Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Table of Contents
SIPROTEC 5 Introduction 1
Transformer Differential Basic Structure of the Function 2
Protection
7UT82, 7UT85, 7UT86,
System Functions 3
7UT87 Applications 4
Function-Group Types 5
6
V7.50 and higher
Protection and Automation Functions
Manual
Control Functions 7
Supervision Functions 8
Measured Values, Energy Values, and
Supervision of the Primary System 9
Functional Tests 10
Technical Data 11
Appendix A
Glossary
Index
C53000-G5040-C016-8
NOTE
i For your own safety, observe the warnings and safety instructions contained in this document, if available.
Target Audience
Protection system engineers, commissioning engineers, persons entrusted with the setting, testing and main-
tenance of automation, selective protection and control equipment, and operational crew in electrical installa-
tions and power plants.
Scope
This manual applies to the SIPROTEC 5 device family.
Further Documentation
[dwprefdm-221012-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Device manuals
Each Device manual describes the functions and applications of a specific SIPROTEC 5 device. The printed
manual and the online help for the device have the same informational structure.
Hardware manual
The Hardware manual describes the hardware building blocks and device combinations of the SIPROTEC 5
device family.
Operating manual
The Operating manual describes the basic principles and procedures for operating and assembling the
devices of the SIPROTEC 5 range.
Product information
The Product information includes general information about device installation, technical data, limiting
values for input and output modules, and conditions when preparing for operation. This document is
provided with each SIPROTEC 5 device.
Engineering Guide
The Engineering Guide describes the essential steps when engineering with DIGSI 5. In addition, the Engi-
neering Guide shows you how to load a planned configuration to a SIPROTEC 5 device and update the
functionality of the SIPROTEC 5 device.
SIPROTEC 5 catalog
The SIPROTEC 5 catalog describes the system features and the devices of SIPROTEC 5.
Indication of Conformity
This product complies with the directive of the Council of the European Communities
on harmonization of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC Directive 2014/30/EU) and concerning electrical equipment for use
within specified voltage limits (Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU).
This conformity has been proved by tests performed according to the Council Directive
in accordance with the product standard EN 60255-26 (for EMC directive) and with the
product standard EN 60255-27 (for Low Voltage Directive) by Siemens AG.
The device is designed and manufactured for application in an industrial environment.
The product conforms with the international standards of IEC 60255 and the German
standard VDE 0435.
Other Standards
IEEE Std C 37.90
The technical data of the product is approved in accordance with UL.
For more information about the UL database, see certified.ul.com
Select Online Certifications Directory and enter E194016 as UL File Number.
[ul_listed_c_us, 1, --_--]
Additional Support
For questions about the system, please contact your Siemens sales partner.
Support
Our Customer Support Center provides a 24-hour service.
Phone: +49 (180) 524-7000
Fax: +49 (180) 524-2471
E-Mail: support.energy@siemens.com
Training Courses
Inquiries regarding individual training courses should be addressed to our Training Center:
Siemens AG
Siemens Power Academy TD
Humboldtstrae 59
90459 Nrnberg
Germany
Notes on Safety
This document is not a complete index of all safety measures required for operation of the equipment (module
or device). However, it comprises important information that must be followed for personal safety, as well as
to avoid material damage. Information is highlighted and illustrated as follows according to the degree of
danger:
! DANGER
DANGER means that death or severe injury will result if the measures specified are not taken.
Comply with all instructions, in order to avoid death or severe injuries.
! WARNING
WARNING means that death or severe injury may result if the measures specified are not taken.
Comply with all instructions, in order to avoid death or severe injuries.
! CAUTION
CAUTION means that medium-severe or slight injuries can occur if the specified measures are not taken.
Comply with all instructions, in order to avoid moderate or minor injuries.
NOTICE
NOTICE means that property damage can result if the measures specified are not taken.
Comply with all instructions, in order to avoid property damage.
NOTE
i Important information about the product, product handling or a certain section of the documentation
which must be given particular attention.
Proper Use
The equipment (device, module) may be used only for such applications as set out in the catalogs and the
technical description, and only in combination with third-party equipment recommended and approved by
Siemens.
Problem-free and safe operation of the product depends on the following:
Proper transport
Proper storage, setup and installation
Hazardous voltages may be present in equipment even after the supply voltage has been disconnected
(capacitors can still be charged).
Operation of equipment with exposed current-transformer circuits is prohibited. Before disconnecting the
equipment, ensure that the current-transformer circuits are short-circuited.
The limiting values stated in the document must not be exceeded. This must also be considered during
testing and commissioning.
The product contains, among other things, Open Source Software developed by third parties. The Open
Source Software used in the product and the license agreements concerning this software can be found in the
Readme_OSS. These Open Source Software files are protected by copyright. Your compliance with those
license conditions will entitle you to use the Open Source Software as foreseen in the relevant license. In the
event of conflicts between Siemens license conditions and the Open Source Software license conditions, the
Open Source Software conditions shall prevail with respect to the Open Source Software portions of the soft-
ware. The Open Source Software is licensed royalty-free. Insofar as the applicable Open Source Software
License Conditions provide for it you can order the source code of the Open Source Software from your
Siemens sales contact - against payment of the shipping and handling charges - for a period of at least 3 years
since purchase of the Product. We are liable for the Product including the Open Source Software contained in
it pursuant to the license conditions applicable to the Product. Any liability for the Open Source Software
beyond the program flow intended for the Product is explicitly excluded. Furthermore any liability for defects
resulting from modifications to the Open Source Software by you or third parties is excluded. We do not
provide any technical support for the Product if it has been modified.
