Section C

Ans 1--Population geography is a division of human geography. It is the study of the ways in which spatial variations in the
distribution, composition, migration, and growth of populations are related to the nature of places. Population geography
involves demography in a geographical perspective. It focuses on the characteristics of population distributions that change in a
spatial context. Examples can be shown through population density maps. A few types of maps that show the spatial layout of
population are choropleth, isoline, and dot maps. Population geography studies:
Demographic phenomena (natality, mortality, growth rates, etc.) through both space and time
Increase or decrease in population numbers
The movements and mobility of populations
Occupational Structure
The way in which places in turn react to population phenomena e.g. immigration
Research topics of other geographic sub-disciplines, such as settlement geography, have also a population-geographic dimension:
Grouping of people in settlements
The way from the geographical character of places e.g. settlement patterns
All of the above are looked at over space and time.It also study of the relationship between man and environment, problem and
prospect.
The early works of George (1951) and the influential statement of Trewartha before the annual meeting of the Association of
American Geographers in 1953 are often considered as the turning point in the emergence of population geography as a separate
field within geographical studies. The development, however, was not sudden nor was it unexpected. The roots of the sub-field can
be located in developments that were taking place both within geography and outside during some earlier periods.
While some can be traced, as early as, in nineteenth century, others became potent forces in the first half of the twentieth century. In
addition to the growing recognition of the significance of human elements in geography, some other developments that were taking
place in different parts of the world and in different fields helped a great deal in the emergence and thereafter growth and expansion
of the sub-field.
As Kosinski (1984) and Clarke (1984) have suggested, growing availability of population statistics has played a crucial role in the
emergence of population geography. Prior to the emergence of governmental and international agencies as sources of data, several
private agencies, mainly in Europe, were involved in collection and compilation of population data. The UN agencies began
publishing demographic statistics on a regular basis soon after the end of the Second World War.
The UN also played a significant role in making the census data uniform and comparable across different countries by issuing
guidelines and principles for census taking. The political and societal conditions, both during and after the wars, necessitated a
geographical study of the ethnic composition of population of different regions.
Ans 2--International Migration
International migration is a global phenomenon that is growing in scope, complexity and impact. Migration is both a cause and effect
of broader development processes and an intrinsic feature of our ever globalizing world. While no substitute for development,
migration can be a positive force for development when supported by the right set of policies. The rise in global mobility, the
growing complexity of migratory patterns and its impact on countries, migrants, families and communities have all contributed to
international migration becoming a priority for the international community.
The second General Assembly High-level Dialogue on International Migration and Development (New York, 3-4 October 2013), the
preparations for the post-2015 United Nations Development Agenda as well as the 2014 special session of the General Assembly on
the implementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development beyond 2014 are
important occasions for Member States to harness the benefits of migration, to address migration challenges, and to improve the
global governance of migration.
The Population Division provides guidance and support to the United Nations General Assembly and the Economic and Social
Council (ECOSOC), including its Commission on Population and Development, on issues related to migration and its implications
for development. Specifically, it prepares global migration estimates, undertakes studies on migration levels, trends and dynamics,
documents migration policies, and monitors the implementation of the United Nations Development Agenda in this regard. In
addition, the Divisions work focuses on strengthening United Nations system-wide coordination and on developing capacities.
One of the key activities of the Division in this field is to produce estimates of the international migrant stock for all countries and
areas of the world, disaggregated by age and sex and country of birth or citizenship, at regular intervals. Recent highlights of the
Divisions work are listed below. For a complete list of activities undertaken by the Division in the field of international migration
Permanent immigrant inflows cover regulated movements of foreigners considered to be settling in the country from the perspective
of the destination country. They cover regulated movements of foreigners as well as free movement migration. The data presented
are the result of a standardisation process that allows for cross-country comparisons. This indicator is measured by numbers of
permanent inflows.
