vs. wavelength, . From Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz
(1972) [126]. ......................................................................................................278
Figure 5-108: Normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ', of Kemacryl M49BC12,
vs. wavelength, . From Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz (1972) [126]. ............... 281
Figure 5-109: Normal-hemispherical spectral reflectance, ', of Kemacryl M49BC12,
exposed to gamma radiation, vs. wavelength, . Points of white circles are
those represented in Figure 5-108. From Touloukian, DeWitt & Hernicz
(1972) [126]. ......................................................................................................282
Figure 6-1: Peel force, probe tack and rolling ball tack, F, as functions of resin
concentration, c, for a rubber adhesive on a polyethylene terephthalate
(polyester) film. ..................................................................................................284
Figure 6-2: Peel adhesion, F/w, measured at 393 K as a function of curing temperature,
T. Rubber based adhesive. From Toyama & Ito (1974) [127]............................ 285
Figure 6-3: Space degradation of second surface mirrors based on 1,27x104 m thick
FEP Teflon. All data are from Triolo (1973) [128] except those
corresponding to IMP-I which are from Hoffman (1973) [61]. ............................ 303
Figure 6-4: Sketch of a blistering tape. From Brown & Merschel (1970) [23]....................... 304
Figure 6-5: Solar absorptance, s, vs. total hemispherical emittance, , of several
thermal control tapes. ........................................................................................307
Tables
Table 5-1: Ultra-Violet Radiation Effects on Spectral Absorptance of Thermatrol 2A-
100.......................................................................................................................27
Table 5-2: Solar Absorptance of Zinc Oxide-Potassium Silicate Paint................................... 34
Table 5-3: Ultra-Violet Radiation Effects on Spectral Absorptance of Zinc Oxide-
Potasium Silicate Paint ........................................................................................ 36
Table 5-4: Ultra-Violet Radiation Effects on Solar Absorptance of Zinc Oxide-Potassium
Silicate Paint ........................................................................................................43
Table 5-5: Literature Search for Thermal radiation Properties of ZOT Coatin ....................... 55
Table 5-6: Solar Absorptance of Zinc Orthotitanate-Potassium Silicate Coatingsa ................ 61
Table 5-7: Ultra-Violet Radiation Effects on Solar Absorptance of Zinc Orthotitanate-
Potassium Silicate Coatingsa ...............................................................................63
Table 5-8: Hemispherical Total Emittance of S-13 and S-13 G Coating ................................ 85
Table 5-9: Ultra-Violet Radiation Effects on Hemispherical Total Emittance of S-13 and
S-13 G Coating .................................................................................................... 86
Table 5-10: Normal Total Emittance of S-13 G and S-13 G-LO Coatings.............................. 88
Table 5-11: Ultra-violet radiation effects on spectral absorptance of S-13 coating
(samples 27 & 28)................................................................................................90
Table 5-12: Ultra-Violet Radiation Effects on Solar Absorptance of S-13 and S-13 G
Coatings...............................................................................................................93
Table 5-13: Combined Exposure Effects on Solar Absorptance of S-13 G/LO Coating ...... 102
Table 5-14: Outgassing Characteristics of PSG 120 Coating .............................................. 138
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Table 5-15: Protons Radiation Effects Solar Absorptance of PSG 120 Coating .................. 144
Table 5-16: Electrons Radiation Effects on Solar Absorptance of PSG 120 Coating .......... 145
Table 5-17: Combined Exposure Effects on Solar Absorptance of PSG120 Coating .......... 146
Table 5-18: Application of the Degradation Model to PSG 120 Coating .............................. 156
Table 5-19: Test Conditions Simulating up to Three Years in Geosynchronous Orbit......... 159
Table 5-20: Hemispherical Total Emittance, , and Solar Absorptance, s, of PSZ 184...... 165
Table 5-21: Protons Radiation Effects on Solar Absorptance of PSZ 184 Coating.............. 169
Table 5-22: Electrons Radiation Effects on Solar Absorptance of PSZ 184 Coating ........... 170
Table 5-23: Combined Exposure Effects on Solar Absorptance of PSZ 184 Coating.......... 171
Table 5-24: Outgassing Characteristics of PCB Z Coating .................................................. 187
Table 5-25: Ultra-Violet Radiation Effects on Solar Absorptance of PCBZ Coating............. 189
Table 5-26: Charging Tests with PCBZ Coating .................................................................. 194
Table 5-27: Candidate Adhesives for OSR Fused Silica Application ................................... 198
Table 5-28: Ultra-Violet Radiation Effects on Spectral Absorptance of OCLI Type SI-
100 Thermal Control Mirrors ..............................................................................205
Table 5-29: Test Conditions Simulating up to Seven Years in Geosynchronous Orbit........... 232
Table 5-30: Combined Exposure Effects of Reflectance of OCLI Type SI-100. Thermal
Control Mirrors. ..................................................................................................234
Table 5-31: Charging-Arcing Tests with OCLI Type SI-100 Thermal Control Mirrors .......... 243
Table 5-32: Normal Total Emittance, ', and Solar Absorptance, s, of Several OCLI
Type Thermal Control Mirrors ............................................................................255
Table 5-33: Effects of Simulated Geosynchronous Orbit Exposure on Solar
Absorptance of OCLI Type CC-SSM ................................................................. 257
Table 5-34: Protons (Electrons) Only Exposure Effects on Sheet Resistance of
OCLISolar Cell Cover Slides ............................................................................. 265
Table 5-35: Protons (Electrons) Only Exposure Effects on Resistance of Conductive
Coated Fused Silica...........................................................................................266
Table 5-36: Change in the Specific Electrical Cross Resistance, c, of OCLI Type CC-
SSMs by Outgassing Silastic Materials .............................................................268
Table 5-37: Charging Tests with OCLI Type CC-SSMs ....................................................... 271
Table 5-38: Hemispherical Total Emittance and Solar Absorptance of Leafing
Aluminium-Silicone ............................................................................................275
Table 5-39: Hemispherical Total Emittance and Solar Absorptance of Carbon Black-
Acrylic Resin ......................................................................................................280
Table 6-1: Thermosetting Cure Cycles and Useful Temperature Range of Several
MYSTIK Adhesive Tapes................................................................................... 286
Table 6-2: Properties of Double-Faced Adhesive Tapesa .................................................... 287
Table 6-3: Properties of Unsupported Adhesive Tapes a ..................................................... 296
Table 6-4: Several Solvents of the Adhesives...................................................................... 299
Table 6-5: Rubbing Degradation of the Optical Properties of Aluminized Films .................. 299
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Table 6-6: Thermal radiation Properties of Second Surface Silver-Teflon (1,27x10-4 m
thick) ..................................................................................................................301
Table 6-7: Exposure Conditions of Silver-Teflon on IMP-I Spacecraft ................................. 304
Table 6-8: Blistering Temperatures of Tapes Applied to an Aluminium Substrate a............. 305
Table 6-9: Properties of First Surface Metallized Tapes a .................................................... 308
Table 6-10: Properties of Second Surface Metallized Tapes a ............................................. 314
Table 6-11: Properties of Clear Tapes a ...............................................................................324
Table 6-12: Mass-Area Ratio of Several Foils and Tapes.................................................... 328
Table 6-13: Characteristics of Low-Outgassing Tapes a ...................................................... 329
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1
Scope
This Part 6 of the spacecraft thermal control and design data handbooks, provides information on
coatingsonspacecraftsforthepurposesofthermalandthermoopticalregulation.
Properties of pigmented and contact coatings, are described and are classified according to their
thermalradiationcharacteristics.
Also included in this Part are the properties and characteristics of foils and tapes with particular
emphasisontheiradhesivecharacteristics;thesearenotclassifiedaccordingtotheirthermalradiation
properties.
InadditiontothedataprovidedinthisPart,informationonaluminiumcoatingscanbefoundinPart
5.2:Compositematerials.
TheThermaldesignhandbookispublishedin16Parts
ECSSEHB3101Part1 ThermaldesignhandbookPart1:Viewfactors
ECSSEHB3101Part2 ThermaldesignhandbookPart2:Holes,GroovesandCavities
ECSSEHB3101Part3 ThermaldesignhandbookPart3:SpacecraftSurfaceTemperature
ECSSEHB3101Part4 ThermaldesignhandbookPart4:ConductiveHeatTransfer
ECSSEHB3101Part5 ThermaldesignhandbookPart5:StructuralMaterials:Metallicand
Composite
ECSSEHB3101Part6 ThermaldesignhandbookPart6:ThermalControlSurfaces
ECSSEHB3101Part7 ThermaldesignhandbookPart7:Insulations
ECSSEHB3101Part8 ThermaldesignhandbookPart8:HeatPipes
ECSSEHB3101Part9 ThermaldesignhandbookPart9:Radiators
ECSSEHB3101Part10 ThermaldesignhandbookPart10:PhaseChangeCapacitors
ECSSEHB3101Part11 ThermaldesignhandbookPart11:ElectricalHeating
ECSSEHB3101Part12 ThermaldesignhandbookPart12:Louvers
ECSSEHB3101Part13 ThermaldesignhandbookPart13:FluidLoops
ECSSEHB3101Part14 ThermaldesignhandbookPart14:CryogenicCooling
ECSSEHB3101Part15 ThermaldesignhandbookPart15:ExistingSatellites
ECSSEHB3101Part16 ThermaldesignhandbookPart16:ThermalProtectionSystem
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2
References
ECSSSST0001 ECSSSystemGlossaryofterms
ECSSEHB3101Part9 ThermaldesignhandbookPart9:Radiators
ECSSEHB3101Part12 ThermaldesignhandbookPart12:Louvers
ECSSEHB3101Part15 ThermaldesignhandbookPart15:ExistingSatellites
AllotherreferencesmadetopublicationsinthisPartarelisted,alphabetically,intheBibliography.
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3
Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions

ForthepurposeofthisStandard,thetermsanddefinitionsgiveninECSSSST0001apply.
3.2 Abbreviated terms

ThefollowingabbreviatedtermsaredefinedandusedwithinthisStandard.
AU astronomicalunit,1AU=1,495x1011m
CC conductivecoated
COP coprecipitation
CVCM collectedvolatilecondensablematerials
ESH equivalentsunhours
EWH equivalent(solar)windhours
GY gray,1GY=1J.kg1
IR infrared
ITO indiumtinoxide
LDEF longdurationexposurefacility
MLI multilayerinsulation
MOX mixedoxalateprocess
OSR opticalsolarreflector
PBR pigmenttobinderratiobyweight
RML remaindermassloss
RMS rootmeansquare
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RTV roomtemperaturevulcanizing
SCATHA spacecraftchargingathighaltitudes
SSM secondsurfacemirror
SSR solidstatereaction
TML totalmassloss
TWL totalweightloss
UV ultraviolet
VCM volatilecondensablematerials

3.3 Symbols
A areaofthesensor,[m2]
C conductivethermalcouplingconstantbetweensensor
andtray,[W.K1]
D irradiationdose,[GY/particle]
F viewfactorfromthesun
F adhesiveforce,[N]
Fa viewfactorforAlbedo
Fsp viewfactorforearthinfraredradiation
K radiativethermalcouplingconstantbetweensensor
andtray,[W.K4]
P earthinfraredradiation,[W.m2]
Q heattransferratethroughsensorinsulationfrom
externalsources,[W]
Qi internaldissipatedpowerorheatload,[W]
R sheetelectricalresistance,[persquare,/square]
S solarflux,[W.m4]
T temperature,[K]
TR equilibriumtemperatureforanisothermalsphereat1
AU,[K]
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Tc trayorsamplehousingtemperature,[K]
Ts equivalentsurroundingtemperature,[K]
Tmax maximumtemperature,[K]
Tmin minimumtemperature,[K]
Xd irradiationpenetrationrange,[kg.m2]
Xu photonabsorptionandscatteringrange,[kg.m2]
a meanAlbedooftheEarth
c specificheatofasample,[J.kg1.K1]
c resinconcentrationinanadhesive
p pressure,[Pa]
t thickness,[m]
tc coatingthickness,[m]
t time,[h]or[ESH]
n numberofexperimentaldatapoints
w width,[m]
hemisphericaltotalabsorptance
p Earthinfraredradiationabsorptance
s solarabsorptance
(,,) directionalhemisphericalspectralabsorptance
anglebetweensurfacenormalanddirectionof
incidentflux,[angulardegrees]
anglebetweensurfacenormalanddirectionof
emitted,reflectedortransmittedflux,[angular
degrees]
hemisphericaltotalemittance
(,) directionaltotalemittance
azimutalangleofincidentflux,[angulardegrees]
azimutalangleofemitted,reflectedortransmitted
flux,[angulardegrees]
wavelength,[m]
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electricalresistivity,[.m]
c specificelectricalcrossresistance,[.m2]
s solarreflectance
sIR solarreflectanceintheinfraredrange
sUV solarreflectanceintheUVrange
sV solarreflectanceinthevisiblerange
(,,) directionalhemisphericalspectralreflectance
StefanBoltzmannconstant,=5,6697x108W.m2.K4
standarddeviation
solidangleofincidentradiationbeam,[steradians]
solidangleofemitted,reflectedortransmitted
radiationbeam,[steradians]
Subscripts
o referstoinitialvalues
f referstoafterexposurevalues
Superscripts
meanvalue
Anglesusedtodefinedirectionalemittance.
Anglesusedtodefinebidirectionalreflectance.
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4
General introduction
Acoatingconsistsofalayer(orlayers)ofanysubstance(s)uponasubstrate.
Opticalcoatingshavebeenusedtocontrolthetemperatureofsatellitessincethefirstsuccessfulorbital
flightin1958.Sincethencoatingmaterialshavebeendevelopedtothepointwherereasonablystable
coatingsareavailable,thatgiveanydesiredvalueofthehemisphericaltotalemittance, ,between0,1
and0,9foranydesiredvalueofthesolarabsorptance,s,between0,1and0,9.
AccordingtoTouloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)[126]threetypesofcoatingscanbeidentified:
1. Pigmentedcoatingswhicharemixturesofapigmentandavehicle.
2. Contactcoatings,formedbylayersofasubstancecoatedonasubstratewithoutchemical
reactionoccurringbetweenthecoatingmaterialandthesubstrate.
3. Conversioncoatingswhicharelayersofcompoundsformedbyachemicalreactionofthe
substratewithanothermaterial.
Figure41,fromTouloukianetal.(1972)[126]isaplotofsolarabsorptance,s,vs.hemisphericaltotal
emittance, .For each rayfrom the origin two values aregiven.The first one, TR, is the equilibrium
temperatureforanisothermalsphereat1AU;thesecondvalueistheratios/.
Figure41:Basictypesofthermalcontrolcoatings.TR[K]istheequilibrium
temperatureofacoatedisothermalsphereat1AU.FromTouloukian,DeWitt&
Hernicz(1972)[126].
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Figure42,fromthesamesource,indicateshowtoobtainthevarioustypesofsurfacesexhibitingthe
characteristicsshowninthepreviousfigure.
Figure42:Rangeofsolarabsorptance,s,andhemisphericaltotalemittance,,
coveredbyavailablethermalcontrolcoatings.FromTouloukian,DeWitt&
Hernicz(1972)[126].
Thebasicrequirementforacoatingtobeusedinspacecraftislongtermspacestabilityforperiodsof
monthsandevenofyears.Thisobjective,however,hasnotyetbeenachievedinmanyinstances.
Theproblemofselectingthespecificcoatingforagiven s/issomewhatcircumventedbytheuseof
mosaicsorcoatingpatterns,normallycombiningwhiteandblackpaints.Nevertheless,thepossibility
of using a single paint should not be lay aside; for example, Triolo (1973) [128] reports that
encouraging results have been obtained by using green paints to take the place of white and black
paintpatterns.
Thisdataitem,whichisintendedtogiveinformationonseveralpigmentedandcontactcoatings,has
two clearly different parts. In the first one data concerning several coating materials are gathered.
Thesecoatingsareclassifiedaccordingtotheirthermalradiationcharacteristics.
Thesecondpartdealswithcoatedfoilsandtapes.Themaincharacteristicofthesecoatingisthatthey
areflexibleandcanbeappliedtoasurfacebymerepressure,althoughadoublefacedadhesivetape
can be used in several case. Since ease of application and removal is the peculiar feature of these
coatings,particularemphasishasbeenplacedontheiradhesivecharacteristics.
Noattempthasbeenmadetoclassifyfoilsandtapesaccordingtotheirthermalradiationproperties.
On the other hand, this classification is by no means obvious in several cases. For example: Series
EmittanceTapesarecoatingswhoseemittanceiscontrolledbythethicknessofaTeflonTypeAfilm,
andtheirsolarabsorptancebyametallicsecondsurface.BychoosingtheproperTeflonthicknessand
the appropriate metal it is possible to specify a thermal control surface within a wide range of s/
values.
Inadditiontothedatacollectedhere,informationconcerningaluminiumcoatingcanbefoundinG,
Clause5.2.
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5
Coatings
5.1 General
The data concerning each coating have been arranged, whenever possible and meaningful, as
indicatedbelow.Whennodataonagivenpropertyareavailablethecorrespondingheadinghasbeen
normallyomitted.
1.COMPOSITION
2.FORMULATION
3.USUALDESIGNATION
4.SUBSTRATE
5.METHODOFAPPLICATION
5.1.Preparationofpaintforapplication
5.2.Preparationofsurfacesforpainting
5.3.Applicationofpaint
5.4.Coatingthickness
5.5.Curingprocess
6.SOLVENTSRESISTANCE
7.PHYSICALPROPERTIES
7.1.Density
7.2.Outgassing
7.3.Thermalradiationproperties
7.3.1.Emittance
7.3.1.1.Hemisphericaltotalemittance
7.3.1.2.Variationofhemisphericaltotalemittancewithcoatingthickness
7.3.1.3.Effectsofthespaceenvironmentonhemisphericaltotalemittance
7.3.1.3.1.Ultravioletradiation
7.3.2.Absorptance
7.3.2.1.Solarabsorptance
7.3.2.2.Variationofsolarabsorptancewithcoatingthickness
7.3.2.3.Variationofsolarabsorptancewithincidenceangle
7.3.2.4.Earthalbedonormalabsorptance
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7.3.2.5.Effectsofspaceenvironmentonabsorptance
7.3.2.5.2.Gammaradiation
7.3.2.5.3.Protonsonlyexposure
7.3.2.5.4.Electronsonlyexposure
7.3.2.5.5.Contamination
7.3.2.5.6.Combinedexposure
7.3.2.6.Effectsofthespaceenvironmentonsolarabsorptancetoemittanceratio
7.3.3.Reflectance
7.3.3.1.Normalhemisphericalspectralreflectance
7.3.3.2.Effectsofthespaceenvironmentonreflectance
7.3.3.2.2.Gammaradiation
7.3.3.2.3.Protonsonlyexposure
7.3.3.2.4.Electronsonlyexposure
7.3.3.2.5.Contamination
7.4.Electricalresistance
7.4.1.Effectsoftemperatureonelectricalresistance
7.4.2.Effectsofthespaceenvironmentonelectricalresistance
7.4.2.1.Ultravioletradiation
7.4.2.2.Gammaradiation
7.4.2.3.Protonsonlyexposure
7.4.2.4.Electronsonlyexposure
7.4.2.5.Contamination
7.4.2.6.Combinedexposure
7.4.3.Charging
8.ENVIRONMENTALBEHAVIOR
8.1.Prelaunch
8.2.Postlaunch
8.2.1.Ascent
8.2.2.Orbital
9.THERMALCYCLING
10.SOURCE
11.COST
12.PASTSPATIALUSE
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5.2 Solar reflectors
5.2.1 Titanium Dioxide-Polymethyl Vinyl Siloxane

1.COMPOSITION
Pigment:TitanoxRaNC,TitaniumPigmentCorp.proprietary,calcinedrutileTiO2,93%TiO2.
Vehicle:DowCorningproprietary,Q92007.33%nonvolatilecontentbyweightafter24hat343K.
FromCunnington,Grammer&Smith(1969)[33],Cunnington(1974)[32].
2.FORMULATION
1:1byweightofpigmentandvehicle(Cunningtonetal.(1969)[33]).
3.USUALDESIGNATION
LMSC/DowCorningThermatrol2A100.
4.SUBSTRATE
Anycleansubstrate,eitherrigidornonrigid(Breuch(1967)[22]).
5.2.Preparationofsurfacesforpainting.Theentiresurfaceisprimedwithonecoatofsiliconeprimer,
DowCorningCorp.A4094orequivalent,toathicknessofapproximately5x106m.Theprimerisair
cured30minminimumpriortoapplicationoftopcoats.
5.3.Applicationofpaint.Byspraytechniques.
5.4. Coating thickness. For internal application, where emittance is of primary interest, a minimum
thickness of 2,54x105 m should be maintained. For external surfaces, where both s and are
important,theminimumthicknessforopacityis0,9x104to1,3x104m.
5.5.Curingprocess.24hminimumatroomtemperatureandnormalpressure,afterfinalcoat.
FromBreuch(1967)[22],Cunnington,Grammer&Smith(1969)[33].
The following data, concerning resistance of elastomeric silicones to chemical attack, have been
reportedbytheproducerofthevehicle.
SolventandFuels(after7datroomtemperature)VolumeVariation(percent)
Acetone.....................................................................................15to25
Carbontetrachloride............................................................above150
Ethylalcohol...............................................................................0to20
Isooctane...............................................................................above150
Xylene...................................................................................above150
Btypefuel............................................................................above150
JP4jetfuel...........................................................................above150
Oils(after70hatT=423K)
ASTMNo.1Oil..........................................................................5to10
ASTMNo.3Oil........................................................................35to60
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HydraulicfluidMil05606(UnivisJ43)............................above150
Oronite8200(silicateester).................................................above150
FromDOWCORNING(1970)[37].
7.1.Density.1500kg.m3aftercuring(Cunningtonetal.(1969)[32]).
7.2.Outgassing.Negligibleaftercoatinghasbeenfullycured(Cunnington,Grammer&Smith(1969)
[33]).
7.3.1.Emittance.
7.3.1.1.Hemisphericaltotalemittance.
T[K] a b
295 0,860,03 0,84
395 0,860,02 0,84

a Determinedcalorimetrically.Chamberpressure:1,33x105Pa.
b Fromspectralreflectancedataintherange2x106to2,5x105mandtheblackbodyfunctioncorrespondingto
thetemperaturequoted.
NOTE FromCunningtonetal.(1969)[33].
7.3.1.3.EffectsoftheSpaceEnvironmentonhemisphericaltotalemittance.
7.3.1.3.1.UltraVioletRadiation.
t[h] 0,25 5 69 117 168 250 360 410 457 486 550
0,87 0,87 0,87 0,85 0,88 0,88 0,87 0,85 0,86 0,85 0,85
DegradingSource:2x107to4x107Xenonlamp,1Sunlevel.
Methodofobtainingdata:Calorimetric.Chamberpressure:1,33x105Pa.
Probetemperature395K.
t,exposuretime.
FromCunningtonetal.(1969)[32].
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7.3.2.Absorptance.
7.3.2.1.SolarAbsorptance.
T[K] s
278 0,160,03a
295 0,150,02b
389 0,160,03a
395 0,180,01b
a FromBreuch(1967)[22].
b FromCunnington,Grammer&Smith(1969)[33].
7.3.2.5.EffectsoftheSpaceEnvironmentonabsorptance.
7.3.2.5.1. Ultra Violet Radiation. Laboratory data concerning the effects of UV radiation on spectral
absorptancearegiveninTable51.Calculatedvaluesofsarealsoincluded.
Table51:UltraVioletRadiationEffectsonSpectralAbsorptanceofThermatrol
2A100.
forXenonLamp
T[K] t[h] Rangeofx107[m] s
24,1 4,16 68,5 8,5 Total
395 0,25 0,70 0,12 0,07 0,13 0,18 0,18

395 5 0,70 0,17 0,07 0,19 0,21 0,21
395 69 0,85 0,25 0,16 0,22 0,29 0,29
395 117 0,85 9,24 0,18 0,26 0,30 0,31
395 168 0,85 0,25 0,18 0,28 0,31 0,32
395 360 0,80 0,24 0,17 0,27 0,29 0,31
395 410 0,85 0,25 0,18 0,26 0,30 0,31
395 457 0,85 0,24 0,18 0,26 0,30 0,31
395 486 0,90 0,25 0,18 0,27 0,31 0,32
395 550 0,90 0,25 0,19 0,27 0,31 0,32
BeforeExposurea 0,69 0,08 0,06 0,07 0,14 0,15
AfterExposurea 0,79 0,27 0,15 0,13 0,24 0,26

a Valuesdeducedfromspectralreflectancedata.
DegradingSource:2x107to4x107Xenonlamp,1Sunlevel.
Methodofobtainingdata:Calorimetricinsituabsorptance.
Chamberpressure:1,33x105Pa.
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FromCunnington,Grammer&Smith(1969)[33].
SimilarlaboratorydataarecomparedwiththosecorrespondingtoorbitalflightinFigure51.
Figure51:UVradiationeffectsonsolarabsorptance,s,ofThermatrol2A100vs.
exposuretime,t.FromBreuch(1967)[22].
Theinfluenceofdifferentradiationconditionsonthedegradationofsolarabsorptanceisrepresented
in Figure 52. It can be deduced from this figure that the intensity of the radiating source does not
affect significantly the results, since the difference between the curves labeled 5 Suns and 10 Suns
seemstobesmallerthantheexperimentalerror.
Figure52:Changeinsolarabsorptance,s,ofThermatrol2A100,undervarious
radiationconditions,vs.exposuretime,t.FromMcCargoetal.(1971)[82].
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7.3.3.Reflectance.
7.3.3.1.Normalhemisphericalspectralreflectance:Figure53.
Figure53:Normalhemisphericalspectralreflectance,,ofThermatrol2A100,
measuredbytwodifferentmethods,vs.wavelength,.FromCunnington,
Grammer&Smith(1969)[33].
7.3.3.2.EffectsoftheSpaceEnvironmentonreflectance.
7.3.3.2.1.UltraVioletRadiation:Figure54.
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Figure54:EffectofUltraVioletRadiationonspectralreflectance,,of
Thermatrol2A100vs.wavelength,.Mostofthedata,concerningbidirectional
reflectance,arefromRittenhouse&Singletary(1969)[105],whiledashedlineand
dottedline,normalhemisphericalreflectance,arefromCunnington,Grammer&
Smith(1969)[33].
Explanation
Key Description Comments
T=313K.
Nearnormalreflectance(Cary).
T=313K.
Measuredinvacuum(6,65x105Pa).
Sameas exceptexposedtoUVradiation(PEKType
C(AH6)lamp,20Suns).ESH1330.Duringexposurep=
9,3x105Pa.
Sameas exceptsampleinairat40Pafor24hafter
exposure.
Sameas exceptexposedtothesameradiationas
.
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6061T6Alsubstrate T=395K.
polishedandthen ExposedtoUVradiation(900WHanovia,Xenonlamp,1
machinedtoa(30 Sun)ESH550.Sampleinairfor5minafterexposure.
6
3)x10 mRMSfinish.
Sameas . Sameas .>Sampleinairfor30min.
8.1. Prelaunch. The surface is soft and rubbery and should be protected from abrasion or scratches.
Sincethispaintiselectrostatic,contaminationshouldbeavoided.
8.2. Postlaunch. In order to avoid blistering during ascent heating, the paint is be cured, at room
temperature,atleastfor24h.Inthismanner,volatilematerialsareremoved.
8.2.1.Ascent.Ascentheatinghistorieswithpeaktemperaturesbelow615Kcauseanincreasein sof
0,03orless,whileisunaffected.
8.2.2. Orbital. The primary source of degradation appears to be the nearultraviolet portion of
incidentsolarandalbedoradiation.
FromBreuch(1967)[22].
9.THERMALCYCLING
Themaximumandminimumtemperaturesatwhichthepainthasbeentestedwithoutmajorchanges
inpropertieswere:
Tmin=211K
Tmax=366K
(Rittenhouse&Singletary(1969)[105]).
10.SOURCE
LockheedMissilesandSpaceCompanyInc.3251HanoverStreet.PaloAlto,California94304.
11.COST
Variesdependingonquantity;Cunningtonetal.(1969)[33]indicatethatthenominalpriceis16US$
perlitre.
12.PASTSPATIALUSE
Thermatrol 2A100 has been used for thermal control in Explorer 33 (launched July 1, 1966),
Rittenhouse & Singletary (1969) [105]. According to Neel (1967) [91], this paint has been tested on
board OSO I (launched March 7, 1962) and OSO II (Feb. 3, 1965). The results obtained have been
presentedin
31
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
5.2.2 Zinc Oxide-Potassium Silicate

1.COMPOSITION
Pigment: New Jersey Zinc Co., SP500 zinc oxide; calcined at 873 to 973 K for 16 h. (Heating and
coolingratesarenotcritical).
Binder:SylvaniaElectricProductsCorp.,PS7potassiumsilicate.
2.FORMULATION
4,3:1byweightofpigmentandbinder(Cunningtonetal(1969)[33]).
3.USUALDESIGNATION
Z93.IITResearchInstitute.
4.SUBSTRATE
Allmetalsexceptnoble;Aluminiumispreferred(IITRI(1974)).
5.1.Preparationofpaintforapplication.Thecomponentsaremixedinapigmenttobinderratioof4,3
withasolidscontentof56,9%.Atypicalbatchmaybe0,1kgofZnO,50cm3ofPS7(35%solution),and
50cm3distilledwater.
Thepaintshouldbepreparedjustbeforeuse.Shelflifeislimited.Actualshelflifeshouldexceed24h.
Themixtureshouldbeshakentomaintainthepigmentinsuspension(Cunningtonetal.(1969)[33]).
5.2. Preparation of surfaces for painting. The substrate should be abraded and thoroughly washed
withdetergentandwater.
Accordingtothesupplier,chromatetreatmentsarenotpermissible.
5.3.Applicationofpaint.Byspraypainting.Becauseoftheporousnatureofthecuredcoating,heavy
spraying upon application of a second coat is required to achieve a satisfactory finished texture
(Breuch(1967)[22]).
ForprocessspecificationseeStevens(1971)[120].
5.4.Coatingthickness.Athicknessofabout2,54x105misachievedpercycle.Totalthicknessshould
beoftheorderof1,1x104to1,5x104m.
5.5. Curing process. Satisfactory physical properties are obtained by an airdrying cure for 4 h. The
supplierrecommends,asoptional,acureat366Kfor16h,whileCunningtonetal.(1969)[33]indicate
thatimprovedhardnessisobtainedbyheatcuringat413K.
Notattackedbythesolvents.
7.2.Outgassing.Initialweightlossin20h:8,0x104kg.m2.
Stationarylossrate:5,6x1010kg.m2.s1(McCargo,Spradley,Greenberg&McDonald(1971)[82]).
7.3.1.Emittance.
32
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
T[K] a b Ref.
295 0,900,05 0,87 c

310 0,96 0,88 d
394 0,88 c
533 c
a Determinedcalorimetrically.Chamberpressure:1,33x105Pa.
b Fromspectralreflectancedataintherange2x106mto2,5x105mandtheblackbodyfunctioncorresponding
tothetemperaturesquoted.
c FromCunnington,Grammer&Smith(1969)[33].
d FromWestcott(1968)[132].
7.3.1.3.1. UltraViolet Radiation. The following table has been prepared using data given by
Cunningtonetal.(1969)[33].
T[K] t[h] n 0 f
300 2001 28 0,90 0,88 0,882 0,012

366 2024 33 0,89 0,88 0,887 0,007
422 10517 140 0,88 0,87 0,878 0,010
450 1004 19 0,87 0,87 0,871 0,004
534 502 12 0,81 0,81 0,811 0,009
DegradingSource:2x107to4x107mXenonLamp,1Sunlevel.
Methodofobtainingdata:Calorimetric.Chamberpressure:1,33x105Pa.
t,totalexposuretime.[h].
n,numberofdatapointsgiveninthesource.
0,f,initialandafterexposurevaluesofthehemisphericaltotalemittance.
,meanvalue.
n
t i i
[51]
1

t
standarddeviation.
n
ti
2
i
[52]
1

t 1
33
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
7.3.2.Absorptance.
7.3.2.1.Solarabsorptance:Table52.
Table52:SolarAbsorptanceofZincOxidePotassiumSilicatePaint
No T[K] s Comments
1 278 0,114 Measuredinvacuum(1,2x104Pa).

2 278 0,112 Similartoabovespecimenandconditions.
3 279 0,153 Airdriedat100%relativehumidity;measuredinvacuum(1,3x104Pa).

4 279 0,168 Similartoabovespecimenandconditionsexceptairdriedat0%relative
5 279 0,161 humidity.
SimilartoNo.3specimenandconditionsexceptairdriedat35%relative
humidity.
6 279 0,147 Sprayapplication;measuredinvacuum(1,3x104Pa);freshpreparation.

7 279 0,150 Similartoabovespecimenandconditionsexceptmeasuredinvacuum
8 279 0,150 (6,7x104Pa).
SimilartoNo.6specimenandconditionsexceptmeasuredinvacuum
(4,7x104Pa).
9 279 0,138 Sprayapplication;measuredinvacuum(1,3x104Pa);preparationaged120d.

10 279 0,119 Abovespecimenandconditionsexceptheattreatedat773Kfor2h.
11 279 0,131 SimilartoNo.9exceptmeasuredatpressureof6,7x104Pa.
12 279 0,126 Abovespecimenandconditionsexceptheattreatedat773Kfor2h.
13 279 0,140 SimilartoNo.9specimenadconditionsexceptmeasuredatpressureof
14 279 0,119 4,7x104Pa.
Abovespecimenandconditionsexceptheattreatedat773Kfor2h.
15 279 0,120 Sprayapplication;measuredinvacuum(1,3x104Pa);preparationaged120d.

16 279 0,133 Similartoabovespecimenandconditionsexceptmeasuredinvacuum
17 279 0,124 (6,7x104Pa).
SimilartoNo.15specimenandconditionsexceptmeasuredatpressureof
4,7x104Pa.
18 298 0,164 SubstrateabradedwithNo.60Aloxitecloth.Samplecuredat413Kfor18h.

19 298 0,158 Abovespecimenandconditionsexceptheattreated(418Kfor16h);time
20 298 0,149 lapse,1d.
21 298 0,160 SimilartoNo.18specimenandconditionsexceptheattreated(773Kfor2h);
timelapse,6h.
SimilartoNo.18specimenandconditionsexceptaftertimelapseof90d.
34
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
No T[K] s Comments
22 298 0,165 Abradedmagnesiumsilicatesubstrate.

23 298 0,158 Similartoabovespecimenandconditionsexceptheattreated(418Kfor16h);
24 298 0,158 timelapse,1d.
26 298 0,161 timelapse,1d.
SimilartoNo.22specimenandconditionsexceptheattreated(1073Kfor2
h);timelapse,6h.
27 298 0,168 Abradedaluminasubstrate.

28 298 0,159 Similartoabovespecimenandconditionsexceptheattreated(418Kfor16h);
29 298 0,160 timelapse,1d.
31 298 0,165 timelapse,1d.
SimilartoNo.27specimenandconditionsexceptheattreated(1073Kfor2
h);timelapse,6h.
32 298 0,153 Measuredinvacuum(4x103Pa).
33 298 0,120 Aluminiumsubstrate;suppliedbyIITRI.

34 298 0,220 SimilartoabovespecimenandconditionsexceptsuppliedbyESROIProject
5
35 298 0,260 Group;coatingthickness8,9x10 m.
Similartoabovespecimenandconditionsexceptsoiled.
36 298 0,184 Propertycalculatedfromreflectance;labdatatakenonsampletobetestedon

LunarOrbiterV.
37 293 0,14 SubstrateabradedwithNo.60Aloxitecloth.a

38 289 0,02 Sameasabovea.
39 533 0,14 Sameasabovea.
0,02
0,14
0,02
a FromBreuch(1967)[22].
NOTE Alldata,unlessotherwisestated,arefromTouloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)[126].
7.3.2.2.Variationofsolarabsorptancewithcoatingthickness:Figure55.
35
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
Figure55:Variationofsolarabsorptance,s,withthickness,tc.FromStevens
(1971)[120].
7.3.2.4. Earth Albedo normal absorptance. The value = 0,26 has been obtained by Westcott (1968)
[132] from spectral data. Albedo radiation is approximated by the solar spectrum truncated below
3,5x107m.Aluminiumsubstrate.
7.3.2.5.1. UltraViolet Radiation. Fairly detailed laboratory data on the effects of UV radiation on
spectralabsorptancearegiveninTable53.Table54hasabroaderscope,itisintendedtoillustrate
howtheexperimentalconditionsinfluencetheresults.
ChangesinsolarabsorptanceduringthetotalmissionprofileforanearEarthorbit,asestimatedby
McCargo,Spradley,Greenberg&McDonald(1971)[82]areshowninFigure56.
Table53:UltraVioletRadiationEffectsonSpectralAbsorptanceofZincOxide
PotasiumSilicatePaint
forXenonLamp
24,1 4,16 68,5 8,5 Total
300 0 0,72 0,10 0,05 0,08 0,14 0,14

300 43 0,70 0,09 0,05 0,09 0,14 0,14
300 293 0,67 0,11 0,06 0,08 0,15 0,14
300 365 0,67 0,15 0,04 0,09 0,14 0,15
300 461 0,66 0,15 0,05 0,09 0,15 0,15
300 509 0,65 0,14 0,06 0,09 0,15 0,15
300 605 0,69 0,14 0,06 0,09 0,15 0,16
300 701 0,70 0,16 0,07 0,09 0,15 0,16
300 773 0,67 0,19 0,09 0,08 0,16 0,16
300 821 0,71 0,18 0,05 0,09 0,15 0,17
300 869 0,70 0,19 0,08 0,09 0,16 0,17
36
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
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forXenonLamp
24,1 4,16 68,5 8,5 Total
300 941 0,65 0,19 0,08 0,09 0,15 0,17

300 989 0,70 0,15 0,09 0,08 0,16 0,17
300 1039 0,65 0,19 0,09 0,08 0,15 0,17
300 1109 0,66 0,20 0,08 0,08 0,16 0,17
300 1157 0,73 0,19 0,10 0,08 0,16 0,17
300 1205 0,69 0,20 0,09 0,08 0,16 0,18
300 1277 0,68 0,20 0,07 0,09 0,16 0,17
300 1325 0,63 0,23 0,07 0,09 0,16 0,18
300 1373 0,65 0,22 0,10 0,08 0,16 0,17
300 1445 0,66 0,23 0,10 0,08 0,16 0,18
300 1545 0,65 0,22 0,08 0,09 0,16 0,18
300 1617 0,68 0,22 0,10 0,08 0,16 0,19
300 1665 0,67 0,24 0,08 0,08 0,16 0,18
300 1713 0,67 0,22 0,08 0,09 0,16 0,18
300 1785 0,69 0,22 0,09 0,09 0,17 0,18
300 1953 0,69 0,21 0,09 0,08 0,17 0,18
300 2001 0,68 0,21 0,09 0,09 0,17 0,18
AfterExposurea 0,75 0,17 0,06 0,08 0,16 0,17
366 0 0,84 0,05 0,04 0,08 0,14 0,14

366 17 0,88 0,10 0,06 0,08 0,16 0,16
366 70 0,89 0,14 0,08 0,08 0,17 0,18
366 93 0,89 0,16 0,06 0,08 0,17 0,18
366 161 0,90 0,14 0,09 0,08 0,17 0,18
366 233 0,90 0,16 0,07 0,08 0,18 0,18
366 329 0,91 0,16 0,10 0,08 0,18 0,19
366 377 0,90 0,16 0,10 0,08 0,18 0,19
366 425 0,90 0,16 0,09 0,08 0,18 0,19
366 497 0,89 0,16 0,09 0,09 0,18 0,19
366 545 0,85 0,17 0,10 0,09 0,17 0,19
366 593 0,85 0,20 0,09 0,09 0,18 0,20
366 665 0,82 0,18 0,08 0,09 0,18 0,18
366 713 0,87 0,18 0,10 0,09 0,19 0,20
366 761 0,87 0,19 0,10 0,09 0,19 0,20
366 833 0,85 0,19 0,11 0,09 0,18 0,20
366 881 0,85 0,18 0,11 0,09 0,18 0,19
366 939 0,80 0,20 0,12 0,09 0,19 0,20
366 1011 0,80 0,19 0,10 0,09 0,17 0,20
366 1059 0,83 0,19 0,10 0,09 0,18 0,19
366 1179 0,84 0,18 0,09 0,09 0,17 0,19
366 1227 0,85 0,19 0,13 0,09 0,19 0,20
366 1275 0,82 0,21 0,12 0,08 0,181 0,19
366 1347 0,84 0,21 0,11 0,09 0,183 0,20
37
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
forXenonLamp
24,1 4,16 68,5 8,5 Total
366 1395 0,84 0,19 0,13 0,09 0,187 0,20

366 1443 0,85 0,18 0,11 0,09 0,173 0,19
366 1575 0,85 0,18 0,10 0,09 0,173 0,19
366 1621 0,82 0,19 0,12 0,09 0,183 0,20
366 1693 0,82 0,19 0,12 0,09 0,183 0,20
366 1741 0,81 0,22 0,11 0,09 0,187 0,20
366 1909 0,80 0,22 0,11 0,09 0,183 0,20
366 1957 0,80 0,22 0,12 0,085 0,183 0,20
366 2024 0,80 0,22 0,11 0,085 0,185 0,20
AfterExposurea 0,75 0,25 0,12 0,10 0,18 0,21
422 0 0,75 0,11 0,05 0,05 0,0126 0,137

422 22 0,90 0,16 0,05 0,05 0,15 0,16
422 96 0,92 0,16 0,07 0,07 0,17 0,18
422 144 0,87 0,17 0,07 0,07 0,16 0,18
422 192 0,80 0,20 0,07 0,07 0,16 0,18
422 264 0,80 0,18 0,10 0,07 0,16 0,19
422 312 0,78 0,20 0,07 0,08 0,16 0,18
422 360 0,80 0,17 0,08 0,09 0,16 0,18
422 432 0,76 0,19 0,07 0,08 0,16 0,18
422 480 0,76 0,20 0,09 0,08 0,16 0,18
422 528 0,76 0,19 0,08 0,08 0,16 0,18
422 600 0,80 0,17 0,10 0,08 0,16 0,19
422 648 0,80 0,19 0,09 0,08 0,16 0,19
422 768 0,77 0,18 0,07 0,08 0,15 0,18
422 816 0,80 0,17 0,08 0,08 0,15 0,19
422 864 0,75 0,18 0,07 0,08 0,14 0,17
422 936 0,78 0,16 0,08 0,08 0,14 0,17
422 984 0,78 0,18 0,08 0,08 0,15 0,18
422 1032 0,78 0,18 0,08 0,08 0,14 0,18
422 1152 0,70 0,16 0,08 0,08 0,14 0,17
422 1200 0,72 0,17 0,09 0,08 0,15 0,17
422 1272 0,73 0,17 0,08 0,08 0,14 0,17
422 1320 0,72 0,18 0,08 0,08 0,14 0,17
422 1488 0,70 0,19 0,08 0,08 0,14 0,17
422 1536 0,68 0,21 0,09 0,09 0,15 0,18
422 1608 0,66 0,18 0,09 0,09 0,15 0,17
422 1656 0,65 0,18 0,10 0,08 0,15 0,17
422 1704 0,67 0,18 0,10 0,08 0,15 0,17
422 1776 0,68 0,20 0,09 0,08 0,15 0,18
422 1824 0,70 0,18 0,11 0,08 0,16 0,18
422 1872 0,70 0,19 0,09 0,09 0,16 0,18
422 1944 0,70 0,18 0,09 0,09 0,16 0,18
38
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
forXenonLamp
24,1 4,16 68,5 8,5 Total
422 2016 0,68 0,19 0,10 0,08 0,16 0,18

422 2256 0,69 0,19 0,09 0,08 0,16 0,17
422 2424 0,69 0,17 0,11 0,08 0,15 0,17
422 2472 0,66 0,19 0,10 0,08 0,15 0,17
422 2560 0,68 0,17 0,11 0,08 0,15 0,18
422 2644 0,67 0,18 0,10 0,09 0,15 0,17
422 2736 0,68 0,18 0,10 0,08 0,15 0,17
422 2784 0,68 0,18 0,11 0,09 0,15 0,18
XenonLampoff2832to3335h.
422 3336 0,66 0,17 0,10 0,09 0,16 0,17

422 3408 0,64 0,16 0,11 0,09 0,15 0,17
422 3508 0,64 0,18 0,10 0,09 0,15 0,17
422 3580 0,64 0,18 0,11 0,09 0,15 0,17
422 3678 0,62 0,16 0,12 0,09 0,16 0,17
422 3676 0,64 0,20 0,11 0,09 0,16 0,18
422 3798 0,63 0,17 0,12 0,09 0,16 0,18
422 3866 0,66 0,17 0,11 0,09 0,16 0,18
422 3914 0,64 0,20 0,12 0,09 0,16 0,18
422 3962 0,61 0,17 0,13 0,09 0,16 0,17
422 4034 0,65 0,20 0,12 0,09 0,17 0,18
422 4082 0,66 0,21 0,12 0,09 0,17 0,18
422 4202 0,65 0,20 0,13 0,09 0,16 0,19
422 4298 0,66 0,20 0,12 0,09 0,17 0,19
422 4370 0,65 0,20 0,12 0,09 0,17 0,18
422 4466 0,63 0,20 0,13 0,09 0,17 0,18
422 4530 0,62 0,21 0,13 0,09 0,17 0,19
422 4634 0,61 0,20 0,13 0,10 0,17 0,19
422 4706 0,61 0,25 0,12 0,09 0,17 0,19
422 4754 0,66 0,22 0,12 0,09 0,17 0,19
422 4802 0,65 0,23 0,12 0,09 0,17 0,19
422 4874 0,62 0,21 0,12 0,10 0,17 0,20
422 4921 0,63 0,22 0,11 0,10 0,17 0,19
422 4969 0,66 0,20 0,11 0,10 0,17 0,19
422 5089 0,62 0,22 0,10 0,11 0,17 0,18
422 5137 0,59 0,24 0,11 0,09 0,17 0,18
422 5209 0,63 0,24 0,10 0,10 0,17 0,19
422 5329 0,60 0,25 0,11 0,10 0,17 0,19
422 5401 0,61 0,25 0,11 0,11 0,17 0,19
422 5449 0,64 0,25 0,13 0,09 0,17 0,20
422 5497 0,59 0,26 0,12 0,09 0,17 0,20
422 5617 0,62 0,25 0,12 0,10 0,18 0,20
422 5665 0,58 0,25 0,11 0,10 0,17 0,19
39
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
forXenonLamp
24,1 4,16 68,5 8,5 Total
422 5737 0,59 0,26 0,12 0,09 0,17 0,19

422 5785 0,58 0,26 0,14 0,09 0,17 0,20
422 5833 0,59 0,25 0,11 0,10 0,17 0,19
422 5905 0,58 0,22 0,14 0,10 0,17 0,19
422 5953 0,58 0,25 0,11 0,10 0,17 0,19
422 6001 0,61 0,25 0,11 0,10 0,17 0,19
422 6073 0,62 0,22 0,11 0,10 0,17 0,19
422 6121 0,60 0,26 0,09 0,10 0,17 0,19
422 6169 0,63 0,22 0,11 0,09 0,17 0,19
422 6241 0,64 0,23 0,09 0,10 0,17 0,19
422 6289 0,64 0,22 0,08 0,10 0,16 0,19
422 6457 0,68 0,20 0,10 0,10 0,17 0,19
422 6505 0,64 0,23 0,08 0,10 0,17 0,19
422 6577 0,63 0,22 0,11 0,09 0,17 0,19
422 6625 0,65 0,20 0,11 0,10 0,17 0,19
422 6673 0,62 0,24 0,10 0,09 0,17 0,19
422 6745 0,62 0,22 0,11 0,10 0,16 0,19
422 6793 0,62 0,22 0,10 0,09 0,16 0,19
422 6913 0,62 0,23 0,10 0,09 0,17 0,19
422 6961 0,62 0,23 0,10 0,10 0,16 0,19
422 7009 0,62 0,20 0,10 0,10 0,16 0,19
422 7081 0,66 0,19 0,10 0,10 0,16 0,18
422 7129 0,63 0,19 0,09 0,10 0,16 0,19
422 7177 0,65 0,21 0,09 0,10 0,16 0,18
422 7249 0,65 0,18 0,10 0,10 0,16 0,18
422 7345 0,60 0,18 0,11 0,10 0,16 0,18
422 7417 0,62 0,18 0,10 0,10 0,16 0,18
422 7465 0,63 0,19 0,09 0,10 0,16 0,18
422 7513 0,65 0,20 0,11 0,10 0,16 0,19
422 7585 0,62 0,22 0,10 0,10 0,16 0,19
422 7633 0,65 0,20 0,10 0,10 0,17 0,19
422 7681 0,63 0,17 0,10 0,10 0,16 0,18
422 7753 0,64 0,18 0,12 0,10 0,16 0,18
422 7801 0,60 0,19 0,10 0,10 0,16 0,18
422 7849 0,62 0,20 0,11 0,09 0,17 0,18
422 7921 0,63 0,20 0,09 0,09 0,17 0,18
422 8017 0,62 0,21 0,09 0,10 0,16 0,18
422 8029 0,62 0,20 0,10 0,10 0,16 0,18
422 8125 0,62 0,20 0,10 0,10 0,16 0,18
422 8251 0,57 0,17 0,12 0,10 0,16 0,18
422 8301 0,56 0,17 0,12 0,10 0,16 0,18
422 8349 0,57 0,18 0,11 0,10 0,16 0,18
422 8421 0,55 0,17 0,13 0,10 0,16 0,18
422 8517 0,54 0,17 0,12 0,10 0,16 0,18
40
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
forXenonLamp
24,1 4,16 68,5 8,5 Total
422 8589 0,57 0,17 0,12 0,10 0,16 0,18

422 8781 0,59 0,19 0,13 0,10 0,16 0,18
422 9021 0,54 0,21 0,11 0,11 0,17 0,18
422 9093 0,57 0,19 0,11 0,10 0,16 0,17
422 9189 0,50 0,20 0,09 0,10 0,15 0,17
422 9285 0,53 0,21 0,11 0,10 0,16 0,18
422 9357 0,54 0,23 0,14 0,10 0,17 0,19
422 9424 0,54 0,21 0,12 0,10 0,17 0,18
422 9501 0,52 0,20 0,09 0,10 0,16 0,17
422 9597 0,54 0,19 0,13 0,10 0,16 0,18
422 9645 0,52 0,21 0,11 0,10 0,15 0,18
422 9693 0,52 0,19 0,11 0,10 0,16 0,18
422 9789 0,59 0,19 0,09 0,11 0,16 0,18
422 9861 0,50 0,19 0,11 0,11 0,15 0,17
422 9885 0,53 0,20 0,12 0,10 0,15 0,18
422 9975 0,50 0,18 0,11 0,11 0,16 0,17
422 10071 0,48 0,19 0,10 0,11 0,15 0,17
422 10143 0,50 0,17 0,13 0,10 0,14 0,17
422 10239 0,49 0,19 0,12 0,10 0,15 0,17
422 10431 0,49 0,21 0,11 0,10 0,15 0,17
422 10454 0,49 0,19 0,12 0,10 0,14 0,17
422 10517 0,45 0,19 0,13 0,10 0,15 0,17
422 10517 0,62 0,22 0,14 0,12 0,17 0,19
AfterExposurea 0,66 0,23 0,14 0,10 0,20 0,21
450 0 0,50 0,10 0,04 0,08 0,12 0,12

450 20 0,75 0,15 0,07 0,08 0,16 0,16
450 58 0,80 0,17 0,08 0,08 0,18 0,18
450 106 0,84 0,23 0,09 0,09 0,18 0,20
450 154 0,85 0,23 0,10 0,10 0,19 0,20
450 226 0,91 0,23 0,12 0,10 0,20 0,22
450 274 0,90 0,23 0,11 0,11 0,21 0,22
450 322 0,94 0,29 0,10 0,11 0,21 0,24
450 394 0,95 0,27 0,10 0,11 0,20 0,24
450 488 0,87 0,28 0,13 0,11 0,22 0,24
450 560 0,87 0,24 0,14 0,12 0,20 0,23
450 608 0,85 0,30 0,14 0,13 0,22 0,24
450 656 0,88 0,28 0,18 0,13 0,22 0,24
450 728 0,85 0,31 0,16 0,13 0,24 0,26
450 776 0,80 0,31 0,16 0,14 0,25 0,25
450 824 0,75 0,35 0,20 0,14 0,25 0,26
41
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
forXenonLamp
24,1 4,16 68,5 8,5 Total
450 896 0,80 0,30 0,20 0,14 0,25 0,26

450 944 0,80 0,30 0,19 0,14 0,25 0,25
450 1004 0,85 0,30 0,20 0,14 0,25 0,26
AfterExposurea 0,90 0,25 0,15 0,10 0,21 0,23
534 0 0,11
534 0 0,60 0,03 0,05 0,08 0,11 0,12
534 12 0,55 0,20 0,08 0,09 0,16 0,16
534 60 0,55 0,27 0,10 0,12 0,20 0,20
534 140 0,55 0,28 0,13 0,16 0,21 0,22
534 181 0,55 0,27 0,15 0,17 0,22 0,23
534 256 0,55 0,25 0,20 0,16 0,23 0,24
534 304 0,55 0,25 0,20 0,18 0,23 0,24
534 356 0,50 0,25 0,20 0,18 0,23 0,24
534 404 0,50 0,25 0,23 0,19 0,24 0,25
534 426 0,55 0,26 0,22 0,19 0,24 0,25
534 502 0,55 0,26 0,23 0,19 0,24 0,25
AfterExposurea 0,70 0,28 0,19 0,16 0,25 0,26

DegradingSource:2x107to4x107mXenonLamp,1Sunlevel
Methodofobtainingdata:Calorimetricinsituabsorptance.Chamberpressure:1,33x105Pa.
42
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
Table54:UltraVioletRadiationEffectsonSolarAbsorptanceofZincOxide
PotassiumSilicatePaint
T[K] Intensity Exp. s Comments

Suns Time
ESH
258280 0 0,003 Calculatedfromsampletemperature;flightdataof

310 0,022 LunarOrbiterI.
444 0,029 Datafromsmoothcurve.
661 0,038
881 0,047
1194 0,058
1629 0,071
1995 0,081
278 3,9 1020 0,010 SampleNo.1ofTable52

279 10 2160 0,006 SampleNo.3
279 10 2160 0,006 SampleNo.4
279 10 2160 0,004 SampleNo.5
279 4,8 300 0,003 SampleNo.6
279 6,1 4500 0,024 SampleNo.7
279 5,8 7900 0,049 SampleNo.8
279 4,8 300 0,005 SampleNo.10
279 6,1 4500 0,026 SampleNo.12
279 5,8 7900 0,053 SampleNo.14
279 4,8 300 0,005 SampleNo.15
279 6,1 4500 0,024 SampleNo.16
279 5,8 7900 0,004 SampleNo.17
293 11,7 1000 0,006 SampleNo.32
298 6 800 0,010 UVfromaG.E.AH6lampinvacuum.Absorptance

298 100 0,000 calculatedfromreflectancemeasuredinsitu.
500 0,005 UVfromaAH6lampinvacuum;propertymeasured
1000 0,009 insitu.Datafromsmoothcurve.
3000 0,019
298 1 100 0,083 UVfromXenonlampinvacuumat460K,property

500 0,129 measuredinsitu.Datafromsmoothcurve.
1000 0,152
1800 0,155
298 1 100 0,000 UVfromXenonlampinvacuum;propertymeasured

500 0,012 insitu.Datafromsmoothcurve.
1000 0,024
2100 0,041
unknown 100 0,010 CalculatedfromflightdataofMarinerIV.