When using DIGSI 5 in online mode, you are provided with the option to go to the main menu Show open
source software information and read and display the Readme_OSS file containing the original license text
and copyright information.
To do this, the following steps are necessary:
Switch to online mode.
Select the device.
NOTE
i To read the Readme_OSS file, a PDF viewer must be installed on the computer.
In order to operate SIPROTEC 5 devices, a valid DIGSI 5 license is required.
Preface.......................................................................................................................................................... 3
1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................41
1.1 General.............................................................................................................................42
1.2 Properties of SIPROTEC 5................................................................................................... 44
1.3 Overview of Transformer Protection Devices......................................................................45
3 System Functions....................................................................................................................................... 67
3.1 Indications........................................................................................................................ 68
3.1.1 General....................................................................................................................... 68
3.1.2 Reading Indications on the On-Site Operation Panel..................................................... 68
3.1.3 Reading Indications from the PC with DIGSI 5............................................................... 70
3.1.4 Displaying Indications.................................................................................................. 71
3.1.5 Logs............................................................................................................................ 73
3.1.5.1 General..................................................................................................................73
3.1.5.2 Operational Log..................................................................................................... 75
3.1.5.3 Fault Log................................................................................................................76
3.1.5.4 Ground-Fault Log................................................................................................... 77
3.1.5.5 Setting-History Log.................................................................................................79
3.1.5.6 User Log................................................................................................................ 81
3.1.5.7 Communication Log............................................................................................... 83
3.1.5.8 Security Log........................................................................................................... 84
3.1.5.9 Device-Diagnosis Log............................................................................................. 85
3.1.5.10 Motor-Starting Log.................................................................................................86
3.1.6 Saving and Deleting the Logs....................................................................................... 88
3.1.7 Spontaneous Indication Display in DIGSI 5....................................................................89
3.1.8 Spontaneous Fault Display on the On-Site Operation Panel...........................................90
3.1.9 Stored Indications in the SIPROTEC 5 Device.................................................................91
3.1.10 Test Mode and Influence of Indications on Substation Automation Technology ............92
3.1.11 Resetting Stored Indications of the Function Group ..................................................... 92
3.2 Measured-Value Acquisition ............................................................................................. 93
3.3 Processing Quality Attributes.............................................................................................95
3.3.1 Overview.....................................................................................................................95
4 Applications.............................................................................................................................................. 195
4.1 Overview........................................................................................................................ 196
4.2 Application Templates and Functional Scope of the Device 7UT82 .................................. 197
4.3 Application Templates and Functional Scope of the Device 7UT85................................... 200
4.4 Application Templates and Functional Scope of the Device 7UT86................................... 205
4.5 Application Templates and Functional Scope of the Device 7UT87................................... 215
6.4.5 Settings.....................................................................................................................500
6.4.6 Information List......................................................................................................... 502
6.5 Motor Differential Protection........................................................................................... 503
6.5.1 Overview of Functions............................................................................................... 503
6.5.2 Structure of the Function........................................................................................... 503
6.5.3 Function Description..................................................................................................503
6.5.4 Application and Setting Notes....................................................................................521
6.5.5 Settings.....................................................................................................................526
6.5.6 Information List......................................................................................................... 528
6.6 Generator Differential Protection.....................................................................................530
6.6.1 Overview of Functions .............................................................................................. 530
6.6.2 Structure of the Function .......................................................................................... 530
6.6.3 Function Description..................................................................................................530
6.6.4 Application and Setting Notes....................................................................................548
6.6.5 Settings.....................................................................................................................552
6.6.6 Information List......................................................................................................... 557
6.7 Line Differential Protection..............................................................................................559
6.7.1 Overview of Functions............................................................................................... 559
6.7.2 Structure of the Function .......................................................................................... 559
6.7.3 Function Description..................................................................................................562
6.7.4 Application and Setting Instructions - General Settings............................................... 567
6.7.5 Settings.....................................................................................................................568
6.7.6 Information List......................................................................................................... 568
6.7.7 Stage I-DIFF............................................................................................................... 570
6.7.7.1 Description ......................................................................................................... 570
6.7.7.2 Application and Setting Notes.............................................................................. 573
6.7.7.3 Settings............................................................................................................... 574
6.7.7.4 Information List................................................................................................... 575
6.7.8 Stage I-DIFF Fast 2..................................................................................................... 576
6.7.8.1 Description.......................................................................................................... 576
6.7.8.2 Application and Setting Notes.............................................................................. 579
6.7.8.3 Settings............................................................................................................... 580
6.7.8.4 Information List................................................................................................... 581
6.7.9 Stage I-DIFF Fast........................................................................................................ 581
6.7.9.1 Description.......................................................................................................... 581
6.7.9.2 Application and Setting Notes.............................................................................. 583
6.7.9.3 Settings............................................................................................................... 583