Immigration is the international movement of people into a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not
possess citizenship in order to settle or reside there, especially as permanent residents or naturalized citizens, or to take-
up employment as a migrant worker or temporarily as a foreign worker.[1][2][3]
As for economic effects, research suggests that migration is beneficial both to the receiving and sending countries. Research, with
few exceptions, finds that immigration on average has positive economic effects on the native population, but is mixed as to whether
low-skilled immigration adversely affects low-skilled natives. Studies show that the elimination of barriers to migration would have
profound effects on world GDP, with estimates of gains ranging between 67 and 147 percent. Development economists argue that
reducing barriers to labor mobility between developing countries and developed countries would be one of the most efficient tools of
poverty reduction.
The academic literature provides mixed findings for the relationship between immigration and crime worldwide, but finds for the
United States that immigration either has no impact on the crime rate or that it reduces the crime rate. Research shows that country of
origin matters for speed and depth of immigrant assimilation, but that there is considerable assimilation overall for both first- and
second-generation immigrants.
Ans 3-- The sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a population. In most sexually reproducing species, the ratio tends to be 1:1.
This tendency is explained by Fisher's principle.[1] For various reasons, however, many species deviate from anything like an even
sex ratio, either periodically or permanently. Examples include parthenogenic species, periodically mating organisms such as aphids,
some eusocial wasps such as Polistes fuscatus and Polistes exclamans, bees, ants, and termites.[2]
The human sex ratio is of particular interest to anthropologists and demographers. In human societies, however, sex ratios at birth
may be considerably skewed by factors such as the age of mother at birth,[3] and by sex-selective abortion and infanticide. Exposure
to pesticides and other environmental contaminants may be a significant contributing factor as well.[4] As of 2014, the global sex
ratio at birth is estimated at 107 boys to 100 girls (1000 boys per 934 girls).
In most species, the sex ratio varies according to the age profile of the population.[6]
It is generally divided into four subdivisions:
primary sex ratio ratio at fertilization
secondary sex ratio ratio at birth
tertiary sex ratio ratio in sexually mature organisms
Also called adult sex ratio and abbreviated to ASR. ASR is defined as the proportion of adults in a population that are
male.[7]
Operational sex ratio abbreviated as OSR is the proportion of adults in the sexually active population that are males. 'OSR'
has often been confused with 'ASR' although these are conceptually different.[8]
quaternary sex ratio ratio in post-reproductive organisms
Measuring these requires sophisticated mathematics since they lack clear boundaries.
Reasons for Declining Sex Ratio:
There are multiple factors behind the trend of declining sex ratio. Sex selection and medical technology is misused in India for
detecting the sex of unborn child and ultimately for the) sex selection, Female foetuses, thus identified and aborted.
Many studies have shown that Pre Natal Sex Determination is the main reason of low sex ratio in India followed by abortion of
female foetuses. Besides the misuse of the technology, the patriarchal societies in many parts of India have translated their prejudice
and bigotry into a compulsive preference for boys and discriminations against the girl child.
Women work is always socially devalued with limited autonomy in decision making. Patriarchy always maintains a strong hold on
the gender inequality. (Sex determination tests are seen as providing a reproductive choice a choice to decide to have a boy or a
girl. Soon after the sex determining techniques, in 1983 Indian parliament banned the practice of sex determination in all public
institutions. But the prime legislation Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques act, passed in 1994, after a long campaign by the civil society
and women organisation and certain.
The law is enforced at both the national and regional levels. At the same time, many difficulties and loopholes in the provisions of
the Act lead to unsatisfactory results like lack of resources to carry out inspection and monitoring, lack of corresponding qualified
staff, poor performance of advisory committees at various levels, insufficient understanding of the law and procedural errors.
(The surplus of males in a society leads to lack of marriage-ability, and consequent marginalization in society, may lead to anti social
behaviour and violence, threatening societal stability and security.