500 0,046
43
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
T[K] Intensity Exp. s Comments

Suns Time
ESH
650 0,050
1000 0,068
2650 0,118
unknown 0,46 0,002 Calculatedfromtemperatureofsubstratefromflight

1,1 0,001 dataofOSOIII.
3,9 0,004
4,0 0,001
4,3 0,001
4,9 0,001
5,2 0,002
7,1 0,003
7,4 0,001
7,7 0,001
8,1 0,000
8,5 0,004
8,7 0,001
721 0,004
717 0,000
727 0,002
751 0,000
1336 0,004
1336 0,001
1336 0,000
1336 0,003
1513 0,005
1577 0,002
1577 0,003
1577 0,005

1,0 0,000 dataofPegasusII.Datafromsmoothcurve.
10 0,000
100 0,000
1000 0,000
2500 0,000

1,0 0,000 dataofOSOIII.Datafromsmoothcurve.
10 0,000
100 0,000
1000 0,000
2500 0,000
NOTE FromTouloukian,DeWitt&Hernincz(1972)[126].
44
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
Figure56:Estimatedchangesinthesolarabsorptance,s,ofZ93duringthetotal
missionprofileforanearEarthorbit.FromMcCargo,Spradley,Greenberg&
McDonald(1971)[82].
7.3.2.5.3.Protonsonlyexposure.Theavailabledataaregiveninthefollowingtable.
RadiationExposure
so
s Comments
Intensity IntegratedFlux Initial
[keV] [protons.m2]
150 1x1018 0,17 0,02 Protonsinsitu

20 1x1020 0,17 0,13 Solarwindprotons
2 5x1020 0,15 0,26 Solarwindprotons
1 4,2x1021 0,15 0,35
1 1,9x1022 0,67
NOTE FromRittenhouse&Singletary(1969)[105].
7.3.2.5.4.Electronsonlyexposure.
RadiationExposure
so
s Comments
Intensity IntegratedFlux Initial
[keV] [protons.m2]
2x103 1x1020 0,17 0,03
NOTE FromRittenhouse&Singletary(1969)[105].
45
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
7.3.2.5.6.Combinedexposure.
NearUV Lyman Protons so

ESH ESH T[K] s
2
Initial
[keV] [protons.m ]
375450 750 10 1,4x1019 304 0,139 0,019

375450 750 304 0,139 0,004
304 0,139 0,002
375450 750 10 1x1019 301 0,143 0,023
375450 750 301 0,144 0,005
10 1x1019 290 0,147 0,020
10 1x1019 291 0,142 0,026
750 750 10 2x1019 300 0,145 0,030
750 750 300 0,145 0,007
300 0,148 0,001
750 750 10 2x1019 304 0,144 0,035
750 750 304 0,146 0,014
750 750 10 2x1019 295 0,144 0,029
750 750 295 0,144 0,011
NOTE FromStevens(1971)[120].
7.3.2.6.EffectsoftheSpaceEnvironmentonsolarabsorptancetoemittanceratio.
T[K] ESH s/ Comments
298 1160 0,183 DatatakenfromflightofPegasusII.Values

1169 0,226 deducedfromthetemperatureofthe
1178 0,199 substrate.
1198 0,231
1258 0,212
1291 0,240
1308 0,208
1537 0,259
2048 0,188
2070 0,200
2089 0,221
2100 0,200
2110 0,173
2133 0,254
2141 0,282
2243 0,245
2246 0,229
2260 0,243
2291 0,173
2300 0,234
46
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
T[K] ESH s/ Comments
2300 0,279
2423 0,173
2431 0,240
2431 0,270
2442 0,216
258280 0 0,185 DatatakenfromflightofLunarOrbiterV.

54 0,226 Valuesdeducedfromthetemperatureof
120 0,251 thesubstrate.Datastractedfromsmooth
214 0,285 curve.
346 0,309
783 0,336
2038 0,416
NOTE FromTouloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)[126].
7.3.3.Reflectance.
Figure57:Normalhemisphericalspectralreflectance,,ofZ93vs.wavelength,
.AlldataarefromTouloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)[126]exceptsolidand
dashedlineswhicharefromCunnington,Grammer&Smith(1969)[33].
47
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
Explanation
Sprayedonto1,27x103mthickaluminium T300K.
substrate. Measuredinvacuum(1,33x104Pa).
Datafromsmoothcurve.
Sprayedonanaluminiumsubstrate. T298K.
MeasuredrelativetoMgO.
Sameas . Sameas .>NotreferencedtoMgO.
T298K.
T298K.
Measuredinvacuum.
datafromsmoothcurve.
T298K.
Exposedtovacuum.Measuredinsitu.
Appliedtodiscsubstratesof6061T6 T298K.
Aluminium.Thediscs,2,54x102m Measuredinvacuum(1,33x105Pa)by
diameterby1,27x103mthick,were usinganintegratingsphereattachedtoa
polishedononesideandtheedge.The CaryModel14Spectrophotometer.
surfacetobecoatedwasmachinedtoa(30 Reportederror2%.
3)x106mRMSfinish.
Sameas . Sameas exceptmeasuredusing

aGierDunklereflectometer.
Reportederror1%.
7.3.3.2.EffectsofSpaceEnvironmentonreflectance.
7.3.3.2.1.UltraVioletRadiation:Figure58.
48
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
Figure58:EffectofUltraVioletRadiationonnormalhemisphericalspectral
reflectance,,ofZ93vs.wavelength,.DatapointsarefromTouloukian,
DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)[126],whilesmoothcurvesarefromCunnington,
Explanation
T298K.
Exposedinvacuumto200ESH.
Measuredinsitu.
T298K.
ExposedtoUVradiation(fromaGE
AH6lamp)invacuum.ESH800.
Measuredinsitu.
Sameas exceptmeasuredinairafter
UVexposure.
Appliedtodiscsubstratesof6061T6 T422K.
Aluminium.Thediscs,2,54x102m Measuredinvacuum(1,33x105Pa)by
49
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
diameterby1,27x103mthick,were usinganintegratingsphereattachedtoa
polishedononesideandtheedge.The CaryModel14spectrophotometer.
surfacetobecoatedwasmachinedtoa Reportederror2%(Calibrationmade
(303)x106mRMSfinish. usingaGierDunklereflectometer)
Sameas . Sameas exceptexposedtoUV

radiation(froma900WHanoviaxenon
lamp,1Sunlevel).ESH10014.
Sameas . Sameas exceptT534K.
Sameas . Sameas exceptexposedtoUV

radiation(froma900WHanoviaxenon
lamp,1Sunlevel).ESH502.
7.3.3.2.3.Protonsonlyexposure:Figure59.

Figure59:EffectofProtonRadiationonnormalhemisphericalspectral
reflectance,,ofZ93vs.wavelength,.FromTouloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz
(1972)[126].
50
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
Explanation
Sprayedontoa1,27x103mthick T298K.
aluminiumsubstrate. Exposedto1020p.m2.
Sprayedonanaluminium T298K.
substrate. Irradiatedinvacuumat300Kwith7,7x103
eVprotonstoatotaldoseof1020p.m2.
Measuredinvacuum(1,33x104Pa).
MeasuredrelativetoMgO.
Sameas . Sameas exceptnotreferencedtoMgO.
8.1.Prelaunch.Thecoatingisbrittle,hardtoapplyandmaintain(Scollon&Carpitella(1970)[113]).
8.2. Postlaunch. Blistering during ascent heating can be avoided by curing appropriately the paint
(Stevens(1971)[120]).
8.2.1.Ascent.Ascentheatinghistorieswithpeaktemperaturebelow645Kdonotcauseincreasein s
and(Rittenhouse&Singletary(1969)[105]).
8.2.2.Orbital.Theprimarysourceofdegradationappearstobethenearultravioletportionofincident
solarandalbedoradiation.
Thepresenceofimpuritiescangreatlydecreasethestabilitytothespaceenvironmentofthiscoating
(Cunnington,Grammer&Smith(1969)[33]).
9.THERMALCYCLING
Themaximumandminimumtemperaturesatwhichthepainthasbeentestedwithoutmajorchanges
inpropertieswere:
Tmin=211K
Tmax=366K
(Rittenhouse&Singletary(1969)[105]).
10.SOURCE
IITResearchInstitute.10West35Street,Chicago,Illinois60616.
11.COST
Pigment:165US$.kg1(Minimumorder2lb).
PotassiumSilicate:22US$.kg1.
ThesepricesareFOBChicago.35US$pershipmentforprepaidshouldbeadded.
EffectiveJuly1,1974
(IITRI1974)[63].
51
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
12.PASTSPATIALUSE
Thiscoatinghasbeenwidelytestedandusedinspacecraft.Thetablebelowgivesseveralprecedents.
Spacecraft Launching UsedorTested References

Date
MarinerIV Nov.28,1964 Tested Lewis&Thostesen(1965)

[79].
PegasusII May25,1965 Schafer&Bannister(1967)

Tested [110].
PegasusIII July30,1965
LunarOrbiterV Aug.1,1967 Tested Caldwell&Nelson(1968)

[26].
SERTII(SpaceElectric Feb.3,1970 Used Stevens(1971)[120],Stevens

RocketTest) &Smolak(1971)[121].
OSOIII(OrbitingSolar March8,1967 Tested Millard&Pearson(1973)

Observatory) [85].
5.2.3 Zinc Orthotitanate-Potassium Silicate

1.COMPOSITION
Pigment:IITResearchInstitute,Zn2TiO4.
Binder:GTESylvaniaIncorporated,PS7potassiumsilicate.Distilledwater.
FromHarada&Wilkes(1979)[58].
Detailsonpigmentpreparationaregiveninthefollowing.Thesedetails,whicharenotveryrelevant
totheuserofthecoating,couldbeessentialtotheproperunderstandingofthisdataitem.
2.FORMULATION
Asgiveninthefollowingtable,PBRisthepigmenttobinderratiobyweight.
Components
PBR
Zn2TiO4[kg] PS7[m3] H2O[m3]
4,3 0,1 50x106 30x106
5,3 0,1 40x106 35x106
6,1 0,1 35x106 40x106
7,1 0,1 30x106 45x106
52
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
Components
PBR
Zn2TiO4[kg] PS7[m3] H2O[m3]
8,5 0,1 25x106 50x106
10,6 0,1 20x106 55x106
NOTE FromHarada&Wilkes(1979)[58].
HighPBRvaluesprovidebothhigherreflectanceandgreaterstability.
PREPARATIONOFTHEPIGMENT
Three processes have been considered at IITRI for the synthesis of Zn2TiO4. All of them involve
calcinationandreactionofzincandtitaniumprecursors.
SolidStateReaction(SSR)
NewJerseyZincCo.,SP500zincoxide,ZnO,andE.I.DuPontdeNemoursCo.,R900anatase,TiO2,are
grindedandmixedatlowtemperature,foratotalof4hofwetgrindingand0,5hofdrygrinding.The
aimofthesegrindingandmixingoperationsistoassuregoodparticletoparticlecontact,andhence,
reactivityofthetwooxides.
Zn2TiO4pigmentisformedbyfiringat1200Kfor18h,additional12hto24hofgrindingfollowedby
reactiveencapsulationand/orinductionplasmacalciningtoobtainastableproduct.
Reactiveencapsulationaimsatstabilizingpigmentsagainstultravioletspacedamage.Encapsulating
a pigment also avoids the possibility of a radiationinduced change in surface state. A number of
reactive encapsulants can be used as, sodium acid phosphate, potassium hexafluorosilicate, ferro
ferricyanide, PS7 potassium silicate,... The last is the most widely used. Plasma heat treatment
basically consists in passing an Ar/O2 aerosol of the pigment through a plasma reactor with
temperature jumps across the boundary layer close to 2000 K. This annealing of the reactively
encapsulatedpigmentresultsinenhancedultravioletbehaviorofbothpigmentaloneandcoating.
The solid state reaction process is time consuming, presents the danger of introducing degradable
contaminants and does not allow an appropriate control of the pigment size. Because of these
limitations,studiesontheuseofsaltprecursorsforZnandTiwereconductedinordertoimprovethe
pigment.
Coprecipitation(COP)
A mixed solution of zinc and titanium chlorides is added to a solution of oxalic acid. The resulting
solutionisthenheatedto873Kandheldatthistemperatureduring2h,beingcontinuouslystirred
whiletheZn2TiO4precipitateisformed.
Calcination and firing at 1473 K are performed in standard atmospheric Globar furnaces (bonded
siliconcarbideresistanceelements).
Nogrindingisrequiredforobtainingpigmentparticlesamenabletoincorporationtoapaint.Ultra
violet irradiation in vacuum of these powders resulted in minimal change in reflectance after 1000
ESH,althoughdamageresultedwhenthepowders,incorporatedinasiliconebinder,wereirradiated
ascoating.Theparticlesshowedatendencytowardagglomerationwhichcanbeavoidedbyuseofthe
thirdprocess,below.
MixedOxalateProcess(MOX)
53
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
Zincandtitaniumoxalatesareproducedfromthecorrespondingchloridesthroughtwoindependent
steps which can be separately established and controlled to produce an optimum precipitated
product.
Theresultingtitaniumandzincoxalatesaremixedandballmilledfor4h,precalcinedat873Kfor2h
and,finally,calcinedat1173Kfor4h.
Fineparticlesizezincorthotitanateisachievedusingveryfineprecursors.
Theproductobtainedbythismethodabeutilizedasapigmentwithnogrinding.
This is the most currentstate of the art pigment preparation process.Most of the information given
belowreferstoacoatingbasedonMOXpreparedpigment.
FIGURASINNUMERO,pag.H130
References:Zerlaut,Gilligan&Ashford(1972)[141],Gilligan&Zerlaut(1973)[47],Gilligan,Harada&
Gates(1974)[45],Harada&Wilkes(1979)[58].
3.USUALDESIGNATION
ZincOrthotitanate(ZOT).IITResearchInstitute.
Coating corresponding to PBR = 7,1, which is the most current, is known as YB71 (Harada (1981)
[57]).
4.SUBSTRATE
Mostsurfaces(IITRI(1974)[63]).
5.1. Preparation of paint for application. The components are mixed in a porcelain ball mill with
porcelainballsfor4h.
5.2.Preparationofsurfacesforpainting.Thesurfaceshouldbechemicallyetchedorabradedandthen
cleanedwithanalkalinedetergentandrinsedwithdistilledwater.
Thecompletesurfaceshouldbewaterbreakfreeaftertheabrasionandcleaningprocess.Byobserving
theabovepractices,excellentadhesiononmetalsurfacesisachieved.
5.3.Applicationofpaint.Byspraypainting,usingstandardpaintsprayguns.Thecoatingisapplied
as a continuous, wet film. This film is permitted to dry until the gloss has almost disappeared and
thenthenextcoatissprayedon.Theprocessisrepeateduntilthedesiredthicknessisachieved.
5.4. Coating thickness. A thickness of 0,004 to 0,006 (104 m to 1,5x104 m) is recommended by the
supplier(IITRI(1974)[63]),whichconcernsasiliconebindedcoating).Minimumsolarabsorptanceis
achievedwithacoatingthicknesscloseto0,010(2,5x104m),Figure511.
5.5.Curingprocess.AccordingtoHarada&Wilkes(1979)[58]theYB71coatingcanbeairdried,or
canbebackedat390kforcompletewaterremoval.
ThecuringprocessindicatedinIITRI(1974)[63],alsogiveninGilligan,Harada&Gates(9174)[45],is
forasiliconebindedcoating.
Notattackedbythesolvents.
7.1.Density.2460kg.m3fortheYB71formulation.ThisvaluehasbeendeducedbyHarada&Wilkes
(1979)[58]fromaplotofcoatingmassvs.coatingthicknessforseveralsamples.
7.2.Outgassing.Nodataavailable.Wateristheonlyvolatilecomponentoftheseinorganiccoatings.
54
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
7.3. Thermal radiation properties. The optical properties of these coatings depend upon pigment
purity,stoichiometry,particlesizeandZnOcontent.Stabilityalsorelatestothelastthreementioned
variables.Inaddition,theinfluenceofthebinderontheultravioletdamageofthecoatinghasbeen
notedbyZerlaut,Gilligan&Ashford(1972)[141],Gilligan&Zerlaut(1973)[47],andGilligan,Harada
& Gates (1974) [45]. Since these coatings are evolving from many years of research effort and
apparently conflicting data have been reported, emphasis should be placed on the correct
identificationofboth
pigmentpreparationprocessandbinderused.Table55hasbeendevisedtothisaim.
Table55:LiteratureSearchforThermalradiationPropertiesofZOTCoatin
Pigment Datain
Reference Binder AvailableData this
Process Encapsulation Item
Zerlaut, SolidState Notgiven.Pigment PS7 sandsafter Table56

Giligan& Reaction calcinedat973Kfor16h. Potassiu 690ESH,UV andTable
Harada (SSR). m radiation. 57.
(1964)[141] Notgiven. Silicate.
quotedby Silvania,
Touloukian Notgiven.Pigment Inc. s
,DeWitt& calcinedat973Kfor4h.
Hernicz
(1972)[126] Notgiven. sandsafter
170ESH,UV
radiation.
Zerlaut, SSR. None. OI650 sandsafter Not

Noble& Phosphated. Polymon 300,550,1200 given.
Rogers Phosphatedand omethyl ESH,UV
(1968) reclacinedat925Kfor18 siloxane, radiationand
[143]. h. Owens afterAir
Nonebutrecalcinedat Illinois exposure.
925Kfor18h. Inc. vs.before
andafterthe
aboveexposures.
Gilligan& SSR. None.Plasmacalcined. None vs.before Not

Zerlaut andafterproton given.
(1971)[46] exposure.
Ferroferricyanide OI650 vs.before

treated. andafterthe
following
exposures:proton,
UVradiation(600,
1300ESH),
combinedUVand
proton(1300ESH
55
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
Pigment Datain
+972EWH)and
O2bleach.
safterthe
aboveexposures.
Phosphated. PS7. vs.before Figure

andafter1300 515.
ESHandO2
bleach.
vs.before Figure
andafterproton 516.
exposure.
safterUV Paragrap
radiation(600, h6.3.2.5.3
1300ESH), ofthis
combinedUVand clause.
proton(1300ESH
+972EWH)and
O2bleach.
Zerlaut, SSR. Severaltreatmentswith None UVeffecton Not

Gilligan& solublealkalisaltswere after970or1010 given.
Ashford tested,amongthem: ESH(depending
(1972) Potassiumsilicate, onthecase)at
[141]. Lithiumsilicofluoride, selectedvaluesof
Potassiumsilicofluoride. .
vs.forthe
mentioned
encapsulants,
beforeandafter
970or1010ESH
(dependingonthe
case),UV
radiation.
Untreated,plasma None. UVeffecton

calcined(severalplasma after1010or2500
temperatures). ESH(depending
onthecase)at
selectedvaluesof
.
sandsafter
1010of2500ESH
(dependingonthe
56
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
Pigment Datain
case)UV
radiation.
vs.before
andafter2500
ESH,UV
radiation.
safterproton
exposure.
Phosphatedandsilicated, None UVeffecton

plasmacalcined(several after2500ESH,
plasmatemperatures). UVradiationat
selectedvaluesof
.
sandsafter
2500ESH,UV
radiation.
vs.before
andafter2500
ESH,UV
radiation.
Potassiumsilicated. PS7 UVeffecton Paragrap

Phosphated. Potassiu after1200,2000or h5.3.3.2.1
m 2400ESH ofthis
Ferroferricyanide
Silicate. (dependingonthe clause
treated.
case)atselected
Potassium valuesof.
hexafluorosilicate
treated. sandsafter Table56
1200,2000or2400 andTable
ESH(depending 57.
onthecase),UV
radiation.
Potassium PS7. vs.before Figure

hexafluorosilicate andafter1200 515.
treated. ESH,UV
radiation.
Phosphated. PS7. safterproton Paragrap

exposure. h7.3.2.5.3
ofthis
clause
Untreated. OI650. UVeffecton Not
57
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
Pigment Datain
Phosphatedandsilicated. after970,1000, given.

1200or2000ESH
Ferroferricyanide
(dependingonthe
treated.
case)atselected
Potassium valuesof.
hexafluorosilicate sandsafter
treated. 1200or2000ESH
(dependingonthe
Untreated. RTV602 case),UV
Silicone radiation.
General vs.before
Electric andafter970or
Co. 2000ESH
(dependingonthe
case),UV
radiation
(Phosphatedand
Silicated).
safterproton
exposure(Ferro
ferricyanide
treated).
Triolo SSR. Phosphated(Zerlautet PS7. s/initialand OSOHin

(1973) al.(1972)[141]),plasma after20,780and paragrap
[128]. calcined. 8225OSOH h5.3.2.5.1
orbits(8000 ofthis
ESH). clause.
OI650. . Not
sinitial. given.
svs.ESH,UV
radiation.
Triolo, SSR. Phosphated(Zerlautet PS7. s/initialand OSOHin

Heaney& al.(1972)[141]),plasma after20,780and paragrap
Hass(1978) calcined. 8225OSOH h5.3.2.5.1
[129]. orbits(8000 ofthis
ESH). clause.
Keyte SSR. Phosphated. PS7. atroom Figure

(1975)[70]. temperature. 510.
vs.. Figure
514.
58
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
Pigment Datain
sandsafter Table56
700ESH,UV andTable
radiation. 57.
svs.incidence Figure
angle,. 512.
safter15and PROSPE
330d,Prospero ROin
satellite. paragrap
h5.3.2.5.1
ofthis
clause.
Gilligan& Co None. None. vs.before Not

Zerlaut precipitatio andafter100ESH, given.
(1973)[47]. n(COP). UVradiation.
Gilligan, COP. None None vs.before Not

Harada& andafter1650 given.
Gates None. OI650. ESH,UV
(1974)[45]. radiation.
Potassiumsilicated. OI650G O2bleacheffect
(modified alsoconsidered.
byIITRI).
Harada& Mixed None. PS7. vs.T. Figure

Wilkes Oxalate 510.
(1979)[58]. (MOX).
vs.for Figure
differentvaluesof 514.
tc.
sandsafter Table56
1000ESH,UV andTable
radiation,several 57.
PBRs.
svs.tc. Figure
511&
Figure
514
(Caption)
59
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
7.3.1.Emittance.
7.3.1.1.Hemisphericaltotalemittance.Figure510.
Figure510:Hemisphericaltotalemittance,,ofZincOrthotitanatePotassium
SilicateCoatingsvs.temperature,T.
:SSRpigment,>phosphated.FromKeyte(1975)[70].
:MOXpigment,>YB71.FromHarada&Wilkes(1979)[58].
:YB71.>AESC.FromAhern&Karperos(1983)[4].
7.3.2.Absorptance.
7.3.2.1.Solarabsorptance.Table56.SeealsoFigure513below.
7.3.2.2.Variationofsolarabsorptancewithcoatingthickness.
Figure511.Differentlypreparedcoatings.PartialremovalofZnOfromthepigmentdecreasess.
Figure511:Solarabsorptance,s,ofYB71vs.thickness,tc.
:FromHarada&Wilkes(1979)[58].
:Frommeasurementson16panelsbyAESC.Scatterisduetotcvariation.
FromAhern&Karperos(1983)[4].
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Table56:SolarAbsorptanceofZincOrthotitanatePotassiumSilicateCoatingsa
SAMPLE TEST
CONDITIONS
PIGMENT Temp.[K].
Coating s Ref.
Calcination Authors Pressure[Pa].
No. Zn/Ti PBR Curing
Process Stoichiometric Encapsulation Designation Incidence
Temp. Time[h] Process [degrees]
Ratio [K]
1 Solid 973 16 4,30 Air SampleNo. T298K 0,122 Zerlaut,
State dried 7008 0 Gilligan&
2 Reaction 773 2 SampleNo. 0,118 Harada
(SSR). 7009 (1964),
quotedby
3 973 4 Air SampleNo.H 0,139 Touloukian,
dried 1953 DeWitt&
4 773 2 0,128 Hernicz
(1972)[126].
5 Silicated BatchNo.B p= 0,136 Zerlaut,
4 5
419 1,3x10 1,3x10 Pa Gilligan&
6 Phosphated BatchNo.B =7 0,122 Ashford
421 (1972)[141].
Test
7 Ferroferricyanide BatchNo.B 0,154 Conditions,
treated. 424 Zerlaut&
8 Potassium 773 7 BatchNo.B 0,120 Courtney
hexafluorosilicate 563 (1967)[140]
treated.
9 Phosphated SurfaceNo.9 p=105Pa 0,109 Keyte
whitepaintB =0 (1975)[70].
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SAMPLE TEST
CONDITIONS
PIGMENT Temp.[K].
Coating s Ref.
Calcination Authors Pressure[Pa].
No. Zn/Ti PBR Curing
Process Stoichiometric Encapsulation Designation Incidence
Temp. Time[h] Process [degrees]
Ratio [K]
303
10 Mixed 1,95 1173 4,26 0,192 Harada&
11 Oxalate 5,32 0,169 Wilkes
(MOX). (1979)[58].
12 7,09 0,153
13 1323 4,26 0,228
14 5,32 0,203
15 7,09 0,205
16 2,00 1173 4,26 0,190
17 5,32 0,183
18 7,09 0,154
19 1323 4,26 0,230
20 5,32 0,225
21 7,09 0,198
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7.3.2.3.Variationofsolarabsorptancewithincidenceangle.
Figure 512 Solar absorptance deduced from spectral reflectance measured in air. Two different
sample sizes were used to assure full sample illumination at all incidence angles. Thence, a
discontinuityappearsinthecurveplottedinFigure512at=60.
Figure512:Solarabsorptance,s,ofZincOrthotitanatePotassiumSilicatecoating
vs.incidenceangle,.SSRpigment,phosphated.FromKeyte(1975)[70].
7.3.2.5.1.UltraVioletRadiation.Table57.
Loworbit(UVonlyenvironment)dataappearinOSOHandPROSPEROofthisclause.UV,protons
and electrons are present in geosynchronous orbit (Table 519, paragraph 5.3.3.2.6 in clause5.2.4, or
Table 529, same paragraph of clause 5.2.6). See Spacecraft in Geosynchronous Orbit, paragraph
5.3.2.5.1ofthisclause,forseveralexperiments.
Table57:UltraVioletRadiationEffectsonSolarAbsorptanceofZinc
OrthotitanatePotassiumSilicateCoatingsa
Sampleb Exposure TestConditions s References

No. Time
[ESH]
1 690 Irradiatedinvacuum. 0,019 Zerlaut,Gilligan

&Harada(1964),
2 0,032 quotedby
Touloukian,
4 170 Irradiatedinvacuum(below1,3x103Pa). 0,031 DeWitt&Hernicz
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Sampleb Exposure TestConditions s References

No. Time
[ESH]
Intensity3,5Suns. (1972)[126].
5 2400 Irradiatedinvacuum(1,3x104Pa1,3x105 0,020 Zerlaut,Gilligan

Pa)with1kwGeneralElectricAH6 &Ashford(1972)
6 2000 MercuryArgonlamp. 0,010 [141].Test
Spectralreflectancemeasuredinsitu. Conditions,
7 0,011 Zerlaut&
Courtney(1967)
8 1200 0,002 [140].
Keyte(1975)[70].
9 700 Irradiatedinvacuum(below1,3x105Pa) 0,026
with1kwThornMercurydischargelamp to
(typeLRD940151).Intensity3,5Suns. 0,040
Measuredinsitu.
700+10min Sameasaboveexceptmeasuredafter10min 0,038

inAir exposureinAir. to
0,061
10 1000 0,006 Harad&Wilkes

(1979)[58].
11
12 0,004
13
14 0,003
15 0,005
16 0,006
17 0,003
18
19 0,008
20 0,004
21 0,006
a Valuesdeducesfromspectralreflectancedata.
b SamplenumbersinthisTablecorrespondtothoseinTable56.
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OSOH
TESTCONDITIONS
Spacecraft&Programme
OrbitingSolarObservatory(OSOH)
ThermalControlCoatingExperiments(TCCE).
Orbit
Launched on September 29, 1971 into a 327 km by 560 km near to Earth elliptical orbit with a 33
inclinationangle.
Configuration
OSOsatellitehavetwomainparts:alowersection,consistingofaninesidedwheel,whichrotatesto
providegyroscopicstabilization,andastabilizedsemicircularuppersection,orsail,aimedattheSun.
ThermalTest
Twelve samples (Triolo (1973) [128]) were placed in the Sunoriented, nonspinning sail. Data up to
8225orbitsforeightofthesesamplesaregivenbyTriolo,Heaney&Hass(1978)[129].
SAMPLE
SampleDescription
SSRprocessedZn2TiO4pigment,plasmacalcined.PS7binder.
SampleMounting
Thesampleismountedonadisc2x102mdiameter.ThediscissupportedbyaKaptonfilmcylinder
fastenedtoboththediscandaninnercup.Thethermistoranditsleadswereattachedtotheunderside
ofthesamplediscwithconductivesilverepoxy.AnotherKaptonfilmcylinderwasusedforattaching
theinnercuptotheoutercup.ThetwoKaptoncylindersandthefilmcoveringthethermistornetwork
werevaporaluminizedduringassembly.DimpledMylarsheetswereplacedinsideeachcylinderfor
thereductionofradiativelosses.
Holeswerecutinthecylindersandthebasesofbothcupsforventingwhentheassemblyisexposed
toavacuumenvironment.Inordertopreventcontaminationduringcupfabrication,thecoatingwas
appliedtothecuponceassembled.
Theaimoftheinnercupistoactasathermalguardforthebackofthesamplediscandthermistor
leads.Theinnercupflangehasthesameareaandthermalcoatingasthesampledisc.Inaddition,the
thermalcapacityofthediscandtheinnercuparemadeascloseaspossible,thusthesamplediscand
the inner cup temperatures are maintained close to each other under both steady and transient
conditions.
CALCULATIONMETHOD
s/ is measured calorimetrically from the disc temperature, T. The terms which appear in the heat
balanceequationare:c(T)dT/dt,Sensibleheatofthesampleandsubstrate.Thistermdisappearssince
thesampleisinthermalequilibriumwhenreadingsaretaken.
A(Ts4T4), Radiation to outer space. The hemispherical total emittance of the sample is measured
before launch. The equivalent surrounding temperature, Ts, is assumed to be zero. sAS, Radiation
fromtheSun.Recallthatthesail,wherethecoatingislocated,remainsSunoriented.Q,Heattransfer
betweenthebackofthesampleandtheoutercup.Measuredbeforelaunch.
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AlbedoandEarthinfraredradiationsdonotappearsincereadswhereonlytakenattheEarthsubsolar
points. s/ is deduced from the resulting simplified equation, assuming that Q/ is equal to its
prelaunchvalue.
RESULTS
s/=0,17Measuredinthelaboratory.
s/=0,21Deducedfromflightdataafter20,780and8225orbits.
COMMENTS
Thefirstusabledatapointcorrespondedtothe20thorbitbecauseofmalfunctionofthetaperecorder.
Dataonamodelcoating(Alzak),previouslytestedbothinthelaboratoryandinorbit,wereusedto
convertfromorbitaltimetoESH.(1,5orbitalhours1ESH.1orbittakes1,5orbitalhours).
Thedifferencebetweenthelaboratoryandthefirstinflightdata,(whichiscommontoallthetested
coatings)wouldhavebeencausedbyasystematicerrorinthemeasurements.
References:Triolo(1973)[128],Triolo,Heaney&Hass(1978)[129].
PROSPERO
TESTCONDITIONS
ThermalControlSurfaceExperiment(TCSE).
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Orbit
LaunchedbytheBlackArrowR3launchvehicleonOctober28,1971.
Theinitialorbitparameterswere:Apogee,1580km;Perigee,547km;Inclination,82,06;Period,106,5
min(13,53orbitsperday).
Configuration
Prosperoisa26facedpolyhedron,0,71mheightand1,09minequatorialdiameter.Mass,65,8kg.The
satellite is spin stabilized and fitted with nutation dampers. The spin axisSun angle at launch was
approximately 94, providing roughly normal incidence of solar radiation on most of the coatings.
Initialspinratewas17,8rad.s1.
ThermalTest
64 thermal control surfaces were flown, including 7 gold reference surfaces, 6 black gloss reference
surfaces and 3 of each of 17 different coatings, among them 9 white paints. Two types of sample
housingwereused;4ofrectangularshapeeachcontaining12samplesandmountedincornerfillets
parallel to the satellite spin axis, and 4 of triangular geometry, each containing 4 samples and also
mountedincornerfillets,butatanangleofabout30tothespinaxis.
The3samplesofthiscoatingwereplacedinarectangularhousing.
SAMPLE
SampleDescription
SSRprocessedZn2TiO4pigment,phosphated.PS7binder.
SampleMounting
Thecoatingwasappliedonanaluminiumcladalloy(L72)substrate,goldizedontheedgesandonthe
rearside.Thesampleplatewasmountedinacup,machinedinamagnesiumalloyhousing,bymeans
offourfiberglassZpieces.Thecupwasgoldizedonbothsides.
4 goldized radiation shields were placed between the substrate and the cup. The shields were
mutuallyseparatedbysmallfiberglasswashers,andheldinpositionbyfourbolts.Slotswerecutin
theradiationshieldsforpassageoftheabovementionedZpieces.
ThetemperaturewasmeasuredbyaYSIprecisionthermistorattachedwithAralditeinthecenterof
therearfaceoftheplate.
CALCULATIONMETHOD
sismeasuredcalorimetricallyfromthetemperature,T,oftheplate.Thetermswhichappearinthe
heatbalanceequationare:
c(T)dT/dt,Sensibleheatofthesampleplate.Sincereadingswereonlytakenwiththesurfaceinthermal
equilibrium,thistermvanishes.
A(Ts4T4),Radiationtoouterspace.measuredbeforelaunch(=0,91).
Theequivalentsurroundingtemperature,Ts,isassumedtobezero.Attemptsweremadetodeduce
frominflightmeasurementsduringtheeclipsepartoftheorbit.Thiseffortwasunsuccessfulbecause
ofthemanyparametersinvolved.
sAS(t),RadiationfromtheSun.Sisthesolarflux,aknownfunctionofthetime,t.
sFaAaS,Albedoradiation.Faviewfactor,aisthemeanalbedooftheEarth.
sFspAP,Earthinfraredradiation,Fspistheviewfactor,andFspPthefluxofenergyonthesample.
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Thelasttwotermswerededucedfromassumedvaluesofsandforareferencesurface(gold),using
thebalanceequationforboththeeclipseandthesunlitpartsoftheorbit.
Q(T,Tc),Thermalcouplingbetweentheplate,attemperatureT,andhousing,attemperatureTc.Three
methods for calculating Q were explored, none of them was completely successful. These methods
were:
1. calibrationinasolarsimulationvacuumchamber.Attemptstoremovethemanysources
oferrorfailed.
2. Thermal modeling of the sensorhousing assembly by a sixnode network. Heat input
wasthatonanorbitingspinningplate.Temperaturesforagivensandwerecompared
withinflightdata.Correlationwaspoor.
3. Calculationfrominflightdata.wasfixedfor4samples.Onlyeclipsetemperatureswere
used.DataofQvs.TTcwerearrangedasQ=k+w1(TTc)+w2(TTc)2andvaluesofk,w1and
w2foranaveragehousing,aswellasvaluesofc(T)foreachsamplewerededuced.The
resultsforthe4sampleswerefair,althoughdiscrepanciesappeared.
Finally,abestestimateofQvs.TTcwasmadebyacriticalanalysisoftheabovemethods.
RESULTS
s =0,109, measuredin the laboratory. s =0,110, after 15 days in orbit. s=0,141, after330 days in
orbit.
COMMENTS
Owing to the design of the sample mounting, Q was 10 times too large for reaching sufficient
sensitivity.
Reference:Adams(1973)[3],Keyte(1975)[70].
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SPACECRAFTINGEOSYNCHRONOUSORBIT
TESTCONDITIONS
Differentspacecraftinsimilarorbits.
Orbit
Geosynchronous.
Configuration
Nodataaregivenexceptthatthecalorimetersholdingthesampleswereallinstalledinthesameclean
location (T axis in the enclosed figure a) on several spacecraft. The calorimeter locations were so
chosenastominimizeradiantheatexchangewithspacecraftexternalsurfaces.Theyweremountedin
oneofthemainradiatorsofthesatellite.
ThermalTest
Two set of data from calorimetric tests have been issued, Curran & Millard (1978) [34], Ahern &
Karperos (1983) [4]. The last set includes, among others, five ZOT coating samples of various
thicknessesondifferentsubstrates.Calorimetersampleareaswere76x103mby76x103m.Seefigure
b.
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SAMPLE
SampleDescription
YB71.CoatingcharacteristicsaregiveninthefollowingTable.
Sample Thicknesstcx104[m] Substrate

Designation
9 2,032,54 Alalloy6061T6
10
14 2,543,05
18
20 MgAlloyAZ31B
SampleMounting(figuresbandc)
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Eachsample(a)isbondedtoamagnesiummountingplatform(b)bondedtoaseriesofthinwalled
(104 m to 1,5x104 m) fiberglass support cylinders for improved thermal isolation. Shown in the
figureare,uppercylinders(c),discs(d)andlowercylinders(e).Thelowercylindersaremountedtoa
magnesium housing (f). The housing is attached to the radiator mounting frame (g) (and thermally
isolatedfromit)byfiberglasssupportcylinders(h).Allofthefiberglasssupportcylindersanddiscs
along with the housing are coated on both sides with vacuumdeposited aluminium ( < 0,1) to
minimizeradiationheattransferbetweensurfaces.Silveredteflongapseals(i)closethespacebetween
samplessothatsolarenergycannotreachthehousingenclosure.AnMLI(j)isheldinplacebetween
the support discs and the corresponding mounting platform to minimize heat transfer between
samples and the housing enclosure. This MLI (see ESCCE3101 Part 7 clause 4.10) is composed of
several aluminized mylar sheets and has an aluminized side facing the housing enclosure. The MLI
alsoextendsoutwards(k)andinsulatesthehousingfromthemountingframe,whereitoverlapsthe
housingadjacenttothesamples.Thetopofthemountingframeinthisoverlappingregioniscovered
withSSMs(seeECSSEHB3101Part6clause4.2.6and4.2.7)tominimizeheatabsorptionadjacentto
the samples ((1) in the figure). A strip of silvered teflon (m) serves the same purpose where the
mountingframeboltstotheradiator.
Attached beneath each sample mounting platform is a thermal sensor (n), the leads of which travel
through the fiberglass cylinders to the terminal board (p). An additional thermal sensor (q) is
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mounted on the inside housing base plate to provide data for the heat leak calculations of each
individualsample.
CALCULATIONMETHOD
Oneofthemainaimsoftheconfigurationdesignwassimplicityofthecomputerthermalmodel.
Basically the sample temperature provides /, where , although temperature dependent (Figure
510), does not change with time. A typical thermal network for one specimen is shown in the
enclosedfigure. For the nodes corresponding to external spacecraft surfaces viewing the sample, an
AESCdevelopedMonteCarloviewfactorprogrammewasused.Thetemperaturesoftheseexternal
surfacesweresuppliedtotheprogramme.
Solar heating of the sample was introduced in the computer mode through a diurnal table
automatically adjusted for solar angle and heat flux. The diurnal temperatures for the radiating
spacecraftnodes(availableat15minintervals)andthecalorimeterbasetemperature,wereintroduced
intotheprogram.Temperaturesarethencalculatedonthebasisofanassumedsvalue(normallythe
previousone).Thecomputerthenadjusts sanditeratesuntilthecalculatedtemperaturesmatchthe
flight data within 1 F (0,56 K) thus giving the s for the day. The analysiswas repeated at varying
intervalswhichgenerallyweredeterminedbythetemperatureriserate.Usuallylargerisesfolloweda
rolloff trend and, thence, early data were obtained at time intervals of the order of one month,
whereasatthreeyearsinorbitdataweretakenatapproximately3mothsinterval.
The measurements of the absolute solar absorption involves the full calorimeter design errors, the
thermal sensor calibration error and the telemetry quantization error. The estimated error in s is
+0,009,0,006.
RESULTS
Laboratory s data have been compared to initial flight measurements in the following Table.
Laboratorymeasuredhemisphericaltotalemittanceat295Kwas =0,91inanycase(seealsoFigure
510).
Sample Laboratorys Flights
9 0,194 0,197
10 0,181 0,185
14 0,167 0,177
18 0,167 0,190
20 0,167 0,199
Among the results for twenty samples reported by Aherns & Karperos (1983) [4], ZOT samples are
those giving the worst agreement between laboratory and flight data. The reason for this apparent
groundhandlingorlaunchingdegradationhasnotbeendetermined.
Theflightevolutionof swithtimetisshowninFigure513.Anexponentialexpressioninthasbeen
fittedtothesedataasfollows:
s=0+(m0)(1et/)
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Values of s,0 and , together with the time range of validity of the expression are given in the
enclosedTable.
Sample 0 m ESH tmaxESH
9 0,198 0,301 2863 5800
10 0,185 0,314 2933 5800
14 0,188 0,358 5920 3400
18 s=0,190+3,65x105t,preliminary 1100
5
s=0,199+3,09x10 t,preliminary
20 1100
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Figure513:Solarabsorptance,s,ofseveralYB71coatingsvs.exposuretime,t,as
deducedfromdataofvariousspacecraftingeosynchronousorbits.Numbers
correspondstosampledesignations.
COMMENTS
Solarabsorptance,s,dependsoncoatingthicknessasshowninFigure511.Samples18and20depart
from this rule but the discrepancyarenot clear since the resultsgiven are only preliminary. On the
other hand the rate of degradation seems to be independent of the coating thickness. Samples14, 18
and 20 were tested in the same flight and that on magnesium substrate exhibits a slightly larger
degradationrate.
References:Curran&Millard(1978)[34],Ahern&Karperos(1983)[4].
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7.3.2.5.3.Protonsonlyexposure.ThedatabelowrefertoaSSRpigment,phosphated.
sdeducedfromspectralreflectancemeasuredinsitu.
RadiationExposure
s0
Intensity Integrated Flux s Comments
Initial
[keV] Flux [protons.m2.s1]
[protons.m2]
1,2 8,4x1019 5,4x1013 0,149 0,038 Irradiationperformedat

1,3x105Pa.
Sampletemperature,285K.
Reflectancemeasuredin
situ(initiallyat8x106Pa).
NOTE FromZerlaut,Gilligan&Ashford(1972)[141].ForadescriptionoftheexperimentalsetupseeGilligan
&Zerlaut(1971)[46].
7.3.2.5.6.Combinedexposure.sdeducedfromspectralreflectancemeasuredinsitu.
Chamberpressuresandsampletemperatureasabove.
Exposuresintheordergivenfromlefttoright,exceptthoseunderCombinedwhicharesimultaneous.
UV Combined s
Exposure after
Time Protons UV O2
[ESH] Exposure s Bleach
Intensity Integrated Flux Exposure Time
[keV] Flux [protons.m2.s1] aTime [ESH]
[protons.m2] [EWH]
600 0,033
600 1,2 8,3x1018 1,21x1013 927 700 0,074 0,053
600 700 0,019 0,010

a EWH:EquivalentWindHours.
NOTE FromGilligan&Zerlaut(1971)[46].
7.3.2.6. Effects of the Space Environment on solar absorptance to emittance ratio. See OSOH and
PROSPERO,paragraph7.3.2.5.1ofthisclause.
7.3.3.Reflectance.
7.3.3.1.Normalhemisphericalspectralreflectance.SeeFigure514.
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Figure514:Normalhemisphericalspectralreflectance,,ofZincOrthotinanate
PotassiumSilicatecoatingsvs.wavelength,.
Explanation
Description
Key Pigment Coating Comments References

Processand Thicckness s
Encapsulation tcx104[m]
SSR 0,109 Measuredinairwithan Keyte(1975)

Phosphated integratingsphereattached [70]
toaBeckmanDK2A
reflectometer.
=0.
MOX 1,73 0,108 Measuredinvacuum Harada&

(1,3x105Pa)withan Wilkes(1979)
1,45 0,125 integratingsphereattached [58].
toaBeckmanDK2A Test
0,79 0,178 reflectometer. Conditions
=7. Zerlaut&
0,56 0,214
Courtney
(1967)[140].
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7.3.3.2.1.UltraVioletRadiation.ThedatabelowrefertocoatingsbasedonSSRprocessedpigments.
SpectralReflectanceDecrease,
Exposure 10 x/,atWavelengths,,below
2
Samplea
Time
No.
[ESH] x107[m]
3,62 4,25 7,00 9,25 24,0
5 2400 4,0 7,0 1,0 1,0 1,0
6 2000 7,0 5,5 0,2 0,4 2,2
7 2000 4,2 5,0 1,8 1,0 2,2
8 1200 2,2 2,8 0 0 0,5

a SamplenumbersinthisTablecorrespondtothoseinTable56andTable57.
DegradingSource:1kwGeneralElectricAH6MercuryArgonlamp,6Sunslevel.
Irradiatedinvacuum(1,3x104Pa1,3x105Pa).
MeasuredinsituwithanintegratingsphereattachedtoaBeckmanDK2Areflectometer.
From Zerlaut, Gilligan & Ashford (1972) [141]. For a description of the experimental set up see
Gilligan&Zerlaut(1971)[46].
Additionalinformation,ingraphicalform,isgiveninFigure515.
7.3.3.2.3.Protonsonlyexposure.SeeFigure516,paragraph7.3.3.2.3ofthisclause.
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reflectance,,ofZincOrthotitanatePotassiumSilicatecoatingsvs.wavelength,.
Explanation
PigmentProcess
Key and Comments References
Encapsulation
SSR Measuredinvacuum(initiallyat8x106Pa). Gilligan&Zerlaut

Phosphated. Sampletemperature,285K. (1971)[46].
Sameasaboveburirradiatedinvacuum
(1,3x105Pa).
1300ESH.
Sameasabove.O2bleached.
ThisisthesamesampleasintheTableof
paragraph7.3.3.2.1.
SSR Coatingcuredat773Kfor7h.SampleNo.8 Zerlaut,Gilligan&

Potassium inTable56andTable57. Ashford(1972)
hexafluorosilicate Measuredinvacuum(initiallyat8x106Pa). [141].
treated.
Sameasabovebutirradiatedinvacuum
(1,3x105Pa).
1200ESH.
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Figure516:EffectofProtonsRadiationonnormalhemisphericalspectral
reflectance,,ofZincOrthotitanatePotassiumSilicatecoatingsvs.wavelength,
.FromGilligan&Zerlaut(1971)[46].
Explanation
Pigment ProtonsExposure
Process
Key Intensity Integrated Flux Comments
and
[keV] Flux [protons.m2.s1]
Encapsulation
[protons.m2]
SSR Measuredinvacuum
Phosphated. (8x106Pa).
Sampletemperature,285
K.
1,2 2,7x1019 5,4x1013 Irradiatedinvacuum

(1,3x105Pa).
Measuredinsitu
(initiallyat8x106Pa).
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8.1.Prelaunch.Theadhesionto6061T6aluminiumalloyandcohesionofYB71coatingappearstobe
similar to that for Z93 (see clause 5.2.2) which is a spacequalified paint. Scratching of the coating
with a steel microspatula showed that the material is quite tough and could be removed only by
applying strong pressure. Good adhesion as indicated in that after penetration to the substrate,
complete removal of the coating at the coatingmetal interface could not be effected. Initial conical
mandrelbendtestshavealsorevealedgodadhesion(Harada&Wilkes(1979)[58]).
AccordingtoKeyte(1975)[70],whoreferstoaSSRpigment,phosphated,thecoatingisnotasstrong
asZ93mechanically.
8.2.Postlaunched.Althoughthiscoatinghasbeenproposedforuseinanumberofsatellites,actualin
orbitperformancedataisverylimited.
8.2.1. Ascent. The coating based on SSR processed pigment, phosphated, exhibits little tendency to
changeundervacuum(Keyte(1975)[70]).
8.2.2.Orbital.ThecoatingbasedonSSRprocessedpigment,phosphated,degradesitselfveryslightly,
byabouts=0,03,underultravioletradiationandneartoEarthflight.(Keyte(1975)[70]).
TheinitialdegradationshownbyallcoatingstestedonOSOHhasnotbeenexplainedsatisfactorily.
9.THERMALCYCLING
ThemaximumandminimumtemperaturesatwhichYB71hasbeentested,inavacuumof1,3x105
Pa,withoutanyevidenceofdeteriorationinadhesionwere:
Tmin=116K
Tmax=380K.
Sampleshavebeencooledtotherange33Kto88Kfor45minwithnoapparentlossinbondintegrity.
(Harada&Wilkes(1979)[58]).
10.SOURCE
IITResearchInstitute,10West35Street,Chicago,Illinois60616.Contactperson:Mr.YoshiroHarada.
11.COST
12.PASTSPATIALUSE
No information other than that given in OSOH and PROSPERO, paragraph 7.3.2.5.1 of this clause,
hasbeenfoundbythecompiler.
DataontheperformanceofYB71coatingsamplesinageosynchronousorbitisnowbeingcollected
(Harada(1981)[57]).Asampleofthiscoating,onaluminiumsubstrate,canbetested,amongothers,
onboardLongDurationExposureFacility(LDEF)1stMission(scheduledforearly1984),Experiment
S0010.Inthisexperimentthecoatingwouldbeexaminedbeforeflightandafterretrieval(Clark(1981)
[30]).
5.2.3.1 Zinc-Oxide Methylsilicone