6.7.9.4 Information List................................................................................................... 583
6.7.10 Remote Tripping........................................................................................................ 584
6.7.10.1 Description.......................................................................................................... 584
6.7.10.2 Information List................................................................................................... 584
6.7.11 Pickup and Tripping................................................................................................... 584
6.7.11.1 Pickup Logic ........................................................................................................ 584
6.7.11.2 Trip Logic............................................................................................................. 584
6.7.11.3 Information List................................................................................................... 585
6.7.12 Logging Off the Local Line Differential Protection.......................................................585
6.7.13 Transformer in Protection Range................................................................................ 588
6.7.13.1 Description.......................................................................................................... 588
6.7.13.2 Application and Setting Notes.............................................................................. 588
6.7.13.3 Settings............................................................................................................... 590
6.54.9 Application Example for Arc Protection with Point Sensors in Operating Mode:
Light and Current.................................................................................................... 1281
6.54.9.1 Description........................................................................................................ 1281
6.54.9.2 Application and Setting Notes............................................................................ 1283
6.54.10 Application Example for Arc Protection with Point Sensors via External Trip Initiation1283
6.54.10.1 Description........................................................................................................ 1283
6.54.10.2 Application and Setting Notes............................................................................ 1285
6.54.10.3 Application and Setting Notes for Variant 2 (with Feedback to Feeder Protec-
tion Devices)...................................................................................................... 1287
6.55 Power-Plant Disconnection Protection........................................................................... 1290
6.55.1 Overview of Functions ............................................................................................ 1290
6.55.2 Structure of the Function ........................................................................................ 1290
6.55.3 Function Description................................................................................................1290
6.55.4 Application and Setting Notes..................................................................................1295
6.55.5 Settings...................................................................................................................1300
6.55.6 Information List....................................................................................................... 1300
6.56 Inrush-Current Detection...............................................................................................1302
6.56.1 Overview of Functions............................................................................................. 1302
6.56.2 Structure of the Function ........................................................................................ 1302
6.56.3 Function Description................................................................................................1302
6.56.4 Application and Setting Notes..................................................................................1306
6.56.5 Settings...................................................................................................................1307
6.56.6 Information List....................................................................................................... 1308
6.57 Power Protection (P,Q), 3-Phase.................................................................................... 1309
6.57.1 Overview of Functions ............................................................................................ 1309
6.57.2 Structure of the Function ........................................................................................ 1309
6.57.3 Active Power Stage ................................................................................................. 1310
6.57.4 Reactive Power Stage ..............................................................................................1312
6.57.5 Application Example................................................................................................ 1313
6.57.6 Setting Notes for the Active Power Stage................................................................. 1314
6.57.7 Setting Notes for the Reactive Power Stage.............................................................. 1315
6.57.8 Settings...................................................................................................................1316
6.57.9 Information List....................................................................................................... 1317
6.58 Reverse-Power Protection..............................................................................................1319
6.58.1 Overview of Functions............................................................................................. 1319
6.58.2 Structure of the Function.........................................................................................1319
6.58.3 General Functionality.............................................................................................. 1320
6.58.3.1 Description ....................................................................................................... 1320
6.58.3.2 Application and Setting Notes............................................................................ 1321
6.58.3.3 Settings............................................................................................................. 1323
6.58.3.4 Information List................................................................................................. 1323
6.58.4 Stage Description.................................................................................................... 1324
6.58.4.1 Description ....................................................................................................... 1324
6.58.4.2 Application and Setting Notes............................................................................ 1325
6.58.4.3 Settings............................................................................................................. 1326
6.58.4.4 Information List................................................................................................. 1326
6.59 Voltage Measuring-Point Selection................................................................................ 1327
6.59.1 Overview of Functions............................................................................................. 1327
6.59.2 Function Description................................................................................................1327
9 Measured Values, Energy Values, and Supervision of the Primary System........................................... 1597
9.1 Overview of Functions.................................................................................................. 1598
9.2 Structure of the Function.............................................................................................. 1599
9.3 Operational Measured Values........................................................................................ 1601
9.4 Fundamental and Symmetrical Components..................................................................1603
9.5 Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)...................................................................................1604
9.5.1 Overview of Functions............................................................................................. 1604
9.5.2 Structure of the Function Group.............................................................................. 1604
9.5.3 Function Description................................................................................................1604
9.5.4 Transmitted Data..................................................................................................... 1609
9.5.5 PMU Communication (IEEE C37.118)....................................................................... 1609
9.5.6 Parameterizing the PMU with DIGSI..........................................................................1610
9.5.7 Parameterizing the PMU on the Device.....................................................................1619
9.5.8 Application and Setting Notes..................................................................................1621
9.5.9 Settings...................................................................................................................1622
9.5.10 Information List....................................................................................................... 1623
9.6 Average Values............................................................................................................. 1624