(The suggestive measures which flew unabated from the study included strict implementation of laws banning female foeticide and
dowry, providing old age pension for parents who had no son, free and compulsory education for girls, job reservation for women in
specific occupations and giving them an equal share in the property, in the true sense of the word. Efforts should be made to
implement these laws effectively.
Strict punishment should be given to the defaulters. Dowry is the main cause of low sex ratio. The trend of taking and giving of
dowry which takes place mostly in educated and upper class homes can be discouraged by laws and awareness among the peoples
(Moral education should be imparted in schools.
Children should be taught to uphold morals and refrain from practices of dowry, female foeticide, and gender bias. The vulnerable
minds of the children should be so influenced that they grow up as adults who consider practicing dowry and female foeticide as
immoral.
Women should also be socialized from early childhood to consider themselves as equal to men. This would be a positive influence
on the coming generations as todays girl child would be tomorrows mother as well as mother in-law.
(The study suggests that only the sex ratio as an individual or related to the misuse of medical technology or the legal interventions
with laws to end the practice reflect poor understanding of the problem. While strict laws only can control the female infanticide and
foeticide, it will not eliminate the problem completely.
The major barrier in the way towards the balanced gender structure is gender inequality based on the socio-cultural issues. The
systematic discrimination of the females needs to be tackled from our society.
(The concern regarding declining female population in India is to rise above the social domain issue to become a political, economic
and reformist issue and the entire society must be sensitised. We are living through a civilization crises.
Section B
Ans 1-- Causes of Overpopulation:
i. Decline in the Death Rate:
The fall in death rates that is decline in mortality rate is one fundamental causes of overpopulation. Owing to the advancements in
medicine, man has found cures to the previously fatal diseases. The new inventions in medicine have brought in treatments for most
of the dreadful diseases. This has resulted in an increase in the life expectancy of individuals. Mortality rate has declined leading to
an increase in population.
ii. Rise in the Birth Rate:
Thanks to the new discoveries in nutritional science, we have been able to bring in increase in the fertility rates of human beings.
Medicines of today can boost the reproductive rate in human beings. There are medicines and treatments, which can help in
conception. Thus, science has led to an increase in birth rate. This is certainly a reason to be proud and happy but advances in
medicine have also become a cause of overpopulation.
iii. Migration:
Immigration is a problem in some parts of the world. If the inhabitants of various countries migrate to a particular part of the world
and settle over there, the area is bound to suffer from the ill effects of overpopulation. If the rates of emigration from a certain nation
do not match the rates of immigration to that country, overpopulation makes its way.
iv. Lack of Education:
Illiteracy is another important cause of overpopulation. Those lacking education fail to understand the need to prevent excessive
growth of population. They are unable to understand the harmful effects that overpopulation has.
Ans 2-- Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, "the gradual increase in the proportion of people living
in urban areas", and the ways in which each society adapts to the change.[1] It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities
are formed and become larger as more people begin living and working in central areas.[2] The United Nations projected that halve of
the world's population would live in urban areas at the end of 2008.[3] It is predicted that by 2050 about 64% of the developing
world and 86% of the developed world will be urbanized.[4] That is equivalent to approximately 3 billion urbanites by 2050, much of
which will occur in Africa and Asia.[5] Notably, the United Nations has also recently projected that nearly all global population
growth from 2017 to 2030 will be absorbed by cities, about 1.1 billion new urbanites over the next 13 years.
Urbanization is relevant to a range of disciplines, including geography, sociology, economics, urban planning, and public health. The
phenomenon has been closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization. Urbanization
can be seen as a specific condition at a set time (e.g. the proportion of total population or area in cities or towns) or as an increase in
that condition over time. So urbanization can be quantified either in terms of, say, the level of urban development relative to the
overall population, or as the rate at which the urban proportion of the population is increasing. Urbanization creates enormous social,
economic and environmental changes, which provide an opportunity for sustainability with the potential to use resources more
efficiently, to create more sustainable land use and to protect the biodiversity of natural ecosystems.
