aaaa ELECTROMAGNETIC

INDUCTION

INDEX:

Aim
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Apparatus
Introduction
Theory
Conclusion
Bibliography
AIM:

To determine the faradays

law of electromagnetic
induction using a copper wire
wound over an iron rod and
a strong magnet
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the PHYSICS project titled
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION has been
successfully completed by C SAI SATHVICK of Class XII
in partial fulfillment of curriculum of CENTRAL BOARD
OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSE) leading to the
award of annual examination of the year 2013-2014.

INTERNAL EXAMINER TEACHER IN-CHARGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude
towards our Physics teacher MR P N SINGH for his
guidance, support and encouragement throughout
the duration of the project. Without her motivation
and help the successful completion of this project
would not have been possible.

C SAI SATHVICK
APPARATUS

1. Insulated copper wire

2. A iron rod
3. A strong magnet and
4. A light emitting diode (LED)
INTRODUCTION:

F
araday's law of induction is a basic law
of electromagnetism that predicts how a magnetic field will
interact with an electric circuit to produce
an electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental
operating principle of transformers, inductors, and many
types of electrical motors and generators.

Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently

by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday was the
first to publish the results of his experiments. Faraday explained
electromagnetic induction using a concept he called lines of force.
These equations for electromagnetics are extremely important since
they provide a means to precisely describe how many natural physical
phenomena in our universe arise and behave. The ability to
quantitatively describe physical phenomena not only allows us to gain
a better understanding of our universe, but it also makes possible a
host of technological innovations that define modern society.
Understanding Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction can be
beneficial since so many aspects of our daily life function because
of the principles behind Faradays Law. From natural phenomena such
as the light we receive from the sun, to technologies that improve
our quality of life such as electric power generation, Faradays Law
has a great impact on many aspects of our lives.

Faradays Law is the result of the experiments of the English

chemist and physicist Michael Faraday . The concept of
electromagnetic induction was actually discovered simultaneously in
1831 by Faraday in London and Joseph Henry, an American scientist
working in New York , but Faraday is credited for the law since he
published his work first . An important aspect of the equation that
quantifies Faradays Law comes from the work of Heinrich Lenz, a
Russian physicist who made his contribution to Faradays Law, now
known as Lenzs Law, in 1834 (Institute of Chemistry).

Faradays law describes electromagnetic induction, whereby an

electric field is induced, or generated, by a changing magnetic
field. Before expanding upon this description, it is necessary to
develop an understanding of the concept of fields, as well as the
related concept of potentials.
 Faraday's first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic
induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires around opposite
sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement similar to a
modern toroidal transformer) to induce current

Figure 1 Faraday's First Experiment

Some physicists have remarked that Faraday's law is a single equation

describing two different phenomena: the motional EMF generated by a
magnetic force on a moving wire (see Lorentz force), and
the transformer EMF generated by an electric force due to a changing
magnetic field (due to the MaxwellFaraday equation). James Clerk
Maxwell drew attention to this fact in his 1861 paper On Physical
Lines of Force. In the latter half of part II of that paper, Maxwell
gives a separate physical explanation for each of the two
phenomena. A reference to these two aspects of electromagnetic
induction is made in some modern textbooks.
THEORY:
Magnetic flux:

The magnetic flux (often denoted or B) through a surface is the

component of the B field passing through that surface. The SI unit of
magnetic flux is the weber (Wb) (in derived units: volt-seconds), and
the CGS unit is the maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a
fluxmeter, which contains measuring coils and electronics that
evaluates the change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate
the magnetic flux.

If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through

a surface of vector area S is

where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic flux

density) having the unit of Wb/m2 (Tesla), S is the area of the
surface, and is the angle between the magnetic field lines and
the normal (perpendicular) to S.
 For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux
through an infinitesimal area element dS, where we may consider the
field to be constant

From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A and

the fundamental theorem of the curl the magnetic flux may also be
defined as:

where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the surface S,
which is denoted S.
LAW:
The most widespread version of Faraday's law states:

The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is

equal to the negative of the time rate of change of
the magnetic flux through the circuit.
This version of Faraday's law strictly holds only when the closed
circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is invalid in other
circumstances as discussed below. A different version, the Maxwell
Faraday equation (discussed below), is valid in all circumstances.

When the flux changesbecause B changes, or because the wire loop is

moved or deformed, or bothFaraday's law of induction says that the
wire loop acquires an EMF , defined as the energy available per
unit charge that travels once around the wire loop (the unit of EMF
is the volt). Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured
by cutting the wire to create an open circuit, and attaching
a voltmeter to the leads.

According to the Lorentz force law (in SI units),

the EMF on a wire loop is:

where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka magnetic

flux density, magnetic induction), d is an infinitesimal arc
length along the wire, and the line integral is evaluated along the
wire (along the curve the conincident with the shape of the wire).

The MaxwellFaraday equation states that a time-varying magnetic

field is always accompanied by a spatially-varying, non-
conservative electric field, and vice-versa. The MaxwellFaraday
equation is

where is the curl operator and again E(r, t) is the electric

field and B(r, t) is the magnetic field. These fields can generally
be functions of position r and time t.

The four Maxwell's equations (including the MaxwellFaraday

equation), along with the Lorentz force law, are a sufficient
foundation to derive everything inclassical electromagnetism.
Therefore it is possible to "prove" Faraday's law starting with these
equations. Faraday's law could be taken as the starting point and
used to "prove" the MaxwellFaraday equation and/or other laws.)
CONCLUSION
Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and
published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century,
describes a very important electro-magnetic concept. Although its
mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of Faradays is
not hard to grasp: it relates an induced electric potential or voltage to
a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many far-reaching
ramifications that touch our lives in many ways: from the shining of
the sun, to the convenience of mobile communications, to electricity
to power our homes. We can all appreciate the profound impact
Faradays Law has on us.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

WIKIPEDIA
HOW STUFF WORKS
SCIENCE FOR ALL
EXPERIMENT PHOTOs