9.6.1 Function Description of Average Values................................................................... 1624
9.6.2 Application and Setting Notes for Average Values.................................................... 1624
9.7 Minimum/Maximum Values...........................................................................................1627
9.7.1 Function Description of Minimum/Maximum Values.................................................1627
9.7.2 Application and Setting Notes for Minimum/Maximum Values.................................. 1628
10 Functional Tests......................................................................................................................................1661
10.1 General Notes............................................................................................................... 1662
10.2 Checking System Integration......................................................................................... 1663
10.3 Commissioning Notes Transformer Differential Protection............................................. 1665
10.3.1 Secondary Tests.......................................................................................................1665
10.3.2 Primary Tests .......................................................................................................... 1667
10.4 Generator Differential Protection...................................................................................1677
10.4.1 Secondary Tests.......................................................................................................1677
A Appendix................................................................................................................................................ 1893
A.1 Order Configurator and Order Options...........................................................................1894
A.2 Typographic and Symbol Conventions........................................................................... 1895
A.3 Available Protection and Control Functions in the Transformer Differential Protec-
tion Function Groups.................................................................................................... 1898
A.4 Standard Variant for 7UT82 .......................................................................................... 1903
A.5 Standard Variants for 7UT85 .........................................................................................1904
A.6 Standard Variants for 7UT86 .........................................................................................1905
A.7 Standard Variants for 7UT87 .........................................................................................1907
A.8 Requirements for Current Transformers of Transformer Differential Protection
(Phase-Current Transformer and Neutral-Point Transformer).......................................... 1909
A.9 Requirements for Current Transformer of Generator Differential Protection (Phase
Current Transformer).................................................................................................... 1912
A.10 Connection Examples for Current Transformers............................................................. 1915
A.11 Connection Examples of Voltage Transformers for Modular Devices............................... 1922
A.12 Selected Connection Examples for Transformers............................................................1928
A.13 Prerouting Two-Winding Transf. Basic, Two-Winding Transf. ......................................... 1934
A.14 Prerouting Two-Winding Transf. 1.5 CB .........................................................................1936
A.15 Prerouting Two-Winding Transf. Diff, Voltage Controller ............................................... 1938
A.16 Prerouting Motor.......................................................................................................... 1940
A.17 Prerouting Three-Winding Transformers ....................................................................... 1942
A.18 Prerouting Three-Winding Transf. 1.5 CB ...................................................................... 1944
A.19 Prerouting Three-Winding Transf. DIFF, EDS, DIS ........................................................... 1946
A.20 Prerouting Auto Transformer.........................................................................................1948
A.21 Prerouting Auto Transformer 1.5 CB.............................................................................. 1951
Glossary.................................................................................................................................................. 1955
Index.......................................................................................................................................................1975
1.1 General 42
1.2 Properties of SIPROTEC 5 44
1.3 Overview of Transformer Protection Devices 45
1.1 General
The digital multifunctional protection and bay controllers of the SIPROTEC 5 device series are equipped with a
powerful microprocessor. As a result, all tasks, from acquiring measurands to entering commands in the
circuit breaker, are processed digitally.
Analog Inputs
The measuring inputs transform the currents and voltages sent by the instrument transformers and adapt
them to the internal processing level of the device. A SIPROTEC 5 device has a current transformer and,
depending on the device type, a voltage transformer. The current inputs are therefore intended for the detec-
tion of phase currents and ground current. The ground current can be detected sensitively using a core
balance current transformer. In addition, phase currents can be detected very sensitively for a particularly
precise measurement. The voltage inputs detect the measuring voltage of device functions requiring current
and voltage measured values.
The analog values are digitized in the internal microcomputer for data processing.
Microcomputer System
All device functions are processed in the microcomputer system.
This includes, for example:
Filtering and preparation of the measurands
Constant monitoring of the measurands
Storage of indications, fault data, and fault values for fault analysis
Administration of the operating system and its functions, such as data storage, real-time clock, communi-
cation, interfaces, etc.
Front Elements
For devices with an integrated or offset operation panel, LEDs and an LC display on the front provide informa-
tion on the device function and report events, states, and measured values. In conjunction with the LC display,
the integrated keypad enables on-site operation of the device. All device information such as setting parame-
ters, operating and fault indications or measured values can be displayed, and setting parameters changed. In
addition, system equipment can be controlled via the user interface of the device.
Serial Interfaces
The serial interface in the front cover enables communication with a personal computer when using the DIGSI
operating program. As a result, the operation of all device functions is possible. Additional interfaces on the
back are used to realize various communication protocols.
Power Supply
The individual functional units of the device are powered by an internal power supply. Brief interruptions in
the supply voltage, which can occur during short circuits in the system auxiliary voltage supply are generally
bridged by capacitor storage (see also the Technical Data).
General Properties
Powerful microprocessor
Fully digital measured-value processing and control, from sampling and digitizing of measurands to
closing and tripping decisions for the circuit breaker
Complete galvanic and interference-free isolation of the internal processing circuits from the system
measuring, control, and supply circuits through instrument transformers, binary input and output
modules, and DC and AC voltage converters
Easy operation using an integrated operator and display panel, or using a connected personal computer
with user interface
Storage of min/max measured values (slave pointer function) and storage of long-term average values
Storage of fault indications for system incidents (faults in system) with real-time assignment and instan-
taneous values for fault recording
Continuous monitoring of the measurands as well as the device hardware and software
Communication with central control and storage devices possible via the device interface
Modular Concept
The SIPROTEC 5 modular concept ensures the consistency and integrity of all functionalities across the entire
device series. Significant features here include:
Modular system design in hardware, software, and communication
Functional integration of various applications, such as protection, control, and fault recorder
The same expansion and communication modules for all devices in the family
Innovative terminal technology with easy assembly and interchangeability and the highest possible
degree of safety
The same functions can be configured individually across the entire family of devices
Automatic logging of access attempts and safety-critical operations on the devices and systems
Redundant Communication
SIPROTEC 5 devices maintain complete communication redundancy:
Multiple redundant communication interfaces
Redundant and independent protocols to control centers possible (such as IEC 60870-5-103 and
IEC 61850, either single or redundant)
With 7UT87, there is a special feature. Due to the maximum number of 5 sides, the simultaneous protection of
2 transformers (for example from 2 two-winding transformers) is possible through one device. More informa-
tion on possibilities for use can be found in the device catalog or the application templates in chapter4 Appli-
cations.