Threeslightlydifferentcoatingswillbeintroducedinthisdataitem.Forthetimebeingtheywillbe
designateda,bandcrespectively.
1.COMPOSITION
(a) Pigment:NewJerseyZincCo.,SP500zincoxide
Binder:GeneralElectricCo.,RTV602,methylsilicone
Solvent:Toluene
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(b) Pigment:NewJerseyZincCo.,SP500zincoxide,PS7treated
Binder:GeneralElectricCo.,RTV602,methylsilicone
Solvent:Toluene,USP(USPharm.)
The pigment is reactively encapsulated to enhance its stability against UV
radiation. The zinc oxide (the unstable component) is reacted in slurry with PS7
potassiumsilicate(SylvaniaElectricProductsCo.)Thedetailsvaryfromreference
to reference. Sweating involves sealing in aluminium foil the slurry resulting
fromhottreatmentofaslurrycontaining1,7partsPS7and1partSP500lettingitto
stand during 6 h at least. Satisfactory softness, whiteness and protection against
UVisachievedwithsweatingtimesabove6h.Paintspreparedfrom24hsweated
pigmenthaveextendedshelfliveswithouttheuseofretarders.Sweatingtimesof
48 h result in paints which cannot be easily applied or cured (Zerlaut, Rogers,
Noble(1969)[144]).
(c) Pigmentandsolventasinb
Binder:strippedmethylsilicone
Outgassingcharacteristicsareenhancedbydevolatilizationofthebinderat423K3Kandavacuum
oftheorderof7x104Pafor24h(Seidenberg,Park&Clatterbuck(1972)[114]).
Theproperties(otherthanoutgassing),applicationproceduresandhandlingproceduresarethesame
forbothbandccoatings.
The silicones of General Electric were originally sold under the name of LTV (Low Temperature
Vulcanizing). Sometime in the sixties the name LTV was changed into RTV (Room Temperature
Vulcanizing)(Zwaal(1986)[145]).HereeitherLTVorRTVwereusedaccordingtothecorresponding
source.
In1982GeneralElectricCo.discontinuedthemanufactureofRTV602.SincethenIITRI,manufacturer
of the coatings, is engaged in a program to find at least two new suitable replacement binders for
RTV602.SeeCulletal(1984)[31]forpreliminaryresultswith21commercialsiliconeresins.
2.FORMULATION
(a) 2,4:1:1,7byweightofpigment,binderandsolvent
(b) 2,4:1:1,75byweightofpigment,binderandsolvent
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3.USUALDESIGNATION
(a) S13
(b) S13G
(c) S13G/LO
IITResearchInstitute.
4.SUBSTRATE
Anysubstratetowhichtheprimer(GeneralElectricproprietaryS4044silane)adheresto.Thisprimer
canbeappliedtoeitheranodizedorzincchromateprimedsurfaces.
5.1.Preparationofpaintforapplication
(a) S13.Thepaintisfurnishedin5galepoxylinedmetalpails.Thepaintshouldbe
thoroughly stirred before transfer to other containers or before additions of
catalyst.ThecatalystisSRC05.Therecommendedconcentrationis1partSRC05
in 20 parts of toluene to 670 parts of S13 (by weight). This is equivalent to 0,76
atalyst based on polymersolids.Lower catalyst concentrationsare recommended
to ensure optimum stability to UV irradiation in vacuum. For example a
concentrationof1partSRC05in20partsoftolueneto1275partsofS13(which
represents 0,4 % catalyst based on polymer solids) provides optimum stability to
UVirradiationinvacuumwithoutgreatlysacrificingterminalcureproperties.
Thecatalystsolutionisaddedonlyasthepaintisusedandonlytotheamountthat
can be applied in about 30 min. Allow the catalyst paint to set for 10 min before
applicationtotheprimedsurface.
(b) S13 G and S13 G/LO. As above but now the recommended concentration of
catalystis1partSRC05in10partsoftolueneto1030partsofS13G(byweight),
which corresponds to 0,75 % SRC05. A concentration of 0,4 % based upon RTV
602providesoptimumstabilitywithoutsacrificingterminalcureproperties.
Theundilutedcatalysthasashelflifeofsixmonthsandthedilutedashelflifeof
thirtydays(Cull,Stevenson,Harada&Mell(1984)[31]).
FromCunnington,Grammer&Smith(1969)[33]unlessotherwisestated.
5.2.Preparationofsurfacesforpainting.Greasysurfacesshouldbecleanedwithstandarddetergent
andwater,andthoroughlydrypriortopriming.PrimerisSS4044.
5.3. Application of paint. The primer can be sprayapplied (Binks model 18 or comparable gun) at
about 2 x 105 Pa. Only about 12,7 x 106 m thick primer is required. Allow primer to air dry for 1 h
before application of the paint. Paint can be sprayapplied (Binks model 18 or comparable gun) at
about 4 x 105 Pa. Unless clean dry air is available prepurified nitrogen or prepurified air should be
used.Paintviscosityisratedat25sto31swithaNo.4Fordcup.Itcanbeuseduntiltheviscosity
exceeds100sNo.4Ford.Paintshouldbethinnedto17s23sNo.4FordwithX99thinner(Cull,
Stevenson,Harada&Mell(1984)[31]).
FromCunnington,Grammer&Smith(1969)[33]unlessotherwisestated.
5.3.1.Potlife.PotlifeofS13G/LOisonehourforthecatalyzedpaint.
FromCull,Stevenson,Harada&Mell(1984)[31].
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5.3.2.Shelflife.ShelflifeofS13G/LOisguaranteedfor30dafterpurchase,providingthatpaintis
storedat280K.
5.4.Coatingthickness
(a) S13.89x106mto140x106m.
FromCunnington,Gramer&Smith(1969)[33].
(b) S13G.127x106mto203x106m.
(c) S13G/LO.17x106mto50x106mpercoat.Nominaltotal,203x106m(+50x106
mor25x106m)thick.
5.5.Curingprocess.Airdryingcurefor16hatroomtemperature,optionally16hat394K.Dustand
debrisshouldbekeptoffthesurfaceduringthecuringprocess.
FromGilligan,Harada&Gates(1974)[45].
Thereisaminimumtimeof10minutesrequiredbetweencoatsand50hrequiredbeforehandling.
Forthequalificationtesting,S13G/LOisallowedtocurefor7dayspriortotesting.
5.6. Reapplication. Soiled or damaged areas can be recoated. Soiled areas should be cleaned
thoroughlywithdetergentandwater,anddriedbeforeapplicationofadditionalpaint.
Damagedorgougedareascanberecoatedbymakingapasteofpaintinwhichthebulkofsolventis
omitted. Such a materialcan be troweled or brushed over thedamagedareas and cures can be tack
freewithinafewhours.
Seeatypicallistofsolventsinclause5.2.1.
OptimumsolventcompositionbasedonToluene.
7.1.Density
(a) S13 G. Coating surface density is 0,03 kg.m2 as measured from test specimens
(Breuch(1967)[22]).
(b) Paintdensityisbetween1425kg.m3and1475kg.m3(Cull,Stevenson,Harada&
Gates(1984)[31]).
(c) Paintdensityasinb).
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7.2.Outgassing.Seetablebelow.
Coating %TMLa %VCMb Cure Cure Vacuum References

Time[h] Temp.[K] Conditions
[Pa]
S13G 0,42 0,09 48 298c 105 Campbell,

16 394 13x105 Marriott&
Park(1978)
0,26 0,03 [28]
0,82 0,16 24 298 105
S13G/LO 0,56 0,13 48 298c 105

24 366 105
A/Bas100/l 0,54 0,10 168 298 105

d
0,40 0,01 1 394 105
Noprimer 0,50 0,12
A/Bas100/l 0,59 0,11 168 298 105

d
S13G/LO 0,40e 0,05 INTA(1976)

[65]
a TML:TotalMassLoss.
b VCM:(Collected)VolatileCondensableMaterial
c Eachoneofthesecureswasusedintheordergiven.
d AreferstoS13G/LOandBtoSRC05catalystintoluene.Seeb)inparagraph5.1above.
e DataforthissamplehavebeenobtainedperSpecificationESAPSS09/QRM02T.%RML=0,25.
7.3.1.Emittance
7.3.1.1.Hemisphericaltotalemittance.ThedataintheTable58belowhavebeentakenfromseveral
sources. They correspond to samples under different conditions and have been determined by
differentprocedures
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Table58:HemisphericalTotalEmittanceofS13andS13GCoating
Coating T[K] tcx103[m] a b References
S13 294 0,87b1 Cunnington,Grammer&

Smith(1969)[33]
395 0,0900,140 0,870,02a1 0,84b1
300 0,127 0,81b2 Millard&Pearson(1973)[85]
S13G 294 0,84b1 Cunnington,Grammer&

Smith(1969)[33]
395 0,0900,140 0,890,02a1 0,85b1
300 0,127 0,81b2 Millard&Pearson(1973)[85]

a Determinedcalorimetrically.
a1 6061T6Alalloydiscsubstrate.25,4x103mdiameter,1,27x103mthick.Chamberpressure1,33x105Pa.
b Fromspectralreflectancedataandtheblackbodyfunctionforthequotedtemperature.
b1 range2x106mto2,5x105m.
b2 OSOIIIpreparation.SubstrateprimedwithG.E.SS4044.
Hemisphericaltotalemittancevs.temperatureisgiveninFigure517.ThecoatingisS13G,2x104m
thick,onmolybdenumsubstrate.Hemisphericaltotalemittance,absorptanceandspecificheatofthe
coatinghavebeenmeasuredbyacalorimetriccyclicradiationmethod(Spisz&Jack(1971)[119]).
Figure517:Hemisphericaltotalemittance,,ofS13Gcoatingvs.temperature,T.
2x104mthickcoatingonmolybdenumsubstrate.FromSpisz&Jack(1971)[119].
The method consists basically in the following: First the substrate is irradiated in vacuum. After
thermal equilibrium is reached, the radiant intensity is varied sinusoidally and the substrate
temperatureis measuredasafunctionoftime.Fromthetemperaturevariationthepropertiesofthe
substratearededuced.Thecoatingisthenappliedtothebottomsideofthe substrateandtheprocess
isrepeatedbyirradiating thetopside.Nowtheaveragehemisphericaltotalemittanceofbothsides,
the absorptance of the substrate, and the specific heat of coating plus substrate are deduced. The
process is repeated again, irradiating the bottom side. The measurements indicate that the solar
absorptanceofthiscoatingispracticallytemperatureindependent.
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7.3.1.3.EffectsoftheSpaceEnvironmentonhemisphericaltotalemittance
7.3.1.3.1. UltraViolet Radiation. Table 59 below has been prepared using data from Cunnington,
Table59:UltraVioletRadiationEffectsonHemisphericalTotalEmittanceofS13
andS13GCoating
Coating Sample T[K] t[h] n o f
S13 27 395 500 12 0,86 0,86 0,862 0,006
28 395 636a 14 0,85 0,87 0,867 0,005
S13G 43 395 500 10 0,90 0,91 0,914 0,008
44 395 520 11 0,91 0,91 0,911 0,005
DegradingSource:2x107mto4x107mXenonLamp,1Sunlevel.
Methodofobtainingdata:Calorimetric.Chamberpressure:1,33x105Pa.6061T6Aldisk,25,4x103m
diameter,1,27x103mthick.
t,totalexposuretime.[h]
n,numberofdatapointsgiveninthesourceatthequotedtemperature.
o,f,initialandafterexposurevaluesofthehemisphericaltotalemittance.
,meanvalue,
n
t i i
[53]
1

t
,standarddeviation,
n
ti
2
i
[54]
1

t 1
a Failureduringtest(electronicpumpoff,pressureincreaseto>6,65Pa(50x103mmHg)for2h).
TestdatahavebeenrepresentedinFigure518below.
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Figure518:Hemisphericaltotalemittance,,ofS13andS13Gcoatingsvs.
exposuretime,t,at1Sunleveland395K.FromCunnington,Grammer&Smith
(1969)[33].Equalsymbolscorrespondtothesamesample. :>Sample27; :>
Sample43; :>Sample28; :>Sample44.
7.3.1.4.Normaltotalemittance.
SeeTable510below.
Roomtemperature emittance measurements were performed in the past using an infrared
spectrophotometer with an attached heated cavity. The spectral reflectance data were then used to
calculate the emittance. More recent data are being obtained with a GierDunkle portable
emissometer,modelDB100(Henninger(1984)[60]).
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Table510:NormalTotalEmittanceofS13GandS13GLOCoatings
T[K] CoatingDescription References
311 S13GoverB1056ZnOinmethylsiliconebinder 0,860 Touloukian

(0,0508x103mthick),overZnOinRTV602siliconeresin DeWitt&
bindersubstrate(0,254x103mthick).Property
Hernicz
calculatedfromreflectance.Laboratorydatatakenon
sampletobetestedonLOIV. (1972)[126]
Similartoabovespecimenandconditionsexceptsample 0,860
tobetestedonLOV.
S13G,ZnOinmethylsiliconebinder(0,254x103m 0,879
thick).Calculatedfromreflectance.Laboratorydata
takenonsampletobetestedonLOIV.
B1060;SP500ZnOinsiliconebinder(0,264x103m 0,880
thick).ZnOsilicated.Propertycalculatedfrom
reflectance.Laboratorydatatakenonsampletobe
testedonLOIV.
300 S13G.MeasuredwithaGierDunkleportable 0,900,05 Henninger

emissometer.NASAspecifications. (1984)[60]
S13G/LO.Asabove. 0,900,05 Culletal(1984)

[31]
7.3.2.Absorptance
7.3.2.1.Solarabsorptance
a. S13.Nearnormalsolarabsorptance.Coatingthickness,tc=0,127x103msubstrateprimedwith
G.E.S4044.
s=0,19,T=300K.
Fromspectralreflectancedata.
FromMillard(1969)[83].
b. S13G.Nearnormalsolarabsorptance.
tc=0,127x103msubstrateprimedwithG.E.S4044.
s=0,23,T=300K.
Fromspectralreflectancedata.
FromMillard(1969)[83].
ArecentvalueforS13Gis
s=0,20,T=300K.
Fromspectralreflectance.
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Data on absolute reflectance, absorptance and transmittance are presently taken at NASA Goddard
with a Beckman DK2A spectrophotometer with a GierDunkle absolute integrating sphere. The
instrument covers the wavelength region from 0,3 x 106 m to 2,4 x 106 m. It is coupled to a
microcomputerfordatareduction.Themanufactureroftheinstrumentlistsanaccuracyof s0,015
unitsoverthetotalmeasurementrange.FromHenninger(1984)[60].
7.3.2.2.Variationofsolarabsorptancewithcoatingthickness.
DatainFigure519areforS13coating.
Figure519:Variationofsolarabsorptance,s,ofS13coatingwithcoating
thickness,tc. :>Nominalcomposition.Sprayedonprimedsurface.Airdryed.T
=298K.(Designationintheref.:119to127). :>ZnOinsiliconebinder.T=298K.
(Designationintheref.:29,30).FromTouloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)[126].
7.3.2.3.Variationofsolarabsorptancewithincidenceangle.
Figure 520. Solar absorptance deduced from spectral reflectance measured in air. Two different
samplesizeswereusedtoassurefullsampleilluminationatallincidenceangles.S13coating,silicated
pigmentinsiliconebinderappliedtoaluminiumsubstrate.SampletobetestedonPROSPERO.
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Figure520:Solarabsorptance,s,ofS13Gcoatingvs.incidenceangle,.From
Keyte(1975)[70].
7.3.2.5.EffectsofSpaceEnvironmentonabsorptance
7.3.2.5.1. UltraViolet Radiation. Detailed laboratory data on the effects of UV radiation on spectral
absorptancearegiveninTable511.
Table511:UltravioletradiationeffectsonspectralabsorptanceofS13coating
(samples27&28)
T t forXenonLamp s
[K] [h]
Rangeofx107[m]
24,1 4,16 68,5 8,5 Total
294 0 0,21
339 0 0,21
395 0 0,21
395 4 0,65 0,08 0,06 0,24 0,21 0,21
395 53 0,65 0,10 0,06 0,27 0,23 0,23
395 61 0,65 0,15 0,06 0,28 0,24 0,24
395 113 0,70 0,15 0,08 0,30 0,27 0,26
395 158 0,70 0,19 0,08 0,28 0,26 0,26
395 230 0,75 0,21 0,09 0,28 0,27 0,27
395 280 0,75 0,25 0,08 0,29 0,27 0,28
395 330 0,70 0,26 0,10 0,28 0,26 0,28
395 402 0,65 0,26 0,08 0,28 0,27 0,28
395 450 0,65 0,27 0,08 0,30 0,27 0,28
395 500 0,70 0,27 0,10 0,28 0,27 0,28
Afterexposurea 0,76 0,31 0,15 0,17 0,26 0,28
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T t forXenonLamp s
[K] [h]
Rangeofx107[m]
24,1 4,16 68,5 8,5 Total
290 0 0,21
342 0 0,20
395 0 0,70 0,10 0,10 0,19 0,21 0,20
395 4 0,70 0,10 0,10 0,23 0,22 0,21
395 50 0,65 0,12 0,10 0,26 0,23 0,23
395 146 0,65 0,18 0,10 0,28 0,26 0,26
395 196 0,65 0,23 0,08 0,32 0,27 0,28
395 246 0,70 0,28 0,08 0,32 0,30 0,30
395 296 0,70 0,26 0,09 0,31 0,29 0,30
395 328b 0,70 0,21 0,10 0,26 0,25 0,26
395 346 0,70 0,22 0,10 0,29 0,27 0,27
395 396 0,70 0,22 0,10 0,31 0,28 0,28
395 468 0,70 0,24 0,11 0,30 0,27 0,28
395 516 0,70 0,23 0,14 0,30 0,27 0,28
395 564 0,70 0,24 0,14 0,30 0,27 0,28
395 636 0,70 0,24 0,14 0,30 0,27 0,28
Beforeexposurea 0,65 0,08 0,10 0,14 0,19 0,19
Afterexposurea 0,78 0,32 0,17 0,21 0,28 0,31
294 0 0,23
339 0 0,21
395 0 0,21
395 0 0,85 0,12 0,05 0,15 0,20 0,20
395 4 0,90 0,12 0,05 0,16 0,21 0,21
395 51 0,90 0,17 0,08 0,17 0,23 0,24
395 149 0,90 0,21 0,09 0,17 0,24 0,25
395 195 0,92 0,27 0,10 0,17 0,26 0,27
395 248 0,90 0,28 0,10 0,17 0,26 0,27
395 296 0,90 0,32 0,09 0,17 0,26 0,28
395 344 0,85 0,35 0,11 0,17 0,26 0,28
395 392 0,85 0,35 0,11 0,17 0,26 0,28
395 500 0,85 0,35 0,10 0,18 0,26 0,28
Afterexposurea 0,82 0,37 0,20 0,15 0,28 0,31
294 0 0,24
339 0 0,22
395 0 0,80 0,10 0,08 0,14 0,19 0,19
395 5 0,80 0,10 0,08 0,14 0,20 0,20
395 75 0,80 0,16 0,09 0,15 0,20 0,21
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T t forXenonLamp s
[K] [h]
Rangeofx107[m]
24,1 4,16 68,5 8,5 Total
395 123 0,80 0,16 0,08 0,16 0,21 0,22

395 172 0,80 0,21 0,08 0,16 0,21 0,22
395 227 0,75 0,27 0,08 0,16 0,22 0,23
395 274 0,75 0,27 0,08 0,16 0,22 0,23
395 327 0,75 0,27 0,10 0,16 0,22 0,24
395 423 0,75 0,27 0,10 0,17 0,22 0,24
395 471 0,75 0,27 0,10 0,17 0,22 0,24
395 520 0,75 0,28 0,10 0,18 0,22 0,25
Afterexposurea 0,75 0,29 0,12 0,15 0,23 0,27

a ValuesfromCaryroomtemperaturereflectancemeasurements.
b Electronicpumpoff,pressureincreaseto>6,65Pa(50mHg).Ultravioletsourceisa900W
Hanovia Xenon Lamp, Model 538CL. Method of obtaining data: calorimetric in situ absorptance.
TheUVradiationinducedabsorptionofzincoxidepigmentsisbasedonaphotochemicalevolutionof
oxygen.UVdegradedzincoxiderapidlyrecoversits initialopticalpropertiesuponreexposuretoair.
Table 512 below lists results obtained under varied experimental conditions, and deduced from
spectralreflectancegiveninFigure535toFigure540.
Data from flight experiments have been grouped in paragraph 7.3.2.5.6 under Combined exposure.
Reported measurements correspond to widely different orbits. Effects on solar absorptance of UV
exposure and thermal cycling at cryogenic and room temperatures have been reported by Breuch
(1967)[22]andaregivenbelow.CoatingisS13.
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Table512:UltraVioletRadiationEffectsonSolarAbsorptanceofS13andS13G
Coatings
Coating SpectralReflectanceData t[ESH] s s
S13 Figure534 Solidlines 800 0,21 0,08
S13G Figure535& Solidlines 600 0,21 0,01

Figure536
Figure535 Dashedlines 600 0,22 0,03
Figure537 Solidlines 600 0,22 0,06
Dashedlines 600 0,22 0,02
Figure538& Solidlines 1400 0,24 0,01

Figure539
Dasheddottedlines 1400 0,22 0,03
Dottelines 1400 0,26 0,05
Dasheddoubledotted 1400 0,23 0,06

lines
Figure540 Thicksolidandthick 600+700 0,039

dashedlines
Solidlines 600+700+02 0,013

bleaching
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DataobtainedbyCaryReflectometer
Chamberpressure:
ForT=136K,p=8x106Pato13,3x106Pa.
ForT=133297K,p=4x106Pato8x106Pa
T t UV s s
[K] [ESH] [Suns]
136 2790 14 0,18 0,01
133297 2560 12 0,20 0,03

(275cycles)
NOTE FromBeruch(1967)[22].
7.3.2.5.3.Protonsonlyexposure.DataforcoatingsS13andS13GaregiveninFigure521.DataforS
13have beenmeasuredinairafterexposureandthosefor S13Ginsitu(seecommentsinparagraph
7.3.3.2.1).
Figure521:Changeinsolarabsorptance,s,ofS13andS13Gcoatingsdueto
ProtonsandAlphaParticlesRadiationvs.integratedflux,n.
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Explanation
Key Coating Intensity Comments References

[keV]
S13 8p p104Pa,T=303K5K.Irradiatedin Gillette,Brown,

vacuumbyalowenergyparticle Seiler&Sheldon
8p acceleratorandaDynamitron.
(1966)[54]
Fromspectralreflectancemeasuredin
2,5x103p air(20h40hdelay).
Crackingobserved.
5x103
S13G 1,2p 4,9x1013p.m2.s1.T=285K Compiledby

Bourrieau,
1,2p 5x1013p.m2.s1 Paillous&
Romero(1967)
2&10p [21]
10&20p 7,3x1013p.m2.s1.T=288K
40p T=293K
40p 10145x1014p.m2.s1.T=291K
Data for Protons Radiation up to 400 keV intensity are also given by Miller & Campbell (1966) [87].
ThecoatingbinderisDowCorningQ90016methylsilicone.Reflectancedataarepresumablytakenex
situ.
7.3.2.5.4.Electronsonlyexposure.CoatinginthetablebelowisGSFC,1017(similartoS13G)onAl
substrate.Absorptancededucedfromspectralreflectance.Seeparagraph7.3.2.5.1.inclause5.2.4.
Intensity CumulativeIntegrated Measuredin s

[keV] Flux[e.m2]
20 AirT=298K 0,22
1017 VacuumT=298K 0,22

1,33x10 Pa
6
5x1017 0,23
101 0,23
3x1018 0,24
1019 0,26
1020 0,29
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Intensity CumulativeIntegrated Measuredin s

[keV] Flux[e.m2]
80 AirT=298K 0,22
1017 VacuumT=298K 0,23

1,33x106Pa
5x1017 0,24
1018 0,26
3x1018 0,32
1019 0,37
1020 0,41
NOTE FromFogdall,Cannaday&Brown(1970)[43].DatafromseveralsourcesareshowninFigure522.
Figure522:Changeinsolarabsorptance,s,ofS13GcoatingduetoElectrons
Radiationvs.integratedflux,n.Datatakeninsitu.CompiledbyBourrieau,
Paillous&Romer(1976)[21].
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Explanation
Key Intensity Flux T

[keV] [e.m2.s1] [K]
35 10147x1014 291
50 2x10145x1015 295
80 281
7.3.2.5.5. Contamination. Changes in s and of S13 G coating due to rocket exhaust impingement
havebeengivenby McCargoetal.(1971)[82].Theresultsarehardlyuseful duetotheirverylimited
scope (they depend on the motor generating the exhaust products)and to the inability to reproduce
thespaceenvironmentona laboratoryscale.Themainphenomenainducingcontaminationand(or)
degradationareheating,chemicalreactions,depositionofsolidparticlesandliquids,anderosion.
Nochangeinemittancewasobserved,butthechangeinsolarabsorptancewasappreciable.
Exhaustsfromnonchemicalthrustersalsoaffecttheopticalpropertiesofthecoating.
Resultsaresummarizedinthetablebelow.
t[h] s s/
0 0,880 0,163 0,185
0,167 0,872 0,309 0,354
0,667 0,877 0,344 0,392
3,25 0,876 0,338 0,386
NOTE FromMcCargo,Spradley,Greenberg&McDonald(1971)[82].
Theavailableinformationregardinginflightmeasurementsofsolarabsorptanceissummarizedinthe
following.
TheexperimentsperformedbothbeforeandduringOSOIIIflightaredescribedinMillard&Pearson
(1973)[85].AnincertitudeanalysisisgiveninMillard(1968)[83].
a. Laboratory tests. The coatings were bombarded with Ultraviolet radiation, 2 and 10 keV
protons,andbothUVandprotons.
UVirradiationsweremadewithaXenonlampandamercuryarclampatoneSunlevelupto
265 h, and with mercury arc lamps at 10 Suns intensity for the remaining ESH. Mercury arc
irradiationatoneSunlevelseemstomatchtheflightdatatoabout1000ESH.
Dataweretakeninsitu.
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Coating UV p UV+p s s s
[ESH] [p.m2] [ESH+p.m2] UV p UV+p
S13 90 0,43x1019 90(0,28x1020) 0,08 0,01 0,06
432 1,3x1019 432(1,1x1020) 0,10 0,02 0,09
1098 3x1020 1098(2,8x1020) 0,11 0,10 0,19
S13G 750 2x1019 750(2x1019) 0,01 0,05 0,08
NOTE FromMillard(1969)[84].
b. FlightExperiments.OSOIIIwaslaunchedonMarch8,1967inanearcircularorbit(ofabout550
km)witha33angleofinclinationrelativetotheEquator.Thezoneofthespacecraftonwhich
the experiment was mounted continually spun at a rate of about 37 rpm. The plane of spin
contained the satelliteSun line. Thus the sensors alternatively viewed Sun and Earth without
being affected by this spin because of their relatively large thermal mass. Upper and lower
temperaturesforeachorbitwere255Kand210Krespectively.
DatafromOSOIIIcoatingsexperimentuptofouryearsaregivenbyMillard&Pearson(1973)
[85].
Unfortunately, in the case of S13, data are only available up to 2400 ESH, afterward the
temperatureofthecalorimeterexceededtheinstrumentationrange.Ontheotherhandfigures
forS13andS13Ginthementionedreferencearethesameasthosein1969Millardspaper.
Theresults,seeFigure523,donotcomparewellwithprevioustests.Itseemsthatthedegradationof
S13Gcoatingdependsontheexactmethodofpreparation(see,however,commentsinp.548.36).
Figure523:ChangesinsolarabsorptanceofS13andS13Gcoatings.OSOIII
experiment.FromMillard(1969)[84].
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Figure 524 and Figure 525 show data from several coatings experiments as compiled from
Touloukian, DeWitt &Hernicz (1972) [126]. Agreement for the Pegasus I and II, OSO II and III is
excellent. In flight contamination looks negligible for all four flights. Data for Mariner V and ATS1
exhibitincreaseddamageduetotheparticulateenvironmentindeepspace.
Comparison of the S13 and S13 G data confirms the increased protection in the later due to the
silicatetreatedbinder.Thisisnowgenerallyaccepted,nevertheless,informationonthecontraryfrom
the early seventies can be found (see f.e. Keyte (1972) [70], p. 38). Although the reasons for the
discrepanciesremainunclear,theycouldbeduetoanunappropriatemanipulationofthecoating.
Figure524:Changeinsolarabsorptance,s,ofS13coatingsvs.flighttimein
ESHasmeasuredinorbitalflight.PreparedbythecompilerafterTouloukian,
DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)[126].
Explanation
Satellite OrbitAltitude Inclination DurationofData

[km] [deg] Acquisition[mo]
OSOII 550630 33 16
OSOIII 540560 33 <1
PegasusI 500740 32 <26
PegasusII 510750 32 <23
ATSI 35790 0 <4
MarinerV DeepSpace
Venusprobe
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Figure525:Changeinsolarabsorptance,s,ofS13Gcoatingvs.flighttimein
ESHasmeasuredinorbitalflight.PreparedbythecompilerafterTouloukian,
DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)[126].
Explanation

OSOIII 540560 33 <1
MarinerV DeepSpace
VenusProbe
LunarOrbiterI
LunarOrbiterII
LunarOrbiterIV
LunarOrbiterV
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MorerecentexperimentaldataonS13G,plasmaannealedandpotassiumsilicatetreatedbinder,are
giveninthetablebelow.Measurementshavebeenperformedinsitu.Spectralreflectancecurvesand
additionalinformationaregiveninFigure549.ExperimentaldataforS13G/LOonAlsubstrateare
summarizedinTable513,afterDERTS.
Exposure s
600ESH+668EWH 0,044
Aboveplus700ESH 0,065
AboveplusO2bleaching 0,032
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Table513:CombinedExposureEffectsonSolarAbsorptanceofS13G/LOCoating
TestConditions Sample1 Sample2
Measuredinsitu Correcteda Measuredinsitu Correcteda
s s s/s s s s/s s s s/s s s s/s
BEFORE
0,336 0,180 0,343 0,180
IRRADIATION
AFTERAUNDER
0,456 0,120 0,358 0,329 0,149 0,828 0,471 0,128 0,373 0,339 0,159 0,883
VACUUMb
BEFOREB 0,395 0,059 0,176 0,253 0,073 0,406 0,400 0,057 0,167 0,251 0,071 0,394
AFTERBb 0,517 0,181 0,539 0,405 0,225 1,250 0,531 0,188 0,547 0,414 0,234 1,300
AFTERPUMP
0,384 0,049 0,146 0,241 0,061 0,339 0,391 0,048 0,139 0,240 0,060 0,333
DAMAGEc
BEFOREC 0,419 0,083 0,248 0,283 0,103 0,572 0,423 0,080 0,233 0,279 0,099 0,550
AFTERCb 0,537 0,201 0,600 0,430 0,250 1,388 0,545 0,202 0,589 0,413 0,251 1,394
BEFORED 0,513 0,177 0,528 0,400 0,220 1,222 0,519 0,176 0,514 0,399 0,219 1,217
AFTERDUNDER
0,594 0,258 0,770 0,501 0,321 1,783 0,599 0,256 0,746 0,498 0,318 1,767
VACUUMb
AFTERDANDAIR
0,530 0,194 0,577 0,421 0,241 1,339 0,541 0,198 0,577 0,426 0,246 1,367
EXPOSURE
a Thecorrectionhasbeenmadebythecompilerasfollows:
1)Valuebeforeirradiation,so=0,18
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scorrected/sinsitu=(1so)/(1soinsitu)=0,82/0,66
wheresohasbeenmeasured(inair)withanintegratingsphereattachedtoaBeckmanDK2Areflectometer.soinsituisthevaluemeasured,beforeirradiation,as
indicatedin7.3.3.2.3.
b StepsAtoDcorrespond,respectively,tothefollowingtimesingeosynchronousorbit.
A:0,18yr=508ESH
B:0,94yr=2443ESH
C:2,11yr=5604ESH
D:3yr=7949ESH
c See7.3.3.2.6forfurtherdetails.
NOTE FromPaillous(1976)[96].
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Nowtheinitialvalueofthesolarabsorptanceisso=0,18.
ThetestssimulategeosynchronousorbitexposureoftheOTSequatorialfaces.SeeECSSEHB3101
Part15,clause5.
Solarabsorptancededucedfromspectralreflectance(seeFigure550toFigure552).
Two samples (here labeled Sample 1 and Sample 2) were tested among several others. Figure 526
showsthelocationofthedifferentsamplesduringtheirradiation.
Figure526:Positiononthesampleholderofthesamples1and2,forirradiation
andmeasurement.FromPaillous(1976)[96].
Test conditions are the same as in Table 519, paragraph 7.3.3.2.6 of clause 5.2.4. Irradiation and
measurementproceduresareexplainedinparagraph7.3.3.2.6ofclause5.2.4.
The Corrected values in Table 513 were used to estimate the degradation of the coating up to 3
yearsinorbit.ResultsarerepresentedinFigure527.Incidentsduringtesting,seeparagraph7.3.3.2.6
ofclause5.2.4,couldcastsomedoubtsonthevalidityofthedatabeyond1yearinorbit.Nevertheless,
thecomparisonwithOTSmeasurements,uptothreeyears,isexcellent,ascanbeseeninthefigure.
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Figure527:Solarabsorptance,s,ofS13G/LOcoatingvs.flighttime,
t.Whitecircle:OTS,seeECSSEHB3101Part15,clause5.10.Crossincircle:SS;Plusincircle:WS;
Pointincircle:VE;Circleincircle:AE
FromChalmers,Konzok,Bouchez&Howle(1983)[29].
Shadowedline:Prediction,uptothreeyearsinorbitbyPaillous(1976)[96].SeeTable513,above.
Whitesquare:Navstar6
FromPence&Grant(1981)[99].
OTSwaslaunchedinMay11,1978inageostationaryorbit35779km35072km.Navstar6was
launchedinApril26,1980.Orbitaltitude170km20288km.Inclination63,02.Thereasonsforthe
severedegradationofthecoatingstestedonboardNavstarseriesareunclear.Seeparagraph7.3.2.5.6
inclause5.2.6andparagraph7.3.2.5.1ofclause5.2.3.
DatainFigure527arerecentinorbitmeasurements.TheycorrespondtoOTSandNavstar6,
respectively.ThecoatingisS13G/LO.
7.3.2.6.EffectsoftheSpaceEnvironmentonsolarabsorptancetoemittanceratio.Resultsfromseveral
flightexperimentsaregiveninFigure528andFigure529.
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Figure528:Variationofabsorptancetoemittanceratio,/,ofS13coatingvs.
flighttime.PreparedbythecompilerafterTouloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)
andTriolo(1973)[126]
Explanation

PegasusII 510570 32 <23
ATSI 35790 0 <36
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Figure529:Variationofabsorptancetoemittanceratio,/,ofS13Gcoatingvs.
flighttime.PreparedbythecompilerafterTouloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)
[126].
Explanation

MarinerV DeepSpace
VenusProbe
LunarOrbiterIV
LunarOrbiterV
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7.3.3.Reflectance.
7.3.3.1. Normalhemispherical spectral reflectance. The available information regarding slightly
differentcoatingpreparationsisabundant.AsanexampleFigure530showstheinfluenceofpigment
volumeconcentration(PVC)onspectralreflectance.
Figure530:Normalhemisphericalspectralreflectance,,ofS13coatingvs.
wavelength,l,forfivedifferentvaluesofPVC.G.E.LTV602binder.From
Touloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)[126].
Explanation
Key PVC Comments
15 0,17x103mthick6061Alsubstrate.
T298K.
20 Measuredrelativetomagnesiumcarbonate.

25
PVCisthepigmentvolumeconcentration,percent.
35
40
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7.3.3.2.EffectsoftheSpaceEnvironmentonreflectance
7.3.3.2.1.UltraVioletRadiation.Wewillmentiontwopoints:
1st.StabilityofthesecoatingstoUVradiationstronglydependsontheircomposition.Theoptimum
compositionhasbeenobtainedafteralengthyprocessanddataexisttoevaluatethesensibilityofthe
coatingstosmallchangesincomposition.
2nd.Exsituvs.insitumeasurements.Upto1965,thestandardpracticeforspacesimulationwasto
irradiatethecoatingswithUVundervacuum,performingthemeasurementsexsitu.Sincearecovery
exists after breaking vacuum, early flight tests showed an extreme degradation not foreseen at the
lightofthespacesimulationtests.
Figure531andFigure532showtheinfluenceofpigmentbinderratio(PBR)onthestabilityagainst
UVradiation.Dataafterirradiationhavebeenobtainedfromexsitumeasurements.
Figure531:EffectofUltravioletRadiationonnormalhemisphericalspectral
reflectance,,ofS13coatingvs.wavelength,.LTV602siliconebinder.Two
differentpigmentbinderratios(PBR).FromTouloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)
[126].
Explanation
Key PBR PVC Exposure Comments
3,73 40 Invacuumbefore SampleonAlsubstrate.Airbrush

irradiation application.T298K.Exposedin
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UV.1200ESH vacuum

p1,33x103Pa.Measuredexsitu.
1,40 20 Invacuumbefore Abovespecimenandconditionsexcept

irradiation CatalystG.E.SRC04andtolueneas
solvent.
UV.1460ESH
reflectance,,ofS13coatingvs.wavelength,.SeveralbindersandPBRs.From
Explanation
Key Blinder MeSi PBR PVC Exposure Comments

Ratio
LTV602 1,40 20 Invacuumbefore Catalyst,G.E.SRC04;

irradiation solvent,toluene.Sample
onAlsubstrate.Airbrish
UV.1460ESH application.
T298K.Exposedin
R2 1,46 1,70 25 Invacuumbefore vacuum
irradiation
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UV.1460ESH p1,33x105Pa.
Measuredexsitu.
R5 1,38 1,63 25 Invacuumbefore
irradiation
UV.1460ESH
R7 1,33 1,64 25 Invacuumbefore

irradiation
UV.1600ESH
LTV602 3,73 40 Invacuumbefore

irradiation
UV.1200ESH
Figure533andFigure534,ontheotherhand,compareinsituwithexsitumeasurements.
Figure 534,indicates that S13 exhibits a reflectance decrease of about 35% at = 2 x 106 m after
approximately 800 ESH of UV radiation in vacuum and an almost instantaneous increase when the
irradiatedspecimenisadmittedtotheatmosphere.
reflectance,,ofS13coatingvs.wavelength,.FromTouloukian,DeWitt&
Hernicz(1972)[126].
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Explanation
Key Exposure Comments
Invacuumbeforeirradiation T298K.
Measuredandexposedinsitu.
UV.1200ESH
Aboveafterbreakingvacuum Recoveryiscomplete
reflectance,,ofS13coatingvs.wavelength,.FromZerlaut,Rogers&Noble
(1969)[144].DrawnfromTouloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)[126].
Explanation
p1,33x105Pa.
UV.800ESH Measuredandexposedinsitu.
UVsourceG.E.AH6lamp.IITRItest
Aboveafterbreakingvacuum facility(InsituReflectometerIrradiation
Facility,seeZerlaut&Courtney(1967)
[140]).
sandsinTable512
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Figure535toFigure540presentdatatakenwhenoptimizingthecompositionofS13G.
reflectance,,ofS13Gcoatingvs.wavelength,.Twodifferentpigment
treatmentprocesses.FromZerlaut,Rogers&Noble(1969)[144].Drawnfrom
Explanation
Key PigmentTreatment Exposure Comments
16h.sweating. Invacuumbefore T298K.

Solventtoluene irradiation p1,33x105Pa.
UV.600ESH UVsourceG.E.AH6lamp.IITRI
testfacility(InsituReflectometer
Sweating,calcining Invacuumbefore IrradiationFacility,seeZerlaut&
for16hat293K irradiation Courtney(1967)[140]).
sandsinTable512
UV.600ESH
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reflectance,,ofS13Gcoatingvs.wavelength,.Sweatedpigment.Two
differentsolventsystems.FromZerlaut,Rogers&Noble(1969)[144].Drawnfrom
Explanation
Key Solvent Exposure Comments
Toluene Invacuumbefore T298K.

irradiation p1,33x105Pa.
UV.600ESH UVsourceG.E.AH6lamp.IITRI
Tolueneand Invacuumbefore IrradiationFacility,seeZerlaut&
petroleumether irradiation Courtney(1967)[140]).
sandsinTable512.
UV.800ESH
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reflectance,,ofS13Gcoatingvs.wavelength,.Twodifferentpigment
treatmentprocesses.OwensIllinois650binder.FromZerlaut,Rogers&Noble
(1969)[144].DrawnfromTouloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)[126].
Explanation
Key PigmentTreatment Exposure Comments
Sweated,neutralized Invacuumbefore T298K.

withformicacidand irradiation p1,33x105Pa.
calcinedfor16hat Measuredandexposedinsitu.
932K. UV.600ESH UVsourceG.E.AH6lamp.IITRI
Sweated,neutralized Invacuumbefore IrradiationFacility,seeZerlaut&
withsodiumacid irradiation Courtney(1967)[140]).
phosphateand sandsinTable512.
calcinedfor16hat UV.600ESH
923K.
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reflectance,,ofS13Gcoatingvs.wavelength,.Pigmentwassiftedpriorto
wetgrinding.Paintgrindtime3h.FromZerlaut,Rogers&Noble(1969)[144].
DrawnfromTouloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)[126].
Explanation
p1,33x105Pa.
UV.1400ESH Measuredandexposedinsitu.
UVsourceG.E.AH6lamp.IITRItest
Aboveafterbreakingvacuum facility(InsituReflectometerIrradiation
Facility,seeZerlaut&Courtney(1967)
[140]).
sandsinTable512.
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reflectance,,ofS13Gcoatingvs.wavelength,.Silicatedpigmentwithfive
mechanicalperturbations.FromZerlaut,Rogers&Noble(1969)[144].Drawnfrom
Explanation
Key PigmentMechanical Exposure Comments

Perturbation
Shiftingpriortowet Invacuumbeforeirradiation T298K.

grinding.Grindtime3h p1,33x105Pa.
UV.1400ESH
Measuredand
Unshiftedandunground Invacuumbeforeirradiation exposedinsitu.

priortowetgrinding. UVsourceG.E.AH
Grindtime4h UV.1400ESH 6lamp.IITRItest
facility(Insitu
Dryground30min. Invacuumbeforeirradiation Reflectometer
Grindtime3h IrradiationFacility,
UV.1400ESH
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Handmullingpriortowet Invacuumbeforeirradiation seeZerlaut&

grinding.Grindtime3h Courtney(1967)
UV.1400ESH [140]).

sandsinTable
Remulledfromfirsthand Invacuumbeforeirradiation 512
mulling.Grindtime5h
UV.1400ESH
reflectance,,ofS13Gcoatingvs.wavelength,.Plasmaannealedand
potassiumsilicatetreatedpigment.FromGilligan&Zerlaut(1971)[46].
Explanation
Measuredinsitu.Initiallyat8x106Pa
UV.600ESH. pressure.
Firstpartofexposure. Irradiationperformedat1,33x105Pa.
IITRItestfacility(CombinedEnvironment
AboveplusUV.700ESH. RadiationFacility).

sinTable512.
Secondpartofexposure.
AboveplusO2bleaching.
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Figure 535 compares sweating (see clause 5.2.3.1) versus sweating and calcining. Calcination of the
sweated pigment decreases the stability in the infrared. This could be due to the greater grinding
required to reduce the calcined pigment which yields ZnO surfaces devoided of barriers to photo
desorption.Figure536showspartialresultsintheprocessofsolventoptimization.Originallytoluene
wasusedasthesolesolvent.Thisresultedinexcessivespraydust,inverypoorshelflife,andinthe
production of range peelinRTV602 films (a pock marked appearance due to film failure to flow
outtoalevelsurface).
Films from solutions containing petroleum ether showed inferior stability. Paints prepared from
sweatedpigmentarelesssensitivetosolventcomposition.Theoptimumcompositionresultedtobe
Toluene 40%byweight
Xilene 20%byweight
nButanol 15%byweight
Isopropanol 20%byweight
Butylacetate 5%byweight
Thiscompositionprovides:2weeksshelflife,goodsprayflowout,andgoodcurecharacteristics.
Figure 537 shows results of two attempts made to neutralize the sweated pigment prior to
manufacture.Thespecimenpreparedfromthesodiumacidphosphateneutralizedpigmentexhibited
the greatest UV stability that has been observed for S13 G prepared from calcinedpigment. On the
otherhand,mostwavelengthswasdestroyedbyneutralizationwithformicacid.
NeutralizationwasrequiredbecauseinthiscaseOwensIllinois650resinwasused.Thisresinishigh
stableagainstUVirradiationandcanbethermallycuredatlowtemperatureswithoutusingcatalysts.
Unfortunatelythiscausesnearlyinstantaneousgellationwhenmixedwithsilicatetreatedzincoxide.
Gelledcoatingsexhibitajellylikecondition.
Figure 538 and Figure 539 show additional effects of different pigment treatment processes. In
Figure538pigmentwasshiftedbeforewetgrinding,atechniquewhichisnolongerused.
ReactionofZnOwithpotassiumsilicateprovidesaneffectivebarriertophotodesorptionreactionson
thesurfaceofZnOwhichthebinderdoesnot.
The idea behind this treatment was put forward in the Z93 coating (see clause 5.2.2) where the
reactivityofZnOwithpotassiumsilicateprecludedthebleachableinfrareddegradationexhibitedby
ZnOpowderandZnOsiliconecoatings.
Figure 539 deals with silicate treated pigments under different mechanical processes. The only
difference between the different coatings was the manner in which the dried, treated ZnO powder
wasconditionedforgrindingintothepaint.
ThedatashowthatthestabilitytoUVradiationinvacuumisaninversefunctionoftheshearstress
appliedtothedrypigmentpriortowetgrinding.Afivefoldincreaseindamage,asmeasuredby s,
was observed between the paint prepared from only shifted pigment and the handmulled prior to
wetgrindingspecimen(recallcommentregardingFigure535).Handmullingisnolongerusedafter
thesestudies.
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Shiftingoutthemillablepigmentisahighlyinefficientandcostlytechnique,eventhoughitpermits
shorterwetgrindingtimesandgreaterstability.Atpresentonlywetgrindingisused.
Figure540correspondstothestateoftheartS13Gcoating.
FromZerlaut,Rogers&Noble(1969)[144],Gilligan&Zerlaut(1971)[46].
7.3.3.2.3.Protonsonlyexposure.Figure541referstoS13andFigure542toS13Gcoating.
Figure541:Protonsexposureeffectsonnormalhemisphericalspectralreflectance,
,ofS13coatingvs.wavelength,.LTV602siliconebinder.FromGillette,
Brown,Seiler&Sheldon(1966)[54].DrawnfromTouloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz
(1972)[126].
Explanation
Invacuumbeforeirradiation Sprayedonaluminiumsubstrate.
T=300K.
Protons.8,2keV,6,1x1019p.m2, Measuredinair,exposedinvacuum(1,33
integratedflux. x104Pa).
Inair20h40hafterirradiation. MeasurementrelativetoMgO.
Boeinglowenergyparticleaccelerator.
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Figure542:Protonsexposureeffectsonnormalhemisphericalspectralreflectance,
,ofS13Gcoatingvs.wavelength,.Plasmaannealedandpotassiumsilicate
treatedpigment.FromGilligan&Zerlaut(1971)[46].
Explanation
Measuredinsitu.Initiallyat8x106Pa
Protons.1,2keV,4,9x1013p.m2.s1 pressure.
flux.2,5x1019p.m2integratedflux. Irradiationperformedat1,33x105Pa.
IITRIfacility(InsituReflectance
IrradiationFacilityIRIF).
Unfortunatelyboththeexposureconditionsandthemeasuringmethodwidelydifferineithercase.In
Figure541anEarthtoMarsMissionhasbeensimulatedwhereasFigure542seemstorepresentthe
conditionsofahighaltitude(200,000kmto250,000km)nearlycircularorbit.
After exposure data inFigure 541, which were taken in the early sixties, were measured in air and
thoseinFigure542,fromtheseventies,insitu.
Figure540showsthatchangesinreflectanceincludeaslightincreaseintheUVregion(<0,35x106
m) a shift in the UltraViolet absorption cut off, and a general increase in the infrared wavelength
region.
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The reflectance of a typical exposed sample was measured at time intervals of 14 h to 2070 h after
irradiation.Noannealingofdamagewasobservedbetweenreflectancemeasurementsat14hand2
070hafterexposure.
ChangesinsolarabsorptanceofsimilarsamplesaregiveninFigure521.FromGillette,Brown,Seiler
&Sheldon(1966)[54].
7.3.3.2.4.Electronsonlyexposure.Figure543andFigure544concernS13Gcoating,whereasFigure
545toFigure548arerelatedtoGSFC,1017,asimilarcoatingdevelopedbyNASAGoddard.
Both coatings exhibit a slow improvement in reflectance with time after exposure, even when the
samples remain in the dark in a 1,33 x 106Pa vacuum. The mechanisms of recovery are not quite
understood. They probably depend on time, temperature, chamber residual atmosphere species,
samplecomposition,radiationparticletype,fluxandintegratedflux.Recoveryoccursafterexposure
whethertheimpingingparticleisstoppedinthesampleorpassesthroughtoitssubstrate.
Recovery proceeds to a greater extent and at a faster rate after 20 keV exposure than after 80 keV
exposureandisprobablyreducedatimprovedvacuumconditions.ComparedtoS13G,series1017
recoversmoreslowlyandtoasmallerfractionoforiginaldegradation.
FromFogdall,Cannaday&Brown(1970)[43].
Figure543:Electronsexposureeffectsonnormalhemisphericalspectral
reflectance,,ofS13Gcoatingvs.wavelength,.Radiationintensity20keV.
Recoveryafterexposure.FromFogdall,Cannaday&Brown(1970)[43].Drawn
fromTouloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)[126].
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Explanation
Key Intensity Cumulative Timeafter Comments

[keV] Integrated Exposure
Flux[e.m2] [h]
Inairbeforeirradiation. SampleonAlsubstrate.
T=298K
20 1019 0,066 SampleonAlsubstrate.

(1014to5x1015 T=281K.
e.m2.s1) 0,82
1,33x106Pavacuum
1,65 maintainedbyionpump.

Measuredinsituafter
4,12 exposure.
Boeingtestfacility(Radiation
6,92 EffectsLaboratory)seeBrown,
Fogdall&Cannaday(1969)
23,07 [24].
53,68
122,87
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reflectance,,ofS13Gcoatingvs.wavelength,.Radiationintensity80keV.
Recoveryafterexposure.FromFogdall,Cannaday&Brown(1970)[43].Drawn
fromTouloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)[126].
Explanation
Key Intensity CumulativeIntegrated Timeafter Comments

[keV] Flux[e.m2] Exposure[h]
T=298K
80 1020 0 SampleonAlsubstrate.
(1014to5x1015e.m2.s1) T=281K.
48 1,33x106Pavacuum
maintainedbyionpump.
72 Measuredinsituafter
exposure.
96 Boeingtestfacility
(RadiationEffects
168 Laboratory)seeBrown,
Fogdall&Cannaday
432 (1969)[24].
Measuredinairaftertheabovetestshad
beenmade.
T=298K.
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reflectance,,ofGSFC,1017coatingvs.wavelength,.Radiationintensity20
keV.Differentintegratedfluxes.1017isacoating,similartoS13G,developedby
NASAGoddard.FromFogdall,CannadayBrown(1970)[43].Drawnfrom
Explanation
Key Intensity Flux Cumulative Comments

[keV] [e.m2.s1] IntegratedFlux
[e.m2]
T=298K
20 1014to5x1015 1017 SampleonAlsubstrate.

T=281K.
5x1017 1,33x106Pavacuum
1018 Measuredinsituafterexposure.
3x1018 EffectsLaboratory)seeBrown,
Fogdall&Cannaday(1969)[24].
1019 sinparagraph7.3.2.5.4.
1020
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keV.Differentintegratedfluxes.1017isacoating,similartoS13G,developedby
NASAGoddard.FromFogdall,Cannaday&Brown(1970)[43].Drawnfrom
Explanation
Key Intensity Flux Cumulative Comments

[keV] [e.m2.s1] IntegratedFlux
[e.m2]
T=298K
80 1014to5x1015 1017 SampleonAlsubstrate.

T=281K.
5x1017 1,33x106Pavacuummaintained
byionpump.
3x1018 EffectsLaboratory)seeBrown,
1019 sinparagraph7.3.2.5.4.
1020
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keV.Recoveryafterexposure.1017isacoating,similartoS13G,developedby
NASAGoddard.FromFogdall,Cannaday&Brown(1970)[43].Drawnfrom
Explanation

[keV] Integrated Exposure[h]
Flux[e.m2]
T=298K
20 1019 3,87 SampleonAlsubstrate.