Urbanization is not merely a modern phenomenon, but a rapid and historic transformation of human social roots on a global scale,
whereby predominantly rural culture is being rapidly replaced by predominantly urban culture. The first major change in settlement
patterns was the accumulation of hunter-gatherers into villages many thousand years ago. Village culture is characterized by
common bloodlines, intimate relationships, and communal behavior whereas urban culture is characterized by distant bloodlines,
unfamiliar relations, and competitive behavior.
Ans 3-- Demography is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings. As a very general science, it can analyse any
kind of dynamic living population, i.e., one that changes over time or space (see population dynamics). Demography encompasses
the study of the size, structure, and distribution of these populations, and spatial or temporal changes in them in response
to birth, migration, ageing, and death. Based on the demographic research of the earth, earth's population up to the year 2050 and
2100 can be estimated by demographers. Demographics are quantifiable characteristics of a given population.
Demographic analysis can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as education, nationality, religion, and ethnicity.
Educational institutions[2] usually treat demography as a field of sociology, though there are a number of independent demography
departments.[3]
Formal demography limits its object of study to the measurement of population processes, while the broader field of social
demography or population studies also analyses the relationships between economic, social, cultural, and biological processes
influencing a population.
Direct data comes from vital statistics registries that track all births and deaths as well as certain changes in legal status such as
marriage, divorce, and migration (registration of place of residence). In developed countries with good registration systems (such as
the United States and much of Europe), registry statistics are the best method for estimating the number of births and deaths.
A census is the other common direct method of collecting demographic data. A census is usually conducted by a national
government and attempts to enumerate every person in a country. However, in contrast to vital statistics data, which are typically
collected continuously and summarized on an annual basis, censuses typically occur only every 10 years or so, and thus are not
usually the best source of data on births and deaths. Analyses are conducted after a census to estimate how much over or
undercounting took place. These compare the sex ratios from the census data to those estimated from natural values and mortality
data.
Ans 4 Settlement:
1. Earlier man lived a nomadic life, moving from one place to another in search of food and shelter, later man invented agriculture
and started leading a more settled life.
2. The settlements grew near the river valleys as water was available and land was fertile. With the development of trade, commerce
and manufacturing, human settlements became larger.

It is a place where people build their homes and interact with each other, carrying out various occupational activities which help
making life more comfortable.
Ans 5 Population explosion refers to the rapid and dramatic rise in world population that has occurred over the last few hundred
years. Between 1959 and 2000, the worlds population increased from 2.5 billion to 6.1 billion people. According to United Nations
projections, the world population will be between 7.9 billion and 10.9 billion by 2050.
Most of the growth is currently taking place in the developing world, where rates of natural increase are much higher than in
industrialized countries. Concern that this might lead to over population has led some countries to adopt population control policies.
In the past, infant and childhood deaths and short life spans used to limit population growth In todays world, thanks to improved
nutrition, sanitation, and medical care, more babies survive their first few years of life.
The combination of a continuing high birth rate and a low death rate is creating a rapid population increase in many countries in
Asia, Latin America and Africa and people generally lived longer. Over-population is defined as the condition of having more people
than can live on the earth in comfort, happiness and health and still leave the world a fit place for future generations. But some
people now believe that the greatest threat to the future comes from over-population.
It took the entire history of humankind for the population to reach 1 billion around 1810 Just 120 years later, this doubled to 2 billion
people (1930); then 4 billion in 1975 (45 years).
The number of people in the world has risen from 4.4 billion people in 1980 to 6.3 billion in 2005. And it is estimated that the
population could double again to nearly 11 billion in less than 40 years. This means that more people are now being added each day
than at any other time in human history.
According to a report by the United Nation Population fund, total population is likely to reach 10 billion by 2025 and grow to 14
billion by the end of the next century unless birth control use increases dramatically around the world within the next two decades.

Section A
1-c
2-a
3-d
4-b
5-c
6-d
7-b
8-a
9-c
10-d