Typical properties of the 4 device types are presented in the following table:
Short description Differential protection for two-winding transformers for all voltage levels
Main protection func- 1 differential protection function (standard transformer) with additional stabiliza-
tion tion; up to 2 restricted ground-fault protection functions
Usable measuring Two 1-phase current measuring points
points Two 3-phase current measuring points
Inputs and outputs 1 predefined standard variable with 8 current transformers, 7 binary inputs, 6 binary
outputs
Width of housing 1/3 19 inches
Short description Differential protection for two-winding transformers for all voltage levels
Main protection func- 1 differential protection function (standard or auto transformer) with additional
tion stabilization; up to 2 restricted ground-fault protection functions
Usable measuring Five 3-phase current measuring points
points Three 1-phase current measuring points
Three 3-phase voltage measuring points
Three 1-phase voltage measuring points
Inputs and outputs 2 predefined standard variants with 8 current transformers, 7 to 19 binary inputs,
Hardware flexibility 7 to 23 binary outputs
Flexible adaptable and expandable I/O quantity structure of the modular SIPROTEC 5
module
Width of housing 1/3 19 inches to 1/1 19 inches
Short description Differential protection for three-winding transformers for all voltage levels
Main protection func- 1 differential protection function (standard) with additional stabilization; up to
tion 3 restricted ground-fault protection functions
For auto transformer applications 2 differential protection functions can be
processed in an auto transformer function group.
Usable measuring Six 3-phase current measuring points
points Four 1-phase current measuring points
Four 3-phase voltage measuring points
Four 1-phase voltage measuring points
Inputs and outputs 2 predefined standard variants with 12 current transformers, 4 voltage trans-
Hardware flexibility formers, 11 to 23 binary inputs, 19 to 34 binary outputs
Flexible adaptable and expandable I/O quantity structure of the modular SIPROTEC 5
module
Width of housing 1/2 19 inches to 1/1 19 inches
Short description Differential protection for multi-winding transformers for all voltage levels
Main protection func- Up to 2 differential protection functions with additional stabilization (in different
tion transformer function groups); up to 5 restricted ground-fault protection functions.
For auto transformer applications 2 differential protection functions can be
processed in an auto transformer function group.
Usable measuring Nine 3-phase current measuring points
points Five 1-phase current measuring points
Five 3-phase voltage measuring points
Five 1-phase voltage measuring points
Inputs and outputs 2 predefined standard variants with 20 current transformers, 4 voltage trans-
Hardware flexibility formers, 15 to 27 binary inputs, 22 to 38 binary outputs
Flexible adaptable and expandable I/O quantity structure of the modular SIPROTEC 5
module
Width of housing 2/3 19 inches to 1/1 19 inches
Typical properties of a transformer differential protection, such as flexible adaptation to the transformer
vector group, command of closing and overexcitation processes, reliable behavior in current-transformer
saturation with different degrees of saturation
Increased sensitivity with near-neutral-point ground faults through a separate restricted ground-fault
protection
Voltage controller for the control and regulation of motor-operated tap changers
Additional current and voltage inputs can be supplements for standard protection functions, such as
overcurrent, voltage frequency, etc.
In the standard design 2 communication modules are pluggable, as well as different logs are usable
(IEC 61850, IEC 60870-5-103, DNP3 (serial+IP), Modbus RTU Slave)
Secure serial protection data communication, also over great distances and all available physical media
(optical fibers, two-wire connections and communication networks)
NOTE
i The availability of certain settings and setting options depends on the device type and the functions avail-
able on the device!
EXAMPLE
A 1 1/2 circuit-breaker layout of the 7SA86 distance protection device serves as an example. The following
protection functions are required for implementation (simplified and reduced):
Distance protection (21)
Overcurrent protection, phases (51)
Several predefined function packages that are tailored to specific applications exist for each device family. A
predefined functional scope is called an application template. The existing application templates are offered
for selection automatically when you create a new device in DIGSI 5.
EXAMPLE
When creating the device in DIGSI 5, you must select the appropriate application template. In the example,
select the application template DIS overhead line, grounded systems, 1 1/2 circuit-breaker layout. This
application template covers the required functional scope. Selecting this application template determines the
preconfigured functional scope. This can be changed as necessary (see chapter 2.2 Adjustment of Application
Templates/Functional Scope).
EXAMPLE
The selected application template DIS overhead line, grounded systems, 1 1/2 circuit-breaker layout
comprises 3 function groups:
Protection function group Line 1
Circuit-breaker function group QA 1
[dweifkfg-021012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Depending on the type of device, there are different types of function groups:
Protection function groups
Circuit-breaker function groups
Protection function groups bundle functions that are assigned to one protected object for example, to the
line. Depending on the device type and nature of the protected object, there are different types of protection
function groups (line, voltage/current 3-phase, transformer, motor, generator, etc.).