T=281K.
54 1,33x106Pavacuummaintained
byionpump.
1020 1,08
127
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Flux[e.m2]
50 EffectsLaboratory)seeBrown,

168 120hafterdryairbackfill.
T=298K

keV.Recoveryafterexposure.1017isacoating,similartoS13G,developedby
NASAGoddard.FromFogdall,CannadayBrown(1970)[43].Drawnfrom
Explanation

Flux[e.m2]
T=298K
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Flux[e.m2]
80 1020 0 SampleonAlsubstrate.
(1014to5x1015 T=281K.
e.m2.s1) 48 1,33x106Pavacuum
72 Measuredinsituafter
exposure.
96 Boeingtestfacility(Radiation
EffectsLaboratory)seeBrown,
168 Fogdall&Cannaday(1969)
[24].
432
Measuredinairaftertheabovetestshadbeen
made.
T=298K.
7.3.3.2.6.Combinedexposure.Twodifferentsetofdataarepresentedhere.
Figure549showstheeffectofUltraVioletandProtonsexposureonS13Gcoating.
Thedamageinthevisiblespectrum(=0,4x106mto0,7x106m)isfairlyslightandbleachable.The
exposure produces displacement of atoms, ionization and excitations. After exposure most of the
atomsreturntothepreviousorsimilarequilibriumpositionsandarecoveryprocessfollows,inwhich
X ray and UltraViolet radiations are emitted. When long wavelength radiation is not present the
damageisnotbleached.
ChargedparticledamageproduceseffectswhichUltraVioletproduces,aswellasotherswhichresult
frommassiveinteractions.Incombinedexposuresradiativebleachingwillproducesynergismand
invalidateanyreciprocitywhichmighthaveexistedinsingleenvironmenttesting.
sisgiveninthetablefromFilliganandZerlautofparagraph7.3.2.5.6.
FromGilligan&Zerlaut(1971)[46].
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Figure549:EffectofCombinedExposureonnormalhemisphericalspectral
reflectance,,ofS13Gcoatingvs.wavelength,.Plasmaannealedand
potassiumsilicatetreatedpigment.FromGilligan&Zerlaut(1971)[46].
Explanation
Measuredinsitu.Initiallyat8x106
UV.600ESH. Papressure.
Protons.668EWH Irradiationperformedat1,33x105
1,05x1013p.m2.s1Flux Pa.
6x1018p.m2IntegratedFlux IITRItestfacility(InsituReflectance
Firstpartofexposure IrradiationFacilityIRIF).
sinthetablefromFilliganand
AboveplusUV.700ESH. Zerlautofparagraph7.3.2.5.6
Secondpartofexposure.
AboveplusO2bleaching.
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Theothersetofdata,Figure550toFigure552,areforS13G/LOonAlsubstrateandareintendedto
represent up to three years exposure in geosynchronous orbit of the Orbital Test Satellite (OTS)
equatorialfaces.Solarabsorptancedatahavebeenpresentedandevaluatedinparagraph7.3.2.5.6.
Figure550indicatesthatinthevisiblerange(=0,4x106mto0,7x106m)thereflectancedecreases
regularly with the exposure time; whereas the decrease in the infrared ( > 0,8 x 106 m) rapidly
reachesasaturation.
Figure 551 shows the influence of air exposure after irradiation. To this aim the upper and lower
reflectancecurvesinFigure550havebeencomparedwiththatresultingfromairexposure.
Figure 552 indicates that bleaching appears after pump damage but an increased reflectance also
resultswhenanirradiationwithUltraVioletandparticlesisfollowedbyanirradiationwithparticles
only. Again the infrared part of the spectrum (> 0,8x106 m)is the most affected, as can be seen by
comparingthecurvescorrespondingtodatatakenafterstepCandbeforestepD.
Figure550:EffectofCombinedExposure,simulatinguptothreeyearsin
geosynchronousorbit,onnormalhemisphericalspectralreflectance,,ofS13
G/LOcoatingvs.wavelength,.FromPaillous(1976)[96].
Explanation
After125hbelow1,3x104Papressure. Testconditions:
T=363K. SeeTable519
AfterStepA(0,18yrinorbit).
T=363K.
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AfterStepB(0,94yrinorbit).
T=363K.
AfterStepC(2,11yrinorbit). AfterunintentionalO2bleaching
T=363K.
AfterStepD(3yrinorbit).
T=363K
Figure551:EffectofO2bleaching,afterCombinedExposure,onnormal
hemisphericalspectralreflectance,,ofS13G/LOcoatingvs.wavelength,.Curves
of and arethoseshowninFigure519.FromPaillous(1976)[96].
Explanation
After125hbelow1,3x104Papressure. Testconditions:
T=363K. SeeTable519
AfterStepD(3yrinorbit). AfterunintentionalO2bleaching
T=363K
AfterStepDandairexposure.
T=293K
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geosynchronousorbit,onnormalhemisphericalspectralreflectance,,ofS13
G/LOcoatingvs.wavelength,.Curvesof and arethoseshownin
Figure550.FromPaillous(1976)[96].
Explanation
BeforeStepB.T=363K. Testconditions:
SeeTable519
AfterStepB(0,94yrinorbit).T=363K.
Afterpumpdamage.T=363K. AfterunintentionalO2
bleaching
BeforeStepC.T=363K.
AfterStepC(2,11yrinorbit).T=363K.
BeforeStepD.T=363K
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7.4.Electricalresistance.
Thesecoatingsarenonconductive.
AslightconductivityhasbeenobservedinS13G/LObyPaillous(1976)[96]undertwoexperimental
conditions:
1. Forthesampleinair.Conductivityvanishedtozeroafterexposureinvacuum.Thiswas
attributedtosamplemoisture.
2. WhenthesamplewasUVirradiated.Nowtheeffectwasattributedtophotoemissionon
theelectrodesattachedtothesample.
8.1.Prelaunch.TheseparagraphsconcernS13GandS13G/LOcoatings.EarlyinformationonS13
canbefoundinBreuch(1967)[22].
TwoNASASpecificationscovertheproperties,qualificationtestandpreparationofS13GandS13
G/LOcoatings.TheseareNASASpecification10M01835,entitledPaint,S13G,TemperatureControl,
Specification For and 10M01836, entitled Paint, S13 G, Temperature Control, Application of,
SpecificationFor.AlthoughthesespecificationsareforS13G,theyapplytoS13G/LOsincetheonly
differencebetweenthemisthatS13G/LOusesastrippedbinder(seeparagraph1).
These coatings are easy to apply, flexible, cleanable and reparable. The surface is soft, rubbery and
shouldbeprotectedfromsand,dust,salt,smogandhumansebumwithappropriateplasticcoverings.
NoilleffectswereevidentwhenexposedtoUVandvacuumafter14monthsinstorageunderMylar,
Hpolymer,Lexan,TeflonAorTedlarfilms.
8.2.Postlaunch.Thesecoatingshaveanacceptedlow s(s 0,22)highemittance(0,90)andalow
outgassing(theLOversion).
8.2.1. Ascent. These coatings are thermal shock resistant when cured as indicated in paragraph 5,5,
providedthattheprimerisnottoothick.
8.2.2.Orbital.UVandvacuumdegradationarefair(UVdegradationisduetodamageinthebinder).
Thesecoatingshavebeenoftenusedonshortflightsatlowaltitudes.
FromCull,Stevenson,Mell&Harada(1984)[31].
9.THERMALCYCLING
Themaximumandminimumtemperaturesatwhichthesecoatingshavebeentestedwithnocracking
orspallingevidenttotheunaidedeyeorat100xmagnificationwere
Tmin=83K
Tmax=395K
Chamberpressurebelow0,7x103Pa.
(Cunnington,Grammer&Smith(1969)[33]).
10.SOURCE
IITResearchInstitute.10West35Street,Chicago,Illinois60616.
11.COST
Quotationsintheearlyeightieswereoftheorderof350US$/pint(FOB,Chicago)for17pintsand300
US$/pintfor8ormorepintsofS13G.(1USpint=473,2x106m2).QuotationsforS13G/LOwere30%
higher.
12.PASTSPATIALUSE
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Spacecraft Launching Usedor References

orProgramme Date Tested
OSOII Feb.3,1965 Tested McCargo,Spradley,Greenberg&

McDonald(1971)[82]
PegasusI Feb.16,1965 Tested Touloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)[126]
PegasusII May25,1965 Tested McCargo,Spradley,Greenberg&

McDonald(1971)[82]
PegasusIII July30,1965 Tested
LunarOrbiterI Aug.10,1966 Tested Touloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)[126]
LunarOrbiterII Nov.6,1966 Tested
ATSI Dec.7,1966 Tested Reichard&Triolo(1967)[103];Triolo

(1973)[128];Triolo,Heaney&Hass(1978)
[129]
OSOIII March8,1967 Tested Millard(1969)[86]
ATSII Apr.5,1967 Tested McCargo,Spradley,Greenberg&

McDonald(1971)[82]
LunarOrbiterIV May4,1967 Touloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)[126]
MarinerV June14,1967 Tested
LunarOrbiterV Aug.1,1967 Tested McCargo,Spradley,Greenberg&

McDonald(1971)[82]
Prospero Oct.28,1971 Tested Keyte(1975)[70]
OTS May11,1978 Usedonthe Chalmers,Konzok,Bouchez&Howle

antenna (1983)[29]
dishes.See
ECSSEHB
3101Part15,
clause5.9.
NAVSTAR Apr.26,1980 Tested Pence&Grant(1981)[99]
LANDSATD July16,1982 Usedon Bachofer(1979)[10]

antennae.See
ECSSEHB
3101Part15,
clause5.7.
LDEF Apr.6,1984 Tested Clark(1981)[30].
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5.2.4 Zinc Oxide-Methylsilicone

1.COMPOSITION
Pigment:NewJerseyZincCo.,SP500zincoxide.
Binder:RTV121siliconeelastomer.
FromGuillaumon&Guillin(1979,1981)[52]&[53].
RHODORSIL RTV 121 is a bicomponent liquid silicone elastomer. This liquid, once mixed with
catalyst10028andvulcanizedatroomtemperature,yieldsatransparentmaterialwhichisusedasa
pottingandencapsulatingcompound.
FromRHONEPOULENC(1978)[104]
2.FORMULATION
Notgivenbytheproducer.
3.USUALDESIGNATION
PSG120.ASTRAL.
PSG120FDCNEShasthesamecompositionasabove,butwiththeRTV121binderpurifiedbyCNES
(Toulouse).
4.SUBSTRATE
Practicallyanymetallicsubstrate.Fiberglassalsoquoted.
SeePreparationofsurfacesforpainting.
5.1.Preparationofpaintforapplication.PSG120isdeliveredasasystemconsistingof:
BasePSG120:1kg,
HardenerCT122:0,2kg,
ThinnerS105:103m3,
tomixwhenusingit.
Shelflife,inthetemperaturerange288K298K,between10hand12h.
Storagetimeoftheunmixedcomponents,heldinclosedcontainers,intheabovetemperaturerange,is
6months.
FromASTRAL(1976)a[6].
5.2.Preparationofsurfacesforpainting.Excellentadhesionisobtainedonmetallicsubstratessuchas:
ferrous metals, steels and light alloys, as well as on fiberglass composites, by use of P 128 primer
whichcanbeappliedeitherbyhandrubbingorbyspraypainting.
Adhesion to electrolytic gold is excellent provided that the substrate is primed either with P 123 or
withP131,usingP128aspostprimer.
5.2.1.UseofP123primer.Thesurfaceshouldbecleanedfromanytraceofoxideordielubricantand
degreasedwitharagsoakedwithtoluene,trichloroethylene,acetoneorether.
Theprimerconsistsofthreecomponentswhichshouldbemixedasfollow:
BaseP123:4partsbyvolume,
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HardenerCX124:1partbyvolume,
ThinnerS125:2partsbyvolume,
Themixingshouldbefilteredthroughanylonnet,meshsize5x105m.
Shelflifeinthetemperaturerange288K298Kis8h.Theprimercanbesprayapplied.UseKremlin
model Junior or comparable gun, at about 2x105 Pa air pressure. Also recommended, Blinks model
Wren B or comparable 2,4x105 Pa air pressure. In the last case, an additional thinning of 1 part by
volumeofS125shouldbeused.
Asinglecrosswiselayershouldbeappliedinanenvironmentat288Kto298Ktemperature.
Polymerizationtimesat293Kare:
Dustoff:30min,
Drytobehandled:4h,
Finalpolymerization:8d.
Theprimershouldbeallowedtoairdryfor8hat293Kbeforeapplicationofthefinishingcoat.
UsepaintremoverD165forcleaning.
FromASTRAL(1976)b[7].
5.2.2. Use of P 128 primer. Ferrous metals, steels, light alloys and fiberglass composites should be
cleanedasabove.Inthecaseofelectrolyticgold,thesurfaceshouldbedegreasedbeforeapplicationof
athinlayerofprimerP123orP131,usingP128aspostprimerafteratleast8hdryingat293K.
PrimerP128isdeliveredreadyforuse.Itcanbeappliedasathinanduniformsinglecrosswiselayer,
ratherbyhandrubbingorbyspraypainting.Applicationtemperatureintherange288K298K.
Polymerizationtimesat293Kare:
Dustoff:15min,
Drytobehandled:30min,
Finalpolymerization:3h.
Theprimershouldbeallowedtoairdryfor30minat293Kbeforeapplicationofthefinishingcoat.
FromASTRAL(1976)c[8].
5.3.Applicationofthepaint.Byspraygun.
Yield(fivelayers):1kg.m2.
5.4. Coating thickness. Measured on AU4G T4 aluminium alloy substrate, primed with P 128. tc =
0,9x104mto1,1x104m.
5.5.Curingprocess.Ontheabovesubstrateandprimer,thepolymerizationtimesat293Kare:
Dustoff:3h,
Drytobehandled:24h,
Finalpolymerization:5d.
Oncecured,thecoatingappearsasaglosslesswhitesurface.
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CAUTIONS
Flammability.PrimersP123,P128andP131,andcoatingPSG120shouldbehandledfarfromany
flameandinproperlyventilatedrooms.
Flashpointsofcoatingcomponents,perNPM07019,are:
PSG120:278K,
CT122:278K,
S105:290K.
Toxicity.Avoidbreathingvaporsduringapplication.
Avoidfrequentandlastingcontactsontheskin,particularlywhilehardenersCT122andCX124.
Alistofsolventsofsiliconeelastomersisgiveninclause5.2.1.RHODORSILHUILE47V50canbe
usedfordecreasingtheviscosityofRTV121.
FromRHONEPOULENC(1978)[104].
7.1.Density.OnAU4GT4aluminiumalloy,primedwithP128,thesurfacedensityis:0,26kg.m2to
0,30kg.m2.
Thesevalues,togetherwiththeabovequotedcoatingthicknessesyieldadensitycloseto2800kg.m3.
Thedensitiesofthewetcomponentsare:
BasePSG120:1380kg.m3,
HardenerCT122:860kg.m3,
ThinnerS105:910kg.m3.
7,2.Outgassing.SeeTable514.OutgassingcharacteristicsgiveninthatTablehavebeenmeasuredper
Specification ESA PSS09/QRM02T. According to this specification, the sample is heated at 398 K,
below1,3x104Papressure,during24h.Thecondensingplateisheldat298K.
Table514:OutgassingCharacteristicsofPSG120Coating
Cure Cure
Coating %TMLa %CVCMb References
Time[h] Temp.[K]
PSG120FD 0,70 0,03 120 298 Guillaumon&Guillin

(binderpurified (1979,1981)[52]&[53].
byCNES). 0,79 0,05 120 298
Onaluminium
substrate. 0,80 0,03 120 298
PrimerP128. 0,43 0,03 120 298

24c 333
0,49 0,03 120 298
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24c 333
0,24 0,02 120 298

24c 373
0,24 0,03 120 298

24c 373
PSG120FD 0,63 0,04 ESTEC(1980)[39].

(binderpurified %RML:
byCNES). 0,61d
PrimerP128.
PSG120FD 0,65 0,03 298 ESTEC(1980)[39].

(binderpurified %RML:
byCNES). 0,62d
PrimerP128.
a TML:TotalmassLoss.
b CVCM:CollectedVolatileCondensableMaterials.
c Eachoneofthesecureswasusedintheordergiven.
d RML:RemainderMassLoss.
7.3.Thermalradiationproperties.
7.3.1.Emittance.
=0,870,02.
ThefollowingvaluereferstoPSG120FD.
=0,88.
7.3.1.3.1.UltraVioletradiation.
<0,01
Sampletemperature:353K.
Exposuretime:120ESH.
7.3.2.Absorptance.
7.3.2.1.Solarabsorptance.
s=0,170,02
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FromASTRAL(1976)a[6],Guillaumon&Guillin(1979,1981)[52]&[53].
7.3.2.5.1.UltraVioletRadiation.Figure553toFigure555,fromCNES.
Data measured in vacuum (below 1,3x105Pa), several sample temperatures, with an integrating
sphereattachedtoaBeckmanDK2Areflectometer,=0.
Aluminiumusedasstandard.
Irradiatedinvacuum.
Degrading source: OSRAM type XBO 900 W, Arc Xenon lamp, quartz Suprasil envelope. Around 1
Sunlevel.
FromSimon(1973)[117].
Figure553:Changeinnormalhemisphericalspectralabsorptance,,ofPSG
120coating,duetoUltraVioletRadiation,vs.exposuretime,t.Wavelength,=
0,46x106m.FromSimon(1974)[118].
Explanation
Key T[K] x106[m] Comments
393 0,46
(Figure553)
353 2,5
(Figure554)
283
283 After9hofUVradiationplus25hinnitrogen
(bleaching).
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Figure554:Changeinnormalhemisphericalspectralabsorptance,,ofPSG
120coating,duetoUltraVioletRadiation,vs.exposuretime,t.Wavelength,=
2,5x106m.
Shadedzoneinaisenlargedinb.
SeeExplanationinthecaptionofFigure553.
Data concerning the effect of ultraviolet radiation on solar absorptance are given in Figure 555. s
deducedfromspectralreflectancemeasuredasabove.
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Figure555:Changeinsolarabsorptance,s,ofPSG120coating,duetoUV
radiation,vs.exposuretime,t.Shadedzoneinaisenlargedinb.FromSimon
(1974)[118].
Explanation
Key T[K] Comments
393
353
283
283 After9hofUVradiationplus25hinnitrogen(bleaching).
7.3.2.5.3. Protons only exposure. Table 515 has been prepared after results reported by DERTS
(Toulouse).
Solarabsorptanceisdeducedfromthespectralreflectancedatagiveninparagraph7.3.3.2.3.
CAUTION
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SolarabsorptancevaluesofwhitepaintsdeducedfromspectralreflectancedatabyDERTSgroup,are
larger,byafactorcloseto2,thanotherwidelyacceptedvalues.
Thefollowingtablehasbeenpreparedbythecompiler.Valuesofsbeforeirradiation.
SolarAbsorptance,s,ofFourWhitePaints
Coating S13 PSG120 Z93 PSZ184

IITRI ASTRAL IITRI ASTRAL
DERTS 0,370,03 0,380,02 0,330,02 0,360,03
Other 0,190,04 0,170,02 0,150,02 0,140,02
Sourcesofdata
S13DERTS,6valuesfromPaillous(1976)[96].
Other,42valuesfromTouloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)[126].
PSG120DERTS,9valuesfromPaillous(1976)[96]andPaillous,Amat,Marco&Panabiere(1977)[97].
Other,paragraph7.3.2.1,clause5.2.4.
Z93DERTS,6valuesasforS13.
Others,paragraph7.3.2.1,clause5.2.2(soiledspecimenhasbeenexcluded).
PSZ184DERTS,9valuesasforPSG120.
Other,paragraph7.3.2.1,clause5.2.5.
Spectral reflectance is measuredin situ by DERTS group using amovable integrating sphere one of
whose apertures faces successively each one of the samples in the sample holder, and the standard
coating.Seeforfurtherdetailsparagraph7.3.3.2.3,clause5.2.4.
Adistanceoftheorderof3x103m(notthesameforallsamples)existsbetweenthesampleandthe
sphereduringreflectancemeasurements.Thisresultsinalossofreflectedlightfordiffuselyreflecting
coatingswhichaffectsALLTHEDATAregardingprotons,electronsandcombinedexposureeffecton
reflectance(andabsorptance)ofPSG120coating.
Integrated values of solar absorptance from DERTS in Table 517 have been corrected, according to
Paillous(1976)[96],asfollows:
1. TheinitialvalueforPSG120hasbeenassumedtobe,
so=0,20,
measured(inair)byESTECandbyCNESusinganintegratingsphereattachedtoa
BeckmanDK2Areflectometer.
2. scorrectedhasbeenrelatedtosinsituasfollows,
(scorrected)/(sinsitu)=(scorrected)/(sinsitu)=0,80/(1soinsitu)
svariationsinthedifferentsubrangesofthespectrum(ultraviolet,visible,infrared)are
givenbyPaillous,Amat,Marco&Panabiere(1977)[97]regardingprotonsandelectrons,
andbyPaillous(1976)[96]regardingcombinedexposure.Thesedatahavenotbeen
compiledhere.
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Table515:ProtonsRadiationEffectsSolarAbsorptanceofPSG120Coating
Intensity[keV] 45 75 150
IntegratedFlux[p.m2] s s s/s s s s/s s s s/s
Before(inair) 0,293 0,353 0,348
Before(invacuum) 0,326 0,384 0,383
1017 0,325 0,001 0,004 0,397 0,013 0,033 0,385 0,002 0,005
1018 0,333 0,007 0,020 0,401 0,017 0,043 0,397 0,014 0,036
1019 0,383 0,057 0,148 0,459 0,075 0,164 0,495 0,112 0,226
2,1x1019for45keV 0,456 0,130 0,285 0,528 0,144 0,273 0,582 0,199 0,342
2,8x1019otherwise
After(inair) 0,390 0,438 0,458
NOTE FromPaillous,Amat,Marco&Panabiere(1977)[97].
7.3.2.5.4.Electronsonlyexposure.Table516afterresultsfromDERTS.
Solarabsorptanceisdeducedfromthespectralreflectancedatagiveninparagraph7.3.3.2.4,clause5.2.4.
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Table516:ElectronsRadiationEffectsonSolarAbsorptanceofPSG120Coating
IntegratedFlux[e.m2] s s s/s s s s/s s s s/s
Before(inair) 0,333 0,335
2x1014 0,354 0,013 0,035 0,392 0,026 0,066 0,412 0,066 0,160
5x1014 0,356 0,015 0,043 0,403 0,037 0,091 0,411 0,065 0,158
1015 0,365 0,024 0,067 0,416 0,049 0,119 0,426 0,080 0,189
2x1015 0,375 0,034 0,091
After(inair) 0,334 0,363 0,355
7.3.2.5.6.Combinedexposure.Table517afterDERTS.
Solarabsorptancefromspectralreflectancedata.
ThetestssimulategeosynchronousorbitexposureoftheOrbitalTestSatellite(OTS)equatorialfaces.
CorrectedvaluesinTable517wereusedtoestimatecoatingdegradationupto3yearsinorbit,Figure556.AlsoshowndatafromGuillaumon&Guillin
(1981)[53],CNES.Incidentsduringtesting,seeparagraph7.3.3.2.6,clause5.2.4,castdoubtsonthevalidityofthedatabeyond1yearinorbit.
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Table517:CombinedExposureEffectsonSolarAbsorptanceofPSG120Coating
Sample1 Sample2
Test
Conditions Measuredinsitu Correcteda Measuredinsitu Correcteda
BEFOREIRRADIATION 0,358 0,200 0,367 0,200
AFTERAUNDERVACUUMb 0,422 0,063 0,177 0,279 0,079 0,395 0,440 0,073 0,199 0,291 0,091 0,455
BEFOREB 0,388 0,029 0,082 0,236 0,036 0,180 0,402 0,035 0,096 0,244 0,044 0,220
AFTERBb 0,410 0,051 0,144 0,264 0,064 0,320 0,451 0,084 0,230 0,305 0,105 0,525
AFTERPUMPDAMAGEc 0,378 0,020 0,055 0,225 0,025 0,125 0,390 0,023 0,062 0,229 0,029 0,145
BEFOREC 0,425 0,067 0,188 0,284 0,084 0,420 0,440 0,073 0,200 0,291 0,091 0,455
AFTERCb 0,485 0,127 0,354 0,359 0,159 0,795 0,502 0,135 0,369 0,369 0,169 0,845
BEFORED 0,474 0,116 0,323 0,345 0,145 0,725 0,487 0,120 0,327 0,350 0,150 0,750
AFTERDUNDERVACUUMb 0,505 0,147 0,410 0,384 0,184 0,920 0,516 0,149 0,405 0,386 0,186 0,930
AFTERDANDAIREXPOSURE 0,430 0,072 0,201 0,290 0,090 0,450 0,557 0,190 0,518 0,438 0,238 1,19
1)Valuebeforeirradiation,s0=0,20.
2)scorrected/sinsitu=(1s0)/(1s0insitu)=0,80/0,64
wheres0hasbeenmeasured(inair)withanintegratingsphereattachedtoaBeckmanDK2Areflectometer.s0insituisthevaluemeasuredbeforeirradiationas
indicatedinparagraph7.3.3.2.3,clause5.2.4.
A:0,18yr=508ESH.
B:0,94yr=2443ESH.
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C:2,11yr=5604ESH.
D:3yr=7949ESH.
c Seeparagraph7.3.3.2.6,clause5.2.4,forfurtherdetails.
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Figure556:Estimatedchangeinsolarabsorptance,s,ofPSG120vs.time,t.From
Paillous(1976)[96].
:FromGuillaumon&Guillin(1981)[52].
7.3.3.Reflectance.DatarelatedwithbidirectionaltotalreflectancearegiveninFigure557.
Figure557:Bidirectionaltotalradiationintensityofreflectedflux,i,vs.cone
angle,,forseveralvaluesoftheconeangleoftheincidentflux,.PSG120
coating.Incidentandreflectedfluxesarecoplanar.iismeasuredbytheresponse
ofaphotocellattachedtoaphotogoniometer.FromASTRAL(1976)a[6].
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7.3.3.1.Normalhemisphericalspectralreflectance.Figure558fromCNES.
Spectral reflectance measured in situ with an integrating sphere, operating in the direct mode,
attachedtoaBeckmanDK2Areflectometer.
Aluminiumusedasstandard.Sampleandstandardarealternativelyilluminated.
SeeSimon(1973)[117]forfurtherdetailsonthemeasurementprocedure.
7.3.3.2.1.UltraVioletRadiation.Figure558.
Sampleconditionsandspectralreflectancemeasurementsasabove.
Sampleirradiatedinvacuum.
Degradingsource:OSRAMtypeXBO900W,ArcXenonlamp,quartzSuprasilenvelope.
Radiationfluxdensityatthesamplelevel:~1Sun.
SeeFigure553andff.wheresimilardatafromCNESarepresented.
reflectance,,ofPSG120coatingvs.wavelength,.
Thickline:Beforeirradiation.p<1,3x105Pa.T=348K.
Thinline:Afterirradiation.p<1,3x105Pa.T=348K.
ASunlevel.t=212ESH.FromSimon(1973)[117].
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7.3.3.2.3.protonsonlyexposure.Figure559andff.,fromDERTS.
Sampleonaluminiumsubstrate.
ASAMESprotonacceleratorhasbeenused.Theprotonbeamimpingesnormallyonthesample.
Testswereperformedinfoursuccessivesteps.Data,whichweretakenbefore3hfromtheendofeach
step,areforcumulativedamage.
Chamberpressureintherange6,7x105Pato104Pa.
Sampletemperature:303K0,5K.
Spectral reflectance measured in situ with an integrating sphere, operating in the direct mode, and
appropriatedetectors(dependingontherange)viewinganareaofthesphereinnerwall.
A Zeiss monochromator can be displaced, together with the sphere, to successively illuminate the
sample(2x102msquare)andavacuumdepositedaluminiumstandard(notexposedtothedamaging
irradiation). Readings for the sample and for the standard provide the directionalhemispherical
reflectancefactor,giveninthefollowingfiguresasdirectionalhemisphericalspectralreflectance.
The experimental setup is basically that described by Paillous (1975) [95], except for minor
improvementsintheopticaldetectorsystem.
Neithertheincidenceangle,,noraschematicofthespherearegiveninthesource.
Figure559:EffectofProtonsradiationonnormalhemisphericalspectral
reflectance,,ofPSG120coatingvs.wavelength,.Radiationintensity45keV.
SeeExplanationinthecaptionofFigure561.FromPaillous,Amat,Marco&
Panabiere(1977)[97].
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reflectance,,ofPSG120coatingvs.wavelength,.Radiationintensity150
keV.FromPaillous,Amat,Marco&Panabiere(1977)[97].
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Explanation
Key Intensity Flux IntegratedFlux Cumulative Comments

[keV] [p.m2.s1] [p.m2] Integrated
Flux
[p.m2]
45keV Sampleon
inFigure aluminium
559. 1,3x1014 1017 1017 substrate.
75keV p=1,3x104
inFigure 2,5x1014 9x1017 1018 Pa.
560. T=303K
2,5x1014 9x1018 1019
150keV 0,5K.
(Figure559).
inFigure Incidenceof
6,2x1014(Figure
561. theprotons
560&Figure
561) beam:0.
6,2x1014 1,1x1019(Figure 2,1x1019

559). (Figure559).
1,8x1019(Figure560 2,8x1019
&Figure561)
(Figure560&
Figure561)
7.3.3.2.4.Electronsonlyexposure.Figure562andff.,fromDERTS.
ASAMESelectronacceleratorhasbeenused.Theelectronbeamimpingesonthesampleat45,but
thishasbeentakenintoaccountforestimatingthemeanfluxandthedeviationfromthemean.Thisis
keptwithin35%forthe25samplesbeingirradiatedallatonce.Theachievableelectronsenergyat
thesampleisoftheorderof200keV.
SeePaillous(1975)[95]forfurtherdetails.
Thetestswereperformedinfoursuccessivesteps,andreadingsweretakenattheendof eachstep.
Sampleconditionsandreflectancemeasurementsasinparagraph7.3.3.2.3,clause5.2.4.
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Figure562:EffectofElectronsRadiationonnormalhemisphericalspectral
FromPaillous,Amat,Marco&Panabiere(1977)[97].
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Explanation
Key Intensity Flux Integrated Cumulative Comments

[keV] [p.m2.s1] Flux Integrated
[p.m2] Flux
[p.m2]
40keV Sampleon
inFigure aluminium
562. 2,7x1014(Figure 2x1018 2x1018 substrate.
562). p=1,3x104Pa.
80keV 2,9x1014(Figure
inFigure 563). T=303K0,5
563. K.
4x1014(Figure562). 3x1018 5x1018 Incidenceofthe

2,8x1014(Figure electronsbeam:
563). 45.
4x1014(Figure562). 5x1018 1019

5,3x1014(Figure
563).
5,4x1014(Figure562) 1019(Figure 2x1019(Figure

562) 562)
reflectance,,ofPSG120coatingvs.wavelength,.Radiationintensity210
keV.FromPaillous,Amat,Marco&Panabiere(1977)[97].
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Explanation

[p.m2] Flux
[p.m2]
210 Sampleonaluminium
substrate.
3,0x1014 2x1018 2x1018 p=1,3x104Pa.
T=303K0,5K.
3,1x1014 3x1018 5x1018 Incidenceofthe
electronsbeam:45.
6,3x1014 5x1018 1019
An analytical model of the solar absorptance degradation because of the irradiation of protons and
electrons, with application to white paints, has been set forth by Bourrieau (1978) [19], Bourrieau &
Paillous(1979)[20].
The model ascribes the changes in solar absorptance to the creation within the coating of defect
centers,theconcentrationofwhichdependsonlyonthelocalabsorbeddose.
The defect density produces an absorption band which results in the optical degradation of the
coating.Theintensityofthatabsorptionbandisassumedtodependonlyonthedefectdensity.
The absorption bands become apparent when the spectral reflectance curves before and after
irradiationarecomparedtoeachother.
Thedistributionofabsorbeddoseinthecoatingcanbecalculatedbyuseofavailablecomputational
techniques (Bourrieau (1978) [19]). In practice a mean dose, D , is> assumed to be uniformly
distributedthroughoutadisturbedlayer,thethicknessofwhich,Xd,iscalledthepenetrationrange.
Theanalyticalmodelshowsthat:
1. When the disturbed layer is much thicker than the layer of photon absorption and
scattering (optical range, Xu), the change in spectral reflectance does not depend on Xd.
Thisoccursforhighenergyparticlesorverylargeirradiationdoses.
2. On the other hand, whenXd<<Xu the changes in spectral reflectance are proportional to
thepenetrationrange,Xd.
InthecaseofPSG120coatingtwoabsorptionbandsarepresent,probablyat =0,41x106mand =
2,1x106m.Noneofthemwasclearlydetected,sincemeasurementsofspectralreflectanceweremade
atdiscretevaluesof,andthenearestvalueswere,respectively,=0,45x106mand=2,5x106m.
Theexperimentalresultsfor =2,05x106mhavebeenusedtotesttheapplicabilityoftheanalytical
modeltoPSG120coatingdegradation.
TherelevantirradiationparametersaresummarizedinTable518.
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Table518:ApplicationoftheDegradationModeltoPSG120Coating
TypeofParticle Protons Electrons
Intensity[keV] 45 75 150 40 80 210
Flux 1,3x1014to6,2x1014 2,7x1014to 2,9x1014to 3,0x1014to

5,4x1014 5,3x1014 6,3x1014
[particles.m2.s1]
Cumulative 1017to2,8x1019 2x1018to 2x1018to1019

IntegratedFlux 2x1019
[particles.m2]
Regeneration 2,4x103 3,4x103 5,6x103 2,5x102 9,0x102 5,0x101

Range,Xd[kg.m2]
MeanDose, D 3,0x108 3,6x108 4,3x108 1,7x109 109 5,8x1010

GY/Particlea
RelatedFigure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

559 560 561 562 563 564
a 1GY(Gray)=1J.kg1.
NOTE FromBourrieu(1978)[19].
Experimental have been compared to theoretical as can be seen in Figure 565. Data from protons
irradiation at 75 keV, not deemed to be reliable, are not shown. Agreement is fair, even though the
assumption of an uniformlydistributed mean dose (throughout the disturbed layer) cannot be
justifiedforhighenergyelectronirradiations.
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Figure565:Changeinnormalhemisphericalspectralreflectance,,ofPSG120
coating,duetoparticulateirradiation,vs.penetrationrange,Xd.Wavelength,=
2,05x106m.FromBourrieau(1978)[19].
7.3.3.2.6.Combinedexposure.Figure566andFigure567fromDERTS.
geosyncronousorbit,onnormalhemisphericalspectralreflectance,,ofPSG120
coatingvs.wavelength,.FromPaillous(1976)[96].
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Explanation
After125hbelow1,3x104Papressure.T=363K.
AfterstepB(0,94yearsinorbit).T=363K.
AfterstepC(2,11yearsinorbit).T=363K. AfterunintentionalO2
bleaching.
AfterstepD(3yearsinorbit).T=363K.
hemisphericalspectralreflectance,,ofPSG120coatingvs.wavelength,.
Curves and arethoseshowninFigure566.FromPaillous(1976)
[96].
Explanation
AfterstepD(3yearsinorbit).T=363K. AfterunintentionalO2
bleaching.
AfterstepDandAirexposure.T=293K.
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Irradiationswereperformedunderthefollowingconditions:
Reflectancemeasuredinsituwithoutbreakingvacuum,unlessotherwisestated.
The exposure is intended to simulate 3 years in geosynchronous orbit of the threeaxis stabilized
OrbitalTestSatellite(OTS)equatorialfaces.Thetestsreproducedthesimultaneousactionofvacuum
andtemperature,andofultraviolet,protonsandelectronsirradiations.
Ultraviolet irradiation was only possible at or below 3 Suns. Because of this limited capability,
particle irradiations were performed intermittently, within the constraint of a correct simulation on
theintegratedfluxesattheendofthefourmainstepsofthetest(Table519).Ultravioletirradiation,
onthecontrary,wasperformedcontinuously.
Table519:TestConditionsSimulatinguptoThreeYearsinGeosynchronous
Orbit
StepA StepB StepC StepD
YearsinOrbit 0,18 0,94 2,11 3
SimulationTestTime[h] 160 883 1868 2650
ESH 508 2443 5604 7949
ProtonsExposure StartingTime,FirstRun 90 790 1850 2630

[h]
40keV
StoppingTime,LastRun 169 831 1868 2650
[h]
NetRunningTime 16 32 16 12
[h]
Flux 1,33x1013 3,04x1013 8,33x1013 8,80x1013

[Protons.m2.s1]
IntegratedFlux 0,77x1018 0,35x1019 0,48x1019 0,39x1019

[Protons.m2]

CumulativeIntegrated 0,77x1018 0,43x1019 0,91x1019 1,30x1019

Flux
[Protons.m2]

ProtonsExposure StartingTime,FirstRun 0 548 1700 2615

[h]
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StepA StepB StepC StepD
150keV StoppingTime,LastRun 90 790 1850 2630

[h]
[h]
Flux 4,51x1011 9,98x1011 2,73x1012 2,92x1012

[Protons.m2.s1]

[Protons.m2]

Flux
[Protons.m2]
Electrons StartingTime,FirstRun 0 548 1700 2615

Exposure [h]
200keV StoppingTime,LastRun 169 831 1868 2650

[h]
[h]
Flux 1,34x1013 3,08x1013 8,23x1013 8,80x1013

[Electrons.m2.s1]

[Electrons.m2]

Flux
[Electrons.m2]
NOTE FromPaillous(1976)[96]
Fortheultravioletexposure,thesampleswereirradiatedat45incidence,throughaSuprasilultra
pure silica window. Two different high pressure Xenon lamps were needed to reproduce the full
ultraviolet spectrum. Uniformity of illumination was within 17 % for the whole ensemble of 25
samples in the sample holder. Particulate irradiations and in situ reflectance measurements were
achievedasinparagraphs7.3.3.2.3and7.3.3.2.4.ofclause5.2.4.
Thefollowingmeasurementswereperformed:
1. Solar reflectance (in air) before and after irradiation was measured, by ESTEC and by
CNES,withanintegratingsphereattachedtoaBeckmanDK2Areflectometer.Standards
ofpolishedaluminium.TheresultingsbeforeirradiationhasbeengiveninTable515.
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2. Insitumeasurementsofglobalreflectance.AsolarsimulatinghighpressureXenonlamp,
75Wwasused.Thelampwasattachedtotheintegratingsphereviaaglassandquartz
fiberopticaltube.Theresultingdatahavenotbeencompiledhere.
3. In situ spectral reflectance, as in paragraph 7.3.3.2.3, clause 5.2.4. A limited amount of
data are given in Figure 566 and Figure 567. An incident occurred during ultraviolet
onlyirradiationbetweenstepsBandC.Thechamberpressureroseupto1,3Pabecauseof
somedamageinthesecondaryvacuumpump.Thisincidentresultedinanincreaseinthe
reflectance, which was measured and reported. Since test were resumed after repairing
thepumpandsomebleachingoccurred,thedataforstepsCandDshouldbelookedat
cautiously.
7.4. Electrical resistance. According to Paillous (1976) [96] this coating exhibited a small electrical
conductivityduringparticulateirradiation.Afterairexposuretheelectricalconductivityvanishedto
zero.Thereasonforthiseffectremainsunclear.
PSG120hasbeenspacequalifiedbyCNES.Thequalificationtestsinclude:
8.1.Prelaunch.Moistureresistancetest.
Relativehumidity:above90%.
Temperature:363K.
Duration:5d.
Thecoatingshowednofailures,noteventinyunstuckspots.FromGuillaumon&Guillin(1979)[52].
ASTRAL(1976)a[6]quotesadurationof7d.
8.2.Postlaunch.Curetimeforminimizingoutgassing,inTable514.Thecoatingwithstoodvibrations
perD2SpacecraftSpecificationwithnoapparentchangeinadhesion.
8.2.1.Ascent.Thermalsoakatnormalpressure.
Temperature:523K.
Duration:100h.
Thermalsoakundervacuum.
Pressure:below1,3x105Pa.
Temperature:523K.
Duration:100h.
8.2.2.Orbital.DataonUltravioletandparticulateirradiationdamageofthiscoatingshowamoderate
increase in the solar absorptance which ceases before long. Compare, for example, the values of s
after2and3yearsinorbit,asgiveninFigure556.
9.THERMALCYCLING
Nocrackingofthesurfacewasobservedafterthefollowingtests:
Pressure:below1,3x104Pa.
Temperature:
Tmin=173K
Tmax=373K.
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Numberofcycles:200.
Cycletime:1,5h.
FromASTRAL(1976)a[6],Guillaumon&Guillin(1979)[53].
10.SOURCE
ASTRAL,PeinturesetVernis,164rueAmbroiseCroizat,botepostale140.
93024SaintDenis.Cdex1,France.
ContactPerson:Mr.B.Dumont.DpartementAronautique.
11.COST
P123primer
Onekitconsistsof:
1literBaseP123
2,5litersHardenerCX124
1literThinnerS125
Cost:1550FF.
P128primer
Onekitconsistsof:
0,25litersP128
Cost:230FF.
PSG120FD
Onekitconsistsof:
1kgBasePSG120FD
0,2kgHardenerCT122
1kgThinnerS105
Cost:3300FF.
ThesecostsareFOB,factoryofMontataire,OiseFrance.
FromaquotationdatedAug.1984.
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12.PASTSPATIALUSE
This coating has been used in several satellites, and considered for use in some other cases. Several
examplesofspatialusearegiveninthefollowingTable.
Spacecraftor LaunchingDate UsedorTested References

Programme
D2A(Tuornesol) April15,1971 Used ASTRAL(1976)a

D2B(Aura) Sept.27,1975 [6]
SRET2 June5,1975 Testedintwodifferent ASTRAL(1976)a

(MAS2) experiments. [6]
Rolfo(1976)[106].
Meteosat1 Nov.23,1977 UsedinSRET2tested Rolfo(1976)[106].

Meteosat2 June19,1981 radiantcooler.
(SeeL,clause6.6.3).
LDEF April6,1984. ExperimentedA01386byA. Clark(1981)[30].

Launchedfrom Paillous&J.C.Guillaumon.
Challenger
Olympus Scheduledforearly UsedinthePropagation Domingo(1987)

1988. AntennaPackage. [36]
5.2.5 Zinc Oxide-Potassium Silicate

1.COMPOSITION
Pigment:NewJerseyZincCo.,SP500zincoxide.
Binder:Potassiumsilicate.
Filler:Choppedglassfibers(Triton).
FromSimon(1974)[118]andASTRAL(1981)[9].
2.FORMULATION
3.USUALDESIGNATION
PSZ184.ASTRAL.
4.SUBSTRATE
Any clean substrate, particularly aluminium alloys, stainless steel, copper alloys. See Preparation of
surfacesforpainting.
5.1.Preparationofpaintforapplication.PSZ184isdeliveredasasystemconsistingof:
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Pigment.
Binder.
Choppedglassfibers(Triton).
Glassballs.
Distilledwater(asmuchasrequiredforgrinding).
Inordertopreparethepaint:
1. MixTriton,glassballsanddistilledwater.
2. Grindtheresultingmixingfor30minbyuseofaRedDevilstirrer.
3. Addtoabovemixingthepigmentandthebinder.
4. Grindthesolutionfor30minbyuseofaRedDevilstirrer.
5. Add8x102kgofdistilledwater.
6. Filterthroughanylon30mesh(6,3x104mmeshsize)inordertoseparatetheglassballs.
7. Add20%byweightofdistilledwater.
8. Filterthroughanylon300mesh(5x105mmeshsize).
Shelflifeofthepaint:24h.
FromASTRAL(1981)[9].
5.2.Preparationofsurfacesforpainting.
1. Foraluminiumalloys,stainlesssteel,copperalloys.
Thesubstrateshouldbethoroughlydegreasedwithtrichloroethylene,thenscrapedwith
an alkaline paint remover (steel wool and commercial detergent type VIM), or
sandblasted,andcopiouslyrinsedwithwater.
Whentheabovepreparationbecomesunfeasible,asatisfactoryresultisachievedbyuse
oftheproceduregivenbelow,whichcanbeappliedtoothersubstrates.
2. Forothersubstrates.
CarefuldegreasingwithtrichloroethylenefollowedbyafinalcleaningwithFreonTFor
ethyletherandaspraycoatofP131primer.
5.3. Application of paint. By spray techniques using a Kremlin model Junior or comparable gun at
about2,8x105Paairornitrogenpressure.
Compulsoryconditionsforapplicationare:
Ambienttemperatureintherange291K298K.
Relativehumidityabove65%.
3verythinlayersshouldbeappliedtostartwith.Then8or9crosswiselayersaresprayedon.Thelast
layers show a glossy appearance during application. The successive layer should be allowed to dry
slowlyanduniformlyuntiltheglosshasdisappeared(30min35min)beforesprayingonthenext
layer.
Aftercuringthesurfacecanberinsedwithsoapywater.
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Areas to be retouched should be slightly polished with steel wool and water. Then, a thin layer is
applied.Afteraround5mindrying,oneortwocrosswiselayerscanbesprayedon.
5.4.Coatingthickness.Between104mand1,2x104m.
5.5.Curingprocess.At293K.
Dustoff:3h,
Deepdry:24h.
Notattackedbysolvents.
Thepaintcanberemovedmechanically.
7.1.Density.Notgivenbytheproducer.
7.2.Outgassing.Sampleat398Kto423K,below1,3x103Papressure,during24h.Condensingplate
heldat298K.
Totalmassloss,%TML:2,26.
Collectedvolatilecondensablematerials,%CVCM:0,01.
Wateristheonlyvolatilecomponentofthisinorganiccoating.
7.3.1.Emittance.
7.3.1.1.Hemisphericaltotalemittance.SeeTable520,whichalsogivesinformationonsolar
absorptance,s.
Table520:HemisphericalTotalEmittance,,andSolarAbsorptance,s,ofPSZ
184
Description Comments s
Asreceived.Initialvalue. 0,940,02 0,140,02
Aftermoistureresistancetest. Emittancemeasured 0,930,04 0,140,02

Relativehumidity:90%. byuseofaportable
Temperature:363K. emissometer.
During7d.
Afterthermalcyclingunder 0,940,04 0,140,02

vacuum.
200cycles.
Temperaturerange:173K373K.
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Description Comments s
Pressure:1,3x103Pa.
Aftercumulativetests,moisture 0,900,04 0,140,02

resistanceplusthermalcycling,
bothasabove.
NOTE FromASTRAL(1981)[9].
7.3.2.Absorptance.
7.3.2.1.Solarabsorptance.SeeTable520above.
7.3.2.5.1.UltraVioletRadiation.Figure568toFigure570,fromCNES.
Datameasuredasinparagraph7.3.1.3.1,clause5.2.4.
Figure568:Changeinnormalhemisphericalspectralabsorptance,,ofPSZ
184coating,duetoUVRadiation,vs.exposuretime,t.Wavelength,=0,46x106m.
SeeExplanationinthecaptionofFigure569.FromSimon(1974)[118].
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Figure569:Changeinnormalhemisphericalspectralabsorptance,,ofPSZ
184coating,duetoUVRadiation,vs.exposuretime,t.Wavelength,=2,5x106m.
Explanation
Key SampleTemperature[K] Comments
353
(bleaching).
DataconcerningtheeffectsofultravioletradiationonsolarabsorptancearegiveninFigure570. s
deducedfromspectralreflectancemeasuredasabove.
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Figure570:Changeinsolarabsorptance,s,ofPSZ184coating,duetoUV
Radiation,vs.exposuretime,t.Shadedzoneinaisenlargedinb.FromSimon
(1974)[118].
Explanation
Key SampleTemperature Comments

[K]
353
(bleaching).
7.3.2.5.3.Protonsonlyexposure.Table521afterDERTS.
Solarabsorptancefromspectralreflectancedatagiveninparagraph7.3.3.2.3,clause5.2.5.
Commentsinparagraph7.3.2.5.3ofclause5.2.4arerelevanthere.Nowtheinitialvalueisso=0,16.
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Table521:ProtonsRadiationEffectsonSolarAbsorptanceofPSZ184Coating
IntegratedFlux[p.m2] s s s/s sb s s/s s s s/s
Before(inair) 0,307
Before(invacuum) 0,349
1017 0,348 0,001 0,002
1018a 0,348 0,001 0,002
1019 0,376 0,027 0,071
2,1x1019 0,407 0,058 0,142
After(inair) 0,386
Before(inair) 0,279 0,328 0,332
1017 0,323 0,005 0,015 0,384 0,009 0,024 0,396 0,013 0,033
1018 0,334 0,016 0,047 0,394 0,019 0,049 0,411 0,028 0,068
1019 0,362 0,044 0,122 0,420 0,045 0,107 0,442 0,059 0,134
2,1x1019 0,396 0,078 0,196 0,443 0,068 0,154 0,471 0,088 0,187
After(inair) 0,358 0,392 0,405
Comments(forsilicated Smallcracks Severecracking,particularlyinthelowerpartofthesample(heldupright).

primeronly). appearedaftertests. Substratebadlyprimed.
a OnP131primer. b Onsilicatedprimer.
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7.3.2.5.4.Electronsonlyexposure.Table522afterDERTS.
Solarabsorptancefromthespectralreflectancedatagiveninparagraph7.3.3.2.4ofclause5.2.5.Sampleonsilicatedprimer.
Table522:ElectronsRadiationEffectsonSolarAbsorptanceofPSZ184Coating
IntegratedFlux
s s s/s s s s/s s s s/s
[e.m2]
Before(inair) 0,344 0,330
2x1014 0,422 0,071 0,168 0,450 0,090 0,199 0,471 0,130 0,277
5x1014 0,457 0,106 0,232 0,486 0,126 0,259 0,523 0,182 0,348
1015 0,480 0,129 0,269 0,517 0,157 0,304 0,533 0,192 0,361
2x1015 0,493 0,142 0,288
After(inair) 0,326 0,360 0,359
Comments Veryseverecracking.The Smallcracksawayfromthe Smallcracks.Substrate

paintbecomesalmostscaled centerofthesample. badlyprimed.
off.
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7.3.2.5.6.Combinedexposure.Table523afterDERTS.
Solarabsorptancefromspectralreflectancedata.
ThetestsimulategeosynchronousorbitexposureoftheOrbitalTestSatellite(OTS)equatorialfaces.
TheCorrectedvaluesinTable523wereusedtoestimatecoatingdegradationupto3yearsinorbit,Figure571.
Incidentsduringtesting,seeparagraph7.3.3.2.6ofclause5.2.4,castdoubtsonthevalidityofthedatabeyond1yearinorbit.
Table523:CombinedExposureEffectsonSolarAbsorptanceofPSZ184Coating
Sample1 Sample2
Test
Conditions Measuredinsitu Correcteda Measuredinsitu Correcteda
BEFOREIRRADIATION 0,319 0,160 0,349 0,160
AFTERAUNDERVACUUMb 0,332 0,013 0,041 0,176 0,016 0,100 0,372 0,023 0,066 0,189 0,029 0,181
BEFOREB 0,347 0,028 0,089 0,195 0,035 0,219 0,356 0,008 0,022 0,170 0,010 0,062
AFTERBb 0,390 0,071 0,225 0,249 0,089 0,556 0,405 0,056 0,161 0,230 0,070 0,437
AFTERPUMPDAMAGEc 0,373 0,055 0,080 0,229 0,069 0,431 0,386 0,037 0,107 0,206 0,046 0,287
BEFOREC 0,396 0,078 0,243 0,258 0,098 0,612 0,417 0,069 0,197 0,247 0,087 0,544
AFTERCb 0,421 0,103 0,322 0,289 0,129 0,806 0,438 0,089 0,256 0,272 0,112 0,700
BEFORED 0,415 0,097 0,304 0,282 0,122 0,762 0,435 0,086 0,247 0,268 0,108 0,675
AFTERDUNDERVACUUMb 0,425 0,107 0,335 0,294 0,134 0,838 0,438 0,089 0,257 0,272 0,112 0,700
AFTERDANDAIREXPOSURE 0,395 0,076 0,238 0,255 0,095 0,594 0,415 0,066 0,189 0,243 0,083 0,519
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1)Valuebeforeirradiation,s0=0,16.
2)scorrected/sinsitu=(1s0)/(1s0insitu)=0,84/0,67
wheres0hasbeenmeasured(inair)withanintegratingsphereattachedtoaBeckmanDK2Areflectometer.s0insituisthevaluemeasuredbeforeirradiationas
indicatedinparagraph7.3.3.2.6ofclause5.2.4.
A:0,18yr=508ESH. B:0,94yr=2443ESH. C:2,11yr=5604ESH. D:3yr=7949ESH.
c Seeparagraph7.3.3.2.6ofclause5.2.4forfurtherdetails.
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Figure571:Estimatedchangeinsolarabsorptance,s,ofPSZ184vs.time,t.From
Paillous(1976)[96].
7.3.3.Reflectance.
7.3.3.1.Normalhemisphericalspectralreflectance.Figure572fromCNES.
Sampletemperaturenotgiven.
Spectralreflectancemeasuredinsituasindicatedinparagraph7.3.3.2.3ofclause5.2.4.
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reflectance,,ofPSZ184coatingvs.wavelength,.
Thickline:Beforeirradiation.p<1,3x105Pa.
Thinline:Afterirradiation.p<1,3x105Pa.1Sunlevel.
Neithersampletemperaturenorexposuretimearegiven.FromSimon(1974)[118].
7.3.3.2.1.UltraVioletradiation.Figure572.
Sampleconditionsandspectralreflectancemeasurementsasabove.
Sampleirradiatedinvacuumasinparagraph7.3.3.2.1ofclause5.2.4.
Radiationfluxdensityatthesamplelevel:~1Sun.
Exposuretimenotgiven.
SeeFigure568andff.wheresimilardatafromCNEShavebeenalsopresented.
Figure 572 is interesting from a qualitative point of view when compared with Figure 558. In
particular,thedecreasedreflectanceintheinfrared(0,7x106m)resultingfromultravioletradiation,
whichischaracteristicofsiliconebindedwhitepaintssuchasPSG120,doesnotappearinthiscase
wherethebinderispotassiumsilicate.
7.3.3.2.3.Protonsonlyexposure.Figure573andff.,fromDERTS.
IrradiationandmeasurementsasforPSG120,paragraph7.3.3.2.3ofclause5.2.4.
Oneofthesamples(thatonsilicatedprimer)exhibitedseverecracksafterexposure.Thesecrackshave
beenattributedtobadprimingofthesubstrateasitwasmadeclearbythefactthataspecimenusing
PSZ 184 on P 131 primer did not crack after a 45 keV proton irradiation. See Figure 573, and also
Table521.
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reflectance,,ofPSZ184coatingvs.wavelength,.aCoatingonP131primer.b
Coatingonsilicatedprimer.Radiationintensity45keV.
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reflectance,,ofPSZ184coating,onsilicatedprimer,vs.wavelength,.
Radiationintensity75keV.FromPaillous,Amat,Marco&Panabiere(1977)[97].
Explanation

[p.m2] Flux
[p.m2]
45keVin Sampleonaluminium
Figure substrate.
573. 1,3x1014 1017 1017 p=1,3x104Pa.
75keVin T=303K0,5K.
Figure 2,5x1014 9x1017 1018 Incidenceoftheprotons
574. beam:0.Smallcracks
2,5x1014 9x1018 1019 appearedaftertestsinthe
(Figure caseofFigure573b.
573). Crackingwasseverestin
6,2x1014 thecaseofFigure574.
(Figure Cracksattributedtobad
574). primingofthesubstrate.
6,2x1014 1,1x1019 2,1x1019

(Figure (Figure573).
573). 2,8x1019
1,8x1019 (Figure574).
(Figure
574).
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Explanation

2 1
[keV] [p.m .s ] Flux Integrated
[p.m2] Flux
[p.m2]
substrate.Silicated
1,3x1014 1017 1017 primer
p=1,3x104Pa.
2,5x1014 9x1017 1018 T=303K0,5K.
Incidenceoftheprotons
6,2x1014 9x1018 1019 beam:0.Severe
crackingappearedafter
6,2x1014 1,8x1019 2,8x1019 tests,particularlyinthe
lowerpartofthesample
(heldupright).Substrate
badlyprimed.
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7.3.3.2.4.Electronsonlyexposure.Figure576andff.,fromDERTS.
Sampleonaluminiumsubstrate.Silicatedprimer.
IrradiationasforPSG120,p.168.
Explanation

[keV] [e.m2.s1] Flux Integrated
2
[e.m ] Flux
[e.m2]
substrate.Silicatedprimer
2,7x1014 2x1018 2x1018 p=1,3x104Pa.
T=303K0,5K.
4x1014 3x1018 5x1018 Incidenceoftheelectrons
beam:0.Verysevere
4x1014 5x1018 1019 cracking.Thepaintbecomes
almostscaledoff.
5,4x1014 1019 2x1019 Substratebadlyprimed.
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Explanation

[e.m2] Flux
[e.m2]
80 Sampleonaluminiumsubstrate.
Silicatedprimer
2,9x1014 2x1018 2x1018 p=1,3x104Pa.
T=303K0,5K.
2,8x1014 3x1018 5x1018 Incidenceoftheelectronsbeam:
0.Smallcracksawayfromthe
5,3x1014 5x1018 1019 centerofthesample.
Substratebadlyprimed.
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Explanation

2
[e.m ] Flux
[e.m2]

substrate.Silicatedprimer
3,0x1014 2x1018 2x1018 p=1,3x104Pa.

T=303K0,5K.
3,1x1014 3x1018 5x1018 Incidenceoftheelectrons

beam:45.Smallcracks.
6,3x1014 5x1018 1019 Substratebadlyprimed.