Circuit-breaker function groups bundle functions assigned to the local switches for example, circuit breakers
and disconnectors (such as processing of tripping, circuit-breaker failure protection).
The number and type of function groups differ in the respective application templates, depending on the type
of the device and application. You can add, copy, or even delete function groups for a specific application. You
can also adapt the functional scope within a function group according to the use case. Detailed information on
this can be found in the DIGSI 5 Online help.
EXAMPLE
The measuring points are assigned to the function groups in the application template in Figure 2-1 as follows:
The protection function group Line is assigned to the measuring points I-3ph 1, I-3ph 2 and V-3ph 1. The
function group therefore receives the measured values from current transformers 1 and 2 and from
voltage transformer 1. The currents of measuring points I-3ph 1 and I-3ph 2 are added geometrically for
feeder-related processing.
The circuit-breaker function group QA1 is assigned to the measuring point I-3ph 1 and receives the
measured values from current transformer 1.
The circuit-breaker function group QA2 is assigned to the measuring point I-3ph 2 and receives the
measured values from current transformer 2.
The user can change the assignment as needed, that is, function groups can be assigned to any available
measuring points of the device.
To check or change the assignment of measuring points to the function groups, double-click Function-group
connections in the DIGSI 5 project tree.
[scfgverb-190214-01, 1, en_US]
The window for routing of the measuring points opens in the working area (see the following Figure, does not
correspond to the example).
[scmscofg-180311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Starting the Automatic reclosing function (AREC, if available in the Circuit-breaker function group)
through the protection functions of the connected Protection function group
Besides the general assignment of the protection function group(s) to the circuit-breaker function groups, you
can also configure the interface for specific functionalities in detail. Further information on this is included
later in the section. Figure 2-6 shows how to reach the detail configuration. Figure 2-7 shows the possible
assignments in detail.
These definitions are also set appropriately for the specific application by the selected application template.
The user can change this linkage as needed, that is, protection function groups can be freely assigned to any
Circuit-breaker function groups.
To check or change the allocation of the protection function groups to the circuit-breaker function groups,
double-click Function group connections in the DIGSI 5 project tree Name of device (see following
figure).
[scfgverb-190214-01, 1, en_US]
The window for general routing of the function groups opens in the working area (see following figure).
[scfgcols-220211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 2-5 Connection of Protection Function Group with Circuit-Breaker Function Group
Besides the general assignment of the protection function group(s) to the circuit-breaker function groups, you
can also configure the interface for specific functionalities in detail. Proceed as follows:
Open the SIPROTEC 5 device folder in the DIGSI 5 project tree.
Open the function settings folder in the DIGSI 5 project tree.
Open the respective protection function group in the DIGSI 5 project tree, for example, Line 1 (see the
following figure)
[sclsinta-190214-01, 1, en_US]
The window for detailed configuration of the interface between the protection function group and the
Circuit-breaker function group(s) opens in the working area.
In this view, configure the interface via the context menu (right mouse button), see Figure 2-7.
[scdetail-220211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 2-7 Detail Configuration of the Interface Between the Protection Function Group and the Circuit-
Breaker Function Group(s)
Function settings
Siemens recommends the Single-line configuration Editor to adjust the functional scope.
Complete missing functionalities from the Global DIGSI 5 Library. Then, the default settings of the added func-
tionality are active. You can copy within a device and between devices as well. Settings and routings are also
copied when you copy functionalities.
NOTE
i If you delete a parameterized function group, function, or level from the device, all settings and routings
will be lost. The function group, function, or tripping stage can be added again, but then the default
settings are active.
In most cases, the adjustment of the functional scope consists of adding and deleting functions, tripping
stages, and function blocks. As previously described, the functions, tripping stages, and function blocks auto-
matically connect themselves to the measuring points assigned to the function group.
In few cases, it may be necessary to add a protection or circuit-breaker function group. These newly added
function groups do not contain (protection) functions. You must individually load the (protection) functions
for your specific application. You must also connect the protection or circuit-breaker function group to one or
more measuring points (see chapter 2.1 Function Embedding in the Device). You must connect newly added
protection function groups to a circuit-breaker function group (see chapter 2.1 Function Embedding in the
Device).
Functions, tripping stages, function blocks, and function groups can be added up to a certain maximum
number. The maximum number can be found in the respective function and function-group descriptions.
Function Points
Function points (FP) are assigned to specific functions, but not to other functions. Further information can be
found in the description of application templates, in the chapter 4 Applications.
The device is supplied with the acquired function-point credit. Functions with function points can be loaded
into the device only within the available function-point credit. The functional scope cannot be loaded into the
device if the required number of points of the functional scope is higher than the function-point credit. You
must either delete functions or upgrade the function-point credit of the device.
No function points are required to add additional stages in functions.
Proceed as follows:
Determine the function point requirement of certain functions, for example, with DIGSI 5 or the
SIPROTEC 5 Configurator.
Order the additional function points from your local distributor or at http://www.energy.siemens.com.
Siemens will provide you with a signed license file for your device, either via e-mail or for downloading.
Use DIGSI 5 to load the signed license file into your device. The procedure is described in the Online Help
of DIGSI 5.
NOTE
i Simplifying functions and function control will be discussed in the following. The description also applies
to tripping stage control and function block control.
Functions can be switched to different operating modes. You use the parameter Mode to define whether you
want a function to run (On) or not (Off). In addition, you can temporarily block a function or switch it into test
mode for the purpose of commissioning (parameter Mode = Test).
The function shows the current status such as an Alarm via the Health signal.
The following explains the different operating modes and mechanisms and how you set the functions into
these modes. The function control is shown in Figure 2-8. It is standardized for all functions. Therefore, this
control is not discussed further in the individual function descriptions.
[losteurg-040411-01.tif, 1, en_US]
State Control
You can control the state of a function via the parameter Mode and the input Superordinate state.
You set the specified operating state of the function via the parameter Mode. The function mode can be set to
On, Off, and Test. The operating principle is described in Table 2-2. You can set the parameter Mode via:
DIGSI 5
The state of the function resulting from the parameter Mode and the superordinate state is shown in the
following table.
Table 2-1 Resulting State of the Function (from Linkage of Parameter Mode and Superordinate State)
Health
Health signals if a selected function can perform its designated functionality. If so, the health is OK. In case the
functionality is only possible in a limited way or not at all, due to state or problems within the device, the
health will signal Warning (limited functionality) or Alarm (no functionality).
Internal self-monitoring can cause functions to assume the health Alarm (see chapter 8 Supervision Func-
tions). If a function assumes the health state Alarm, it is no longer active (indication not active is gener-
ated).
Only a few functions can signal the health state Warning. The health state Warning results from function-
specific supervision and - where it occurs - it is explained in the function description. If a function assumes the
Warning status, it will remain active, that is, the function can continue to work in a conditional manner and
trip in the case of a protection function.
Not Active
The indication Not active signals that a function is currently not working. The indication Not active is
active in the following cases:
Function is disabled
The function is in the health state Alarm
All protection-function steps are disabled via the Enable protection controllable (state = false). The
indication Protection inactive is active.
2.4 Text Structure and Reference Number for Settings and Indications
Each parameter and each indication has a unique reference number within every SIPROTEC 5 device. The
reference number gives you a clear reference, for example, between an indication entry in the buffer of the
device and the corresponding description in the manual. You can find the reference numbers in this docu-
ment, for example, in the application and setting notes, in the logic diagrams, and in the parameter and infor-
mation lists.
In order to form unique texts and reference numbers, each function group, function, function block/stage, and
indication or parameter has a text and a number. This means that structured overall texts and numbers are
created.
The structure of the texts and the reference numbers follow the hierarchy already shown in Figure 2-1.
Function group:Function:Stage/Function Block:Indication
Function group:Function:Stage/Function Block:Parameter
The colon serves as a structure element to separate the hierarchy levels. Depending on the functionality, not
all hierarchy levels are always available. Function Group and Stage/Function block are optional. Since the func-
tion groups, functions as well as tripping stages/function blocks of the same type can be created multiple
times, a so-called instance number is added to these elements.
EXAMPLE
The structure of the text and reference number is shown in the protection-function group Line as an example
of the parameter Threshold value and the indication Pickup of the 2nd definite time-overcurrent protec-
tion stage of the function Overcurrent protection, phases (see Figure 2-9). Only one function and one func-
tion group exist in the device. The representation of the stage is simplified.
[lostuumz-180311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 2-9 Stage of the Overcurrent Protection Function, Phases (without Representation of Stage
Control)
The following table shows the texts and numbers of the hierarchy elements concerned:
Name Number of the Instance Number
Type
Protection function group Line 2 1
Function Overcurrent 3ph 20 1
Stage Definite time-overcurrent 66 2
protection
Settings Threshold value 3
Indication Pickup 55
The structure is simplified accordingly for parameters and indications with fewer hierarchy levels.
EXAMPLE:
The following table shows the types for some data types as examples:
Data Type Type
ENS O
ACD O
ACT O
SPS I or O
SPC C
MV O
3.1 Indications 68
3.2 Measured-Value Acquisition 93
3.3 Processing Quality Attributes 95
3.4 Fault Recording 111
3.5 Protection Communication 117
3.6 Date and Time Synchronization 153
3.7 User-Defined Objects 161
3.8 Other Functions 167
3.9 General Notes for Setting the Threshold Value of Protection Functions 179
3.10 Device Settings 187
3.1 Indications
3.1.1 General
During operation, indications deliver information about operational states. These include:
Measured data
Power-system data
Device supervisions
Device functions
NOTE
i All indications are assigned to certain device functions. The text of each indication contains the corre-
sponding function designation. You will find explanations of the meaning of indications in the corre-
sponding device functions. However, you can also define indications yourself and group them into your
own function blocks. These can be set by binary inputs or CFC logic.
Reading Indications
To read the indications of your SIPROTEC 5 device you can use the on-site operation panel of the device or a PC
on which you have installed DIGSI 5. The subsequent section describes the general procedure.
Procedure
The menus of the logs begin with a header and 2 numbers at the top right corner of the display. The number
after the slash signifies the number of indications that are available. The number before the slash indicates
how many indications have just been selected or shown. The end of the indication list is closed with the entry
***END***.
Figure 3-1
On-Site Display of an Indication List (Example: Operational Indications)
To reach the desired log from the main menu, use the navigation keys of the on-site operation panel.
Navigate inside the log using the navigation keys (top/bottom). You will find the most current indication
at the top of the list. The selected indication is shown with a dark background.