An attempt has been made to check the validity of the analytical model of solar absorptance
degradation, set forth by Bourrieau (1978) [19], against the experimental results which have been
representedinparagraph7.3.3.2.3ofclause5.2.5.
Foradescriptionofthementionedanalyticalmodelseeparagraph7.3.3.2.4ofclause5.2.4.
ThecomparisonwasdeceptiveinthecaseofPSZ184becauseofthealreadymentionedcracks.Two
absorption bands were detected, = 0,61x106 m and = 2,1x106 m, but only the last one was
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workable,thefirstbeingmaskedbyadriftoftheabsorptionthresholdofthepaint.Nodefiniteresults
wereobtained.
7.3.3.2.6.Combinedexposure.Figure579andFigure580fromDERTS.
IrradiationandmeasurementsasforPSG120,paragraph7.3.3.2.6ofclause5.2.4.
Datapresentedare:
1. Solarreflectance(inair)beforeirradiation,so=0,16,giveninTable523.
2. Insituspectralreflectance,Figure579andFigure580
SeealsoTable523.
Thechamberpressureroseupto1,3Pabecauseofsomedamageinthesecondaryvacuumpump.This
incidentresultedinanunintentionalbleachingofthecoating.Testwereresumedafterrepairingthe
pump.Databeyond1yearinorbitshouldbeusedcautiously.
geosynchronousorbit,onnormalhemisphericalspectralreflectance,,ofPSZ
184coating,vs.wavelength,.FromPaillous(1976)[96].
Explanation
AfterstepA(0,19yearsinorbit).T=363K.
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AfterstepB(0,94yearsinorbit).T=363K.
AfterstepC(2,11yearsinorbit).T=363K. AfterunintentionalO2
bleaching.
AfterstepD(3yearsinorbit).T=363K.
hemisphericalspectralreflectance,,ofPSZ184coating,vs.wavelength,.
Curves and arethoseshowninFigure579.FromPaillous(1976)[96].
Explanation
AfterstepD(3yearsinorbit).T=363K. AfterunintentionalO2
bleaching.
AfterstepDandAirexposure.T=293K.
7.4.Electricalresistance.PSZ184coatingisnonconductive(Paillous(1976)[96]).
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8.1. Prelaunch. The use of this coating in spacecraft demands great care. In addition to compulsory
applicationconditions(preparationofthesurface,humiditylevel,ambienttemperature,...),itrequires
a particularly well trained applier. The coating withstood moisture resistance tests (Table 520).
Neitherdegradationofitsopticalpropertiesnorofitsadhesionwereobserved.
8.2.Postlaunch.Outgassingcharacteristicsaregiveninp.186.
8.2.1. Ascent. SeeTable 520for influence of thermal cycling under vacuumand moisture resistance
plus thermal cycling. Changes look minimal. Nevertheless, some cracks and slight scalding off near
thebordersresultedfromcumulativetests(moistureplusthermalcycling).
8.2.2. Orbital. Data on ultraviolet and particulate irradiation damage of this coating compare
favourablywiththoseofotherwhitepaintswhichhavebeentestedbyPaillous(1976)[96].
9.THERMALCYCLING
Nocrackingofthesurfacewasobservedafterthefollowingtests:
Pressurebelow1,3x104Pa.
Temperature:
Tmin=173K
Tmax=373K.
Numberofcycles:200.
Cycletimenotgiven.
10.SOURCE
ASTRAL,PeinturesetVernis,164rueAmbroiseCroizat,botepostale140.
93204SaintDenis.Cdex1,France.
ContactPerson:Mr.B.Dumont.DpartementAronautique.
11.COST
12.PASTSPACIALUSE
Nospacialusehasbeenreported.
Asampleofthiscoating,amongothers,aretestedonboardLongDurationExposureFacility(LDEF)
1stMission(scheduledforearly1984),ExperimentA01386,byPaillous&Guillaumon.Thesampleare
examinedbeforeflightandafterretrieval.(Clark(1981)[30]).
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5.2.5.1 Zinc Orthostannate-Methylsilicone
1.COMPOSITION
Pigment:ZincOrthostannate(Zn2SnO4).
Binder:RHODORSIL10336purifiedbyCNESmethod.Thispurificationconsistsinanumberofcures
(usuallythree)whichreduceoutgassingwithoutmodifyingthepropertiesofthepolymerizedbinder
(seeGuillaumon&Guillin(1979)[53]).
FromGuillaumon&Blet(1982)[51].
RHODORSIL10336isamethylphenylsiliconeusedfortheproductionofindustrialcoatingswhich
will withstand temperatures up to 650 K 700 K, and for producing fastpressing and recooking
insulationbricks.
Containsxilene.
AlsocommercializedasSilicex717.
FromSiliconasHispania(1985)[116].
Preparationofthepigment:162,8g(2moles)ofSP500ZnO,NewJerseyZincCo.,and150,7g(1mol)
ofSn4O2,Merck(qualityPUR)aredispersedindeionizedwater(0,6land1,2lrespectively)during5
min.Bothdispersionsaremixedandthoroughlystirredfor15min.Themixtureisthenallowedto
standduring3h.ThenitistransferredtoaBuchnerfunnelandfilteredatreducedpressure.Thefilter
cakeisremovedfromthefunnelanddriedfor16hat380K.Theresultingpowderiscalcinedfor16h
at1220K.InordertoenhancethestabilityunderUVradiation,mixtureswith0,5%excessZnOhave
beencalcinedatdifferenttemperatures(1200K,1270K,1320K,1370K)andthentreatedwithacetic
acid.
FromGuillaumon(1982)[48].
2.FORMULATION
3.USUALDESIGNATIONPCBZ
ConductiveWhitePaint.
4.SUBSTRATE
Anylightalloy,alsofiberglass,Kevlarorcarbonfiberlaminates.
5.1.Preparationofpaintforapplication.(Seealsoclause5.2.2).
Addsufficientthinnerto100kgofpaintinordertoreachaviscosityof33s34sat293KperAFNOR
No.2,5cup(30gofthinner).
Thisviscosityshouldbecloselykept.
Cuptypeviscometersarewidelyemployedinthepaintindustry(Demmler,Ford,Zahn,Gardner,...).
Theyconsistofanorificecupwithametalorificeandareceivercup.Themeasuredeffluxtime,t,in
seconds,isrelatedtothekinematicviscosity(=/)through
=ktK/t
wherekandKareempiricalvaluesforeachinstrument.
ForatablewiththemostwidelyusedviscometersseeVanWazeretal.(1963)[130].
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AnaccountofAFNORcupsandpertinentprocedurescanbefoundinNFT30014(1983)[92].
TherangeofstandardAFNORcupsisgiveninthefollowingTable.
tvs.RangeofStandardAFNORCups
Cup t[sec] x103[Pa.s]
2,5 30to250 5to140
4 20to300 50to1100
6 30to300 510to5100
NOTE FromNFT30014(1983)[92].
Storagetimeinfull,closedcontainersat2782K,is4months.
5.2.Preparationofsurfacesforpainting.
1. Metallic surfaces should be cleaned from any trace of oxide, grease or die lubricant by
immersionorwitharagsoakedwithacetoneandthenwithflugene113(orequivalent).
Flugene113:Trichloro1,1,2Trifluoro1,2,2Ethane,isaproductfromRhonePoulenc.
2. Fiberglass,Kevlarorcarbonfiberepoxylaminatesshouldbegrindedwithabrasivecloth
no.320andcleanedwithacetoneandthenflugene113(orequivalent).
FromMASTER(1985)[81].
5.2.1.Applicationofprimers.Twoalternativetypesofprimersarequoted:
1. Primer P 128 could be applied either by hand rubbing or sprayed with a type Kremlin
JuniororJ3spraygun.Asinglecrosswiselayershouldbeapplied.Layerthickness,5x
106m.Dryingtime,30min.
Verysimilarpropertiesasthoseofthenominalcoatingonthisprimerhavebeenobtained
onlightalloyswithoutusingP128primer(Guillaumon(1983)[49]).
InthecaseofepoxysubstratesitisadvisabletoapplyacrosswiselayerofP123primer
(seeparagraph5.2ofclause5.2.4).
2. PCBZPrimer.
Ambienttemperatureintherange291Kto298K.
Relativehumidityabove40%.
Throughput: 0,150 0,020 kg.m2 (dry) which corresponds to around 0,230 kg.m2 as
delivered.Thickness(dry)around45x102m.
(a) Forsmallsurfaces(lessthan0,5m2).
Thining:20to25%ofPCBZthinner.
Viscosityatapplication:16sto20sat293KperAFNORNo.4cup.
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Filtering:throughnylonfilter300.
ApplicationwithKremlinJuniororequivalentspraygun.Nozzle203.
Vectorgas:airat2,5x105Pa.Suctionfeeding.
Needlevalveaperture:4,5turns.Ovaljet.
A slight wet plus 2 crosswise layers wet on wet in order to obtain a wet and
uniformappearance.2b)Forlargesurfaces(beyond0,5m2).
Thinning:20to25%ofPCBZthinner.
Viscosityatapplication:18sto22sat293KperAFNORNo.4cup.
ApplicationwithKremlintypeSKM17.HeadH10.NozzleNo.16.
Pressure:3x105Pa.Aspirationcan.
Needlevalveaperture:4,5turns.Semiovaljet.
Ventopening:3/4turn.
A slight wet plus 2 crosswise layers wet on wet in order to obtain a wet and
uniform appearance. After the last layer of PCBZ primer, wait 3 min before
applyingthelayersofwhitefinishing.
5.2.2.Applicationofwhitefinishinglayers.
Thinning:40to50%ofPCBZthinner.
Viscosityatapplication:33sto35sat293KperAFNORNo.2,5cup.
Throughput: 0,170 0,010 kg.m2 (dry) which corresponds to around 0,230 kg.m2 as delivered.
Thickness(dry)around40x106m.
1. Forsmallsurfaces(lessthan0,5m2).
ApplicationwithKremlinJuniororequivalentspraygun.Nozzle203.
Vectorgas:airat1,8x105Pa.Suctionfeeding.
Needlevalveaperture:4turns.Ovaljet.
2to5crosswiselayersdependingonapplicator.
Delaybetweenlayerssoastoreachasemimatteappearance.
2. Forlargesurfaces(beyond0,5m2).
ApplicationwithKremlintypeSKM17.HeadH10.NozzleNo.14.
Pressure:2x105Pa.Aspirationcan.
Needlevalveaperture:4,5turns.Ovaljet.
2to5crosswiselayersdependingonapplicator.
Delaybetweenlayerssoastoreachasemimatteappearance.
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5.5.Curingprocess.Thecoatingshouldbeairdryduring5d,at293Kandnormalhumidity.
Dustoff:1to2h.
Drytobehandled:24h.
Finalcuring:5d.
5.6.Appearance.WhiteMatte.
6.CLEANING
Cleaning.Useethylalcohol.Chlorinated,fluorochlorinatedorbenzenesolventsshouldbeavoided.
Pickling.UseD165Astralorchlorinatedsolventsliketrichlorethylene,chloroform,etc.
CAUTIONS
Thiscoatingisflammable,noxiousthroughbreathing,swallowingandskincontact.
Itshouldbehandledfarfromanyflameandappliedonlyinproperlyventilatedrooms.Ifthisisnot
thecaseasuitablemaskshouldbeused.
7.1.Density.
Databelowcorrespondtospecificdensityofwetcomponentsinthecoatingsystem.
PCBZprimer,1,730,05
PCBZfinishing,2,020,05
PCBZthinner,0,930,02
Surfacedensity,dependingonthenumberoflayers:
0,26kg.m2to0,37kg.m2(seeparagraph7,4).
7,2.Outgassing.Sampleheatedat398K,below1,3x104Papressure,during24h.Condensingplate
heldat298K.(SpecificationESAPSS09/QRM02T)(seeTablebelow).
Table524:OutgassingCharacteristicsofPCBZCoating
Coating TWLa RWLb VCMc CureTime CureTemp. References

% % % [h] [K]
PCBZonAU4G 0,65 0,64 0,12 120 293 Guillaumon

substrateprimed &Blet(1982)
withP128d [51]
PCBZsystem(primer 0,65 0,64 0,12 360 298 MASTER

andfinishinglayers) (1985)[81]
onAU4Gsubstrated 0,53 0,40 0,08 144e 298
24 323
0,26 0,13 0,07 120e 298

24 373
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Coating TWLa RWLb VCMc CureTime CureTemp. References

% % % [h] [K]
0,11 0,01 0,02 96e 298

26 423
PCBZ 0,85 0,81 0,09 INTA(1984)

[65]
a TWL:TotalWeightLoss.
b RWL:RelativeWeightLoss.
c VCM:VolatileCondensarleMaterials.
d Al4CuMgSiAlloy.
e Eachoneofthesecureswasusedintheordergiven.
7.3.1.Emittance
p=0,800,04
c=0,83
OnAU4Gsubstrate. phasbeenmeasuredwithaportableemissometerand cbycalorimetry.From
Guillaumon&Blet(1982)[51],Guillaumon(1983)[49].
SeeMillard&Streed(1969)[86]foracomparisonofportableemissometervs.calorimetricvalues.
7.3.2.Absorptance
7.3.2.1.SolarAbsorptance
s=0,260,02
OnAU4Gsubstrate.
FromGuillaumon&Blet(1982)[51],Guillaumon(1983)[49].
7.3.2.2.Variationofsolarabsorptancewithcoatingthickness.Seep.1104,16.
7.3.2.5.EffectsoftheSpaceEnvironmentonabsorptance
7.3.2.5.1.UltraVioletRadiation.After1045ESHat298K
s=0,03
OnAU4GsubstratewithP128primer.
SeealsoFigure581.
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Figure581:Solarabsorptance,s,ofPCBZcoatingvs.UVRadiationexposure
time,t.FromGuillaumon(1982)[48].
Fromspectralreflectancedatameasuredinthefollowingpages.
Table525:UltraVioletRadiationEffectsonSolarAbsorptanceofPCBZCoating
Testconditions s s s s
TOTAL UV Visible Infrared
SampleA:PCBZb4f5fourprimerlayers,fivewhitefinishinglayers.Substratenotgiven.
Inair,Beckman 0,244 0,863 0,187 0,203
UVinvacuum0ESH 0,224 0,863 0,169 0,178
120ESH 0,239 0,866 0,192 0,186
293ESH 0,246 0,876 0,203 0,189
586ESH 0,247 0,854 0,200 0,197
1086ESH 0,251 0,877 0,209 0,195
1597ESH 0,258 0,890 0,222 0,194
2090ESH 0,255 0,878 0,214 0,197
2625ESH 0,256 0,878 0,222 0,192
Afterbreakingvacuum 0,240 0,874 0,199 0,180
Inair,Beckman 0,262
SampleC:PCBZb4f8fourprimerlayers,eightwhitefinishinglayers.Substratenotgiven.
Inair,Beckman 0,230 0,864 0,178 0,181
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Testconditions s s s s
TOTAL UV Visible Infrared
UVinvacuum0ESH 0,210 0,860 0,156 0,161
110ESH 0,217 0,864 0,175 0,157
268ESH 0,230 0,868 0,187 0,172
536ESH 0,233 0,861 0,193 0,174
994ESH 0,241 0,881 0,204 0,176
1459ESH 0,237 0,881 0,204 0,167
1910ESH 0,241 0,883 0,206 0,174
2400ESH 0,243 0,884 0,217 0,166
Afterbreakingvacuum 0,225 0,874 0,190 0,156
Inair,Beckman 0,246
UV degradation increases up to 1 000 ESH, becoming invariable beyond this time. Recovery after
breakingthevacuumisnoteworthyparticularlyintheinfraredband.Thenumberofwhitefinishing
layers(5or8)isimmaterialexceptintheinfrared.
FromPaillous&Millan(1983)[98].
7.3.3.2.EffectoftheSpaceEnvironmentonreflectance.
TestperformedatONERACERT.
TwosamplesofPCBZcoating.
Authorsdesignation:A:PCBZb4f5;C:PCBZb4f8
AsinTableabove.
Substratenotquoted.
Irradiationperformedunderavacuumbetterthan1,3x104Pa.
Sampletemperature,T=353K1Kcontrolledbyathermostaticbath.
Degradingsource:Xenonlamp2500W.Twoindependentfiltersareused,forthe0,2x106mto0,3x
106mbandandforthe0,3x106mto0,38x106mbandrespectively.Infraredandvisiblebandsof
lamparethussuppressed.
Theilluminationfromthelampwasindependentlymeasuredonastandardtargetandonthesample
position(foursampleswereirradiatedsimultaneously).Thuscorrectivefactors,fc,areasignedtoeach
sample.fc=1,045forsampleAandfc=0,955forsampleC.
ThesolarradiantenergyinESH,receivedbyeachsample,isgivenby
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t s 0, 2 16,2 t s 0,3 78,4

ts f c [55]
16,2 78,4
where ts = Qs/s (radiant energy over radiant flux) and ts0,2 and ts0,3 are radiant energies, in ESH,
withineachband.16,2W.m2isthemeanintensityofthespectralirradiation(oneSun)inthe0,2x106
mto0,3x106m,and78,4W.m2thatinthe0,3x106mto0,38x106mband.
Spectralreflectancewasmeasuredasfollows:
1. Before irradiation, measurements where performed in air using an integrating sphere
attached to a Beckman DK 2A reflectometer. Once finished the run, the reflectance was
measuredasin2)butbreakingthevacuum.
2. During irradiation spectral reflectance was measured in situ by an integrating sphere
operatinginthedirectmode.Thesampleisirradiateddirectlyandthedetectorviewsan
areaonthespherewall.Astandardcoatingofknownreflectanceisthenmeasuredunder
thesameconditions.ThedirectionalhemisphericalreflectancefactorR(,2)istheratio
of the sample reading to the standard reading times the known reflectance of the
standard.Accordingtothesketchinthereferencereport(Paillous&Millan(1983)[98])
0.InthefollowingR,willbegivenasnormalhemisphericalspectralreflectance.
Solarreflectanceiscalculatedas
2 , 510 6
R E d s
0 , 2710 6
s 2 , 510 6
[56]
E ds
0 , 2710 6
whereEs()isthesolarirradiance.
For the numerical computation the integrals have been discretized taking 30 selected wavelengths.
Solarreflectancewascalculatedinthewholeband(total),intheUV,inthevisibleandintheinfrared.
Sinceforeachwavelength()=1R()itfollowsthats=1s.
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Figure582:Normalhemisphericalspectralreflectance,,ofPCBZcoating,
sampleA,vs.wavelength,.EffectofUltraVioletradiation.
Explanation
T353K,0,=2,Vacuumlessthan1,3x104Pa
ZincOrthostannateinRhodorsil10336.Fourprimerlayers,fivewhitefinishinglayers.
Key TestConditions
UVinvacuum,0ESH
1086ESH
2625ESH
2625ESHafterbreakingvacuum
NOTE FromPaillous&Millan(1983)[98].
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Figure583:Normalhemisphericalspectralreflectance,,ofPCBZcoating,
sampleC,vs.wavelength,.EffectofUltraVioletradiation.
Explanation
T353K,0,=2,Vacuumlessthan1,3x104Pa
ZincOrthostannateinRhodorsil10336.Fourprimerlayers,eightwhitefinishinglayers.
Key TestConditions
UVinvacuum,0ESH
994ESH
2400ESH
2400ESHafterbreakingvacuum
NOTE FromPaillous&Millan(1983)[98].
CoatingonglasssubstratewithP128primer.
0,260kg.m2dry(4layers,s=0,35),R=2/squarea
0,310kg.m2dry(5layers,s=0,29),R=150/square
0,370kg.m2dry(6layers,s=0,26),R=104/square
a FromMASTER(1985)[81].InthiscaseprimerisPCBZprimer.MeasuredperASTMD25766.
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Thereasonforthedrasticincreaseinsurfaceelectricalresistancewiththicknessistwofold;1)volume
resistanceofthesemiconductingwhitelayerincreaseswiththenumberoflayers,and2)thediffusion
of conducting particles through this white layer weakens when thickness increases (Guillaumon
(1986)[50]).
7.4.3.Charging
ThesurfacepotentialofPCBZcoatingirradiatedwithelectronshasbeenmeasuredatDERTS.Coating
onglasssubstratewithP128primer.
Althoughsurfaceresistancewasveryhigh(oftheorderof1010/square),surfacepotentialwaslowin
anycase.ResultsaregiveninTable526fordifferentimpingingelectronbeamenergies,inkeV.
Beamcurrentdensity,102A.m2.
Table526:ChargingTestswithPCBZCoating
ExposureTime[h] SurfacePotential[V]
5keV 10keV 15keV 20keV
0 0 1
0,008 4 3 3 1
0,025 4 4 4 3
0,058 4 4 5 4
0,142 4 5 5 5
0,308 5 6 6,5 6
NOTE FromGuillaumon&Blet(1982)[51].
PCBZhasbeenspacequalifiedbyCNES.Resultsofthequalificationtestsaregiveninthefollowing.
8.1.Prelaunch.
Moistureresistancetest
Testconditions.
Relativehumidity:90%
Temperature:323K
Duration:7d
CoatingBehavior.
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Appearance Adhesionto s
scotchadhesive
Beforetest Matte 4/5good 0,800,04a 0,260,02

0,83
AfterTest Nochange 5/5verygood 0,800,04 0,290,04

a p=0,80.04(portableemissometer),c=0,83(calorimetric)
NOTE FromGuillaumon&Blet(1982)[51],Guillaumon(1983)[49].
Adhesionofacoatingtothesubstrateisthesubjectofseveralstandards(ISO24091972;UNE48032;
ASTMD3359,methodB;DIN53151;INTA160299,...)Allofthemdealwiththesocalledcrosscut
test. A lattice pattern is cut into the coating, penetrating through it to the substrate, by use of a
standard cutting tool. The resulting pattern is then visually examined and the coating classified by
comparisonwithanillustrativefigure(0to5or5to0fromgoodtobaddependingontheparticular
standards). Removal of flaked portions of coating film is made by a brush. Under certain
circumstances, and through agreement between interested parties, an adhesive tape is used for
removal. In other standards this procedure is mandatory. The above data have been presumably
obtainedperASTMD3359.
9.THERMALCYCLING
Testconditions.
Pressure:1,3x104Pa
Temperature,Tmin:123K,Tmax:373K
Numberofcycles:200
Coatingbehavior.
Appearance Adhesionto s
scotch
adhesive
Beforetest Matte 4/5good 0,800,04 0,260,02
AfterTest Nochange 4/5good 0,800,04 0,290,04
Cummulativetests.Environmental+Thermalcycling.
AfterTest Nochange 4/5good 0,800,04 0,290,04
NOTE FromGuillaumon&Blet(1982)[51],Guillaumon(1983)[49].
10.SOURCE
This coating, which has been developed by CNES, is commercialized by Socit MASTER Peintures
(ZI09100PAMIERS,France,Phone(61)67.07.40).
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11.COST
Notstatedbysupplier.
5.2.6 Silver vacuum deposited on fused Silica

1.COMPOSITION
Metallic Silver, vacuum deposited on one surface of fused silica. The silver is overcoated with
dielectricorconductivematerialstoprotectitfromdegradation.
FromOCLI(1980)[94].
ThefollowingdescriptionisgivenbyCunnington,Grammer&Smith(1969)[33].
Coating:Silver107mthick.
Overcoating:Inconel5x108mthick.
Bothdepositionsmadeinthesamechamberwithoutbreakingvacuum.
FusedSilica:CorningglassWorksNo.7940,0,008(2x104m)thick.
3.USUALDESIGNATION
SecondSurfaceThermalControlMirrorOCLITypeSI100.OpticalCoatingLaboratory,Inc.
ThiscoatingsystemisalsocalledRigidOpticalSolarReflector(RigidOSR),orSecondSurfacethermal
controlMirror(SSM).
In the following the first designation is applied when the coating system is clearly identified in the
reference,otherwisethemoregeneraldesignation,OSRfusedsilica,isused.
4.SUBSTRATE
Anycleansubstrate.
The OSR fused silica mirrors can be bonded to the substrate with an adhesive or a doublebacked
tape.Siliconecementsprovidethemostdesirablecharacteristics.
5.1.Background.TheOSRfusedsilicamirrorscanbefabricatedinavarietyofshapesandsizes.The
most common configuration presently in use is that of 2,54x102 m squares. Squares of 3,81x102 m
have been also manufactured. Larger sizes can be produced while maintaining the fused silica
thickness mentioned above, however, the breakage factor during fabrication and handling leads to
increasedcosts.Theselargersizesareavailableonrequest.
Special sizes and/or shapes are required for application on highly curved surfaces. Application to a
2,5x102mdiametertubehasbeenreportedbyMarshall&Breuch.(1968)[80].
5.1.1.Geometricaltolerances.Unlesssupersededbycustomerspecifications,thefusedsilicasubstrates
oftheSI100mirrorsarefabricatedtothefollowingtolerances:
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DimensionalTolerance
Length 0,002(5,08x105m)
Width 0,002
Thickness 0,002
Perpendicularityofsides 90015
EdgeChips 0,010(2,54x104m)max.projectionintoface.
Parallelismofsides 0,002
NOTE FromOCLI(1980)[94].
5.1.2.Surfacequality.FF(8050)orbetterperMILC48497.
FromOCLI(1980)[94].
5.1.3. Appearance. The coated surface gives the appearance of uniform coverage when observed
through the fused silica substrate (face) by the unaided eye. The surface should be free of all metal
deposition and other contamination. The overcoated surface (back) inherently has a distinct color
whenviewedunderwhitelight.Thischaracteristicmaybeusedtofacilitateidentificationoftheback
face.
FromOCLI(1980)[94].
5.2.Preparationofthesurfaceforbonding.Dependsonthesubstrateused.Adetaileddescriptionof
theseveralmethodsforpreparingsubstratesforadhesivebondingcanbefoundinCagle(1968)[25].
Substrates considered are, among others, aluminium alloys, steels, titanium alloys, magnesium,
copperandcopperalloys,nickelandnickelbasealloys,beryllium,chromium,...Manualmethodsfor
repairs,aswellasmethodsforevaluatingsurfacepreparationarealsogivenbyCagle.
5.3.Application.Detailedapplicationproceduresshouldbeworkedoutforeachcase.Sometimeseach
mirrorisappliedindividually.Forotherapplicationsthemirrorsareassembledinstringswithtapes
before transfer into the substrate. A small spacing between individual mirrors will allow for
differencesinthermalexpansionbetweenthemirrorsandthesubstrate.
5.4.Curingprocess.Dependsontheadhesiveused.Table527givesalistofcandidateadhesives,with
pertinent outgassing data, as well as reference on past experience in the attachment of OSR silica
mirrors.
SeealsoTHERMALCYCLING,paragraph9ofclause5.2.6.
5.5.Qualityofadhesivebonding.Mechanicalstabilitycouldnotbeareliabletestofthebond.Insome
instances the thermal conductance between the mirror and the substrate and, thence, the effective
thermalemittanceofthesystem,decreasedasaresultofthermalcycling.
6.SOLVENTRESISTANCE
Fused silica is not attacked by solvents. Carbon tetrachloride, isooctane and xilene are silicone
solvents.Seeclause5.2.1.
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Solventcleaningforrepairingpurposeswouldonlybeusedwhenthereisnootheralternative.Very
little cleaning is achieved, and porous bond lines usually appear unless solvent completely before
bonding.
Table527:CandidateAdhesivesforOSRFusedSilicaApplication
Adhesive % % Cure Cure Vacuum References Comments

TMLa CVCM Time Temp. Conditions
b [h] [K]
DC58Ce UsedinHelios.
(Winkler&
Stampfl(1975)
[139]).
DC61104e 0,22 0,01 72 298 1,3x104Pa ESTEC Prequalifiedby

%RML: 1,3x105Pa (1980)[39] ESTECfor
0,14c bondingCC
OSRfusedsilica
onAluminium
Substrate.
(Bosma&
Levadou(1979)
[16]).
DC92024e Accordingto
Marshall&
Breuch(1968)
[80],hasproven
tohaveexcellent
properties.
DC93500e 0,09 0,01 168 298 Air Campbell, Usedin

A/Bas11/1by Marriot& radiators,Beacon
weight park(1978) Experiment,
Silicone [27]. CMSTAR
satellites.
DC93500e 0,04 0,00 48 298 Air (Hyman(1981)
A/Bas20/1by [62]).
weight
Silicone
Eccobond57Cf 0,52 0,04 168 298 Air Conductive

A/Bas1/1by EpoxySilver
weight Adhesive.Used
inSCATHA,
Eccobond57Cf 0,36 0,03 0,5 423 Air ML12
A/Bas1/1by experiment.
weight (Hall&Fote
(1979,1980)[55]
&[56]).
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TML CVCM Time Temp. Conditions
a
b [h] [K]
RTVS691g 0,25 0,02 168 298 Below ESTEC Qualifiedby

A/Bas9/1by %RML: 4
1,3x10 Pa (1981)[40]. AEG
weight 0,22c TELEFUNKEN
G790Primer/Al assolarcell
foil adhesive(Koch
(1978)[72]).
RTV560/T12h 2,22 0,49 3600 298 Air Campbell, UsedinBoeing

as0,1%T12 Marriot& testssimulating
Park(1978) HELIOSorbit.
RTV560/T12h 0,08 0,04 3600d 298 Air [28]. (Fodgall&
as0,1%T12 24 398 1,3x106Pa Cannaday(1974)
[42]).
UsedinHELIOS.
(Winkler&
Stampfl(1975)
[139]).
RTV560/577/T 0,063 0,11 720d 298 Air

12h 48 348 6
1,3x10 Pa
as1/1/0,5%by
weight
Silicone
RTV560/577/T 3,30 0,57 720 298 Air

12h
as1/9/0,5%by
weight
Silicone
RTV560/577/T 0,45 0,08 336d 298 Air

12h 144 348 1,3x106Pa
as1/9/0,5%by
weight
Silicone
RTV566h 0,12 0,00 168 298 Air UsedinBoeing

0,07%byweight testssimulating
Catalyst HELIOSorbit
Silicone (Fodgall&
Cannaday(1974)
RTV566h 0,11 0,01 168 298 Air [42]).
0,075%by Itwasnotused
weightCatalyst inHELIOS
Silicone
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TML CVCM Time Temp. Conditions
a
b [h] [K]
RTV566h 0,11 0,01 168 298 Air becauseof

0,08%byweight technical
Catalyst problems.
Silicone (Winkler&
Sampfl(1975)
RTV566h 0,10 0,01 168 298 Air [139]).
0,09%byweight Usedinseveral
Catalyst USAF
Silicone geosynchronous
satellites.
RTV566h 0,10 0,02 168 298 Air (Curran&
0,1%byweight Millard(1978)
Catalyst [34]).
Silicone
RTV566h 0,12 0,01 4 353 Air

0,1%byweight
Catalyst
Silicone/DC1200
Primer/Sandwich
RTV566h 0,13 0,01 4 353 Air

0,1%byweight
Catalyst
Silicone/GE
554155
Primer/Sandwich
RTV615h Goodthermal
GESS4120 cyclingresults.
Primer (Marshall&
Breuch(1968)
[80]).
UsedinUSAF
satellites.
(Curran&
Millard(1978)
[34]).
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a TML:TotalMassLoss.
b CVCM:CollectedVolatileCondensableMaterials.
c RML:RemainderMassLoss.PerSpecificationESAPSS09/QRM02T.
d Eachoneofthesecureswasusedintheordergiven.
e ManufacturedbyDowCorningCorporation,Midland,Michigan,USA.
f ManufacturedbyEmerson&Cuming,Incorporated,Canton,Massachusetts,USA.
g ManufacturedbyWackerChemieGmbH,Munich,Germany.
h ManufacturedbygeneralElectricCompany,SiliconeProductsDepartment,Waterford,NewYork,USA.
7.1.Density.2200kg.m3(Cunnington,Grammer&Smith(1969)[33]).
Thesurfacedensity,includingadhesive,is(Marshall&Breuch(1968)[80]).
0,49kg.m2for0,008(2x104m)thickfusedsilica.
0,27kg.m3for0,004thickfusedsilica.
7.2.Outgassing.Outgassingofadhesives,oroforganicmaterialsmaydegradetheopticalproperties
ofthesemirrors.
OutgassingcharacteristicsofadhesivesgiveninTable527havebeenmeasuredperASTME59577.
7.3.1.Emittance.
7.3.1.1.Hemisphericaltotalemittance:Figure584.
Figure584:Hemisphericaltotalemittance,,ofOCLITypeSI100Thermal
ControlMirrorsasafunctionoftemperature,T. :>FromBreuch(1967)[22]. :>
FromMarshall&Breuch(1968)[80]. :>FromCunnington,Grammer&Smith
(1969)[33].UncertaintylimitsarefromMarshall&Breuch(1968)[80].
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7.3.1.2.1. UltraViolet Radiation. No significant change is anticipated. The following short table has
beenpreparedusingdatafromCunnington,Grammer&Smith(1969)[33]
T[K] t[h] n 0 f
339 2040 31 0,80 0,78 0,790 0,010
DegradingSource:2x107mto4x107mXenonLamp,1SunLevel.
Methodofobtainingdata:Calorimetric.
t,totalexposuretime.[h].
n,numberofdatapointsgiveninthesource,
0,f,initialandafterexposurevaluesofthehemisphericaltotalemittance.
,meanvalue.
n
t i i
[57]
1

t
,standarddeviation.
n
ti
2
i
[58]
1

t 1
7.3.2.Absorptance.
7.3.2.1.SolarAbsorptance.accordingtoMarshall&Breuch(1968)[80],valuesobtainedfromspectral
reflectancedataandtheappropriatesolarradiationintensityfallwithintherange,
s=0,0500,005,
Tfrom180Kto294K.
OCLI(1980)[94]gives,
s0,060,
as deduced from spectral reflectance data (Cary 14 spectrophotometer) in the wavelength range
2,8x107mto2,5x106m.
Slightlyhighervaluescanbefoundintheliterature.
Forexample,Fogdall&Cannaday(1974)[43]quote
s=0,065,
T=153K,
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from spectral reflectance data measured, at 100 selected wavelengths, in the range 2,5x107 m to
2,5x106m,withinsitureflectometerandspectrophotometeroutsidethevacuumchamber.
7.3.2.3. Variation of solar absorptance with incidence angle. Figure 585a shows data (Stultz (1976)
[123])whichcorrespondto:
1. Theoretical results, based on the electromagnetic wave theory and geometrical ray
tracing,forthemirrorgeometriessketchedinFigure585b.Theadhesiveusedtoattach
themirrorsisassumedtobetotallyabsorbing,althoughthecalculatedsisbasedonthat
energydirectlyimpingingonthefusedsilica.Becauseoftheinternalreflectionatthenon
sunlitedge(Figure585b)bothconfigurationslabeledAareequivalent,thesameistrue
forB.IntheanalysisofconfigurationsAbothfaceandsunlitedgearetakenintoaccount,
butonlythefaceintheanalysisB.FurtherdetailsoftheanalysisaregiveninStultz(1974)
[122].
Itwasseenduringtheanalysisthatfor 86totalcaptureoftherefractedrayoccursif
the first and second faces are out of parallel by as less as 0,13 (0,002 in 1). Although
thesemirrorsareoutofstandards(seeparagraph5.1.1ofclause5.2.6),theprobabilityof
captureoftherefractedrayincreaseswhenbecomeslargerthan86.
Figure585:Solarabsorptance,s,ofOCLITypeSI100ThermalControlMirrors
vs.incidenceangle,.Thefulllinesinacorrespondtotheanalyticalgeometries
sketchedinb.Circlesarefromsolarreflectancemeasurements,andthedottedline
isbasedonflighttemperaturesoftheNEMSradiator.FromStultz(1976)[123].
MirrorsofthesegeometricalcharacteristicswouldexhibitanshigherthatshowninFigure585a
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2. Measurements made on a radiator, like those on board Nimbus E, Microwave
Spectrometer(NEMS),whichiscoveredbyOSRfusedsilicamirrors.TheJPLCelestarium
wasusedforthesemeasurements(Stultz(1974)[122]).
Theseresultsarerelativeinthesensethattheygivethesolarenergyspecularlyreflected
fromarowofsixmirrors.Inordertolocatethedatapoints(circlesinFigure585a)itis
assumed that the maximum reflected energy at = 72,5 represents an average solar
reflectance of s = 0,925 (s =1),andthat the maximum valuesfor other anglesare
proportionaltothisreflectance.
3. The calculated solar absorptance for the NEMS radiator based upon the flight
temperature data corresponding to a period of constant solar intensity (November 20,
1973toFebruary7,1974).Althoughoutgassingcontaminationcouldincreasesbyatless
10%(seeFigure587),thetrendofthedottedlineinFigure585aissimilartothoseofthe
othercurves.
Evidenceofthis effectforsmallervaluesof hasbeenreportedbyHyman(1981)[62].
TheanalysisofradiatortemperaturedatafromCOMSTARsatellitesshowedaseasonal
increaseanddecayofs.
Sinceaseasonalvariationof alsooccurred,thecurvesgivingthesolarabsorptance, s,
vs.time,t,weresmoothedandthedifferencebetweenoriginalandsmoothedcurveswas
plottedasafunctionoftheincidenceangle,.TheresultsforCOMSTARD1,D2andD
3 satellites are given in Figure 586. See also Figure 589. No explanation for the larger
slopeofD1isgivenbytheauthor.
Figure586:Changeinsolarabsorptance,s,ofOCLITypeSI100Thermal
ControlMirrorvs.incidenceangle,,asdeducedfromdataofCOMSTARD1,D
2andD3satellites.Theenvelopescontainallthedatapoints. :>Integrated
spherespectroreflectometermeasurementsmadeonasinglemirror.FromHyman
(1981)[62].
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OSRfusedsilicamirrorsareverystablewhenexposedtospaceenvironment,althoughcontamination
may significantly compromise their stability and performance. It is due to this reason that
considerablediscrepancyaroseinthepastseveralyearsbetweenearlierandrecentdataobtainedfrom
spaceborneexperiments.
AlistoftestconditionsunderwhichnochangeinthesolarabsorptanceofOSRfusedsilicamirrors
wasdetectedisgiveninTable3ofMarshall&Breunch(1968)[80].
7.3.2.5.1.UltraVioletRadiation.Table528hasbeenborrowedfromCunnington,Grammer&Smith
(1969)[33].
Table528:UltraVioletRadiationEffectsonSpectralAbsorptanceofOCLIType
SI100ThermalControlMirrors
forXenonLamp
24,1 4,16 68,5 8,5 Total
339 0 0,26 0,05 0,03 0,03 0,056 0,061

339 122 0,23 0,05 0,02 0,04 0,054 0,058
339 170 0,25 0,05 0,03 0,03 0,057 0,060
339 242 0,26 0,05 0,04 0,03 0,057 0,062
339 338 0,23 0,07 0,03 0,03 0,055 0,062
339 410 0,25 0,06 0,04 0,03 0,056 0,062
339 458 0,25 0,06 0,02 0,03 0,055 0,059
339 528 0,26 0,05 0,02 0,04 0,057 0,059
339 648 0,26 0,06 0,04 0,03 0,057 0,063
339 696 0,23 0,07 0,03 0,03 0,055 0,061
339 768 0,27 0,05 0,03 0,03 0,057 0,061
339 816 0,25 0,05 0,03 0,03 0,056 0,059
339 864 0,25 0,05 0,04 0,03 0,057 0,061
339 936 0,24 0,05 0,04 0,03 0,058 0,058
339 984 0,25 0,05 0,05 0,03 0,057 0,063
339 1032 0,25 0,05 0,04 0,03 0,056 0,061
339 1104 0,26 0,04 0,04 0,03 0,057 0,059
339 1152 0,23 0,07 0,03 0,03 0,055 0,062
339 1200 0,26 0,05 0,03 0,03 0,056 0,059
339 1272 0,24 0,06 0,03 0,03 0,056 0,060
339 1320 0,23 0,08 0,03 0,03 0,056 0,064
339 1468 0,22 0,08 0,02 0,03 0,054 0,061
339 1536 0,20 0,07 0,02 0,03 0,052 0,060
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forXenonLamp
24,1 4,16 68,5 8,5 Total
339 1608 0,22 0,08 0,03 0,03 0,054 0,063

339 1656 0,25 0,05 0,03 0,03 0,056 0,059
339 1704 0,25 0,06 0,03 0,03 0,057 0,061
339 1776 0,24 0,07 0,03 0,03 0,056 0,063
339 1824 0,23 0,07 0,05 0,03 0,057 0,057
339 1944 0,24 0,06 0,05 0,03 0,058 0,063
339 1994 0,25 0,04 0,04 0,03 0,056 0,058
339 2040 0,24 0,06 0,05 0,03 0,059 0,063
AfterExposurea 0,27 0,06 0,03 0,01 0,055 0,061
a Valuesdeducedfromspectralreflectancedata.SeeFigure594.
DegradingSource:2x107mto4x107mXenonLamp,1Sunlevel.
Methodofobtainingdata:Calorimetricinsituabsorptance.
Thedatapresentedseemstoindicatethatchangeinsduetoultravioletradiationisnegligible.
7.3.2.5.5.Contamination.Figure587givesdata(curvesofwhitecirclesandhalfblackcircles)which,
beingobtainedundersimilarradiationexposures,substantiallydifferintheamountofcontamination.
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ControlMirrorsvs.exposuretime,t.
Explanation
TestConditions
RadiationExposure
Key Temp. Time ChargedParticles Comments
[K] [ESH] UV
Intensity Integrated
[Suns]
[keV] Flux
[Particles.m2]
153 upto800 1 80 7x1017p.m2 Adhesivemigratestoward

themirrorscontaminating
20230 5x1018e.m2 them.Thedegradationcan
beincreasedby
repolymerizationofthe
siliconebecauseofthe
subsequentimpinging
radiation.
Theoriginalvaluesof
andsarerestoredwhenthe
adhesiveisremovedfrom
thefaces.
288 upto600 1 80 5x1017p.m2 Degradationratesaremuch
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20230 4x1018e.m2 lowersinceoutgassedRTV

ismoreeffectivelytrapped
onthecoldsamplesthanon
thoseatroomtemperature.
448 upto 16 10 4x1020p.m2 Intendedtoreproduce

17x103 HELIOSorbitconditionsat
25x103 electron 0,25AU.Samplesbondedto
neutralization thesubstrateweretested
adjacenttolikesamples
clippedbare.Spacewasleft
betweenallsamplessothat
afintypecryogenicbaffle
couldformwallsbetween
thesamplesinorderto
avoidcrosscontamination.
Nevertheless,aportionof
thereportedschangesmay
representtheinfluenceof
crosscontaminationfrom
othersamples.
SAMPLE
SampleDescription
OCLITypeSI100Mirror.FusedSilica,0,009(2,29x104m)thick.PolishedwithBarnsite.
Initialsolarabsorptance,so=0,065.
SampleMounting
SamplewasbondedtoacoppersubstratewithRTV560orRTV566siliconeadhesives.
CALCULATIONMETHOD
sdeducedfromspectralreflectancemeasuredat100selectedwavelengths,intherange2,5x107 mto
2,5x106m,withinsitureflectometerandaspectrophotometeroutsidethevacuumchamber.
Chamberpressurenotgiven.
Reference:Fogdall&Cannaday(1974)[42].
7.3.2.5.6. Combined exposure. Results from inorbit experiments are presented in the following.
Typical exposures are given below. Data from both inorbit and simulation experiments are
summarizedinFigure592.
SeealsoTable529andTable530.
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TypicalradiationExposure
Orbit Satellite UV Protons Electrons Comments

[Suns]
Intensity Flux Intensity Flux
[keV] [p.m .s ] [keV] [e.m2.s1]
2 1
NeartoEarth OSOIII 1 TheEarths

~500kmaltitude magnetosphere
shieldsthe
satellitefrom
charged
particles.
Subsynchronous NAVSTAR 1 <4x103 1012 40 1010 CrossesVan

~20200km 4x103 <106(time 1,5x103 1017 Allenradiation
altitude dependent) belt.
Typical
exposures
estimatedby
thecompiler
afterJohnson
(1965)[66].
Geosynchronous COMSTAR 1 20 5x1012 20 2x1013 Morethan76%

35800km SCATHA ofthecharged
altitude particlesareof
lowenergy
(<20keV).
Seefurther
detailsinTable
519andTable
529.
Solar HELIOS upto 10 2,5x1013 Alsohigh

16 temperatures
T~450K.
Solarwindis
theonlysource
ofparticles.
Solarflares
couldincrease
thequoted
protonsvalue.
(Winkler&
Brungs(1975)
[136]).
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OSOIII
TESTCONDITIONS
ThirdOrbitingSolarObservatory(OSOIII).
ThermalControlCoatingExperiment(TCCE).
Orbit
Launched on March 8, 1967 into a near circular orbit with a latitude of about 550 km and an
inclinationofabout33relativetotheEquator.
Configuration
OSOsatelliteshavetwomainparts:alowersection,consistingofaninesidedwheel,whichrotatesto
providegyroscopicstabilization,andastabilizedsemicircularuppersection,orsail,aimedattheSun.
TheplaneofspincontainsthesatelliteSunline.
ThermalTest
TestofthisOSRfusedsilicamirrorwaspartofanexperimentinvolvingtwelvecoatingmountedona
singletray.Thistraywaslocatedinthespinningwheel(about3,9rad.s1).
Data for the first year in orbit were reported by Millard (1969) [84]. Shortly after this year, the
spacecrafttaperecordersfailed,butdatatodeduceswerestillobtainable.Millard&Pearson(1973)
[85]gavesuptoJune1971,alittleoverfouryearsinorbit.
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SAMPLE
SampleDescription
OCLITypeSI100Mirror.ItwasfurnishedbyLockheedMissiles&SpaceCo.
SampleMounting
Themirrorisbondedtoathinaluminiumdisc,about2,54x102mindiameter,whichismountedina
cuptominimizeheatleakstothebacksideofthedisc.
Sampleplatewillhenceforthindicatethemirrorplusthesupportdisc.
ThedetailsofthesamplemountingareadescribedbyNeel(1964)[90].
ThesampleplateissupportedbythreesmallKelFsupports.
Theradiativecouplingbetweenthesampleplateandthemountingcupisminimizedbyuseoffour
radiation shields. All inner surfaces are polished and goldized to further reduce the radiant heat
exchange.Thetemperatureofthesampleplateismeasuredbymeansofathermistorsolderedtothe
undersideofthedisc.Thecupsareinthermalcontactwiththetraybaseplate,whosetemperatureis
measuredwithathermistor.Inordertoevaluatetheheatexchangebetweenthesampleplateandthe
mountingcups,itisassumedthatthecupsareatalltimesatthetemperatureofthetraybaseplate.
ThetestedthermalcontrolsurfacesalternativelyviewtheSunandtheEarth,buttheirtemperatures
donotoscillatebecauseoftherelativelylargethermalmassofthesampleplates.
CALCULATIONMETHOD
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sismeasuredcalorimetricallyfromtraytemperature,Tc,andsampleplatetemperature,T.Theterms
whichappearintheheatbalanceequationare:
c(T)dT/dt,Sensibleheatofthesampleplate.Itis,presumably,negligible.Thetemperatureexcursions
in orbit of this sample plate remained in the range 210 K 235 K, the narrowest among the twelve
testedsamples.Inaddition,theeffectofthistermcanbeminimizedbytakingthetemperaturedata
fromaregionoftheorbitwheretimevariationsaresmall.Thishappenstobethecasejustbeforeday
nighttransitionwhenthesensortemperaturesarenearthemaximumvalues.
K(Tc4T4),Radiationfromthetray.Kcanbededucedasitisbeindicatedbelow.
C(TcT),Conductionfromthetray.Ithasbeenneglected.
A(Ts4T4), Radiation to outer space. The hemispherical total emittance, , of the sample plate is
measured before launch. = 0,76 at 300 K. An evaluation of the different measurement techniques
appliedtonineofthecoatinginthisexperimenthasbeenmadebyMillard&Streed(1969)[86].The
equivalentsurroundingtemperature,Ts,isassumedtobezero.
sFAS/,RadiationfromtheSun.Fistheviewfactor.Sisthesolarconstant.Thefactor1/accounts
forthefactthatthesampleisplacedinthespinningwheel.
sFaAaS,Albedoradiation.Faistheviewfactor,andathemeanalbedooftheEarth.Thistermcanbe
neglectedprovidedthatonlydataveryneartheterminator(daynighttransition),whenthesatellite
doesnotseethesunlitsideoftheEarth,aretaken.
pFspAP, Earth infrared radiation, p is the hemispherical Earth radiation absorptance of the sample
plate(p).Fspistheviewfactor,andFspPthefluxonthesampleplate.Thistermwasdeducedfrom
thebalanceequationforthedaysideoftheorbitforareferencesurface,whichwasaVgroove.
Another energy balance, this for the night side of the orbit (s = 0), would yield either or (if is
assumedtobeknown)theradiativetransfercoefficient,K.
The effect of the uncertainty of the several unknown variables on s has been analyzed following
Millard(1968)[83].Inthisparticularcasetheuncertaintyisoftheorder0,05s.
RESULTS
Thelaboratoryvaluewass=0,05.
Themirrorexhibitednochangesinsafter7500ESHinorbit.
COMMENTS
Nofigureisgivenbecause,accordingtothereportedresults,sispracticallyzero.
References:Neel(1964)[90],Millard(1968,1969)[83]&[84],Millard&Streed(1969)[86],Millard&
Pearson(1973)[85].
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NAVSTAR
TESTCONDITIONS
NavStarGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS).
DatainthisitemarefromNavStar5.
Orbit
NavStarsatellitesarebeingplacedinsubsynchronous,12hcircularorbitsofabout20170km,inthree
orbital planes at 63 inclination, with eight satellites per ring. The complete system of 24 satellites
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should be operational by 1985 (Taylor (1979) [125]). NavStar provides threedimensional position,
velocityandtimeinformationtosuitablyequippedvehiclesnearorontheEarthssurface.
SixNavStarspacecraftwerelaunchedbetweenFebruary1978andApril1980.
NavStar5waslaunchedonFebruary9,1980(Kruczynski(1980)[75]).
Configuration
Thespacecraftusesthreenickelcadmiumbatteriesoperatingwithinaverynarrowtemperaturerange
(273 K to 303 K), while the other spacecraft components have less restrictive temperature limits.
Thence the batteries are thermally insulated from the spacecraft main structure. Heat from the
batteries is rejected to the outer space. Thermostatically controlled heaters provide heating as
required.
ThermalTest
Analysis of the NavStar 1 to 4 battery temperature data showed that the radiator coating utilized
(silvered Teflon), degraded much faster than anticipated. Thermal experiments on subsequent
satellites aimed at evaluating alternate solar reflectors. In particular, OSR fused silica mirrors and
1,27x104msilveredTeflonweretestedonboardNavStar5.
The experiments were flown in pairs, one attached to each of two solar array booms. The sample
holdercontained2,54x102msquaremirrors.
Oncethespacecraftbecomes3axisstabilizedandthesolararrayaredeployed,theboomsarerotated
sothatthesolararrays(andthermalexperiments)remaininfullnormalsunlightfortheentireorbit.
SAMPLE
SampleDescription
OSRfusedsilicamirror2,54x102msquare.Notclearlyidentifiedinthereference.
SampleMounting
The mirror is bonded to an aluminium substrate thermally insulated from the spacecraft. Substrate
temperatureismeasuredbyathermistor.Mirrorandsubstrateformthesampleplate.
The sample plate is partially surrounded by an inner aluminium cup. The gap between the sample
plateandtheedgeofthiscup,whichwasconsideredcritical,wascontrolledto1,27x104m0,51x104
m. The inner cup is shaped such that the solar radiation through the gap are absorbed inside. The
sampleplateisattachedtotheinnercupby0,125(3,175x103m)diameterhollowfiberglasssupport
posts. The rear surface of the substrate and the inner cup were covered with goldized Kapton to
minimizeradiativeheattransfer.
Aglassepoxyoutercupisusedbothtoinsulatetheinnercup,towhichitcontactsthroughaflange
coated with 1,27x104 m silvered Teflon, and as an attachment point for the entire assembly to the
spacecraftthroughfiberglassposts.Theintersticesbetweeninnerandoutercupandbetweenouter
cup and spacecraft solar array boom are filled with MLI blankets. An outer MLI cover (1,27x104 m
aluminizedTeflon)isattachedtotheoutercupbymeansofadoublefacedtape(acrylicadhesive)and
fourscrews.
ThethermistorhasleadsgageNo22,asdoesthesatellitewiring.Tominimizeheatleakthroughthe
leads,twopiecesofconstantanwireweresplicedbetweenthethermistorandthesatellitewiring.The
effectoftheaddedelectricalresistanceontheaccuracylevelisnegligibleforslessthan0,5.
CALCULATIONMETHOD
The in orbit sample plate temperature was calculated by using a 44 lumpedcapacity steadystate
RockwelGeneralThermalAnalyzerProgramme.Nodesareinterconnectedwith242conductionand
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radiationcouplings.Boundarynodesareusedtorepresentthesolararrayboom,themainbodyofthe
spacecraftandtheouterspace.Theuseofthesteadystateapproachisjustifiedsincethesolarheating
isnearlyconstantfornoneclipseorbits.
Parametersoftheprogrammeare:
1. Solarabsorptanceofthemirroranditshemisphericaltotalemittance(whichisassumed
tobeconstant).
2. Solarabsorptanceoftheinnercup,flangeandMLI.
3. RadiationfromtheSun,and
4. Temperatureofthesolararrayboom.AlbedoandinfraredradiationfromtheEarthare
neglectedbecauseonlyflightdatawhenthemirrordoesnotseetheEarthareused.
Bothpredeploymentofthesolararrayandinorbitconfigurationsweremodeled.
The output from the thermal model was compared to flight data. Small changes were made in the
model values of the thermal conduction through the thermistor wires and through the fiberglass
posts, in the view factor from the mirrors to the remaining of the spacecraft, and in the effective
emittanceoftheMLIinthecups.Usingthesameabsorptancevalueforthebeginningoftheorbitallife
asforpredeploymentofthesolararray,thecalculatedtemperaturevaluesagreedwithflightdatato
within1K.
Duetothermistorandtelemetryerrorsthetemperaturereadingshaveanuncertaintyof3,3K,which
means0,01uncertaintyins.
RESULTS
Thesolarabsorptance,s,isplottedvs.orbitaltime,t.Sincethemirrorsremaininfullnormalsunlight
fortheentireorbit,orbitaltimeintantamounttoESH.
Figure588:Solarabsorptance,s,ofOSRFusedSilicaMirrorsvs.orbitaltime,t,
asdeducedfromdataofNavStar5.
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COMMENTS
VanAllenradiationisconsideredtobethemostlikelycauseofthedegradationexperiencedbythese
mirrorsinorbitalflight.Thefollowingreasonsforrulingoutcontaminationeffectsarequotedinthe
reference.
1. AnymaterialusedonNavStarshouldhaveaTMLandCVCMbelow0,1%.
2. NavStarsatelliteswereassembledinaclass340000cleanroom.
Air cleanliness class 340000 implies at most 340000 particles per cubic feet 0,5 micron
(5x107m)andlarger,andatmost2380particlespercubicfeet5micronsandlarger(Fed.
Std.No.209a(1966)).
3. Each spacecraft was subjected to a 30 day thermal vacuum test prior to launch and no
degradationinopticalpropertieswasobserved.
4. Testsampleswereinstalledafterthermalvacuumtests.
5. Themostlikelypotentialcontaminationsourcesnamely,thesolarcellarray(coverslides
andRTVsiliconeadhesive),andtheapogeekickmotorareoutofthedirectlineofsight
ofthesamples.
6. Contaminationeffectswouldbeexpectedtobelesspronouncedwithtimeandnosuch
trendisobservedinFigure588.
References:Allthedatainthisitem,unlessotherwisestated,arefromPence&Grant(1981)[99].
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COMSTAR

TESTCONDITIONS
COMSTARD1,D2andD3.
BeaconExperiment.
Orbit
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DataforthefirstthreeCOMSTARsatellitesaregiveninthefollowingtable.
Satellite LaunchingDate Apogee Perigee Inclination Lifetime

[km] [km] [degrees]
D1 May13,1976 35810 35790 1
D2 July22,1976 35795 35780 1 Unlimited
D3 June29,1978 35780 35470 0,08
NOTE FromTaylor(1977,1979)[124]&[125].
Configuration
The Beacon Experiment was devised to investigate microwave propagation. It was not intended to
studytheperformanceoftheradiatorthermalcontrolsurface.
Thebeaconpackageasameansfor smeasurementconsistsofanOSRradiatorsurfaceattachedtoa
base plate upon which components are mounted that produce uniformly distributed and constant
heatdissipation.
TheradiatorsurfaceviewsonlythediurnalSun.
ThermalTest
Thebeaconservesasacoatingexperimentwhichismorerealisticthandedicatedflightexperiments.It
representslargeOSRradiatorsnotsubjectedtotheextremecontrol,careandcleaninggiventosample
coatings.
SAMPLE
SampleDescription
OCLITypeSI100Mirror.2,54x102msquare.
SampleMounting
The surface radiator is a 0,257 m x 0,437 m rectangle, 98% covered by the OSRs bonded to the
aluminiumhoneycombsubstratewithDC93500adhesive.Heatflowotherthanthroughtheradiator
isnegligibleduetoanMLIblanketcoveringallothersurfacesandtoalowconductancemountingto
the satellite mast. Heat dissipation, per package, is 29 W for D1 and 32 W for D2 and D3, and is
practicallytimeindependent.
Temperaturesensorswithinthebeaconwereprovidedforexperimentperformanceevaluation.
CALCULATIONMETHOD
Athermalbalanceequationforthetotalpackageneartemperatureextremes(when/t0)contains
thefollowingterms.
Q(t),Netheatinputfromexternalsourcesotherthanviaradiator.Thiscontributionissmallbutcanbe
easilyestimated.
A14nodethermalmodel,accountingforallsourcesandincorporatingathermalresistancebetween
theradiatorandthetemperaturesensor,wasdevised.Themodelwasdevelopedandimprovedafter
flighttemperaturedatabecomeavailable,makingitpossibletoaccuratelyintroducepropertiessuch
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as thermal mass, radiator to sensor thermal resistance, solar reflection from the insulator hump
coveringthemastandsoon.
Ao(Ts4Tr4),Radiationtoouterspace.Thehemisphericaltotalemittanceofthesample, ,ismeasured
beforelaunch. =0,78.Theequivalentsurroundingtemperature,Ts,isassumedtobezero.Telemetry
datarevealedthatchangeintemperatureisverylownearmaximum,approximately0,1K.h1.Thence,
it was assumed that maximum temperatures for the radiator, Trmax, and the sensor, Tmax, appeared
simultaneously. It was also assumed that Trmax = Tmax+T where T, the temperature jump along the
radiatorsensorthermalresistance,isthesamethroughouttheyearandforallvaluesofs.
sAS(t),RadiationfromtheSun.Sisthesolarflux,aknownfunctionoftime.
Qi,Internallydissipatedpower.Itiskeptconstantattheaboveindicatedvalues.Thisassumptionhas
been confirmed through data of minimum temperatures. The thermal balance equation for the total
package, when / t = S(t) = 0 and for couples of days exactly differing in one year (in order to
eliminatetheunknownQ(t)),indicatesthatoveraoneyearinterval Qi0,9Wandthat,evenifQiis
assumedtobeconstant,themaximumuncertaintyinsperyearusuallyrangesfrom3,8%to6,4%.
ByusingthebalanceequationforconditionsnearTmax,andtheabovementionednumericalmodel
forQ(t),curvesofTmax/salongtheyearfordifferentvaluesof swereproduced,aswellasacurve
giving the predicted maximum temperature, Tpr, for the typical value s = 0,13. Values of s for
measuredTmaxdifferingfromTprwerecalculatedbythelineariterativeformula
s=0,13+(TmaxTpr)/(T/s),
whereT/swasobtainedfromthecurvesforthepreviouslyderiveds.
Therandomerrorintroducedbythisgraphicaldatareductionprocessisestimatedtobe0,02Kfor
temperatureand2%forT/s.Thisisequivalenttoanuncertaintyofapproximately1%ins/year.
Errorsduetotemperaturemeasurementsandtotelemetrywereconsiderednegligible.
RESULTS
The results deduced by the above methods are shown as solid curves in Figure 589. All the curves
exhibitanabruptlinearriseinbeginningatautumnalequinox,andanequallysharpdecayatnormal
equinox. This is due to the incidence effect discussed in paragraph 7.3.2.3 of clause 5.2.6. The
significance of this effect is estimated by first assuming a linear variation of s vs. time for normal
incidencefromautumnalequinox,followingthegeneraltrendofthecurvesafterexcludingabnormal
increasesanddecreases.Thedashedcurvesaresupposedtorepresent svs.timecorrectedtonormal
incidence, and the difference is the effect of incidence. These last data fairly correlated (Particularly
thosefromD2andD3)withintegratingspherespectroreflectometermeasurementsmadeonanOSR
sampleat20and40fromnormal(Figure586).NoexplanationofthelargerdeviationofD1datais
given.
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vs.exposuretime,t,asdeducedfromdataofCOMSTARD1,D2andD3
satellites.
:Derivedfrom>temperaturetelemetry.
:Correctedto>normalsolarincidence.
COMMENTS
ThecurvescorrespondingtonormalsolarincidencegivenbyHyman(1981)[62]exhibitahighinitial
slopeuntilapproximatelythefirstsummersolstice(2000to3000ESH),afterwardstheslopedecreases
andremainsconstant.ThiscannotbeappreciatedinFigure589becauseofthelogarithmicscaleused
inabscissa.
D3 values are higher than the other two. The explanation could be based on the approximately 2
years longer storage time for D3 mirrors. Although deposits on these mirrors were noticed, only
standardcleaningprocedureswereusedandcleaningeffectivenesswasnotmeasured.Accordingto
Hyman(1981)[62],telemetrydatafromD4satellite(launchedFebruary1981),whereonlyoneofthe
beaconradiatorshasbeencleaned,shouldclearupthepresentuncertainties.
References:Allthedatainthisitem,unlessotherwisestated,arefromHyman(1981)[62].
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SCATHA
TESTCONDITIONS
SpacecraftChargingatHighAltitudes(SCATHA).
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USAPSpaceTestProgramme(P782).
Orbit
LaunchedonJanuary30,1979intoa176kmby43278kmtransferorbit.OnFebruary2itwasinjected
into a 27600 km by 43300 km, 7,9 inclination final orbit. P782 passes through geosynchronous
altitude(35786km)twiceperdayandisalways23%ofgeosynchronism.
Configuration
Thesatelliteisacircularcylinderapproximately1,75minbothlengthanddiameter.Itspinswithits
axisapproximatelynormaltotheSunline.
ThermalTest
Test of this OSR is a part of the ML12 experiment on board P782. The experiment consists of 16
calorimetricallymountedsamplesofthermalcontrolcoatings.
AnotherexperimentconcerningthisOSR,amongothercoatings,hasbeenperformedonboardP782
in the Satellite Surface Potential Monitor (SSPM) package which is devised to continually measure
satellite frame to surface potential and bulk current of typical spacecraft thermal control materials
(Koons,Mizera,Fennell&Hall(1980)[73]).
SAMPLE
SampleDescription
OCLITypeSI100Mirror.3,18x102mdiameter.
SampleMounting
The mirror is mounted on an aluminium disc by means of diluted Eccobond EC 57C conductive
epoxy.Thediscissupportedbythree0,014(3,56x104m)hypodermicneedles,whicharethermally
insulated from the base of a cup by fiberglass sleeving. The length and the diameter of the
instrumentation leads to the disc were chosen to minimize conduction. The tubing and the wires
together give approximately a thermal conductance of 9x104 W.K1. The volume enclosed by the
sampleplateandcupwallsisfilledwithacombinationofMLIandopencellpolyurethaneinsulation.
The radiation coupling coefficient between sample plate and cup is approximately 7,9x1012 W.K4.
Theundersideofeachsampleplatecarriestwoheatersinseriesandthreethermistors.Theheatersare
usedforpreflightcalibrationandforallowingthermaldesorptioncleaningofthesampleplateduring
flight.Therearetwotrays,designatedasML123andML124witheightsampleseach.Thisparticular
sampleisplacedontrayML123.Thetrayswereplacedinthecylindricalsurfaceofthesatelliteamid
theendbases.
CALCULATIONMETHOD
sismeasuredcalorimetricallyfromtraytemperature,Tc,andsampleplatetemperature,T.Theterms
whichappearintheheatbalanceare:
c(T)dT/dt, Sensible heat of the sample plate. The sample plate specific heat, c, is measured before
launch.
K(Tc4T4),Radiationfromthetray.Kismeasuredbeforelaunch.
C(TcT),Conductionfromthetray.Cismeasuredbeforelaunch.
A(Ts4T4),Radiationtoouterspace. measuredbeforelaunch(=0,80).theequivalentsurrounding
temperature,Ts,isassumedtobezero.
sFASsintfor0 t,and0for t2,RadiationfromtheSun.F,shadingfactorfromspacecraft
booms,iscalculatedasafunctionofspacecraftattitude(resolution1).Sisthesolarfluxforthedayof
theevaluateddata.
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Qi,Powerfromsampleheater,ifapplied.
s is calculated assuming that the sample plate temperature, T, weakly depends on time, t. A first
approximationfor sisobtainedfromthesteadystateequation(/t=0)takingforTthemeasured
instantaneous value, T0. Then T(t)T0 is deduced by integration of the linearized (T4T044T03(TT0))
completeequationwiththeabovesvalue.TheprocessisrepeatedagainwiththenewT.
An analysis of the expected degree of random errors has been performed. The results which are
presented below are based on quick look data provided by the USAF Satellite Control Facility after
oneyearinorbit.
Themainsourcesoferrorswere,1)Resolutionofthetelemetrysystem.Thevariousinputparameters
whichappearinthebalanceequationwerevariedbyamountsequaltotheresolutioninherentinthe
telemetry processing, and the change in s was calculated. Reduction of the uncertainty may be
possiblebyaveraginglargedatasheetscontainedonmagnetictape.2)Shadingfromthebooms.The
errors arise from the resolution of the table of shading values vs. attitude angle, and from the
uncertainty of the angle at a given time. Reduction of the uncertainty is anticipated when more
accurate spacecraft attitude data become available, and by selecting data from times when the
knowledgeofthespacecraftattitudeisnothighlycritical.
RESULTS
SincethespacecraftspinsaroundanaxisnormaltotheSunline,ittakes hourstoaccumulateone
ESHofexposure.Thus,theESHsabscissaeinFigure590belowhavebeendeducedmultiplying24/
the times in julian days which appear in the references. This is not really justified for vacuum and
energeticparticlebombardmenteffects.
vs.exposuretime,t,asdeducedfromdataofSCATHAspacecraft.
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COMMENTS
s remainedapproximately constant over the year in orbit, which suggests that the coating is stable
andthatcontaminationeffectswereminor.
In order to calculate s plotted in the summary figure, Figure 592, the value so= 0,075, resulting
from the extrapolation to t = 0 of the curve in Figure 590, has been taken. This fairly large value
(compare with those given in paragraph 7.3.2.1 of clause 5.2.6) seems to indicate that the initial
degradationwasrelativelyhigh.
References:Allthedatainthisitem,unlessotherwisestated,arefromHall&Fote(1979,1980)[55]&
[56].
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HELIOS
TESTCONDITIONS
HELIOSAandHELIOSBsolarprobes.
Orbit
HELIOSA was launched on December 12, 1974 on a highly eccentric elliptic solar orbit with a
perihelionof0,31AU(1AU=1,495x1011m).HELIOSBwaslaunchedonJanuary15,1976onaslightly
differentorbit,perihelionof0,29AU.
Data presented here correspond to HELIOSA first three orbits and HELIOSB first orbit.
Environmentalconditionsweresimilartothoseassumedbeforelaunching(whichcorrespondtoblack
circlesinFigure587)although,accordingtomeasurementsperformedduringHELIOSAmission,the
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integrated flux of protons was 3,2x1020 p.m2. Solar flares were not detected, but an additional
integratedfluxof2x1020p.m2isestimatedforanaverageSun(19781980).
Configuration
HELIOS is an automaticallyfunctioning solar probe. The basic structure is spoolshaped, with a
cylindricalcentralcompartment1,75indiameterby0,55mlong.Aconicalsolararrayisattachedto
eachend,completingthespoolshape.
Thetelecommunicationsantennasystemisplacedonthecentralbody,withinandprotrudingabove
the upper solar array. Two deployable doublehinged booms are fitted to carry experiments. Two
otherdeployablebooms,diametricallyopposed,areusedasantennaeforradiowaveexperiments.
ThermalTest
HELIOSwasdevisedtoinvestigatethesolarwind,buttemperaturesinspecificpointswererecorded
forhousekeepingpurposes.Therecordswereusedforcoatingbehaviorevaluation.HELIOSAandB
werepracticallysimilar,onlytheionguardsofthehorizontalantennaeofHELIOSBweremodified
andenlarged.
SAMPLE
SampleDescription
OCLITypeSI100Mirror.
SampleMounting
Samplewasbondedonaluminiumsubstrate,RTV560adhesive.
Datawerededucedfromasingletemperaturesensor(S2)placedattheupperedgeoftheheatshield,
underthemirrorsubstrate,withineasyreachoftheconicalsolararrayIRradiation.Thislocation,not
chosen for reasons connected with sample monitoring, presents the following drawbacks. 1) High
thermalcoupling,bothconductiveandradiative,withthesolararray.Thiseffectisstrongerthelower
the temperature, in relative terms. 2) A thick contamination layer resulting from the sensor location
near the corner. Thus s, both initial and after the first perihelion was very pronounced in the
particularcaseofthissample.
CALCULATIONMETHOD
Afirstestimateof swasmadeneglectingthermalcouplingsbetweenspacecraftandsensor.Thence,
sS = T, were is assumed to be constant. Results from the first HELIOSA orbit, as given by
Winkler&Brungs(1975)[136],areshowninFigure591.Theestimatedinitialvalueof siss=0,062.
Datanearperihelionandnearaphelionwerelostsincethemeasuringrangeofthesensorwaslimited
to233K333K.
The analysis of the results was mostly speculative at that stage both because of the above
oversimplifiedcalorimetricapproach,andoftheincompletesimulationofthefollowingeffectsduring
ground tests. 1) Sample contamination, influenced by sources location, cold and hot surfaces,... 2)
Sample degradation (physicochemical damage effects) which depends on the temperature. 3) Non
steadyconditions(spin,varyingEarthSundistance).4)Combinedeffects.
Solarinputdatawereconsideredreliable,andinfairagreementwiththoseusedforgroundtesting.
Errorsduetotheresolutionofthetelemetrysystemare,forinstance,ataphelion:s=0,006forT=
1K.
DatafromthefirstthreeorbitsofHELIOSAandthefirstorbitofHELIOSBhavebeenanalyzedby
Winkler (1977) [135]. The following effects have been considered. 1) Conductive thermal coupling
between the spacecraft surface and the central compartment where the sensor is located. This
introducesacorrectionwhich,forsensorS2,is s=0,17(ToTi),whereToandTiareouterandinner
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spacecraft temperatures, respectively. This correction accounts for most of the improvement in the
analysisparticularlyneartheperihelion.2)Radiativethermalcouplingandshadingeffects,whichcan
beneglectedforbothHELIOSAandBregardingthisparticularsample.3)Influenceoftemperature
onthehemisphericaltotalemittance.4)Degradationandcontamination.
RESULTS
ResultsfromWinkler&Brungs(1975)[136]andWinkler(1977)[135]areshowninFigure591.Time
inESHhasbeencalculatedbyassumingthattheflux,forbothUVandprotons,variesasthesquareof
thedistancetotheSun.
Time for HELIOSB has been compressed by a factor of 1,14, so that the perihelion and aphelion of
bothorbitscorrespondtothesameESHvalues.
Lineofcircles FirstHELIOSAorbit.Simplifiedmodelofdataanalysis.
Averageofthe>firstthreeHELIOSAorbits.Improvedmodelofdataanalysis.
FirstHELIOSB>orbit.Improvedmodelofdataanalysis.
Average of the> first three HELIOSA orbits. Effect of degradation alone. Figure
587,so=0,062.
Average of> the first three HELIOSA orbits. Effect of contamination alone.
Calculated.
ControlMirrorsvs.exposuretime,t,asdeducedfromdataofHELIOSAandB
spacecraft.
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COMMENTS
In addition to the usual phenomena associated to outgassing under vacuum conditions, long time
missionswithextendedperiodsatelevatedtemperatures,suchasinHELIOSsatellites,poseseveral
peculiarproblems.
1. Due to elevated temperatures a small fraction of the surrounding adhesive begins to
creepintothesurfacestickingthere.Incomingparticlesorhighenergyphotonspartially
crack this creeping material. The resulting ions and neutral particles escape into open
space(secondaryoutgassing).Toestimatetheinfluenceofthiseffectonsitisassumed
that,atleastforthefiveorsixfirstorbits,therateofdepositiononthespacecraftsurface
isconstant.Fromtheanalysisoftheresultsonecandeducethatthethicknessofthelayer
depositedineachorbitis4,16x108m.
2. Sincetheelectricpotentialofthespacecraftsurfaceisunevenlydistributedanddifferent
fromthatoftheundisturbedsurroundingplasma,aboundarylayerappearsaroundthe
spacecraft whose thickness depends on the potential difference, and on plasma density
andtemperature.Outgassingmaterial,whichisionizedwithintheboundarylayer,will
reboundontothesurfacecreatingadepositofionizedmoleculeswhichincrease s.One
canestimatethethicknessofthedepositonthebasisofadhocvaluesofthefractionof
the ionized particles which build up the contamination layer, and of outgassing kinetic
data (not readily available). Such processes as cracking, creeping, polymerization and
others, leading to long term effects upon adhesives, are accounted for by means of an
additionalconstantterm.
The svalueisrelatedtothecontaminationthickness, t,bymeansof s=1eBtwhereB=1,2x105
m1.ValuescalculatedbyWinkler(1977)[135]forthefirstthreeHELIOSAorbitsare:
1storbit t=4,16x108m+8,50x108m, s=0,016.Therealvaluewas s=0,019,becauseofsample
position.
2ndorbitt=4,16x108m+12,76x108m,s=0,029.
3rdorbitt=4,16x108m+16,92x108m,s=0,043.
References:Winkler&Stampfl(1975)[139],Winkler&Brungs(1975)[136],Winkler(1977)[135].
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Figure592:Summerydataonthechangeinsolarabsorptance,s,ofOCLIType
SI100ThermalControlMirrorsvs.exposuretime,t.
Theestimatedvaluesoftheinitialsolarabsorptance,so,areshownneareachcurve.
aFromSCATHA.Partiallygeosynchronousorbit.so=0,075.
bFromCOMSTAR.Geosynchronousorbit.Contaminatedbeforelaunching.
so=0,11(COMSTARD3)
so=0,115(COMSTARD1)
SeethedescriptionofCOMSTARinparagraph7.3.2.5.6ofthisclause.
cFromNAVSTAR.InfluencedbyVanAllenradiation.so=0,06
SeethedescriptionofCOMSTARinparagraph7.3.2.5.6ofthisclause.
dGroundtest.CleansimulationofHELIOSorbit.so=0,065
SeeFigure587.
eGroundtest.SimulationofOTSorbit.so=0,05
Seeparagraph7.3.3.2.6ofclause5.2.6.
The figure clearly shows the need for revised flight data acquisition procedures, improved satellite
materialsandcarefulgroundhandlingtechniques,andtheinadequacyofadatapresentationinterms
oftheultravioletexposuretime.
7.3.3.Reflectance.
7.3.3.1. Normalhemispherical spectral reflectance. Data in Figure 593 are from Cunnington,
Samplebondedtoa6061T6aluminiumsubstrate.Adhesivenotidentifiedinthesource.
Spectral reflectance in the wavelength range 2,7x107 m to 1,8x106 m was measured with a Cary
Model14spectrophotometerwithanintegratingsphereoperatingintheindirectmode,i.e.:thesphere
isilluminatedfromtheexternalopticswhilethedetectorviewsthesample.
TheCarysphereissmallandhasrelativelylargeapertures.Thisresultsinsignificanterrorswhichcan
be minimized by calibration against known surfaces. A limited number of absolute measurements
weremadeusingamuchlargerintegratingsphere,GierDunkleModelSP210,attachedtoaPerkin
Elmer Model 98 monochromator. When the GierDunkle instrument is used to calibrate Cary
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measurementsonidenticalsamples,theaccuracyinreflectancereadingswiththelatterinstrumentis
0,02. Measurements in the wavelength range 2x106 m to 25x106 m were made with a GierDunkle
Model HC300 heated cavity reflectometer in conjunction with a PerkinElmer Model 98
monochromator and a Brewer Model 129 chopperamplifier system. The maximum relative error is,
for most samples, no greater than 0,010. This instrument does not allow exactly normal ( = 0)
measurements with perfectly specular samples, since then the reflected flux from the sample
originatesfromtheviewingportitself.
Measurementswereperformedinambientair.
SeealsodatabeforeexposureinFigure594.
Figure593:Normalhemisphericalspectralreflectance,,ofOCLITypeSI100
ThermalControlMirrorsvs.wavelength,.FromCunnington,Grammer&Smith
(1969)[33].
7.3.3.2.EffectoftheSpaceEnvironmentonreflectance.
7.3.3.2.1.UltraVioletRadiation. Data in Figure594 are from Cunnington, Grammer & Smith (1969)
[33]. The ultraviolet source was a 900 W Hanovia Xenon lamp, Model 530CL. Uniformity of the
sourcetotalirradiancewasbetterthan10%within102mofthesamplecenter.
A1000W,controllableandprogrammabletungsteniodidelamp,GEDXW,isusedtoheatthebackof
thesubstrate,sothatthesamplecanbemaintainedatagiventemperatureorthermallycycled.
Radiationfluxdensityatthesamplelevel:1Sun.
Temperature:339K.
Exposuretime:2040h.
Spectralreflectancemeasuredatambientpressureandtemperature,beforeandafterirradiation.
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Figure594:EffectofUltraVioletradiationonnormalhemisphericalspectral
reflectance,,ofOCLITypeSI100ThermalControlMirrorsvs.wavelength,.
7.3.3.2.6.Combinedexposure.ThefollowingdataarefromPaillous(1975)[95],DERTS.
Sample on aluminium substrate. Three of the samples (labeled 1 to 3) were bonded with RTV 560
adhesive,andtwomoresamples(4and5)werefastenedbare.
Irradiationmadeunderthefollowingconditions:
Reflectancemeasuredinsituwithoutbreakingvacuum,unlessotherwisestated.
Comments under CAUTION in paragraph 7.3.2.5.3 of clause 5.2.4 do not apply here because of the
specularbehaviorofthemirrors.
The exposure is intended to simulate 7 years in geosynchronous orbit of the threeaxis stabilized
Orbital Test Satellite (OTS) north and south faces. The tests reproduced the simultaneous action of
vacuum and temperature, and of ultraviolet, protons and electrons. The experimental facilities are
thosementionedinparagraphs7.3.3.2.3,7.3.3.2.4and7.3.3.2.6ofclause5.2.4.Theproceduresarealso
similar.SeeforfurtherdetailsPaillous(1975)[95].
Simulationtimewascontrolledbythemaximumachievablesolarradiationfluxdensityatthesample
level, which was smaller than 3 Suns. Thence, protons and electrons, which could require shorter
simulation times, were irradiated intermittently, whereas ultraviolet irradiation was performed
continuously within the constraint of a correct simulation of the integrated fluxes at the end of the
sevenmainstepsofthetest(Table529).
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Table529:TestConditionsSimulatinguptoSevenYearsinGeosynchronousOrbit
StepA StepB StepC StepD StepE StepF StepG
YearsinOrbit 0,17 1,11 2,05 3,15 4,05 5,40 7,14
SimulationTestTime[h] 96 612 1134 1740 2240 2982 3946
ESH 192 1224 2268 3480 4480 5964 7892
Protons StartingTime,
48 564 1110 1728 2228 2970 3934
Exposure FirstRun[h]
40keV
StoppingTime,
96 612 1134 1740 2240 2982 3946
LastRun[h]
NetRunning
48 48 24 12 12 12 12
Time[h]
Flux
4,05x1012 2,26x1013 4,86x1013 1,07x1014 9,03x1013 1,32x1014 1,67x1014
[Protons.m2.s1]
IntegratedFlux
6,92x1017 3,90x1018 4,25x1018 4,69x1018 3,87x1018 6,01x1018 6,97x1018
[Protons.m2]
Cumulative
IntegratedFlux 6,92x1017 4,59x1018 8,84x1018 1,35x1019 1,74x1019 2,34x1019 3,04x1019
[Protons.m2]
Protons StartingTime,
24 516 1086 1716 2216 2958 3922
Exposure FirstRun[h]
150keV
StoppingTime,
48 564 1110 1728 2228 2970 3934
LastRun[h]
NetRunning
24 48 24 12 12 12 12
Time[h]
Flux
2,90x1011 7,52x1011 1,49x1012 3,68x1012 3,01x1012 4,47x1012 5,65x1012
[Protons.m2.s1]
IntegratedFlux
2,51x1016 1,40x1017 1,26x1017 1,58x1017 1,29x1017 1,98x1017 2,36x1017
[Protons.m2]
Cumulative
IntegratedFlux
[Protons.m2] 2,51x1016 1,65x1017 2,91x1017 4,49x1017 5,78x1017 7,76x1017 1,01x1018
Electrons StartingTime,
0 516 1086 1716 2216 2958 3922
FirstRun[h]
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StepA StepB StepC StepD StepE StepF StepG
Exposure StoppingTime,
96 612 1134 1740 2240 2982 3946
200keV LastRun[h]
NetRunning
96 96 48 24 24 24 24
Time[h]
Flux
4,05x1012 2,28x1013 4,83x1013 1,06x1014 9,03x1013 1,38x1014 1,66x1014
[Electrons.m2.s1]
IntegratedFlux
1,43x1018 7,92x1018 8,44x1018 9,13x1018 7,70x1018 1,19x1019 1,44x1019
[Electrons.m2]
Cumulative
IntegratedFlux 1,43x1018 9,35x1018 1,78x1019 2,69x1019 4,36x1019 4,65x1019 6,09x1019
[Electrons.m2]
Thefollowingmeasurementsweremade:
1. Spectral reflectance at ambient conditions in air, before and after irradiation. An
integratingsphereattachedtotheBeckmanDK2Areflectometerwasused.
Standardsofpolishedaluminium.Totalsolarreflectancesfromthesedata,s,aregiveninTable530.
2. In situ measurements ofglobal reflectance, asin paragraph7.3.3.2.6 of clause5.2.4. The
illuminating source was a solarsimulating highpressure Xenon lamp, 75 W. Results
appearinTable530as.
3. Insituspectralreflectance,asinparagraph7.3.3.2.3ofclause5.2.4.Theincidentfluxcame
fromaZeissmonochromator.Thespectralmeasurementsweremadewithtwodetectors
attachedtotheintegratingsphere:aphotodiodefor intherange5,46x107mto1,5x106
m,andaphotomultiplierfortherange2,75x107mto6,50x107m.Alimitedamountof
dataaregiveninFigure595andFigure596.Theresultingspectraldatawereintegrated
against the solar spectral irradiance to obtain the reflectance for the different spectral
bands(ultraviolet,visible,infraredandsolar).ResultsappearinTable530.
AnincidentoccurredduringultravioletonlyirradiationbetweenstepsEandF,around
the2360experimenthours(nearly4,5simulatedyears).Onenightthechamberpressure
rose up to 1 Pa to 10 Pa. The damage was repaired the next morning. Duration of the
malfunctionwasnotdetermined.
Theresultslookfairlyinsensitivetothisincident.
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Table530:CombinedExposureEffectsofReflectanceofOCLITypeSI100.ThermalControlMirrors.
FromGlobalMeasurements

forXenonLamp
Sample 1 2 3 4 5
InAirbeforeirradiation
Undervacuum,<1,3x104Pa.293K. 0,97 0,97 0,95 0,96 0,97
After1hundervacuum,<1,3x104Pa.363K. 0,989 0,982 0,970 0,977 0,977
After48hundervacuum,<1,3x104Pa.363K. 0,986 0,965 0,970 0,981 0,971
48hafterstartingstepA 0,982 0,974 0,984 0,987 0,972
AfterstepA 0,989 0,969 0,979 0,975 0,969
BeforestepB 0,986 0,970 0,970 0,975 0,970
AfterstepB 0,975 0,972 0,975 0,978 0,970
BeforestepC 0,980 0,975 0,975 0,965 0,967
AfterstepC 0,969 0,964 0,971 0,974 0,971
BeforestepD 0,962 0,962 0,964 0,977 0,969
AfterstepD 0,965 0,965 0,967 0,970 0,957
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FromGlobalMeasurements

forXenonLamp
BeforestepE 0,966 0,968 0,968 0,971 0,963
DuringstepE 0,971 0,966 0,971 0,971 0,977

(nodetailsaregiven)
AfterstepE 0,968 0,965 0,976 0,971 0,957
Aftervacuumpumpincident(4800ESH) 0,969 0,971 0,971 0,974 0,969
5300ESH 0,963 0,964 0,971 0,986 0,967
BeforestepF 0,964 0,967 0,967 0,976 0,967
AfterstepF 0,972 0,959 0,972 0,985 0,969
BeforestepG 0,970 0,951 0,969 0,983 0,970
AfterstepG 0,967 0,965 0,965 0,967 0,955

(Firstreadings)
AfterstepG 0,961 0,961 0,963 0,971 0,961

(Secondreadings)
AfterExposure,12hinAirat293K. 0,963 0,964 0,964 0,971 0,961
InAirafterirradiation
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FromSpectralMeasurements
sUV sV
2,35x10 [m]3,80
7 2,95x107[m]7,30
Sample 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
InAirbefore
irradiation
Undervacuum 0,48 0,46 0,46 0,47 0,47 0,89 0,88 0,89 0,92 0,91
<1,3x104Pa.293K.
After1hundervacuum
<1,3x104Pa.363K.
After48hunder 0,46 0,45 0,46 0,47 0,46 0,92 0,92 0,92 0,91 0,90
vacuum
<1,3x104Pa.363K.
48hafterstartingstepA
AfterstepA 0,45 0,46 0,45 0,46 0,44 0,91 0,91 0,91 0,91 0,89
BeforestepB
AfterstepB
BeforestepC
AfterstepC 0,42 0,43 0,89 0,89
BeforestepD
AfterstepD 0,42 0,44 0,43 0,43 0,42 0,88 0,88 0,88 0,88 0,88
BeforestepE
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sUV sV
2,35x10 [m]3,80
7 2,95x107[m]7,30
DuringstepE
(nodetailsaregiven)
AfterstepE
Aftervacuumpump 0,43 0,43 0,87 0,87

incident(4800ESH)
5300ESH
BeforestepF 0,42 0,42 0,87 0,86
AfterstepF 0,41 0,42 0,88 0,86
BeforestepG 0,41 0,41 0,86 0,86
AfterstepG 0,41 0,42 0,42 0,39 0,40 0,88 0,86 0,87 0,84 0,85
(Firstreadings)
AfterstepG 0,42 0,43 0,43 0,42 0,41 0,88 0,88 0,87 0,85 0,84
(Secondreadings)
AfterExposure,12hin 0,43 0,42 0,86 0,86

Airat293K.
InAirafterirradiation
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sIR s
7,30x10 [m]40
7
Sample 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
InAirbefore 0,95 0,95 0,95 0,95 0,95

irradiation
Undervacuum 0,97 0,95 0,96 0,97 0,96 0,93 0,92 0,93 0,95 0,93
<1,3x104Pa.293K.
After1hundervacuum
<1,3x104Pa.363K.
After48hundervacuum 0,99 0,99 0,98 0,99 0,99 0,96 0,95 0,95 0,96 0,94
<1,3x104Pa.363K.
48hafterstartingstepA
AfterstepA 1,00 0,99 0,98 1,00 0,99 0,96 0,95 0,94 0,96 0,94
BeforestepB
AfterstepB
BeforestepC
AfterstepC 0,98 1,00 0,94 0,94
BeforestepD
AfterstepD 0,97 0,98 0,97 0,99 0,97 0,93 0,93 0,92 0,94 0,92
BeforestepE
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sIR s
7,30x10 [m]40
7
DuringstepE
(nodetailsaregiven)
AfterstepE
Aftervacuumpumpincident 0,97 0,99 0,92 0,93

(4800ESH)
5300ESH
BeforestepF 0,96 0,96 0,92 0,91
AfterstepF 0,97 0,99 0,93 0,92
BeforestepG 0,97 0,99 0,92 0,93
AfterstepG 0,97 0,98 0,97 0,97 0,96 0,92 0,92 0,92 0,91 0,91
(Firstreadings)
AfterstepG 0,98 0,98 0,98 1,00 0,98 0,93 0,93 0,93 0,93 0,91
(Secondreadings)
AfterExposure,12hinAirat 1,02 1,00 0,94 0,93

293K.
InAirafterirradiation 0,94 0,94 0,94 0,94 0,94
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Figure595:EffectofCombinedExposure,simulatinguptosevenyearsin
geosynchronousorbit,onnormalhemisphericalspectralreflectance,,ofOCLI
TypeSI100ThermalControlMirrorsvs.wavelength,.aBondedsample.b
Samplefastenedbare.FromPaillous(1975)[95].
Explanation
AfterstepA(0,17yearsinorbit).T=363K.
AfterstepC(2,05yearsinorbit).T=363K.
AfterstepD(3,15yearsinorbit).T=363K.
AfterstepF(5,4yearsinorbit).T=363K. Aftervacuumpumpincident.
AfterstepG(7,14yearsinorbit).T=363K.
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Figure596:EffectofCombinedExposure,simulatinguptosevenyearsin
TypeSI100ThermalControlMirrorsvs.wavelength,.Samplefastenedbare.
FromPaillous(1975)[95].
Explanation
After48hbelow1,3x104Papressure. SamecurvesasinFigure595.
T=363K.
AfterstepG(7,14yearsinorbit).
T=363K.
AfterCombinedExposurefollowedby12 1.Couldgiveanestimateofthe
hinairat293K. uncertaintylevelassociatedtodata
acquisitionandhandling.
7.4. Electrical resistance. OCLI Type SI100 mirrors are nonconductive. Thence, the mirrors show a
tendency to be charged electrostatically, particularly when the spacecraft becomes immersed in a
substormplasma.
7.4.3.Charging.Thedifferentialchargingofthespacecraftcomponentstoahighvoltagemaygenerate
adischarge(vacuumarc,arcing)ifthevoltagelevelexceedsthebreakdownpotentialofthematerial.
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Theimplicationsofthesephenomenaare:
1. Onthethermalcontrolmirrors.
Chargingmightacceleratethedepositionofcontaminants.
Thedischargesliberatecontaminants.
Thedischargesdamagethemirrors.
2. Ontheonboardinstrumentation.
Thecomponentsareirradiatedbytheelectromagneticwavesassociatedwiththevacuum
arc.
Transient pulses of sufficient magnitude to activate (or even burn) the circuits could
result.
3. Onthesurroundingelectricfield.
Electricalchargesbuiltupinthesatellitewouldinterferewiththespacefield.
ForanaccountofthephenomenainvolvedinspacecraftchargingandarcingseeRosen
(1975)[108].
RelevanttestwithOCLITypeSI100mirrorsarepresentedinTable531.
Theoutcomefromthesetestscanbesummarizedasfollows.

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Table531:ChargingArcingTestswithOCLITypeSI100ThermalControlMirrors
1
Sample:Ninemirrorsonanaluminiumsubstrate,6,5x102msquare.Overcoatnotquoted.FurnishedbyESTEC.RTV560adhesive(nonconductive).
Tests:TheexperimentalfacilityhasbeendescribedbyLvy(1976)[77].Anelectronacceleratorisconnectedtoavacuumchamber,wherethesample
holderandirradiationmonitoringdevicesareplaced.Uniformityofirradiationisheldwithin40%bydiffusionofthebeamthrougha2x106mthick
aluminiumfoil.pressurenotgiven.Theenergyoftheimpingingelectronbeamisincreasedfrom5keVto30keV,withcurrentdensitiesintherange106
A.m2to2x105A.m2,untilbreakdownresults.Thereafterirradiationispursuedfor40hunderconstantconditions.
Ultravioletirradiationwassuperposedtoelectronexposureforsometime.Noeffectwasdetected.
Measurements.Thesubstrateisgroundedthroughelectricalresistorsandananoammeter,theoutputofwhichisrecorded.Potentialatapointinthe
groundinglineismeasuredwithanoscilloscope.
Foreachvalueoftheelectronsbeamenergy,thesurfacepotentialisrelatedtotheratioofmeasuredintensitytobeamcurrent.Thesurfacepotential
intensityratiorelationshipwasestablishedbyapreviouscalibrationwithametalsheet,placedinthesampleholder,towhichknownvoltageswere
appliedwhilereadingtheammeteroutput.
Surfacecurrentsweremeasuredwithanintensityprobeplacedinagroundinglinefromtheexposedfaceofthemirror.Peakamplitudesofthecurrent
pulsesupto25A,withdurationsintherange2x107sto4x107s,weredetected.Dischargeintensitiesaslargeas7x103A.m2resulted.
Beam ElectrostaticDischarges
Beam Exposure Surface Voltage
Current Temp.
Energy Time Potential Total Breakdown Comments
Density [K] Rate
[keV] [h] [V] Occurrence Numberin [V]
[A.m2] [min1]
6h
25 2x105 40 Between Minimumconditionsforbreakdown.

4000and Estimatederrorinvoltagereadingswas1000V.
30 Many 65 9000
FromLvy(1976)[77]
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2
Sample.Ninemirrorsonanaluminiumsubstrate,6,5x102msquare.Overcoatnotquoted.FurnishedbyESTEC.Conductiveadhesive.
Tests.Asabove.
Measurements.Asabove.Surfacecurrentsatbreakagewerenotmeasured.
Current Temp.
Density [K] Rate
[A.m2] [min1]
6h
15 105 0,5 5500 Firstrun.

Oneofthemirrorsshowedatransversalcrack(not
20 1,33 Bothsmall 1/5to 60 6000 ascribabletothetest).Thebreakdownoccursat
andlarge 1/7 lowerenergiesthanintableabove,whereanon
25 0,6 1/4 90 5400 conductiveadhesivewasused.
20 1,43 2/7to 90 4500

2/9
25 0,42 2/7 100 4400
25 2x105 0,35 2/3 240 4000
30 105 0,73 1/3 120 4700 15hsincetheendoftheaboverun.

Voltagebreakdowndecreaseswithbeamenergy.
30 2x105 0,67 2/3to 200 4600
1/2
15 105 0,75 1/15to 20 7500 Sameenergyandfluxasinthefirstrun.

1/20
FromLvy&Sarrail(1976)[78].
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3
Sample.Severalmirrors(36to49)onametalsubstrate.Neitherovercoatnoradhesivearequoted.
Tests.Anelectrongunisusedtoirradiateasamplepanelmountedonthefloorofanevacuatedchamber.
Measurements.Themetalsubstrateofthesamplepanelisgroundedthroughanammeter.Anelectricfieldmeterplacednearthepanelisusedfor
measuringthefieldproducedatitslocationbythesurfacechargeonthesample.Therelationshipbetween(averaged)mirrorsurfacepotentialandfield
meteroutputwasestablishedthroughcalibrationasin1above.
Surfacepotentialandleakagecurrentthroughthesamplewererecordedvs.time.
Theelectromagneticfieldnearthesamplewasexplored,byuseofsuitableantennae,tolookattheinfluenceofthedischargesonthevehiclecircuitry.
Thetestsindicatethatnegativechargescanbeexpelledtodistancesofover7x102mfromthemirrorsurfaceand,thence,noisepulsesofconsiderable
durationresult.
Current Temp.
Density [K] Rate
[A.m2] [min1]
6h
10 105 One 3
3,3x105 Several 1 3
6,7x105 Smalland 3 2,5 Littlechangesresultedfromsmalldischarges.

large
FromAdamo&Nanevicz(1976)[2].

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4
Sample.Fourmirrorsonanaluminiumsubstrate.inconelovercoating.
Conductiveadhesive.RTV566withsilverpowderChoBond1029B(seeparagraph5.6ofclause5.2.7).
Tests.PerformedatDERTS(Toulouse)byuseoftheCEDREsubstormsimulationfacility(Bosma&Levadou(1979)[16]).Pressurebelow6,5x103Pa.
Temperaturebetween260Kand310K.Uniformityofirradiationisachievedbydiffusingtheelectronbeamthrougha7,5x107mthickaluminiumfoil.
Measurements.Leakagecurrentthroughthesamplecontinuouslymonitoredatconstantelectronenergyandcurrentdensity.Surfacepotentialmeasured
whencuttingofftheelectronbeamatregularintervals.
ADCelectricalbreakdowntesterwasusedtodeterminethebreakdownvoltagesinair.
Current Temp.
Density [K] Rate
[keV] [h] [V] Occurrence Numberin6 [V]
[A.m2] [min1]
h
5 105 0,5 291 990 Nohinttoknowwhentheelectronbeamiscut

offforsurfacepotentialmeasurements.Notice
10 3420 thatsurfacepotentialdependsontimewhen
15 6840 One dischargesoccur.Novoltagebreakdowninair
wasobservedupto12kV,upperlimitofthe
20 9300 Many breakdowntesterused.
10 5x105 3530
15 7200
20 10360 Many 1to

1/15
10 5x105 8
20 Many
5 105 0,5 259 2630 Nodischargeswererecorded.Apparently,the
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ECSSEHB3101Part6A
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10 5800 roomtemperaturetestaffectedtheabilityto
dischargeatlowtemperature.Thelarge
15 10260 dischargecouldhavebeentriggeredbythe
potentialprobe.
20 13700 Onelarge
10 5x105 5800
15 10400
20 14400
FromBosma(1979)[13].
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1. Electrical charges on the mirror surface tend to discharge at a point of minimum resistance. This
couldbeadiscontinuityinthe(nonconductive)adhesive,toonarrowagapbetweenmirrors,orcracks
inthemirrorsurface.
2. A typical discharge follows the mirror edge into the adhesive, through which it reaches the
substrate.
3.Damagetothethermalcontrolsurfacecouldappearas
3.1.Erosionoftheadhesivefromthejointbetweenmirrors,anddepositiononthequartzsurface.
3.2.Defectsinthesilverlayersuchascracks,localevaporation,...
3.3.Defectsinthesubstrate.
3.4.Erosionofthequartzsurfaceitself,neartheedges,athighcurrentlevels.
4. Damagesunder3.1 and 3.2 above become more severe whena conductiveadhesive is used. This
could be due to the fact that the discharge takes place at the mirroradhesive interface instead of
withintheadhesive.
5.Damageunder3.3resultsfromnonconductiveovercoatings.Inthatcasethesurgecurrentthrough
thesilverdischargesonthesubstrate,throughtheovercoating.
6. The rate of discharge occurrenceis proportional to the beam current density,asinany relaxation
oscillator. Nevertheless, the discharges tend to modify the later behavior of the sample in the most
unpredictableway.
6.1.Thedischargeratedecreaseswithtime.
6.2.theminimumbeamenergyforarcingdependsonthehistoryoftheprocess.Evidencethatmany
dischargescontributetolowerthethresholdenergy,andevidenceonthecontraryarebothavailable.
7.Conductivecoatedmirrorshavebeendevisedtoavoidalltheseshortcomings.Seeclause5.2.7.
8.1. Prelaunch. These mirrors are fragile and should be protected from mechanical damage during
shipping and storage. Each mirror is individually wrapped in paper that does not scratch, leave a
residue or corrode the metal surface. Surface contamination including fingerprints, oil, dust and
atmospheric weathering does not cause permanent degradation after application. However,
temporarycontaminationshouldberemovedpriortolaunch.
FromOCLI(1980)[94].
AccordingtoWinkler&Stampfl(1975)[139]Inconelovercoatingishumiditysensitive.
8.2.Postlaunch.Outgassingcanbeminimizedbyanappropriatecuringprocess,seeTable527.
OSR panels have successfully passed sinusoidal and random vibration tests per Lockheed Aircraft
CorporationGeneralEnvironmentalSpecificationforAgenaSatellitePrograms.
8.2.1. Ascent. The effect of ascent heating on this rigid OSR is unknown. However no significant
changeinsisanticipateduptotheupperoperatingtemperatureoftheadhesive.
8.2.2. Orbital. Data on ultraviolet damage reveal no noticeable change in s due o near ultraviolet
radiation.ThisrigidOSRisstableforextendedmissionsuptotwoyearsinallspaceenvironments.It
has been extensively investigated and has never been damaged. Nevertheless, many authors report
spaceflightdata,andlaboratoryresults,indicatinggradualdegradationof s(seeparagraph7.3.2.5.6
of clause 5.2.6). In general, contamination adversely affects the thermophysical properties of the
mirrorswhenthesatelliteisexposedtoeitherultravioletorchargedparticlesirradiations.
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FromBreuch(1967)[22],andFogdall&Cannaday(1974)[42].
9.THERMALCYCLING
Accordingtothemanufacturer,certificationofthermalcyclingissuppliedafterthefollowingtest:The
temperatureisloweredfromambientto143K5K,adwellof30minutes,raisingthetemperatureto
358K5K,adwellof30minutes,andreturningthetemperaturetoambient.Thecycleisrepeated
twice more. The rate of temperature change are not less than 2 K.min1. During the test, no
condensationisallowedtoformonthemirror.Themirrorwillshownoevidenceofdegradationafter
thistest.
FromOCLI(1980)[94].
Factorslimitingtheusefultemperaturerangeofthesemirrorsarecontrolledbythemethodsusedfor
attachmenttothesubstrate.
Several rigid OSR samples bonded to aluminium substrate by use of GERTV 615 silicone adhesive
weretestedinavacuumchamberat1,3x103Paapproximately.Thetestconsistedof20cyclesofnear
sinusoidaltemperaturecyclingbetween166Kand366K.Eachcyclehadaperiodofapproximately20
min. Performance of these rigid OSRs and adhesive was satisfactory, with no mechanical failures
occurringduringthetest.
FromMarshall&Breuch(1968)[80].
10.SOURCE
OpticalCoatingLaboratory,Inc.,2789GiffenAve.P.O.Box1599,SantaRosa,California95403,USA.
ManufacturingfacilitiesservingEurope,OCLIOpticalCoatingsLimited.
621LondonRoad,HighWycombe,Buckinghamshire,HP111ET,England.
Telephone:HighWycombe(0494)36286.
Telex:83239.
ContactPerson:Mr.J.A.Fawcett,TechnicalProductsManager.
11.COST
Alargequantitypriceof15000US$.m2hasbeenestimatedonthebasisof1980quotations.Adhesive
isnotincluded.
12.SPATIALEXPERIENCE
This rigid OSR was originally developed at Lockheed in 1964 for use an USAF satellite. It has been
used in a number of satellites, some of them are listed in the following table. Additional sources of
information,whichhasnotbeencompiledinthisitem,aregiveninthementionedtable.
Spacecraftor Launching UsedorTested References

Programme Date
Lunar1st Aug.10,1966 Used. Marshall&Breuch

Orbiter5th Aug.1,1968 (1968)[80].
OSOIII March8,1967 Tested,TCCEexperiment.See Millard(1969)[84],

paragraph7.3.2.5.6ofclause5.2.6. Millard&Pearson
(1973)[85].
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Programme Date
NimbusE Dec.11,1972 UsedintheradiatoroftheNimbusE Stultz(1974,1976)

MicrowaveSpectrometer(NEMS).See [122]&[123].
paragraph7.3.2.3ofclause5.2.6.
ATSF May30,1974 UsedintheradiatoroftheAdvanced Kirkpatrick&

ThermalControlFlightExperiment Brennan(1973)[71],
(ATFE),andinthebaseplateofthe Kemp,Beynon,
Louvers(seeECSSEHB3101Part12 Luedke&Hall(1973)
clause5.2.3). [69].
HELIOSA Dec.12,1974 Used.Dataavailableforanalysis. Winkler&Brungs

B Jan.15,1976 SeethedescriptionofHELIOSin (1975,1976)[136]&
paragraph7.3.2.5.6ofclause5.2.6. [137],Winkler(1975,
1977)[134]&[135].
SymphonieA Dec.19,1974 Usedinradiator. Morelli(1974)[88].

B Aug.26,1975
INTELSATIVA Jan.29,1976 Used. Rolfo(1981)[107].
COMSTARD1 May13,1976 Used.Dataavailableforanalysis. Hyman(1981)[62].

D2 July22,1976 SeethedescriptionofCOMSTARin
D3 June29,1978 paragraph7.3.2.5.6ofclause5.2.6.
OTS2 May11,1978 Used,north&southfaces.Data Bouchez&Glpen

availableforanalysis. (1980)[17],Bouchez
&Howle(1981)[18].
SCATHA Jan.30,1979 Tested,ML12andSSPMexperiments. Hall&Fote(1979,

SeethedescriptionofSCATHAin 1980)[55]&[56].
paragraph7.3.2.5.6ofclause5.2.6.
ANIKB Dec.12,1979 Usedinradiators,north&southfaces. Rajagopalan&

Willson(1980)[102].
NAVSTAR5 Fev.9,1980 Tested. Pence&Grant(1981)

SeethedescriptionofNAVSTARin [99].
paragarph7.3.2.5.6ofclause5.2.6.
USAF Several Tested. Curran&Millard

Geosynchronous (1978)[34].
LDEF Scheduledfor ExperimentAO1386byA.Paillous& Preuss&Schfer

early1984. J.C.Guillaumon. (1979)[100],Clark
ExperimentS0010byW.S.Slemp. (1981)[30].
ExperimentS1002byL.Preuss.
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5.2.7 Silver vacuum deposited on fused Silica with a conductive

coating
1.COMPOSITION
MetallicSilver,vacuumdepositedonthesecondsurfaceoffusedsilicawithatransparentelectrically
conductive coating on the front surface. The silver is overcoated with dielectric or conductive
materials.
FromOCLI(1980)[94].
TheprotectiveovercoatingcouldbeeitherIncoel,IndiumTinoxide,oramulticoatingonTiOxbase.
Incoel is humidity sensitive. The TiOx based multicoating, on the other hand, exhibits an instability
beyond400Kleadingtoasubstantialincreaseinsolarabsorptance,asdiscussedinconnectionwith
Figure599.
Conductivecoating:TindopedIn2O31,3x108mto2,0x108mthick.
FromWinkler&Stampfl(1975)[139].
Electricalcontactsasinaabovearefurnishedonrequest(SpecificationNo.6068002).bshowsarecent
developmentwheretheedgesofthemirrorshavebeencoatedwithaconductivepaint(Specification
No.6068002Modified).
FromFawcett(1981)[41].
3.USUALDESIGNATION
Conductive Coated Second Surface Thermal Control Mirror (CCSSM or SSM/CC). Optical Coating
Laboratory,Inc.
Also known as In2O3/rigid OSR or ITO/rigid OSR, as CC/rigid OSR or CCOSR fused silica, and as
OCLIConductiveCoating.
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SSM/WCindicatedasecondsurfacemirrorwithconductivecoatingandweldingorsolderingcontacts
asinaabove.
4.SUBSTRATE
Anycleansurface
5.1.Background.Typicallysquaremirrorsubstratesof2x102mside,2x104mthickarefabricated.The
panelsflownontheGEOSandISEEBsatellitesconsistedofsmallindividualunits2x102mx4x102m
(Bosma&Levadou(1979)[16]).
5.1.1.Geometricaltolerances.Typicalfusedsilicasubstratesarefabricatedtothefollowingtolerances.
DimensionalTolerance
Length 5x105m
Width 5x105m
Thickness 5x105m
Perpendicularityofsides 90015
EdgeChips 2,5x104mmax.projectionintoface.
CornerChips 5x104mmax.lengthofleg,
4x104mmax.projectionintoface.
Parallelismofsides 5x105m
NOTE FromOCLI(1974)[93].
5.1.1.1.Electricalcontacts.Thecontactsshowinaabovemayvaryinsizedependinguponapplication.
Typicaldimensionsandtolerancesareasfollows:
Width:1,3x103m0,2x103m
Length:2,1x103m0,1x103m
Thickness:105m0,3x105m
FromOCLI(1974)[93].
5.1.2.Surfacequality.8050orbetterperMILO13830A.
FromOCLI(1974)[93].
5.1.3. Appearance. The coated surface gives the appearance of uniform coverage when viewed
through the conductive coated substrate (front surface). The overcoated back surface has a distinct
colorwhenviewedunderwhitelight.
FromOCLI(1974)[93].
5.2.Preparationofsurfacesforbonding.Asinclause5.2.6.
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5.3.Application.Asinclause5.2.6.SeealsoContacting.
5.4.Curingprocess.Asinclause5.2.6.
5.5.Qualityofadhesivebonding.Asinclause5.2.6.
5.6. Contacting. A Titanium/Palladium/Silver contacting with the appropriate welding process and
repair technique has been developed by AEG for the OCLI Conductive Coating used in HELIOS
(ProductSpecificationNo.6068002.ainthefigureofparagraph1ofclause5.2.7).themoduleswere
interconnectedthroughconductivecontactsintheIndiumoxidecoatingandelectricallybondedbya
silverstringtothespacecraftstructure.
Theabovementionedtechnique,basedininterconnectingindividualunits,ishighlyreliablefromthe
electrostaticcleanlinesspointofview.Itis,however,veryexpensiveandinvolvesconsiderablelabour
duetomountingandinterconnectionprocesses.Asolutiontoavoidinterconnectionisthemounting
ofthemirrorwithaconductiveadhesive,asinthenextfigure,whichhasbeenborrowedfromLehn
(1979)[76].SeeCOST,paragraph11ofclause5.2.7whereacostcomparisonbetweenbothcontacting
proceduresismade.
In order to ease the contacting through the conductive adhesive, OCLI has recently developed a
mirrorwithconductivecoatededges(ProductSpecificationNo.6068002Modified.binthefigureof
paragraph 1 of clause 5.2.7). The edges of the mirror are coated with ECON 56C conductive paint.
Optionallyotherpaintsmayberequested.
Asiliconesilverconductiveadhesivebasedon,
Silicone rubber RTV 566. General Electric, USA, (General Electric Company. Silicone Products
Department.Waterford,NewYork).
Silver powder ChoBond 1029B. Chomerics, USA, (Chromerics, Incorporated, Arlington,
Massachusetts), has been prequalified by ESTEC for conductive adhesion of OSRs, both rigid and
flexible.Thisformulationisnotapplicableasunderlyingadhesive(Bosma&Levadou(1979)[16]).The
adhesiveispreparedasfollow(Benassa,Lvy,Paillous&Sarrail(1979)[11],Bosma&Froggatt(1980)
[14]).
RTV566A:100partsbyweight,
ChoBond1029B:250partsbyweight.
Thoroughmixing,thenadditiontothemixture,
RTV566Bcatalyst:0,15partsbyweight.
After further mixing, the adhesive is degassed under vacuum. Constant resistance of a 104 m thick
layer between two aluminium plates is smaller than 10 (Bosma & Levadou (1979) [16]). m2 (see
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Benassa, Lvy, Paillous & Sarrail (1979) [11], p. 22, or Bosma & Froggatt (1980) [14], p. 28), the
resistivityoftheconductiveadhesivecanbeestimatedas 7.m,i.e.,4x104timestheresistivityof
puresilverwhich,accordingtoWeast(1976)[131],is=1,6x104.m.
Anotherconductiveadhesive,quotedbyLehn(1979)[76],consistsofsiliconerubberfilledwith13%
byweightofchoppedgraphitefibers,asfollows:
SiliconerubberRTV566or560.GeneralElectric,USA.2,5x104mchoppedgraphitefibersHERCULES
HMS.Hercules,USA.
(Hercules,Incorporated,Wilmington,Delaware19899.HMScallsforhighmodulusfibers).
The resistivity of this formulation is about 750 .m. That of pure graphite is: = 0,138 .m (Weast
(1976)[131]).
An epoxysilver conductive adhesive has been used in SCATHA, ML12 experiment. See Table 527,
paragraphs7.3.2.5.6ofclauses5.2.6and5.2.7.
Asinclause5.2.6.
7.1.Density
7.2.Outgassing.Asinclause5.2.6.
7.3.1.Emittance
7.3.1.1. Hemispherical total emittance. according to Lehn (1979) [76], the dependence of the
hemisphericaltotalemittanceofOSRsurfacesonthethicknessoftheIndiumoxideconductivelayer,
intherangeoflayerthicknessesfrom0to9x108m,issmall.
IntheparticularcaseofthisrigidOSR,aslightdecreaseinemittanceduetotheIndiumoxidelayer
hasbeenconsistentlyobserved,asisshownbelow.ValuesmeasuredcalorimetricallybyHall&Fote
(1980)[55]are:
=0,78fortheCCSSM,
contrastingwith
=0,80fortheSI100(uncoated).
Values in Table 532 correspond to normal total emittance, ( = 0), and solar absorptance, s, of
several types of OCLI Type thermal control mirrors. Both and s have been measured per
SpecificationESAPSS16/QRM09T.Themaximumabsoluteerrorwas0,02,andthereproducibility
0,005,inallthecases.
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Table532:NormalTotalEmittance,,andSolarAbsorptance,s,ofSeveralOCLI
TypeThermalControlMirrors
Description s
(=0)
SpecificationNo.6068002. 0,758 0,069

IndiumoxidetoplayerandIndiumTinoxiderearsideovercoating.
SpecificationNo.6068002Modified. 0,744 0,069

IndiumoxidetoplayerandIndiumTinoxiderearsideovercoatingand
ECON56Cconductivecoatededges.
SI100.Uncoated. 0,788 0,066
Uncoated.IndiumTinoxiderearsideovercoating. 0,785 0,063
NOTE FromBosma(1981)[13].
Theinfluenceoftemperaturehasnotbeenassessed.
7.3.2.Absorptance.
7.3.2.1.Solarabsorptance.ValuesinTable532,above,indicatethatthereisasmallincreaseinsolar
absorptanceduetotheIndiumoxidelayer.
Othervaluesgivenintheliteratureare:
s=0,06Fogdall&Cannaday(1974)[42].SeeFigure599below.
Hall&Fote(1979)[56].SeeFigure5100below.
s=0,062Winkler&Brungs(1975)[136].SeeFigure5101below.
Astrongtemperatureinfluenceabove400KhasbeenreportedbyWinkler&Stampfl(1975)[139],see
alsoFigure599below.Thiseffect,whichhasbeenattributedtothermalinstabilityofTiOxbasedrear
sideovercoating,doesnotappearwhenusingIncoel.
7.3.2.3. Variation of solar absorptance with incidence angle. Figure 597, from Winkler & Stampfl
(1975)[139],showsthesametrendsasFigure585,p.1114,fortheuncoatedmirror.
Figure597:Solarabsorptance,s,ofOCLITypeCCSSMvs.incidenceangle,.
Circlesarecalculatedvalues.FromWinkler&Stampfl(1975)[139].
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7.3.2.5.EffectsoftheSpaceEnvironmentonsolarabsorptance.
7.3.2.5.6.Combinedexposure.Datapresentedare:
1. Resultsfromgroundexperimentssimulatingeithergeosynchronousorbitexposureofthe
OTS equatorial faces (Figure 598) or HELIOS orbit conditions at 0,25 AU (Figure 599
below).
2. Resultsfrominorbitexperiments.Thosefromanearlygeosynchronousorbit(SCATHA)
aregiveninFigure5100below,whereasthosefromHELIOSAandBappearinFigure
5101below.
Figure598:Estimatedchangeinsolarabsorptance,s,ofOCLITypeCCSSMvs.
exposuretime,t.ThetestssimulategeosynchronousorbitexposureoftheOrbital
TestSatellite(OTS)equatorialfaces.
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Table533:EffectsofSimulatedGeosynchronousOrbitExposureonSolarAbsorptanceofOCLITypeCCSSM
SAMPLE1 SAMPLE2 SAMPLE3
Test
Conditions Measuredinsitu Correcteda Measuredinsitu Correcteda Measuredinsitu Correcteda
s s s s s s s s s
BEFOREIRRADIATION 0,065 0,090 0,050 0,090 0,053 0,090
AFTERAUNDERVACUUM 0,075 0,010 0,101 0,066 0,016 0,107 0,066 0,013 0,103
BEFOREB 0,069 0,004 0,094 0,074 0,024 0,113 0,054 0,001 0,091
AFTERB 0,075 0,010 0,101 0,079 0,029 0,119 0,067 0,014 0,104
AFTERPUMPDAMAGE 0,083 0,017 0,106 0,081 0,031 0,120 0,081 0,028 0,117
BEFOREC 0,083 0,018 0,107 0,085 0,035 0,124 0,081 0,028 0,117
AFTERC 0,081 0,016 0,105 0,082 0,032 0,121 0,076 0,023 0,112
BEFORED 0,085 0,020 0,109 0,083 0,033 0,122 0,083 0,030 0,119
AFTERDUNDERVACUUM 0,080 0,015 0,104 0,077 0,027 0,117 0,088 0,035 0,124
AFTERDANDAIREXPOSURE 0,074 0,009 0,099 0,077 0,027 0,117 0,077 0,024 0,113
a ThecorrectionhasbeenmadeaccordingtoPaillous(1976)[96],asfollows:
1)TheinitialvalueforOCLITypeCCSSMshasbeenassumedtoba,s0=0,09.Measuredinair.
2)scorrectedhasbeenrelatedtosinsituasfollows,scorrected/sinsitu=(1s0)/(1s0insitu)=0,91/0,94
Reference:Paillous(1976)[96]
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Figure599:Changeinsolarabsorptance,s,ofOCLITypeCCSSMvs.exposure
time,t.Theinsertshowsthechangesinswhichsuddenlyresultswhenultra
violetexposure,at16Suns,begins.
Explanation
Key TestConditions
Temp. Time RadiationExposure

[K] [ESH] Comments
UV ChargedParticles
[Suns]
Intensity IntegratedFlux
[keV] [Particles.m2]
448 upto 16 10 4x1020p.m2 Intendedtoreproduce

17x103 HELIOSorbitconditionsat
25x103 electron 0,25AU.
neutralization ThezerolineforsinFigure
599correspondsto
unexposedsamplesat448K
(s=0,10to0,11).Thefigure
indicatedthatillumination
with16Sunssolarradiation
asexposurebegins,raisesthe
sampletemperature
sufficientlytoproducea
quasiinitialsvalueof
perhaps0,115.Thiseffecthas
beenattributedbyWinkler&
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Stampfl(1975)[139]to
thermalinstabilityoftherear
sideovercoating.The
instabilityappearsbeyond
400Kandisduetothe
multicoatingonTiOxbase.
Thismulticoatingseemsto
stabilizebydiffusionand
chemicalreactionathigh
temperature,creatingfree
activatedoxygenatoms,
whichreactwiththesilver
formingblacksilveroxide.
SAMPLE
SampleDescription
OCLITypeCCSSM.Detailsnotgiven.
Initialsolarabsorptance,so=0,06.
SampleMounting
SamplewasbondedtoacoppersubstratewithRTV560orRTV566siliconeadhesives.
CALCULATIONMETHOD
sdeducedfromspectralreflectancemeasuredat100selectedwavelengths,intherange2,5x107mto
2,5x106m,withinsitureflectometerandaspectrophotometeroutsidethevacuumchamber.
Chamberpressurenotgiven.
Reference:Fogdall&Cannaday(1974)[42].
SCATHA
Details concerning TEST CONDITIONS, Sample Mounting and CALCULATION METHOD for the
OCLI Type SI100 thermal control mirrors (uncoated) can be seen in the description of SCATHA in
paragraph7.3.2.5.6ofclause5.2.6.
ThemaindistinguishingfeaturesofthebearingupontheCCSSMsaresummarizedinthefollowing.
SAMPLE
SampleDescription
OCLITypeCCSSM.3,18x102mindiameter.
SampleMounting
ThesampleisplacedontrayML124.
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Figure5100:Solarabsorptance,s,ofOCLITypeCCSSMvs.exposuretime,tas
deducedfromdataofSCATHAspacecraft.
COMMENTS
The data seems to indicate that the conductive coated mirrors degrade more rapidly than their
uncoatedcounterparts.CompareFigure5100abovewithFigure590.
Aninitialvalueso=0,06resultsfromextrapolationtot=0ofthesvs.tcurvegivenbytheauthors.
References:Hall&Fote(1979,1980)[55]&[56].
HELIOS
Theinformationgiveninparagraph7.3.2.5.6ofclause5.2.6isrelevanthere,unlessotherwisestated.
SAMPLE
Sampledescription
OCLITypeCCSSM.Inconelovercoating.
SampleMounting
Data were deduced from a single temperature sensor (S1) placed on the center of the heat shield,
underneaththemirrorsubstrate.Thesedataaredeemedtobefairlyreliable.
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CALCULATIONMETHOD
Simplifiedmodelofdataanalysisasinparagraph7.3.2.5.6ofclause5.2.6.
ThefollowingeffectswereconsideredintheanalysisofthefirstthreeorbitsofHELIOSAandthefirst
orbitofHELIOSB(Winkler(1977)[135]).
1. Conductive thermal coupling between the spacecraft surface and the central
compartment,wherethesensorisplaced.Thiseffectis,inthiscase,smallbutnotquite
negligible;nearperihelion,s=0,005,andnearaphelions=0,0006.
2. Radiative input from the two solar array cones (already included in the simplified
model).
3. Shading effects from the ion guard in HELIOSB. This shading prevents 1/3 of the
expected flux fromreaching the surface, and distortsthe temperaturefield, particularly
neartheperihelion,aroundthesensorlocation.
4. Influenceonthehemisphericaltotalemittance.
5. Degradationandcontamination.
Figure5101:Changeinsolarabsorptance,s,ofOCLITypeCCSSMvs.
exposuretime,tasdeducedfromdataofHELIOSAandBspacecraft.
Lineofcircles:FirstHELIOSAorbit.Simplifiedmodelofdataanalysis.
Explanation:
:Averageofthe>firstthreeHELIOSAorbits.Improvedmodelofdataanalysis.
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:FirstHELIOSB>orbit.Improvedmodelofdataanalysis.
:Averageofthe>firstthreeHELIOSAorbits.Effectofdegradationalone.
TestsakintoFigure599,s=0,062.
:Averageof>thefirstthreeHELIOSAorbits.Effectofcontaminationalone.Calculatedby
thecompiler.
References:Winkler&Brungs(1975)[136],Winkler(1977)[135].
TheresultsshownintheabovefiguresaresummarizedinFigure5102,below.
Thedataarepresentedintermsofthechangeinsolarabsorptance, s,basedonaninitialvalue so.
Thisvalueresultstobeverylarge(so=0,115)inthecaseofHELIOSgroundtests(curvedinFigure
5102)becauseoftheinitialdegradationathightemperaturewhichhasbeenmentionedinparagraphs
7.3.2.1and7.3.2.5.6ofclause5.2.7.
a:FromSCATHA.Partiallygeosynchronousorbit,so=0,06
b:FromHELIOSA.Solarorbit,so=0,062.Seeparagraph7.3.2.5.6ofclause5.2.7.
c:Groundtest.SimulationofOTSorbit,so=0,09.SeeTable533.
d:Groundtest.cleansimulationofHELIOSorbit,so=0,115.SeeFigure599.
Figure5102:Summaryonthechangeinsolarabsorptance,s,ofOCLITypeCC
SSMvs.exposuretime,t.Theestimatedvaluesoftheinitialsolarabsorptance,so,
areshownneareachcurve.
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7.3.3.Reflectance.
7.3.3.2.6.Combinedexposure.Figure5103fromDERTS.
Sample: Three OCLI Type CCSSMs, 2x102 m x 5x102 m, bonded with DC C6 1104 Adhesive to
aluminium substrate. Irradiation and measurements in paragraph 7.3.3.2.6 of clause 5.2.6. Data in
Figure5103arerelatedtothoseinTable533.
TypeCCSSMsvs.wavelength,.FromPaillous(1976)[96].
Explanation
4
After125hbelow1,3x10 Papressure.
T=363K.
AfterstepD(3yearsinorbit). Afterpumpdamage.
T=363K. Influenceisminimal.
Fusedsilicaisaninsulator,thusitshowsatendencytobechargedelectrostaticallyinspace.Thismay
cause problems such as: coating degradation, transfer of contaminants, malfunction of electrical
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circuits,... (see paragraph 7,4 of clause 5.2.6). Particularly acute are the problems faced by the sun
probe Helios (Winkler & Stampfl (1974, 1975) [138] & [139]) which was developed with the aim of
measuring low energy particle (in the 10100 eV) fluxes and their distribution function in space.
Perturbations because of electrical charges built up in the sunlit and in the shadowed part of the
satellitedisturbsthefieldbeingmeasured,unlessrapidchargeexchangebetweenthedifferentparts
ofthespacecraftoccursthroughaconductivecoating.
Theelectricalresistanceofconductivecoatedsecondsurfacethermalcontrolmirrorsisconsideredin
thefollowing.
7.4.1.Effectsoftemperatureonelectricalresistance.
Figure5104ashowsthesheetresistanceasafunctionoftemperatureforseveralsamplesofCCSSM.
Electrical contacts were placed either in mode A or in mode B as in Figure 5104b The results are
interpreted as the electrical resistance of the surface, in /square, although strictly speaking this
property should be measured under conditions assuring that the electric field is uniform and one
dimensional.
Values given in Figure 5104 conflict with the 40 k quoted by Winkler & Stampfl (1975) [139].
Nevertheless,theseauthorsalsomentionvaluesoftheorderof23kfortemperaturesabove373K.
Theyattributethischangeinelectricalresistancetotwoeffects.
1. InfluenceofthecontactresistancebetweentheTi/Pd/AgcontactsandtheIn2O3coating,
and
2. Change of the coating behavior from semiconducting to metallic. (See also Table 2 in
Bentlage,Spanier&Wilkens(1976)[12],wherechangesinRwiththermalload(573K)in
ahighvacuumarereported).
Figure5104:a.Electricalresistance,R,ofsixCCSSMsamplesasafunctionof
temperature,T.bshowsthetwoalternativeconfigurationsoftheelectricalcontacts
setforperformingthemeasurements.FromJoslin&Kan(1975)[67].
7.4.2.EffectsoftheSpaceEnvironmentonelectricalresistance.
7.4.2.1.UltraVioletRadiation.
The sample consisted of Corning7940fusedsilica, 2,54x102 m by 2,15x102 mandabout1,5x104 m
thick, with Indium oxide conductive coating, 107 m thick, on the front surface, and a blue reflector
coating,8x107mthick,onrearsurface.Althoughthissampleisasolarcellcoverslide,thedataare
believed to be relevant for the purpose of evaluating space environment effects on the electrical
resistanceoftheCCSSM.
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Irradiatedinvacuum:Chamberpressurenotgiven.
Sampletemperature:418K10K.
Degradingsource:GeneralElectricAH6MercuryArgonlamp.
Radiationfluxdensityatthesamplelevel:16Suns.
Sheetresistancemeasured,inair,withaCambridgeFourPointProbe,accuracy2%.
The comparison of the values measured before and after test indicated that the sheet resistance
decreasedfromabout0,9k/squaretoabout0,8k/square.
FromFry&Nicoletta(1972)[44].
7.4.2.3.Protonsonlyexposure.
Data in Table 534, below, have been obtained with the same samples as above. All samples were
exposedinvacuumatapproximately1,3x104Pa.A300keVTexasNuclearacceleratorwasusedfor
thetwolowerfluxes,andanORTECRFsourceinthethirdcase.Sheetresistancemeasuredasabove.
Electronsonlyexposureeffectsarealsogiveninthetable.
The values in the table indicate that a large jump in sheet resistance results from the 1020 e.m2
exposure.ThenexttablecorrespondtotwostringsofsixconductivecoatedCorning7940substrates
connected in series, furnished by AEG Telefunken. One string was shielded and used as control,
whereas the other string was exposed to radiation. Resistance was measured with a General Radio
resistancebridge,ModelGR1650A,accuracy1%.
Although the contact resistance between elementsis not given, it is presumably both negligible and
insensitive to degradation effects. Thus, changes in electrical resistance can be traced back to the
degradationofthecoating.NoticethatvaluesgiveninTable535,oncedividedbysix,arecomparable
tothoseinFigure5104andinTable534.
Table534:Protons(Electrons)OnlyExposureEffectsonSheetResistanceof
OCLISolarCellCoverSlides
RadiationExposure SheetResistance
[k/square]
Intensity IntegratedFlux BeforeExposure AfterExposure

[keV] [Particles.m2]
4 1016 0,9 1,1
Protons 1018 1 1,2
1020 0,8 1,3
4,5 1016 0,8 1
Electrons 1018 1 1,7
1020 1 3,6
NOTE FromFry&Nicoletta(1972)[44].
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Table535:Protons(Electrons)OnlyExposureEffectsonResistanceofConductive
CoatedFusedSilica
RadiationExposure ElectricalResistance
[]
Comments
Intensity IntegratedFlux ShieldSample Exposed
[MeV] [Particles.m2] Sample
1 Initial 12,4 11,5 Invacuum.

Protons Sampleremovedfrom
1015 11,1 10,2 machineforeach
1016 10,8 10,0 resistance

measurement.
1017 10,7 10,2
1018 10,4 10,2
1019 12,5 11,0

Protons Resistancemeasured
1016 9,8 10,5 simultaneouslywith
1017 9,8 10,4 irradiation.

167minutestoreach
10
18 9,8 10,4 1019p.m2.
2,5x1018 9,8 10,4
5x1018 9,8 10,3
7,5x1018 9,8 10,3
1019 9,8 10,4
1 Initial 12,8 11,8 Inair.

Electrons Sampleremovedfrom

measurement.
1017 12,8 12,1
1018 12,5 12,0
2hafterexposure 12,5 11,8
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RadiationExposure ElectricalResistance
[]
Comments
Intensity IntegratedFlux ShieldSample Exposed
[MeV] [Particles.m2] Sample
1019 12,6 11,2

Electrons Sampleremovedfrom

measurement.
1018 12,0 10,4
1019 11,8 10,4

Electrons Resistancemeasured
1,4x1018 13,6 11,6 simultaneouslywith
2,7x1018 13,6 11,6 irradiation.

110minutestoreach
4x1018 13,6 11,6 1019e.m2.
5,4x1018 13,6 11,7
6,7x1018 13,5 11,7
8x1018 13,4 11,5
9,5x1018 13,4 11,6
1019 13,4 11,6
1017 13,6 11,4
NOTE FromFry&Nicoletta(1972)[44].
7.4.2.4.Electronsonlyexposure.
Effectsoftheelectronexposureonelectricalresistanceofconductivecoatedfusedsilicasubstratesare
giveninTables525andTable535.
Data on charging of simulated heat shields consisting of OCLI Type CCSSMs appear in Charging,
paragraph7.4.3ofclause5.2.7.
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7.4.2.5.Contamination.
Whenoutgassingproductsfromseveralsourcescollectontheconductivecoating,theelectricalpath
goesthroughthedepositedlayertowardthecoating.Thence,theeffectofcontaminationismeasured
intermsoftheelectricalresistanceperpendiculartothe
RelevantresultsaregiveninTable536below.
ThecontaminatingsourceissiliconeSilastic35rubbermaterialwithseveraladmixtures.Thetargetis
theconductivecoating,thesurfaceareaofwhichis4x104m2.Changesinthespecificelectricalcross
resistance of the conductive coating are measured in situ with the simultaneous microgravimetric
determination of the build up contaminating layers due to outgassing material. Measurements are
performed by means of a diode measuring apparatus whose anode, the target, is hung on the load
sideofaspecialelectronicmicrobalance.
Bothsourceandtargettemperaturescanbemonitoredindependentlyfromeachother.
Table536:ChangeintheSpecificElectricalCrossResistance,c,ofOCLIType
CCSSMsbyOutgassingSilasticMaterials
Outgas Source % % Target Contaminant cx102 Comments

Material Temp. TML CVCM Temp. Masson [.m2]
[K] [K] Target
msx105
[kgxm2]
Silastic35with 573 10,5 2,8 373 135 42

ZnO2
573 10,4 2,9 373 141 52
Silastic35with 573 6,5 1,6 373 68,5 19,8

TiO
573 6,8 1,65 373 77,2 28,5
Silastictreated 573 2,9 0,77 373 37,5 22

withTiO
573 2,5 0,65 373 30,0 24
523 1,2 0,43 423 20,0 14
523 1,1 0,46 423 21,0 16
523 1,2 <0,05 443 <2,5 3,5 UV

irradiation.
523 1,1 0,09 443 5 No 1,8Suns
change
523 1,2 <0,05 443 <2,5 No

change
NOTE FromBentlage,Spanier&Wilkens(1976)[12].
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The total mass loss, TML, in Table 536 was deduced by thoroughly weighting the contamination
samplebeforeandaftertest.Theoutgassingmasswasabout1,8x104kgdifferingsomewhatfromthe
sample,1,7x104kguptoabout2x104kg,(Wilkens(1981)[133]).
TheCVCMdataarededucedfromthecontaminantmassontarget,ms,andthetestgeometry.Dueto
this geometry only 10% 1% of the outgassing products reached the target. Thus the CVCM was
calculatedasfollows:
%CVCM=102x4x104ms/(outgassingmass/10)
Three Hg highpressure lamps are used as UV radiators. Neither these lamps nor the thermoionic
cathode do affect the outgas specimen temperature. There is no interference between the electron
current flowing from cathode to target and the contamination process, because of the relatively low
electronenergies(1,5eV)used.
7.4.2.6.Combinedexposure.
DatainFigure5105correspondtothreesimulatedyearsingeosynchronousorbit.
Sample:Thesamesamplesasinparagraphs7.3.2.5.6and7.3.3.2.6ofclause5.2.7.
Irradiations were performed as was indicated in paragraph 7.3.3.2.6 of clause 5.2.4. In order to
perform the measurements, permanent electrical contacts were soldered to the front surface of the
mirror.Thepositionoftheelectricalcontactsaswellasthatofthemirrorsonthesampleholdingplate
areshowninFigure5105bbelow.
Theelectricalresistanceismeasuredbyestablishingavoltageof1V104VDCbetweentheterminal
for1min,readingtheintensitywithanammeter.
Measurements were performed in air at 293 K before and after irradiation; in vacuum at 293 before
irradiation,adinvacuumat363KbeforeandafterthestepsAtoDwhichappearinTable519.
Figure 5105 indicates that the measured electrical resistance was, within experimental error, quite
insensitivetotheirradiation.
Figure5105:a.Sheetelectricalresistance,R,ofthreeOCLITypeCCSSMsvs.
timeinsimulatedgeosynchronousorbit,t.
b.Configurationoftheelectricalcontactsandpositionofthemirrorsonthe
sampleholderforirradiationandmeasurements.FromPaillous(1976)[96].
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7.4.3.Charging.
An isolated surface in plasma will charge to a potential depending on the characteristic of the
impingingelectrons,illuminationofthesurface,geometry,...
Twosurfacesconnectedthroughahighresistancebridgewillchargetodifferentialpotentials.Fora
largeenoughpotentialbuildup,acurrentdischargewilloccur.
To what extent should the electrical resistance be decreased to avoid charging is an open question
becauseofthemanyvariablesinvolved.Thence,thechargingofmaterialsshouldbetestedthrough
appropriate simulation of the magnetic substorm conditions and realistic electric contacting and
groundingofthesurfaces.
TestswithOCLITypeCCSSMsaresummarizedinTable537.
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Table537:ChargingTestswithOCLITypeCCSSMs
1
Sample.Fourmirrorsonanaluminiumsubstrate.ProductSpecificationNo.6068002.IndiumTinoxideovercoating.FurnishedbyESTEC.
Conductiveadhesive.RTV566withsilverpowderChoBond1029B(seeparagraph5.6ofclause5.2.7).
Tests.PerformedatDERTS(Toulouse)byuseoftheCEDREsubstormsimulationfacility(Bosma&Levadou(1979)[16]).Pressurecloseto103Pa.Tests
madesuccessivelyat323K,253Kand223K.Uniformityofirradiationbetterthan5%(ona0,1mx0,1mtarget),achievedbydiffusingtheelectron
beamthroughan8x107mthickaluminiumfoil.
Exposuretimewasoftheorderof20minforeachsetofvaluesofambienttemperature,beamenergyandbeamcurrentdensity.Theelectronbeamwas
cuttedoffatregularintervalsformeasuringthesurfacepotential.
Oncefinishedtheabovetests,whichwillbereferredtoasstepA,thesamplewereexposedtoairforthreeweeks.Afterthat,testsat323Kand105A.m2
(stepB)wereperformed.Thesearefollowedbyalongduration(8h)exposureundertheworstconditions(323K,20keV,5x105A.m2)inordertodetect
longtermdegradationofthemirrors,whichdidnot.ThelongexposurewasfollowedbystepC,testsat323Kand105A.m2.
Measurements.SurfacepotentialwasmeasuredbyaTREKpotentialprobe.Theprobemovesalonganaxisparalleltothemirrorssurface,traveling
straightovertwosidebymirrors.TheoutputoftheprobedirectlyfeedsanXYplotter.Plottingresolutionwasbetterthan10V.Theprobecanbe
calibratedwithametalsheet,placedonthesampleholder,towhichknownvoltagesareapplied.
Inordertomeasuretheleakagecurrentthroughthesample,themetallicsubstrateisgroundedthroughamicroammeter,theoutputofwhichis
continuouslyrecordedbyqtwochannelrecorder,secondchannelbeingusedtorecordthebeamcurrentdensity.
Electrostaticsdischargeswouldbemeasuredbyaninductiveprobe,detectingthecurrentpulsesthroughagroundingconnectionfromthesubstrate.The
probeoutputwouldberecordedbyaoscilloscope.Nosuchdischargesweredetected.
Resultsofthetestsperformedat373Karegiveninthefollowing.Similartestsat253Kand223Kwereperformed(stepAonly).Innocasethesurface
potentialexceeded10V.Thissurprisingresult,whichisnotnew(seedatafromBosma(1979)[15]inTable531),isattributedbytheauthorstothe
enhancedelectricalcontactingbetweensilverparticlesasaresultoftheadhesivecontractionduetolowtemperatures.
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T=323K
BeamEnergy
5 10 15 20
[keV]
BeamCurrentDensity[A.m2] 105 105 4x105 105 5x105 105 5x105
Stepa A B C A B C A A B C A A B C A
ExposureTime
MaximumSurfacePotential[V]
[min]
0 <10 <10 <10 75 40 28 <10 55 50 50 15 55 55 75 40
0,5 60 55 40 160b 188 220 107 100 173 212 90 120 178 185 100
1,5 112 143 120 150 188 195 100 90 158 190 85 125 163 178 100
3,5 235 230 185 140 178 185 95 85 163 178 75 115 155 163 85
8,5 180 213 200 120 155 175 90 85 158 172 75 105 140 163 80
18,5 170 190 180 120 162 172 80 90 148 160 75 105 135 160 75

aStepA:Irradiationonsamplesasreceived.
B:AfterstepAfollowedbythreeweeksofairexposure.
C:AfterstepBfollowedbyalongdurationexposureundertheworstachievableconditions.
bValueinp.12ofthesourceisprobablyamisprint.ValuegivenhereisfromFigure57.
2
Sample.Fourmirrorsonanaluminiumsubstrate.ProductSpecificationNo.6068002modified.IndiumTinoxideovercoating.Furnishedby
ESTEC.
Conductiveadhesive,TestsandMeasurementsasabove.
Innocasethesurfacepotentialexceeded10V.Nodischargesweredetected.
Theimprovedchargingbehaviorisduetotheconductivepaintingoftheedgesofthesemirrors.
NOTE FromAmartin&Paillous(1981)[5].
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8.1.Prelaunch.Asinclause5.2.6.
8.2.Postlaunch.Asinclause5.2.6.
8.2.1.Ascent.Asinclause5.2.6.
8.2.2.Orbital.Theinorbitbehavioroftheseconductivecoatedmirrorsseemstobequitesimilartothat
of the nonconductive ones. Although data from SCATHA do indicate a faster degradation of the
conductivemirrors(compareFigure5100withFigure590),cleantestsperformedatBoeing(Figure
587andFigure599)donotsupportthiscontention.
Reallycomparabledegradationdataforconductiveuncoatedmirrorsarescanty.
9.THERMALCYCLING
Accordingtothemanufacturer,certificationofthermalcyclingissuppliedafterthefollowingtest:The
temperatureisloweredfromambientto1435K,adwellof30minutes,raisingthetemperatureto
358K5K,adwellof30minutes,andreturningthetemperaturetoambient.Thecycleisrepeated
twicemore.Therateoftemperaturechangeisnotlessthan2K/min.Duringthetest,nocondensation
isallowedtoformonthemirror.Themirrorwillshownoevidenceofdegradationafterthistest.
FromOCLI(1974)[93].
Factorslimitingtheusefultemperaturerangeofthiscoatingarecontrolledbythemethodsusedfor
attachmenttothespacecraft.
10.SOURCE
OpticalCoatingLaboratory,Inc.,2789GiffenAve.,P.O.Box1599,SantaRosa,California95403,USA.
ManufacturingfacilitiesservingEurope,OCLIOpticalCoatingsLimited.
621LondonRoad,HighWycombe,Buckinghamshire,HP111ET,England.
Telephone:HighWycombe(0494)36286.
Telex:83239.
ContactPerson:Mr.J.A.Fawcett,TechnicalProductsManager.
11.COST
Inthecaseoftype6068002,withTiPdAgcontacts,acostof55000US$.m2hasbeenestimated.
Whentype6068002modifiedisused,theestimatedcostofthemirrorsis15000US$.m2.Thecostof
theconductiveadhesiverequired(approximately0,15kg.m2)iscloseto500US$.
Theseestimatesarebasedon1980quotations.
Thebalancewillbeevenmorefavorableforthesolutionbasedonthe6068002modifiedmirrorswhen
themanworkrequiredforinterconnectingtheTiPdAgcontactsistakenintoaccount.
12.PASTSPATIALUSE
ThiscoatingwasoriginallydevelopedfortheGermanUSAHELIOSprogramme.Ithasbeenusedin
severalsatellites,asindicatesinthefollowingTable.
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Programme Date
HELIOSA Dec.12,1974 Used.Dataavailablefor Winkler&Brungs

Jan.15,1976 analysis. (1975,1976)[136]&
Seeparagraph7.3.2.5.6of [137],Winkler(1975,
clause5.2.7. 1977)[134]&[135].
GEOS April20,1977 Used. Bosma&Levadou

(1979)[16],Morelli
(1974)[88].
ISEEB Oct.22,1977 Used. Bosma&Levadou

(1979)[16].
SCATHA Jan.30,1979 Tested,ML12andSSPM Hall&Fote(1979,

experiments. 1980)[55]&[56].
Seeparagraph7.3.2.5.6of
clause5.2.7.
USAF SatelliteE Tested. Curran&Millard

Geosynchronous (authors (1978)[34].
designation)
5.3 Total reflectors
5.3.1 Leafing Aluminium-Silicone

1.COMPOSITION
Pigment:LeafingAluminium.
Vehicle:Silicone.
3.USUALDESIGNATION
FullerAluminiumSiliconePaint(172A1).
4.SUBSTRATE
Anyclean,rigid,substratewhichcanwithstandthecurecycle.(Breuch(1967)[22]).
5.3.Applicationofpaint.Byanymethod.
5.4.Coatingthickness.Forinternalapplications,whereemittanceisthevalueofinterest,aminimum
thicknessof2,5x105mshouldbeachieved.Forexternalsurfaces,whereboth and sareimportant,
theminimumthicknessforopacityis7,5x105m(Breuch(1967)[22]).
5.5.Curingprocess.Bakingat514K(Breuch(1967)[22]).
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The following data, concerning resistance of elestomeric silicones to chemical attack, have been
reported.
VolumeVariation
(percent)
Solventsandfuels
(after7datroomtemperature)
Acetone 15to25
Carbontetrachloride above150
Ethylalcohol 0to20
Isooctane above150
Xylene above150
Btypefuel above150
JP4jetfuel above150
Oils(after70hatT=423K)
ASTMNo1Oil 5to10
ASTMNo3Oil 35to60
HydraulicfluidMil05606(UnivisJ43) above150
Oronite8200(silicateester) above150
NOTE FromDOWCORNING(1970)[37].
7.3.1.Emittance
7.3.1.1.Hemisphericaltotalemittance:Table537
Theavailableinformationindicatesthatisunaffectedafter600ESH(Breuch(1967)[22]).
7.3.2.Absorptance.
7.3.2.1.Solarabsorptance:Table538.
HemisphericalTotalEmittanceandSolarAbsorptanceofLeafingAluminiumSilicone
Table538:HemisphericalTotalEmittanceandSolarAbsorptanceofLeafing
AluminiumSilicone
T[K] s References
294 0,280,07 0,250,07 Breuch(1967)
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Theavailableinformationindicatesthat sincreasesby so=0,090,04after600ESH(Breuch(1967)
[22]).
7.3.3.Reflectance.
7.3.3.2.2.GammaRadiation:Figure5107.
8.1.Prelaunch.Thesurfaceshouldbeprotectedandcarefullyhandled.
8.2.Postlaunch.
8.2.1. Ascent. No change has been detected in and s as a result of ascent heating with peak
temperaturesbelow747k.
8.2.2.Orbital.Theprimarysourceofdegradationappearstobethenearultravioletportionofincident
solarandalbedoradiation.
9.THERMALCYCLING
Theextremetemperaturesatwhichthispaintwastestedwithoutsignificantlychangingitsproperties
were:
Tmin=122K
Tmax=294K
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Figure5106:Normalhemisphericalspectralreflectance,,ofFuller172A1,vs.
wavelength,.FromTouloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)[126].
Explanation
2024aluminiumsubstrate. T=310K.Measuredinairsoon
afterpreparation
Sameas .>Storedindrychamber T=310K.

severaldays,theninN2severaldays.
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Figure5107:Normalhemisphericalspectralreflectance,,ofFuller172A1,
exposedtogammaradiation,vs.wavelength,.FromTouloukian,DeWitt&
Hernicz(1972)[126].
Explanation
2024aluminiumsubstrate,exposedto T=310K.
gammaradiation.Samplestoredin Gammadose~1,7x106J.kg1.K1.
nitrogenforseveraldaysbefore Exposureinvacuum(~1,33x104Pa)
measuringpropertyinair. maintainedbydiffusionpump.
Propertymeasuredinair.
Cycling:06Cycles.min1.
FromRittenhouse&Singletary(1969)[105].
10.SOURCE
H.B.Fuller,Co.1150EustisStreet.St.Paul,Minn.55108.USA.
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5.4 Total absorbers
5.4.1 Carbon black-Acrylic resin

1.COMPOSITION
Pigment:Carbonblack.
Vehicle:Acrylicresin.
3.USUALDESIGNATION
FlatBlackKemacrylLacquerM49BC12.SherwinWilliamsCo.
4.SUBSTRATE
Anycleansurface.Primerrequired(Breuch(1967)[22]).
5.2. Preparation of surfaces for painting. The substrate should be primed with Sherwin Williams
P40GC1,orDow17onMgalloysubstrates(Breuch(1967)[22]).
5.3.Applicationofpaint.Byanymethod.
5.4.Coatingthickness.Minimumthicknessforopacityis3,8x105m(Breuch(1967)[22]).
5.5. Curing process. Satisfactory physical properties for most applications are obtained by an air
drying cureof 8 h (PROCOLOR (1974) [101]). However, to avoid blisteringduring ascentheating, a
minimumof14datroomtemperatureisrecommended(Breuch(1967)[22]).
Acrylic resins are soluble in Benzene, Toluene, ketones and in most acetates (Sidney Gross (1970)
[115]).
7.1.Density.Asreceived:1080kg.m3.Solidscontent:450yweight,30,2%byvolume.
Table539containsdataconcerningthefollowingtopics.
7.3.1.Emittance.
7.3.2.Absorptance.
7.3.2.1.Solarabsorptance.
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Table539:HemisphericalTotalEmittanceandSolarAbsorptanceof
CarbonBlackAcrylicResin
T[K] s Comments References
294 0,880,03 0,930,03 Breuch(1967)[22]
278 0,83 0,94 Substrateunknown.Valueaverageon Touloukian,DeWitt&

severaldeterminations. Hernincz(1972)[126]
278 0,81 0,94 MgalloysubstratetreatedwithDow

17.
278 0,79 0,92 AbovespecimenexposedtoUV

radiationinvacuum
(1,33x1041,06x103Pa)fromanargon
filledAH6highpressureHgarclamp
for80h.
7.3.3.Reflectance.
7.3.3.2.2.GammaRadiation:Figure5109.
8.1.Prelaunch.Thesurfaceisporousandrequiresprotectionfromcontamination.
8.2. Postlaunch. This paint requiresaminimum of 14 days of room temperature curing to minimize
blisteringduringascentheating.
8.2.1. Ascent. This coating is not recommended for general use in locations reaching temperatures
above505K.Atpeaktemperaturesabove517Kthepaintblisters.
8.2.2.Orbital.Nodegradationhasbeendetected.
FromBreuch(1967)[22]).
9.THERMALCYCLING
Theextremetemperaturesatwhichthispaintwastestedwithoutsignificantlychangingitsproperties
were:
Tmin=172K.
Tmax=294K.
Cycling:06Cycles.min1
FromRittenhouse&Singletary(1969)[105].
10.SOURCE
SherwinWilliamsCo.101ProspectAvenue.Cleveland,Ohio,44101.USA.
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Figure5108:Normalhemisphericalspectralreflectance,,ofKemacryl
M49BC12,vs.wavelength,.FromTouloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)[126].
Explanation
2024Aluminiumsubstrateprimedwith T=310K.
SherwinWilliamsP40GC1. Propertymeasuredinairsoon
aftersamplepreparation.
Sameas exceptstoreindrychamberfor Representativevaluesfor2
severaldays,theninnitrogenforseveral samples.
days,thenpropertymeasured.
Sameas .
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Figure5109:Normalhemisphericalspectralreflectance,,ofKemacryl
M49BC12,exposedtogammaradiation,vs.wavelength,.Pointsofwhitecircles
arethoserepresentedinFigure5108.FromTouloukian,DeWitt&Hernicz(1972)
[126].
Explanation
2024Aluminiumsubstrateprimedwith T=310K.
SherwinWilliamsP40GC1. Propertymeasuredinairsoonaftersample
Unexposedsample. preparation.
Representativevaluesfor2samples.
Sameas exceptexposedtogamma T=310K.

radiation.Samplestoredinnitrogenfor Gammadose~1,7x106J.kg1.K1.Exposure
severaldays,thenpropertymeasured. invacuum(~1,33x104Pa)maintainedby
diffusionpump.
Propertymeasuredinair.

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6
Adhesive tapes
6.1 General
Pressuresensitiveadhesivescanspreadoverasurfacebymerepressuretomakeanadhesivebond,
and are expected to be removed from the surface without leaving an adhesive residue. Pressure
sensitiveadhesives,otherthanthermosettingtypes,donotchangetheirphysicalstatefromtheinitial
stageofadhesionuponwettingthesurfacetothefinalbreakingoftheadhesivebond.
Structural adhesives, on the contrary, are applied in the liquid state and set to the highly cohesive
formbyreleaseofasolvent,bycoolingofahotmelt,orbychemicalreaction.
Pressuresensitiveadhesivetapescanbeusedinaerospaceasthermalcontrolsurfaces,forattaching
multilayerinsulations,aselectricalinsulators,andastemporaryfastenersofsensorsandwiresduring
qualificationtest.
Primary emphasis is placed in this clause on adhesive tapes as thermal control coatings, but data
concerningadhesivefilmsandgeneralpurposelowoutgassingtapesarealsoincluded.
Compared with other thermal control coatings such as paints, plating or vacuum depositions, the
tapeshavethefollowingadvantages.
1. Theyareavailableinvariouswidthsanddonotrequiresetupormaskingforapplication.
2. They are easy to remove. Damaged surfaces can easily be repaired in the field at any
time,uptolateprelaunchphases.
3. Mosaicscanbepreparedandeasilychangedbyadditionorremovalofappropriatetapes.
6.1.2 Adhesive properties

Theadhesiveforceofpressuresensitivetapesiscommonlyrelatedtotheirpeelstrength.
Themostpopularofthemethodsusedforperformingthepeeltestisthe180peeladhesion.Thistest
isusuallycarriedonpendulummachinesusingstainlesssteelpanelstobeadheredtothetestsample.
Theadhesiveforceismeasuredastheforcenecessaryforstrippingtheadhesivetapeatanangleof
180ataconstantjawseparationrate.
As the test sample is noticeably deformed, peel strength depends on rate of peeling, peel angle,
thicknessofadhesive,widthoftape,Youngmoduliofadhesiveandbackingmaterials,temperature,
and so forth. Peel force becomes larger in proportion to the width of the sample, andincreases toa
maximumvaluewhenthethicknessofadhesiveincreases.
Peel test is considered not to measure adhesion but rather a combination of adhesion and the
viscoelasticpropertiesoftheadhesive.
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Tackistheforcerequiredtoseparatetheadhesivefromanadherentafteronlyabrieftimeofcontact
under low pressure application. Factors affecting tack are contact time, contact pressure, rate of
separation, and temperature. Tack values also vary with modulus of backing film and thickness of
adhesive,butthedegreeofthesedependencesissmallerthanthatofpeelforcevalue.
TackisoftenmeasuredbymeansofthePolykenprobetacktester(Toyama&Ito(1974)[127])which
wayofworkingconsistsinbringingthetipofprobesofvariouscompositionandsurfacetextureinto
contact with the adhesive at controlled rates, contact pressure, contact time and temperature, and
afterwardsinbreakingthetackbondthusformedatcontrolledrates.Thetackvalueisthemaximum
forceduringseparation.
Intherollingballtacktestthetackvalueisrelatedtothedistancebetweentheinitialcontactpointofa
rollingballonthesurfaceofthesampleadhesivetapeandthepointatwhichtheballstops.Theinitial
rolling motion of the ball is imparted by means of a special incline. When care is taken in avoiding
sliding,theballlossesmomentumataconstantrate,sothatinsometeststhetackforceismeasuredby
the rate of momentum loss. Rolling ball tests are supposed to measure the resistance to detachment
afteraveryshortperiodofcontactwiththeadhesivesurface.
The three test methods of estimating adhesive characteristics appraise different aspects of adhesion.
Thepeelforcetestmainlymeasurestheviscoelasticpropertiesoftheadhesive,whiletheprobetack
estimates the initial condition of adhesion in addition to the viscoelastic properties of the adhesive.
The rolling ball tack may be mores sensitive to surface conditions as compared with the other test
methods.
SeveralresultsobtainedinatypicalcaseareshowninFigure61.
Figure61:Peelforce,probetackandrollingballtack,F,asfunctionsofresin
concentration,c,forarubberadhesiveonapolyethyleneterephthalate(polyester)
film.
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Peelforcehasbeenmeasuredatarateofseparationof5x103m.s1.Tapewidthis1,2x102m.Labels
correspond to experimental points. Closed circles indicate that the cohesive failure occurs during
measurements.Probetackismeasuredbyusingaprobeof5x103mdiameterat9,8x103Paofcontact
pressure,1sofcontacttimeand102m.s1ofrateofseparation.Rollingballtackismeasuredusing
No.16steelball.Theforcegivenequalstherateofmomentumlossoftherollingball.FromToyama&
Ito(1974)[127].
6.1.3 Curing of adhesive tapes

Generally, adhesives used in pressure sensitive adhesive tapes are thermoplastic. However, a small
amountofcuringagentsmaybeaddedtotheadhesiveinordertoincreaseheatresistance,cohesive
strength,andsolventresistance.Inthefirsttwocasestheadhesivetapeisnormallysuppliedwiththe
adhesive already crosslinked (precured adhesive). In the last case, where solvent resistance is
achievingbycrosslinking,itismoreusualtocuretheadhesiveafterthetapehasbeenappliedtothe
relevant surface. The adhesive is normally crosslinked by the application of heat and, once cured,
precuringcharacteristicsarelost.
Precuring is performed by the manufacturer before applying the adhesive on a backing by solvent
coatingandcalenderingspreading.
Thecuringprocess,whenperformedbytheuserisfairlytroublesomeandthemainadvantageofthe
adhesivetapes,whichiseaseofapplication,islost.
Normallythereisanoptimumcuretemperatureforachievingagivenpurpose.Figure62illustrates
theaffectofcrosslinkingofarubberbasedadhesiveandthepeeladhesionmeasuredat393K.Itcan
beseenthatbyincreasingthecuringtemperature,thepeelforceincreasestoamaximum.Thisisdue
totheincreaseofcohesivestrengthofadhesive.Afteramaximumhasbeenreachedat405K,further
increaseincuretemperatureorcrosslinkingresultsinadecreaseinadhesionvalue.
Figure62:Peeladhesion,F/w,measuredat393Kasafunctionofcuring
temperature,T.Rubberbasedadhesive.FromToyama&Ito(1974)[127].
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Table61:ThermosettingCureCyclesandUsefulTemperatureRangeofSeveral
MYSTIKAdhesiveTapes.
Tape Useful
CureTime CureTemp.
Adhesive Backing Temp.
[h] [K] No. Range[K]
Rubber 3 394 7321,7322,7323, Polyester 233436

7351,7352,7355.
2 408
1 422
Acrylic 3 394 7367. Kapton 211450
2 408
1 422
Silicone 3 533 7300,7331, Polyester 211469
7361,7362,7366. Kapton 193561
7502,7503,7505, Teflon 193505

7510.
NOTE FromMYSTIKBRANDInsulationTapeSelector.
Obviouslyboththebakingfilmandtheadherentwithstandthetemperaturesinvolvedinthecuring
process.Thisconditionintroducessomecouplingintheselectionofthefilmandtheadhesive,sinceit
should be convenient that the optimum crosslinking temperature be as close as possible to the
maximum operating temperature of the film. As an illustration Table 61 shows the suggested cure
cyclesformaximumcrosslinkdensityofseveraladhesivesusedincommercialtapes,togetherwith
theoperatingtemperaturerangeofthetape,asrecommendedbythemanufacturer.
Unsupportedadhesivetapesarenormallythermoplastic.Althoughhandapplicationofthesetapesis
easilyaccomplished,relativelyhightemperatures(oftheorderof420K)canbeappliedwithahand
ironset.Thermoplasticadhesivetapescanbestoredatroomtemperatureformanymonthswithout
deterioration.
Thermosetting adhesives are used sometimes to raise the service temperature of the system, the
increasebeingoftheorderof20K.Thermosettingadhesivetapesarenormallyavailableuponrequest,
theyshouldbestoredat250260K,andhaveashelflifeoftheorderof30d.
Properties of several general purpose adhesive tapes are given in clause 6.1.3. Table 62 concerns
doublefacedadhesivetapes,andTable63unsupportedadhesivetapes.
6.1.4 General purpose adhesive tapes
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Table62:PropertiesofDoubleFacedAdhesiveTapesa
Type 3MCo.400 3MCo.404 3MCo.410 3MCo.411
Description Backing Paper Paper Paper PolyvinylChloride
Adhesive Natural
Rubber
Liner(Detachable) Paper
Thickness,tx104 Backing
[m]
Adhesive
(eachface)
Liner
Total 1,27 1,14 1,14 3.81
Temp.Range[K] Intermit. Upto368 Upto403 Upto368 Upto338
Continuous Upto338 Upto378 Upto338 Upto318
Mechanical PeelStrength
Properties (F/w)x102
[N.m1]
Tack
(F/w)x102
[N.m1]
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Outgassingd %TWL
%VCM
Curet[h]
CureT[K]
ATMOS.
Comments Excellentadhesionto Resiststemperatureand Excellentadhesion.Fair Goodresistanceto

rubber.Fairsolvents plasticizers.Good solventsresistance.Easily plasticizersandsolvents.
resistance. solventsresistance. strippableliner.Tape Usedforholdingmetallic
doesnotleaveany plates.
residueuponremoval.
Standardlengths10m
and33m.
Description Backing PolyesterScotchpar Polyurethane Polyurethane Polyurethane

Foam Foam Foam
Adhesive SyntheticRubber Acrylic Acrylic Acrylic
Liner(Detachable) Paper Paper Paper Paper
Thickness,tx104 Backing 0,25
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[m] Adhesive
(eachface)
Liner 4,25 4,25 4,25
Total 4,77 60 32 16
Temp.Range[K] Intermit. Upto393 Upto463 Upto463 Upto463
Continuous Upto353 Upto368 Upto368 Upto368
Mechanical PeelStrength 5,46

[N.m1]
Tack
(F/w)x102
[N.m1]
Outgassingd %TWL 0,605
%VCM 0,118
Curet[h]
CureT[K]
ATMOS.
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Comments Hightackvaluestomany Goodsolventsandmoistureresistance.Hightackvalues.Recommended

materials(except temperatureofapplication:293Kto313K;onceapplied,lowtemperaturedo
untreatedpolyurethane). notimpairtheadhesivecharacteristics.Goodageing.Canbeappliedtorough
Fairsolventsresistance. surfaces.polyurethanefoaminsuresgoodthermalinsulatingcharacteristics.
GoodresistancetoUV Canberecommendedasavibrationandnoisedamper.
irradiationandageing.
Resistslowtemperatures,
vibrationsandshocks.
Scotchparallowsaneasy
detachmentofliner.
Length33m.
Type 3MCo.4032 Mystik5855 Mystik5856 Mystik6360
Description Backing Polyurethane CottonCloth CottonCloth Paper

Foam
Adhesive Acrylic
Liner(Detachable) Paper
Thickness,tx104 Backing 2,41 2,03 1,40

[m]
Adhesive
(eachface)
Liner 1,25
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Total 8 3,05 3,30 1,78
Temp.Range[K] Intermit. Upto463
Continuous Upto368
Mechanical PeelStrength 4,38e 5,25e 4,93e

Properties (F/w)x102 9,85f 7,66f 5,25f
[N.m1]
Tack 1,31e 0,015e 2,41e

(F/w)x102 4,38f 0,012f 3,06f
[N.m1] (Rollingball)
Outgassingd %TWL
%VCM
Curet[h]
CureT[K]
ATMOS.
Comments Sameas3MCo.4004. Highadhesiononeside, Carpettape.High Highmaneuverability.

lowadhesionotherside. internalstrength,good Strongmoistureresistant.
Recommendedforblend adhesion.Color:Blue. Excellenttearandcreep
fastening,carpetseaming, resistance.Usedfor
splicingandholding. holdingnameplates,
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Color:White. splicingpaper,tabsor
manifoldforms.Color:
White.
Type Mystik6466 Mystik7100 Mystik7366 G.T.Schjeldahl

SchjelBondGT400
Description Backing Polyester GlassCloth Kapton Polyester
Adhesive Silicone Silicone Polyester
Liner(Detachable) Cloth
Thickness,tx104 Backing 0,25 1,17 0,25 0,51b

[m]
Adhesive 0,25b
(eachface)
Liner
Total 0,97 2,390,13 1,240,08
Temp.Range[K] Intermit. Upto400c
Continuous 193to561 193to561 Upto355c
Mechanical PeelStrength 3,72e 2,19Min. 1,75Min. 7g

Properties (F/w)x102 3,28Avg.e 2,19Avg.e
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SchjelBondGT400
[N.m1] 4,16f 2,19Min. 1,75Min.

3,17Avgf 2,08Avgf
Tack 2,63e
(F/w)x102 2,74f
[N.m1]
Outgassingd %TWL 3,22R 1,30R 0,631

3,60S 5,45S
%VCM 0,670R 0,940R 0,124

0,790S 1,680S
Curet[h] 72 0,083
CureT[K] 328 0,433

0
ATMOS. E4 Air
Comments Highstrength, Thermosetting.High Thermosetting.High Usedtobondplasticfilms,

excellentadhesion. lowtemperature mechanicalstrength. fibers,paper,metals,glass,
Thermosettingand resistant,noncorrosive. retainsdielectric ferrites,plasticsandfinishes.
electricallynon Electricallypure.Does strengthatelevated Thickerresincoatingsare
corrosive.Color: notshrink,rotorburn. temperatures.Stable recommendedforsealing
Transparent. Hightensilestrength, overawide porousmaterials.Also
excellentthermal temperaturerange. availableasGT401with
stability.Length33m Length33mon thermosettingadhesive.
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SchjelBondGT400
on7,62x102mcore. 7,62x102mcore.Color: Color:MilkyWhite;becomes

Color:White. Amber. clearwhensealed.
a Alldatainthistable,unlessotherwisestated,arefrommanufacturersbulletins.
b Typicalvalues.FormoredetailsseeTablebelow.0indicatesthattheconfigurationisnotavailableforimmediatedelivery.
c Specificforindividualbasematerial,notnecessarilysameasforcompositetape.
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SCHJELBONDGT400.Thermoplasticadhesiveonbothsidesofpolyester
film.7,62mrolls.
AdhesivexMylarx Width,wx102[m]
Adhesive
Thickness, 1,3 2,5 5,1 10,2 53,3

tx104[m]
0,13x0,13x0,13
0,25x0,25x0,25
0,25x0,51x0,25
0,38x0,51x0,38 0 0
0,38x1,27x0,38 0
d OutgassingcharacteristicshavebeenborrowedfromCampbell,Marriott&Park(1973)[27].
TWL:TotalWeightLoss
VCM:VolatileCondensableMaterials(byweight)
R:SeverallayersofthetapewererolledonaglassRodtopermitoutgassingattheedges.
S:ThetapewasplacedonaScreenexposingtheadhesiveofthefirstlayer.
E4:Chamberpressure104torr=0,013Pa.
Azeroindicatesthatcureconditionsareunknown.
e RollSide.
f linerSide.
g Bondadhesivetoadhesive.
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Table63:PropertiesofUnsupportedAdhesiveTapesa
Type 3MCo.465 3MCo.467 G.T.Schjeldahl

SchjelBondGT
100
Description Adhesive Acrylic Acrylic Polyester
Liner Paper Paper Paper

(Detachable)
Thickness, Adhesive 0,50 0,635b

tx104[m]
Liner 0,75
Total
Temp. Intermittent Upto393 Upto478 Upto400c

Range[K]
Continuous Upto353 Upto448 Upto355c
Mechanical PeelStrength 7e
[N.m1]
Tack
(F/w)x102
[N.m1]
Outgassing %TWL 0,840 1,320 0,250f

d
%VCM 0,209 0,080 0,082f
Curet[h] 0 4 0,083
CureT[K] 311 422
ATMOS. AIR AIR
Resistantto Similartoabove Usedinbondinglap

temperature, althoughitexhibits seams,constructing
moistureandUV improved multilayercircuits
irradiation.Fair resistancetoSun andjoiningpartsand
Comments solvents irradiationand components.Also
resistance.High chemicalattack. availableasGT101
tackvalues. Excellentfinal withthermosetting
Excellentageing. adhesion.Canbe adhesiveonspecial
Canbeappliedto appliedtoany order.
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anysmooth surface,except Color:MilkyWhite;

surfacesuchas polyurethane. becomesclearwhen
cloth,crystal, sealed.
metal,paper,
plastic,wood.
Length55m.
a Alldatainthistable,unlessotherwisestated,arefrommanufacturersbulletins.
b Typicalvalue.FormoredetailsseeTablebelow.0indicatesthattheconfigurationisnotavailablefor
immediatedelivery.
c Specificforindividualbasematerial,notnecessarilysameasforcompositetape.
SCHJELBONDGT100.Unsupportedthermoplastic
adhesive.8,38mrolls.
Adhesive Width,wx102[m]
Thickness,
1,3 2,5 5,1 10,2 53,3
tx104[m]
0,13 0
0,254 0
0,635 0
d OutgassingcharacteristicshavebeenborrowedfromCampbell,Marriott&Park(1973)[27].
TWL:TotalWeightLoss
VCM:VolatileCondensableMaterials(byweight).
e Bondadhesivetoadhesive.
f CompositeMylarGT100Mylar.
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6.2 Application and handling
6.2.1 Application
Thermal control tapes incorporate pressure sensitive adhesives such as acrylics, rubber or silicones
which enable the tape to be positioned and set by applying pressure with a nonabrasive roller or
ironingtool.Roomtemperaturecuringorelevatedtemperaturecuringadhesivesareavailable.
Beforeapplyingthetapesitshouldbeensuredthattheadherentsurfaceiscleanenough,thatthetape
isregularlypressed,andthattheadhesivesurfaceisnotdamagedduringtheapplication.
Severalcommerciallyavailablemetallicfoilsareprotectedwithanitrocelluloselacquer.Thislacquer
should be completely removed prior to application of the foil. The removal may be performed by
wipingwithasoftcleancloth,usingthefollowingsolventsinthisorder(Breuch(1967)[22]):
1. Lacquerthinnerormethylethylketone.
2. Isopropylorethylalcohol.
Thelacquerisalmostinvisibletoeye.Anydoubtconcerningwhetherithasbeenremovedornotcan
bedissipatedbyusinganohmmetertomeasuretheelectricalresistancebetweenpointsonthesame
foilface.Ifthisresistanceislargethelacquerhasnotbeenremoved.
Films and foils can be applied to the substrate by using either a double faced or an unsupported
adhesivetape.Inthesesystemsthefilmorfoilisfirstattachedtooneadhesivesideofthetapeand
subsequentlyappliedbybringingtheothersideintocontactwiththesubstrate.Thismethodistime
consumingandincreasesthechancesfortapemisalignmentandairentrapment.
6.2.2 Cleaning
Foils and metallized films can be cleaned by lightly rubbing the surface with a soft cloth or cotton
swabwettedwithsolvent.Choiceofsolventdependsupon:typeofcontaminanttoberemoved,and
compatibility of the solvent with the adhesive. Special care should be employed during cleaning to
avoidthescratchingofthemetallizedsurface.Inaddition,cleaningsolventscanbeabsorbedintothe
adhesive,thetape,orboth,diffusingoutundervacuumconditions.
Adhesive tapes which are applied temporally contaminate the substrate which should be carefully
cleanedafterremoval.Ontheotherhand,whenthetapeisappliedpermanentlyitmaybedisplaced
bycreep,leavingadirtytraceofitspastposition.
SolventsofrelevantadhesivesarelistedinTable64.
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Table64:SeveralSolventsoftheAdhesives
Adhesive Solvents References
Acrylic Glacialaceticacid. Katz(1964)[68]

Methylenechloride.
Rubber Benzene. Delmonte(1947)[35]
Silicone Carbontetracloride. DOWCORNING(1970)[37]

Isooctane.
Xylene.
6.2.3 Handling
Permanentdamagetofoilsandmetallizedsurfacesresultfromimproperhandlingduringinstallation
orcleaningoperation.
Data showing effects of abrading metallized surfaces are given in Table 65. Since the amount and
degree of rubbing used in the tests was subjective, these data should be considered merely as
qualitative.
Table65:RubbingDegradationoftheOpticalPropertiesofAluminizedFilms
Material Condition s a
FirstSurfaces
AluminizedMylar Asreceived 0,081 0,032

Lightlyrubbed 0,116 0,034
Heavilyrubbed 0,429 0,351
AluminizedKapton Asreceived 0,096 0,032

SecondSurfaces
AluminizedFEPTeflon Asreceived 0,134 0,805

1,27x104mthick Lightlyrubbed 0,137 0,809
a InfraredEmittance.measuredbyGierDunkleMethod.FromKordsmeier&Peters(1972)[74].
AdditionalrecommendationsconcerninghandlingmaybefoundunderTerrestrialDegradation
clause6.3.2.
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6.2.4 Repairing
Damagedsurfacescanberemovedandreplaced.
6.3 Degradation
6.3.1 Introduction
Thedegradationinthethermalperformanceofthetapesdependsonthematerials,theconstruction,
the application technique, the substrate, and the environment. The main degradation effects are:
changein the thermooptical characteristics of the surface,and loss of contact between the tape and
thesubstrate.
Generalideasconcerningthedegradationofadhesivetapes,whichhavebeenmainlyborrowedfrom
Brown&Merschel(1970)[23]aregiveninthefollowingparagraphs.
6.3.2 Terrestrial degradation

1. HumidityExposure.
Emittanceofalmostalltapeshavingametallicsurfaceisseriouslydegraded.
Absorptanceincreasesslightly.
Emittanceandabsorptanceofthebackingfilmsarenotaffected.
Comments. The effects of moisture, which are specially noteworthy in the case of
aluminizedcoatings,canbeminimizedthroughuseofprotectivepackagingandcontrol
ofstorageandassemblyenvironments.
Whenenvironmentalcontrolcannotbeexercised,substitutionofgoldizedforaluminized
filmsisrecommended(Kordsmeier&Peters(1972)[74]).
2. LongTermExposuretoAir.
Emittanceincreasesslightly.
Absorptancedoesnotchangesignificantly.
6.3.3 Space degradation

Thermooptical properties of the first surface metallized films and metal foil tapes are essentially
stable.
Thesecondsurfacemetallizedandclearpolyimidefilmtapesarerelativelystable.
The second surface metallized and clear polyester film tapes exhibit large increases in solar
absorptance.
FEP type A Teflon films are extremely resistant to damage from UV irradiation. Table 66 shows
opticalmeasurementsandUVdegradationdatacommerciallyavailablesheetsofFEPtypeATeflon,
1,27x104 m thick, coated on one side with vacuum deposited Silver plus a protective layer of
evaporatedInconel.AllsampleshavebeenobtainedfromsheetsortapesproducedbyG.T.Schjeldahl
CompanyexceptsampleidentifiedascontrolwhichwascoatedbyNASAGoddardFlightCenters
EngineeringApplicationsBranch.Sincethepurposeofthestudywastoevaluatetheacceptabilityof
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the commercially supplied coated film, several samples were cut from four different sheets as in
indicatedintheinsertofTable66.Romannumbersareusedtodistinguishbetweenoriginalsheets.In
additiontwotaperollsweretestedwhichareidentifiedasTIandTII.
Figure63givesthevariationofsolarabsorptanceinsimilarspecimensasmeasuredonboardOSOH,
IMPIandIMPHsatellites.
Table66:ThermalradiationPropertiesofSecondSurfaceSilverTeflon(1,27x104m
thick)
Sample sa sb c(~0) d s/
Control 0,085 +0,003 0,812 0,767 0,111
IA 0,085 0,804 0,760 0,112

IB 0,082 0,805 0,761 0,108
IC 0,084 +0,001 0,800 0,756 0,111

ID 0,080 0,799 0,757 0,106

IE 0,082 0,802 0,759 0,108
+0,001
IIA 0,097 0,000 0,809 0,765 0,127

IIB 0,087 0,002 0,806 0,762 0,114
IIC 0,084 0,802 0,759 0,111
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Sample sa sb c(~0) d s/
IID 0,080 0,803 0,759 0,105
IIIA 0,084 0,002 0,807 0,763 0,110

IIIB 0,084 0,806 0,762 0,110

IIIC 0,083 0,807 0,763 0,109

IIID 0,091 0,803 0,759 0,120
0,001
IVA 0,082 0,008 0,795 0,755 0,109

IVB 0,094 0,002 0,801 0,757 0,124
IVC 0,088 0,806 0,762 0,115
IVD 0,079 0,806 0,762 0,104
TI(wayin 0,087 +0,006 0,810 0,765 0,114

TIEnd) 0,087 0,814 0,769 0,113
TIIBeginning 0,081 +0,002 0,807 0,763 0,106
TIIMiddle 0,090 0,801 0,757 0,119

a Fromspectralreflectancedata.Integratingspherereflectometerusedtocovertheregion2,9x105to2,4x106m,
andhohlraumreflectometertoextendtherangeupto8x106m.
Precision:0,003;Accuracy:0,010.
b After200ESHUVirradiationfromafilteredXenonarcsource(Spectrolabx25).
c Measuredat300KusingaGierDunkleDB100portableinfraredreflectometer.
Precision:0,005;Accuracy:0,010.
d Calculatedassuming=0,945.
NOTE FromHeaney(1974)[59].
TheOSOHwasinnearearthorbitandwasnotsubjectedtochargedparticleirradiation,thencethe
data indicate that SilverTeflon is not degraded by UV irradiation only. The initial value quoted in
Figure63correspondtothe20thorbit.(20thorbit20ESH30orbitalh)duetoamalfunctioninthe
taperecorder.
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Figure63:Spacedegradationofsecondsurfacemirrorsbasedon1,27x104mthick
FEPTeflon.AlldataarefromTriolo(1973)[128]exceptthosecorrespondingto
IMPIwhicharefromHoffman(1973)[61].
ThedegradationexperiencedbytheSilverTefloncoatinginboardIMPIisconsideredtobetheresult
ofsolarwindandhighenergyprotonirradiationratherthansolarUVirradiation.Duringthefirst9
months in orbit, the temperature of the detector plate gradually rose from 202,5 K to 219 K,
correspondingtoanincreaseinthecoatingsolarabsorptanceof0,077.Thisvalueremainedconstant
for another 7 months, at which time data keeping was ceased. Nearly 4 months later the spacecraft
passedthroughanapogeeshadowofalmost6hduration.Dataacquiredagainafterthiseventshown
that three was a sudden increase in detector plate temperature to 223 K with a continual rise
thereafter,indicatingthatTeflonissusceptibletodamagebychargedparticles.Theestimatedfluxes
aregivenintheTable67.
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Table67:ExposureConditionsofSilverTeflononIMPISpacecraft
Source Intensity IntegratedFlux

[MeV] [particles.m2]
SolarWind 3x1019
Electrons Allenergies 1018
Protons 0,15 3x1018

450 3x1016
Above50 3x1014
NOTE FromHoffman(1973)[61].
Concerning IMPH, the initial / values measured in flight were 50% larger than the laboratory
values.ThediscrepancyhasbeenattributedtoblisteringofTeflon(Triolo(1973)[128]).Datapresented
showagainthatTeflonmaybedamagedbychargedparticles.
6.3.4 Blistering
Blistering, Figure 64 occurs whenever the adhesive bond strength is locally exceeded by a lifting
force.Theseforcesaremainlydueto:
1. Thermalexpansionofairentrappedinthebondarea.
2. Outgassingoftheadhesiveorsubstrate.
Figure64:Sketchofablisteringtape.FromBrown&Merschel(1970)[23].
Blistering ofthermal control tapesinhibit the heat transfer through the tapesurfaceinterface. When
the purpose of the tape is to increase the emittance of a hotplate, blistering would tend to create a
partial shield between the plate and its surrounding. The added thermal resistance increases the
substratetemperaturewhichmayinturnincreasetheblistersize.Similarly,blisteringmayseriously
affectthethermalbehavioroftapesusedasasolarcollectorsurfaces.
Table68givestheblisteringtemperatureoftapesappliedtoanaluminiumsubstrateandexposedto
13,3to133Papressurewhiletemperaturewasbeingincreasedinstepsof7Kupto385K.
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Table68:BlisteringTemperaturesofTapesAppliedtoanAluminiumSubstratea
Description Temperature[K]
Type
Coating Backing Adhesive T1 T2 T3 T4
3MCo.53 Aluminium Mylar Rubber 361 364 378
3MCo.56 Mylar Rubber 311
3MCo.425 Al.Foil 336 344 366
3MCo.428A Al.Foil Acrylic >383 341389
3MCo.850S Aluminium Mylar Acrylic 311 336 344 378
3MCo.850G Gold Mylar Acrylic 383
3MCo.853 Aluminium Mylar 366 378
3MCo.Y9184A Gold Kapton Silicone 344 353 361
Mystik7390 <333
Mystik7402L Al.Foil Silicone 311 319 328
Mystik7430 LeadFoil Rubber 319 328 336
Mystik7453 Al.Foil Acrylic >386 366
Mystik7455 Al.Foil Glass 300 311 319

Cloth
G.T.Schjeldahl Al.on Kapton Acrylic 328 336 364

GT1020004 nylontulle
G.T.Schjeldahl Aluminium Kapton Silicone 297 311b >380

GT103300
TF12 308 333
NOTE T1,Temperatureatwhichblisteringfirstoccurredinthermalvacuum.Sampleappliedtoacleanser
scrubbedaluminiumsheetstock.
T2,Temperatureatwhichanincreaseinblistersizewasnoted.
T3,Temperatureatwhichblistersweresolargeandnumerousthatalmostentiretapeareawas
delaminated.
T4,Temperatureatwhichblistersoccurredontapestestedafter10dofhumidityperMILSTD202,
Method106B;appliedtoaluminiumsheetconversioncoatedperMILC5541.
a Singlesamplepertape.
b Therewassomeincreaseinsizeandnumberofblistersatthattemperature,butnotfurtherincreaseathigher
temperatures.
NOTE FromBrown&Merschel(1970)[23].
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6.3.4.2 Precautions against blistering
Several rules to avoid blistering are given by Stevens (1971) [120]. Although these rules concern a
particulartape(aluminiumfoilMystik7402L),itishopedthattheycanbeappliedinmoregeneral
cases.
1. Theuseoftoowidetapesshouldbeavoided.Tapesof5x102mto7,5x102mwidthare
recommended.
2. Wheneverpossible,thetapesshouldbebakedinordertoreduceoutgassing.
As quoted by Stevens, samples baked at 394 K for 24 h had a significantly reduced
blistering, as compared with unbaked samples, when applied on a piece of 2020
Aluminiumplatewashedwithdetergentandthencleanedwithxylene.
Theprotectivelacquerwasremovedbeforebaking.
Comments.Thereissomedisagreementinconnectionwiththeusefulnessofbaking.
(a) Brown&Merschel(1970)[23]reportednoincreaseintheblisteringresistanceof3
MCo.850Gtapeafterbakinginvacuumat366Kand0,34x104to1,4x104Pafor24
h.
(b) Bakingdoesnotappeartobeapracticalmeanstoimprovetapeperformance.Ifthe
bakingprocessisperformedbythemanufacturer,largerquantitiesoftapewould
be ordered to achieve a reasonable price. On the other side, the use of special
drying fixtures, vacuum ovens and high level clean room procedures would
invalidate the main advantage of pressure sensitive adhesive tapes, which is the
easeofapplication.
3. Tape application under vacuum conditions has been suggested by Brown & Merschel
(1970) [23]. This process eliminates air entrapment reducing the cause of blister
formation.However,tapingundervacuumrequiresspecialtoolingandequipmentwhich
makestheprocessexpensiveandcumbersome.
4. Performingthetapetoopenwaysouttoentrappedair,solventsorvolatileconstituents,
could improve the blistering characteristics of tapes. Perforations having 8x104 m
diameter on 1,5x102 m centers have been used by Stevens (1971) [120]. The thermo
opticalcharacteristicsofthecoatingarenotseriouslydegradedbythepresenceofsucha
fewsmallholes.
Spikedrollerstoperforatethetapesareavailable.
In order to avoid introducing solvents within the adhesive, the protective lacquer (if
present)shouldberemovedpriortoperforationofthefoil.
5. Tests performed with different application pressures (13 N, 27 N and 45 N on
approximately4x103m2)shownthatthetapeshouldbejustsetonthesubstrate.Inthe
experimentsreportedbyStevensonlythelightlyappliedtapesremainedfreeofblisters
after the test. It is believed that the light application pressure kept the adhesive from
sealingthegasescapepaths.
Light application of pressure is also required when using perforated tapes to avoid the
flowingofadhesivetowardstheperforationstherebysealingthem.
6. When the tape is applied externally it is advisable to provide mechanical fastening on
bothendstopreventliftingforcesfrompeelingthetapeawayfromitssubstrate.(Breuch
(1967)[22]).
306
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5December2011
7. As a general rule it should be said that rubber and siliconebased adhesives are
unacceptable, because of poor outgassing behavior, unless baked at elevated
temperatures(Kordsmeier&Peters(1972)[74]).
6.4 Relevant properties of thermal control tapes

Thermal radiation, adhesion and outgassing properties of widely used adhesive tapes are given in
Table69toTable611.Anytapewhosesolarabsorptance, s,andtotalemittance, ,areknowntothe
compilerhasbeenincludedinthepertinenttable.
As an aid in the selection of the most appropriate tape, the thermal radiation properties from these
tables have been plotted in Figure 65. The number next to each data point identify the tape in the
tables.Thefirstdigitinthesenumbers,1,2or0,indicateswhetherthetapeisfirstsurfacemetallized
(Table69),secondsurfacemetallized(Table610)orclear(Table611),respectively.
Figure65:Solarabsorptance,s,vs.totalhemisphericalemittance,,ofseveral
thermalcontroltapes.
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Valuesofthemass/arearatioforseveralfilmsandtapesaregiveninTable612.
Table 613 presents data on generalpurpose tapes which meet two criteria concerning outgassing:
theyhaveamaximumof1,0percentweightloss,andamaximumof0,1percent(inweight)ofvolatile
condensablematerials.
Availability of the tapes is not always indicated in the brochure sent by the manufacturers. Tape
dimensionsaregenerallyfrom102to0,5minwidth,andeither33mor66minlength.normalsheets
are1,22mwideby3,05mlong.
Concerningcosts,thefollowingapproximatefigureshavebeenquotedbyScollon&Carpitella(1970)
[113]
AluminizedTeflon45US$.m2.
SeriesEmittance4560US$.m2.
Table69:PropertiesofFirstSurfaceMetallizedTapesa
Type 101. 102. 103. 104.

FassonS277 FassonS277 3MCo.425 3MCo.Y9040
I II
Description Coating Al.Foil+ Aluminium AluminiumFoil AluminiumFoil

Lacquer Foil
Coating
Backing
Adhesive AcrylicS277 AcrylicS277 Acrylicc Silicone
Thickness, Backing 0,51(metal 0,51(metalfoil) 0,76c

tx104[m] foil)
Total 1,27 0,51
Temp. Intermittent 464b 464b

Range[K]
Continuous Upto588c
Thermal s 0,120,04b 0,18 0,16

Radiation
Properties 0,040,02,0,01 0,040,02,0,01b 0,03 0,03
b
s/ 3,00 6,00 5,33
Stabilityto Good Good

Space
Degradation
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Type 101. 102. 103. 104.

FassonS277 FassonS277 3MCo.425 3MCo.Y9040
I II
Properties (F/w)x102 10,00f

[N.m1]
Specifications ASTMD1000
Outgassing %TWL 1,367 0,240 1,120

d
%VCM 0,421 0,030 0,640
Curet[h] 16 0 0
CureT[K] 338
ATMOS. Air
Comments
Type 105. 106. 107. 108.

3MCo.Y 3MCo.Y 3MCo.Y Mystik7402
9050 9184 9360
Description Coating Aluminium Goldvacuum Al.vacuum AluminiumFoil

Foil deposited depos.both
sides
Backing GlassCloth Kapton Mylar
Adhesive Silicone Silicone Acrylic Silicone
Thickness, Backing 0,25 0,51(metalfoil)

c
tx104[m]
Total 1,52 1,12c
Temp. Intermittent 700(Internal)b

Range[K] 670(External)b
Continuous
Thermal s 0,12 0,24e 0,10 0,120,04b

Radiation
Properties 0,03 0,03e 0,04 0,040,02,0,01b
s/ 4,00 8,00 2,50 3,00
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Type 105. 106. 107. 108.

3MCo.Y 3MCo.Y 3MCo.Y Mystik7402
9050 9184 9360
Stabilityto Good Good Good Good

Space
Degradation
Mechanical PeelStrength 1,75 4,71c

Properties (F/w)x102 3,85
[N.m1]
Specifications ASTMD1000 MILT81287

ASTMD1000
Outgassing %TWL 0,917 2,240 0,79R 1,69R

d 0,79S 2,09S
%VCM 0,380 0,410 0,06R 0,35R

0,03S 0,54S
Curet[h] 0 0 0 0
CureT[K]
ATMOS.
Comments s=0,07.From
blackbodyat
920Kb
Type 109. 110. 111. 112.

Mystik Mystik7452 Mystik7453 Mystik7455
7430
Description Coating LeadFoil AluminiumFoil AluminiumFoil AluminiumFoil
Backing GlassCloth
Adhesive Rubber Acrylic Acrylic
Thickness, Backing 1,27(metal 0,51(metalfoil) 0,76(metalfoil) 1,14c

tx104[m] foil)c c c
Total 1,65c 0,94c 1,30c 1,30c
Temp. Intermittent Upto3600

shorttermc
310
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
Type 109. 110. 111. 112.

Mystik Mystik7452 Mystik7453 Mystik7455
7430
Range[K] Continuous 194to560c
Thermal s 0,17 0,17 0,18

Radiation
Properties 0,09 0,04 0,04 0,04
s/ 4,25 4,25 4,50
Stabilityto Good Good Good Good

Space
Degradation
Mechanical PeelStrength 6,68c 6,57c 7,99c 4,60c

Properties (F/w)x102 10,70 6,48 6,48
[N.m1] 9,63f
Specifications HHT29 LT80 ASTMD1000

ASTM ASTMD1000
D1000
Outgassing %TWL 0,37 0,092R 3,820

d 0,25R 1,710
%VCM 0,04 0,003R 2,620

0,03R 1,340
Curet[h] 0 0 0
24
CureT[K] 0
423
ATMOS. Air
Comments
Type 113. 114. 115. 116.

Permacel G.T. G.T. G.T.
EE6600 Schjeldahl Schjeldahl Schjeldahl
G101500d G102004 G103300
Description Coating Aluminium SiOxonAl.both Al.vacuum Aluminium

vacuum vacuum depos.over vacuum
deposited deposited nylontulle deposited
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Type 113. 114. 115. 116.

Permacel G.T. G.T. G.T.
EE6600 Schjeldahl Schjeldahl Schjeldahl
G101500d G102004 G103300
Backing Mylar Kapton Kapton Kapton
Adhesive Rubber Silicone Acrylic Silicone
Thickness, Backing 0,13 0,13 0,25

tx104[m]
Total
Temp. Intermittent 88to533 88to533

Range[K]
Continuous 88to422 88to422
Thermal s 0,12g <0,15 0,150,03 <0,13

Radiation
Properties 0,03g 0,42 0,200,07 0,05
s/ 4,00 0,350,45 0,75 2,50
Stabilityto Good Good

Space
Degradation
Mechanical PeelStrength 1,10 3,15 1,75a

Properties (F/w)x102 5,43f 1,10d
[N.m1]
Specifications ASTMD1000 ASTMD1000 ASTMD1000

(toAl.) ASTMD1000
(toAl.)
Outgassing %TWL >8.50 1,48R

d
%VCM >3,80 0,32R
Curet[h] 0 0
CureT[K]
ATMOS.
Comments
312
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5December2011
Type 117. 118. 119. 120.

G.T. G.T. G.T. G.T.
Schjeldahl Schjeldahl Schjeldahl Schjeldahl
G103500 G107000 G401000 G402600
Description Coating Aluminium Thickfilmblack Aluminium Goldvacuum

vacuum vacuum deposited
deposited deposited
Backing Kapton Kapton Kapton Kapton
Adhesive Silicone Silicone Acrylic Silicone
Thickness, Backing 0,13 0,13 0,25 0,25

tx104[m]
Total
Temp. Intermittent 88to422 88to505 88to505

Range[K]
Continuous 88to380 88to395 88to395
Thermal s 0,100,14h 0,86 0,14 0,250,28

Radiation
Properties <0,06 >0,76 0,05 0,035
s/ 1,702,30h 1,00 2,80 8,00
Stabilityto
Space
Degradation
Mechanical PeelStrength 2,19 1,10

[N.m1]
Specifications ASTMD1000 ASTMD1000

(toAl.) (toAl.)
Outgassing %TWL
d
%VCM
Curet[h]
CureT[K]
ATMOS.
313
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5December2011
Type 117. 118. 119. 120.

G.T. G.T. G.T. G.T.
G103500 G107000 G401000 G402600
Comments
a Alldatainthistable,unlessotherwisestated,arefromBrown&Merschel(1970)[23].
b FromBreuch(1967)[22].
c Manufacturersdata.
d DataconcerningG.T.Schjeldahltapesarefrombulletinsissuedbytheproducer,exceptthosecorresponding
toGT1020004whicharegivenbyBrown&Merschel(1970)[23].
e OutgassingcharacteristicshavebeenborrowedfromCampbell,Marriot&Park(1973)[27].
TWL:TotalWeightLoss.
f 90peelstrengthoftapebondedtoaluminiumsheetexposedto340Kinairfor30d.FromBrown&Merschel
(1970)[23].
g FromKordsmeier&Peters(1972)[74].
h FromScollon&Carpitella(1970)[113].

Table610:PropertiesofSecondSurfaceMetallizedTapesa
Type 201. 202. 203. 204.

3MCo.850 G.T. G.T. G.T.
Silver Schjeldahlc Schjeldahl Schjeldahl
G101500 G101600 G101701
Description Plastic Mylar Kapton Kapton Kapton
Metal Aluminium Al.vacuum Al.vacuum Al.vacuum

vacuum deposited+SiOx deposited+SiOx deposited+
deposited SiOx
Adhesive Acrylic Silicone Silicone Silicone
Thickness, Plastic 0,13 0,13 0,13

tx104[m]
Total 0,63
Temp. Intermittent 88to530

Range[K]
Continuous 223to423b 88to420
Thermal s 0,14 <0,15 0,100,16f
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5December2011
Type 201. 202. 203. 204.

3MCo.850 G.T. G.T. G.T.
Silver Schjeldahlc Schjeldahl Schjeldahl
G101500 G101600 G101701
Radiation 0,54 <0,42f 0,060,14f 0,110,21f

Properties
s/ 0,26 0,350,45f 1,001,20f 0,701,00f
Stabilityto Poor
Space
Degradation

Properties (F/w)x102 13,84e
[N.m1]
Outgassing %TWL 0,686

d
%VCM 0,097
Curet[h] 0
CureT[K]
ATMOS.
Comments Kordsmeier&
Peters(1972)give
s=0,15,=0,61
Type 205. 206. 207. 208.

G.T. G.T. G.T. G.T.
G101901 G101902 G102000 G107300
Description Plastic Kapton Kapton Kapton+ Kapton

Nylontulle
Metal Al.vacuum Al.vacuum Aluminium Al.vacuum

deposited+ deposited+ vacuum deposited+
SiOx SiOx deposited SiOx
Adhesive Acrylic Acrylic Acrylic
Thickness, Plastic 0,25 0,25 0,13 0,25
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5December2011
Type 205. 206. 207. 208.

G.T. G.T. G.T. G.T.
G101901 G101902 G102000 G107300
tx104[m] Total
Temp. Intermittent
Range[K]
Continuous
Thermal s 0,120,18f 0,090,14f 0,120,16f 0,090,13f

Radiation
Properties 0,140,22f 0,280,37f 0,130,17f
s/ 0,701,00f 0,320,48f 0,701,20f 0,190,31f
Stabilityto
Space
Degradation
[N.m1]
Specifications
Outgassingd %TWL
%VCM
Curet[h]
CureT[K]
ATMOS.
Comments
Type 209. 210. 211. 212.

G.T. G.T. G.T. G.T.
G400100 G400200 G400400 G400600
Description Plastic FEPTeflon FEPTeflon Kapton FEPTeflon
Metal Silver+Inconel Aluminium Aluminium Silver+

bothvacuum vacuum vacuum Inconelboth
316
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5December2011
Type 209. 210. 211. 212.

G.T. G.T. G.T. G.T.
G400100 G400200 G400400 G400600
dep. deposited deposited vacuumdep.
Adhesive Acrylic Acrylic Acrylic Acrylic

tx104[m]
Total
Temp. Intermittent 88to505 88to505 88to505 88to505

Range[K]
Continuous 88to395 88to395 88to395 88to395
Thermal s 0,060,09 0,13 0,100,14 0,060,09

Radiation
Properties 0,6 0,6 0,77 0,4
s/ 0,12 0,22 0,14 0,18
Stabilityto
Space
Degradation
Mechanical PeelStrength 2,19 2,19

[N.m1]
Specifications ASTMD1000 ASTMD1000

(toAl.) (toAl.)
Outgassing %TWL
d
%VCM
Curet[h]
CureT[K]
ATMOS.
Comments
317
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5December2011
Type 213. 214. 215. 216.

G.T. G.T. G.T. G.T.
G400800 G401900 G402500 G402800
FEPTeflon FEPTeflon FEPTeflon FEPTeflon

Description Plastic
Aluminium Silver+ Silver+ Aluminium

Metal
vacuum Inconelboth Inconelboth vacuum
deposited vacuumdep. vacuumdep. deposited

tx104[m]
Total
Temp. Intermittent 88to505 88to505 88to505 88to505

Range[K]
Continuous 88to395 88to395 88to395 88to395
Thermal s 0,100,14 0,060,10 0,060,10 0,100,14

Radiation
Properties 0,77 0,77 0,50 0,40
s/ 0,18 0,09 ~0,14 0,27
Stabilityto
Space
Degradation
Mechanical PeelStrength 2,19 2,19 2,19 2,19

[N.m1]
Specifications ASTMD1000 ASTMD1000 ASTMD1000 ASTMD1000

(toAl.) (toAl.) (toAl.) (toAl.)
Outgassing %TWL 0,335R

d
%VCM 0,007R
Curet[h] 0
CureT[K]
ATMOS.
318
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
Type 217. 218. 219. 220.

G.T. G.T. G.T.
Schjeldahl Schjeldahl Schjeldahl
G402900 Series Series
Emittance Emittance
Tape Tape
Description Plastic FEPTeflon FEPTeflon FEPTeflon
Metal Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium

vacuum vacuum vacuum
deposited deposited deposited
Adhesive Acrylic

tx104[m]
Total
Temp. Intermittent 88to505

Range[K]
Continuous 88to395
Thermal s 0,100,14 0,13f 0,12f 0,13e

Radiation
Properties 0,50 0,43f 0,53f 0,67e
s/ 0,22 0,30f 0,23f 0,19f
Stabilityto s=0g
Space s=0,07h
Degradation

[N.m1]
(toAl.)
Outgassing %TWL
d
%VCM
Curet[h]
CureT[K]
319
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5December2011
Type 217. 218. 219. 220.

G.T. G.T. G.T.
Schjeldahl Schjeldahl Schjeldahl
G402900 Series Series
Emittance Emittance
Tape Tape
ATMOS.
Comments
Type 221. 222. 223. 224.

G.T.Schjeldahl
Series
EmittanceTape
Description Plastic FEPTeflon FEPTeflon FEPTeflon FEPTeflon
Metal Aluminium Aluminium Silvervacuum Silver

vacuum vacuum deposited vacuum
deposited deposited deposited
Adhesive

tx104[m]
Total
Temp. Intermittent
Range[K]
Continuous
Thermal s 0,17e 0,21e 0,055e 0,059e

Radiation
Properties 0,83e 0,89e 0,42e 0,52e
s/ 0,20f 0,24f 0,13f 0,11f
Stabilityto
Space
Degradation
[N.m1]
Specifications
320
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
Type 221. 222. 223. 224.

G.T.Schjeldahl
Series
EmittanceTape
Outgassingd %TWL
%VCM
Curet[h]
CureT[K]
ATMOS.
Comments Notincluded
inG.T.
Schjeldahl
Bulletin
Type 225. 226. 227. 228.

G.T.
Schjeldahl
Series
Emittance
Tape
Description Plastic FEPTeflon FEPTeflon Polyvinyl Polyvinyl

butyral(Butvar) butyral
(Butvar)
Metal Silver Silver Aluminium Aluminium

vacuum vacuum vacuum vacuum
deposited deposited deposited deposited
Adhesive

tx104[m]
Total
Temp. Intermittent
Range[K]
Continuous
Thermal s 0,059e 0,090e 0,18e 0,22e

Radiation
0,68e 0,82e 0,45e 0,85e
321
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Type 225. 226. 227. 228.

G.T.
Schjeldahl
Series
Emittance
Tape
Properties s/ 0,087f 0,11f 0,40f 0,26f
Stabilityto s=0g
Space
Degradation
[N.m1]
Specifications
Outgassing %TWL
d
%VCM
Curet[h]
CureT[K]
ATMOS.
Comments Dataon
degradation
inTable66
(SamplesTI
&TII)
Type 229. 230.
Description Plastic Polyvinylbutyral Polyvinylbutyral

(Butvar) (Butvar)
Metal Aluminiumvacuum Aluminiumvacuum

deposited deposited
Adhesive
Thickness,tx104 Plastic 1,65 2,03

[m]
Total
322
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
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Type 229. 230.
Temp.Range[K] Intermittent
Continuous
ThermalRadiation s 0,22e 0,17e

Properties
0,88e
s/ 0,25f
StabilitytoSpace s=0i
Degradation s=0,25j
[N.m1]
Specifications
Outgassingd %TWL
%VCM
Curet[h]
CureT[K]
ATMOS.
Comments
323
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
b Manufacturersdata.Thetaperemainsflexiblethroughoutthementionedtemperaturerange.
c DataconcerningG.T.Schjeldahltapesarefrombulletinsissuedbytheproducer,unlessotherwisestated.
d OutgassingcharacteristicshavebeenborrowedfromCampbell,Marriot&Park(1973)[27].
e 90peelstrengthoftapebondedtoaluminiumsheetexposedto340Kinairfor30d.FromBrown&Merschel
(1970)[23].
f FromScollon&Carpitella(1970)[113].
g 180EUVSH+106radsXray.FromScollon&Carpitella(1970)[113].EUVSH:EquivalentUltravioletSun
Hours.
h 51EUVSH+1,5x1020protons.m2at3KEV.FromScollon&Carpitella(1970)[113].
I 250EUVSH.FromScollon&Carpitella(1970)[113].
j 70EUVSH+2,1x1020protons.m2at4KEV.FromScollon&Carpitella(1970)[113].
Table611:PropertiesofClearTapesa
Type 001. 002. 003. 004.

3MCo.850 3MCo.853 3MCo.X1173 Mystik7361
Description Substrate Aluminium Aluminium lows Aluminium

backside Aluminium
Plastic Mylar Mylar ClearKapton Kapton
Adhesive Acrylic Thermoset. Silicone

Silicone

tx104[m]
Total 0,510,05c
Temp. Intermittent
Range[K]
Continuous 223to423b 223to453b 195to560c
Thermo s 0,33 0,59 0,55

Optical
Properties 0,73 0,76 0,86 0,86
s/ 0,45 0,69 0,64
Stabilityto Poor Poor Good Good

Space
Degradation
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Type 001. 002. 003. 004.

3MCo.850 3MCo.853 3MCo.X1173 Mystik7361
Mechanical PeelStrength 2,74b 4,38 1,42Min.c

Properties (F/w)x102 1,64Avg.c
[N.m1]
Specifications ASTMD ASTMD

1000 1000
Outgassing %TWL 2,150R 1,150

d
3,040S 1,380
%VCM 0,580R 0,200

1,390S 0,550
Curet[h] 0 0
CureT[K] 0 0
ATMOS.
Comments RollLength: RollLength: RollLength:33

66mc 33mc m
66mc RollWidth:
7,62x102mc
Type 005. OtherTapes

G.T.
Schjeldahl 3MCo.53 VB
G401100 3MCo.Y
9244
Description Substrate Aluminium
Plastic Kapton Mylar Velvet

Black/Vinyl
Film
Adhesive Acrylic Thermoset. Acrylic

Rubber
Thickness, Plastic 0,25 0,25

tx104[m]
Total
Temp.Range Intermittent 88to505c
325
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Type 005. OtherTapes

G.T.
Schjeldahl 3MCo.53 VB
G401100 3MCo.Y
9244
[K] Continuous 88to395c
Thermo s 0,97
Optical
Properties 0,79 0,90
s/ 1,08
StabilitytoSpace Poor Good

Degradation
Mechanical PeelStrength 2,19c

[N.m1]
Specifications ASTMD1000(to
Al.)c
Outgassingd %TWL 1,026 6,760R

1,660S
%VCM 0,131 0,840R

0,160S
Curet[h] 3 0
27
CureT[K] 394 0
383
ATMOS. Air E3
Comments Additional
outgassing
dataaregiven
belowe
326
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
5December2011
b Manufacturersdata.Thetaperemainsflexiblethroughoutthementionedtemperaturerange.
c Manufacturersdata.
d OutgassingcharacteristicshavebeenborrowedfromCampbell,Marriot&Park(1973)[27].
E3:Chamberpressure103torr=0,133Pa.
e ThesedatahavebeenobtainedbyScannapieco(1967)[109]byusingtheGeneralElectricinsitutechnique.
%TWL %VCM CUREt CURET[K] ATMOS.

[h]
4,80,02 0,400,11 24 Room <1,33x103Pa

341,55
4,60,02 0,200,11 24 Room <1,33x103Pa

341,55
8 3385
Furnacepressure
<1,33x103Pa
327
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
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Table612:MassAreaRatioofSeveralFoilsandTapes
Description Plastic (Mass/area)x102

Type Thicknessx104 [kg.m2]
Metal Plastic Adhesive [m]
Mystik7361 Kapton Silicone 0,25 6,71
Mystik7367 Kapton Acrylic 0,25 9,72
Mystik7375 Tedlar Acrylic 0,51 11,92
G.T. Aluminium Kapton Silicone 0,25 7,75

Schjeldahl vacuumdeposited
G103300
G.T. Silver+Inconel FEPTeflon 0,51 10,85

Schjeldahl bothvacuumdep.
G400300
G.T. Aluminium FEPTeflon 1,27 27,90

G400900

G401400
G.T. Aluminium FEPTeflon 0,25 6,20

G402000

G402200

G402300
NOTE Frommanufacturersbulletins.
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ECSSEHB3101Part6A
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Table613:CharacteristicsofLowOutgassingTapesa
Type 3MCo.425 3MCo.850 3MCo.850Silver Mystik

Black 7341
Description Backing Aluminium Mylar AluminizedMylar Mylar
Thickness, Backing 0,76 0,25

tx104[m]
Total 1,27 0,51 0,63
Temp. Intermittent
Range[K]
Continuous Upto588 223to423 223to423
Electrical Dielectric
Strengthx103
[V]
Mechanical PeelStrength 7,11 2,74 4,38

9,98c 13,84c
Tack
Outgassing %TWL 0,240 0,770R 0,686R 0,238R

b 0,650R
%VCM 0,030 0,020R 0,097R 0,041R

0,090R
Curet[h] 0 0 0 0
CureT[K] 0 0 0 0
ATMOS.
Comments High Thermal,abrasion Thermaland

temperatureand andsolvent abrasionresistant.
reflectance resistant.Long Goodoutdoor
qualities. ageing.Bonds weathering.Excellent
Expandsreadily morefirmlywith moisturebarrier.
withthermal time.Difficultto Longageing.
changes.Long removewithout Removal,afterlong
ageing.Excellent adhesivetransfer. bondingtimes,
moisturebarrier. Clear,red,white, difficultwithout
andblacktapes adhesivetransfer.
available. Length66m.
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Type Mystik7367 Mystik7375 Mystik7420
Description Backing Kapton Tedlar Copper
Adhesive Acrylic Acrylic Acrylic
Thickness, Backing 0,25 0,51 0,41

tx104[m]
Total 0,760,08 0,940,10 0,89
Temp.Range Intermittent
[K]
Continuous 211to450 211to450
Electrical Dielectric 7,20Min. 4,90Min.

Strengthx103[V] 7,50Avg. 5,20Avg.
Mechanical PeelStrength 3,28Min. 5,58Min. 6,02

4,70Avg. 6,79Avg.
Tack 1,42Min. 2,41Min. 1,14m

1,75Avg. 3,06Avg. (Rollingball)
Outgassingb %TWL 0,639 0,341R 0,215R
%VCM 0,049 0,007R 0,010R
Curet[h] 0 0 0
CureT[K] 0 0 0
ATMOS.
Comments High Excellentoutdoor Temperature

temperature, weatherability, resistant,
solvent,and solventand solderable.
moisture moistureresistant.
resistant. Highadhesion,
Electricallypure conformabilityand
withexcellent elongation,and
dielectric gooddielectric
strength.High strength.Abrasion
adhesion. resistant.Length
Length33mon 66mon7,62x102
7,62x102mcore. mcore.Color:
Color:Amber. White.
330
ECSSEHB3101Part6A
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a Alldatainthistable,unlessotherwisestated,arefrommanufacturersbullatins.
b OutgassingcharacteristicshavebeenborrowedfromCampbell,Marriot&Park(1973)[27].
c FromBrown&Merschel(1970)[23].90pelstrengthoftapebondedtoaluminiumsheetexposedto338,5Kin
airfor30d.
6.5 Past spatial use

Tapes are widely used in spacecraft as thermal control coatings. The following examples have been
found.Launchingdateisgiveninparenthesis.
Explorers12,14,15and26EnergeticParticlesExplorers(EPE).
(Aug. 16, 1961. Oct. 2 and 27, 1962. Dec. 21, 1964). Aluminized tape or foil tape. (Rittenhouse &
Singletary(1969)[105]).
Mariner2.(Aug.27,1962).ExposedwiringwrappedwithTefloncoatedaluminiumfoil.(Rittenhouse
&Singletary(1969)[105]).
ERS.(EnvironmentalResearchSatellite).(Sept.17,1962,failed).
ExternalsurfaceAmongothercoatings,GoldvacuumdepositedonMylartape3MCo.Y9181,and
Aluminizedfoiltape3MCo.425,wereused.(Rittenhouse&Singletary(1969)[105]).
Vela.(Oct.17,1963).Aluminiumfoiltape(3MCo.425)andaluminizedMylartape(3MCo.850)used
asthermalcontrolcoatings.(Rittenhouse&Singletary(1969)[105]).
Explorers18,21,and28InterplanetaryMonitoringPlatform(IMP).(Nov.27,1963.Oct.4,1964.May
29,1965).Smallarecoveredwithaluminizedorfoiltape.(Rittenhouse&Singletary(1969)[105]).
Ranger6through9.(Jan.30andJuly28,1964.Feb.17andMar.21,1965).AluminizedMylarusedfor
wrappingcableharnesses.(Rittenhouse&Singletary(1969)[105]).
Nimbus 1. (Aug. 8, 1964). Aluminized Mylar and aluminized Teflon tapes used to cover the truss
structure of the louvers. Electrical cable harnesses covered with the same tapes. (Rittenhouse &
Pegassus1and2.(Feb.16andMay25,1965).Tubingnearelectronicsboxeswrappedwithaluminized
Mylartape.(Rittenhouse&Singletary(1969)[105]).
Oscar3.(Mar.9,1965).ExternalsurfaceNonleafingaluminiumpaintonMystiktape.(Rittenhouse&
ERS15and16.(July20,1965).AluminizedMylarwrap,3MCo.850appliedoverthebodiesofvalves
preparedtoperformseveralcoldweldingexperiments.(Rittenhouse&Singletary(1969)[105]).
Apollo1through15.(Feb.26,1966July26,1971).Goldtapesandaluminiumtapeswereusedinthe
CommandModule.(Rittenhouse&Singletary(1969)[105]).
Aluminizedtapeswereusedtoattach multilayerinsulationsinthecryogenicpropulsionsystemsof
SaturnSIIstage.(Schroeder(1973)[112]).
SERTII(SpaceElectricRocketTest).(Feb.3,1970).About27mof5x102mwideMystik7402Ltape
wereusedforthermalcontrol.(Stevens(1971)[120]).
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OSOH (Orbiting Solar Observatory). (). The following coatings, among others, were tested in the
ThermalControlCoatingsExperiment:
1. FEPTeflon1,27x104mthickcoatedwithSilver(107mthick),vacuumdeposited,plus
alayerofInconel,attachedtoAlsubstratebyMystik7366doublebackedadhesivetape.
2. Same as above except Aluminium is deposited instead of SilverInconel. (Triolo (1973)
[128]).
IMPI (Interplanetary Monitoring Platform). (March 13, 1971). A second surface mirror, vapor
depositedSilveron1,27x104mthickFEPTeflon,wasusedtominimizetheeffectoftheincidentsolar
energy on a detector of the Energy Particle Experiment. The coating was applied by use of the
pressuresensitivedoublesidedadhesivetapeMystik7366.Inconelisvapordepositedoverthesilver
backing to protect this film from possible degradation by the adhesive. Data concerning the space
degradationofthiscoatingwerealreadypresentedundertheheadingSpaceDegradation(Hoffman
(1973)[61]).
IMPH(InterplanetaryMonitoringPlatform).(Sept.22,1972).Thefollowingcoatings,amongothers,
weretestedintheThermalControlCoatingsExperiment:
1. FEPTeflon1,27x104mthickcoatedwithSilver(107mthick),vacuumdeposited,plus
alayerofInconel,attachedtoAlsubstratebyMystik7366doublebackedadhesivetape.
(Metalsidedown).
2. Same as above except that Silver plus Inconel has been substituted for Aluminium.
Preliminary results of the experiments undertaken during these two flights were
compared with laboratory results in the paragraph dealing with Space Degradation.
(Triolo(1973)[128]).
Meteosat.(GeostationaryEuropeanMeteorologicalSatellite).Thefollowingtapesareincludedinthe
ThermalControlMaterialList:
FassonBrightSolidAluminiumFoil,0,51x104mthick,withS227adhesive.Usedasthermalcontrol
coating.
G.T.SchjeldahlG400200.FEPTeflononAluminiumwithAcrylicadhesive.UsedasaSecondSurface
Mirror.
Mystik7300.MylarfilmwithSiliconeAdhesive.Usedforcoatingmasks.
Mystik7367.KaptonfilmwithAcrylicAdhesive.Superinsulationassembly.
3MCo.850.MylarfilmwithAcrylicAdhesive.Superinsulationassembly.
3MCo.250.Adhesivetape,acrylic.Coatingfilmadhesion.
332
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342

ECSS E HB 31 01 - Part6A Thermal Control Surfaces

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ECSS E HB 31 01 - Part6A Thermal Control Surfaces

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ECSS-E-HB-31-01 Part 6A

3 Terms, definitions and symbols..........................................................................17

4 General introduction ............................................................................................21

6 Adhesive tapes ...................................................................................................283

3.1 Terms and definitions

3.2 Abbreviated terms

5.2 Solar reflectors

5.2.1 Titanium Dioxide-Polymethyl Vinyl Siloxane

295 0,860,03 0,84

395 0,860,02 0,84

T[K] t[h] Rangeofx107[m] s

24,1 4,16 68,5 8,5 Total

395 0,25 0,70 0,12 0,07 0,13 0,18 0,18

BeforeExposurea 0,69 0,08 0,06 0,07 0,14 0,15

AfterExposurea 0,79 0,27 0,15 0,13 0,24 0,26

Key Description Comments

Key Description Comments

Sameas . Sameas .>Sampleinairfor30min.

5.2.2 Zinc Oxide-Potassium Silicate

295 0,900,05 0,87 c

300 2001 28 0,90 0,88 0,882 0,012

1 278 0,114 Measuredinvacuum(1,2x104Pa).

3 279 0,153 Airdriedat100%relativehumidity;measuredinvacuum(1,3x104Pa).

6 279 0,147 Sprayapplication;measuredinvacuum(1,3x104Pa);freshpreparation.

9 279 0,138 Sprayapplication;measuredinvacuum(1,3x104Pa);preparationaged120d.

15 279 0,120 Sprayapplication;measuredinvacuum(1,3x104Pa);preparationaged120d.

18 298 0,164 SubstrateabradedwithNo.60Aloxitecloth.Samplecuredat413Kfor18h.

22 298 0,165 Abradedmagnesiumsilicatesubstrate.

27 298 0,168 Abradedaluminasubstrate.

32 298 0,153 Measuredinvacuum(4x103Pa).

33 298 0,120 Aluminiumsubstrate;suppliedbyIITRI.

36 298 0,184 Propertycalculatedfromreflectance;labdatatakenonsampletobetestedon

37 293 0,14 SubstrateabradedwithNo.60Aloxitecloth.a

T[K] t[h] Rangeofx107[m] s

24,1 4,16 68,5 8,5 Total

300 0 0,72 0,10 0,05 0,08 0,14 0,14

T[K] t[h] Rangeofx107[m] s

24,1 4,16 68,5 8,5 Total

300 941 0,65 0,19 0,08 0,09 0,15 0,17

AfterExposurea 0,75 0,17 0,06 0,08 0,16 0,17

366 0 0,84 0,05 0,04 0,08 0,14 0,14

T[K] t[h] Rangeofx107[m] s

24,1 4,16 68,5 8,5 Total

366 1395 0,84 0,19 0,13 0,09 0,187 0,20

AfterExposurea 0,75 0,25 0,12 0,10 0,18 0,21

422 0 0,75 0,11 0,05 0,05 0,0126 0,137

T[K] t[h] Rangeofx107[m] s

24,1 4,16 68,5 8,5 Total

422 2016 0,68 0,19 0,10 0,08 0,16 0,18

422 3336 0,66 0,17 0,10 0,09 0,16 0,17

T[K] t[h] Rangeofx107[m] s

24,1 4,16 68,5 8,5 Total

422 5737 0,59 0,26 0,12 0,09 0,17 0,19

T[K] t[h] Rangeofx107[m] s

24,1 4,16 68,5 8,5 Total

422 8589 0,57 0,17 0,12 0,10 0,16 0,18

BeforeExposurea 0,60 0,06 0,06 0,07 0,13 0,15

AfterExposurea 0,66 0,23 0,14 0,10 0,20 0,21

450 0 0,50 0,10 0,04 0,08 0,12 0,12

T[K] t[h] Rangeofx107[m] s

24,1 4,16 68,5 8,5 Total

450 896 0,80 0,30 0,20 0,14 0,25 0,26

BeforeExposurea 0,60 0,05 0,05 0,07 0,12 0,14