Which indications can be shown in the selected log depends on the assignments in the DIGSI 5 information
routing matrix or is predefined. Every indication contains date, time and its state as additional information.
You will find information about this in chapter 3.1.5.1 General.
In some logs you are given the option of deleting the entire indication list by softkey in the footer of the
display. To learn more about this, read chapter 3.1.6 Saving and Deleting the Logs.
NOTE
Procedure
To read the indications with DIGSI 5 your PC must be connected via the USB user interface of the on-site
operation panel or via an Ethernet interface of the device. You can establish a direct connection to your PC
via the Ethernet interfaces. It is also possible to access all connected SIPROTEC 5 devices via a data network
from your DIGSI 5 PC.
You access the desired logs of the SIPROTEC 5 device, use the project-tree window. If you have not
created the device within a project, you can also do this via the Online access menu item.
After selecting the desired log, you are shown the last state of the log loaded from the device. To update, it is
necessary to synchronize with the log in the device.
Synchronize the log. For this purpose, click the appropriate button in the headline of the log (see the
ground-fault indications example in Figure 3-2 a)).
[scgrflmd-191012-01, 1, en_US]
You will find additional information about deleting and saving logs in chapter 3.1.6 Saving and Deleting the
Logs.
Which indications can be shown in the selected log depends on the assignments in the DIGSI 5 information
routing matrix or is predefined. You will find information about this in chapter 3.1.5.1 General.
Displayed indications in DIGSI 5 and on the on-site operation panel are supplemented with the following infor-
mation:
Indication Columns
The following table shows the meaning of the individual columns in the log:
Indication Column Meaning
Time stamp Time stamp of the indication in device time using the local time
zone of the device or the query time for the motor log
Relative time Relative time to a reference entry
Error number Number of the error that occurred in the device. This number incre-
ments continuously.
Entry number Entry identification of buffer entries. This identification displays the
sequence of buffer entries
Indication number Number of the indication that occurred in the device. This number
increments continuously and is necessary for an analysis by
Siemens.
Indication Message text
Function Structure Path of the signal with the signal name
Name Signal name
Value Current state of the command. Also pay attention to the value
quality to check whether the value is up to date.
Quality The quality of the value shows the source of the value and whether
the value is up to date.
Cause Additional information such as the cause and validity
Number DIGSI address of the signal
Motor startup time Time of motor starting
Starting current Current needed by the motor to start up
Starting voltage Voltage needed by the motor to start up
Start duration Time needed by the motor to start up
3.1.5 Logs
3.1.5.1 General
Indications are saved in logs inside the device and are available for later analyses. Different logs allow catego-
rization of indication logging based on operating states (for example, operational and fault logs) and based on
fields of application.
Log Logging
Operational log Operational indications
Fault log Fault indications
Ground-fault log Ground-fault indications
Log Logging
Setting-history log Setting changes
User-defined log User-defined indication scope
Security log Access with safety relevance
Device-diagnosis log Error of the device (software, hardware) and the connection circuits
Communication log Status of communication interfaces
Motor-startup log Information on the motor startup
Management of Logs
Logs have a ring structure and are automatically managed. If the maximum capacity of a log is exhausted, the
oldest entries disappear before the newest entries. If the maximum capacity of the fault or ground-fault log is
reached, the number of the last fault is generated via the signal Fault log is full. You can route this signal in
the information routing. If indications in the information routing of DIGSI 5 are routed to a log, then they are
also saved. During a supply-voltage failure, recorded data are securely held by means of battery buffering or
storage in the flash memory. You can read and analyze the log from the device with DIGSI 5. The device
display and the navigation allow you to read and evaluate the logs on site using keys.
Configurability of Logs
The indication capacity to be recorded in configurable logs (for example, ground-fault log) is laid down in
columns of the information routing (matrix) of DIGSI 5 specifically defined for this purpose.
Procedure
To reach the information routing of your SIPROTEC 5 device, use the project-tree window. Access is only
through the project:
Open the information routing.
Project Device Information routing
[scinfpuf-191012-01, 2, en_US]
For non-configurable logs (for example, setting-history logs) scope and type of logged indications are
described separately (see following chapter about logs).
Power-system data
Exceeding or dropping below limiting values is output as an operational indication. Short circuits in the
network are indicated as an operational indication Fault with sequential fault number. For detailed informa-
tion about the recording of system incidents, please refer to the description of the fault log (chapter
3.1.5.3 Fault Log). Up to 2000 indications can be stored in the log.
To reach the operational log of your SIPROTEC 5 device, use the project-tree window.
Project Device Process Data Log Operational log
The status of the operational log last loaded from the device is shown to you. To update (synchronization
with the device), click the button Read log entries in the headline of the indication list (Figure 3-4 a)).
[scbetrmd-030211-01, 1, en_US]
To reach the operational log via the main menu, use the navigation keys of the on-site operation panel.
Main Menu Indications Operational log
You can navigate within the displayed indication list using the navigation keys (up/down) on the on-site
operation panel.
Using the Info softkey, you can retrieve auxiliary information on the entry depending on the context.
[scoperlog1-081217-01, 1, en_US]
Deletability
The operational log of your SIPROTEC 5 device can be deleted. This is done usually after testing or commis-
sioning the device. To know more about this, read chapter 3.1.6 Saving and Deleting the Logs.
Configurability
The indication scope of the operational log is configured in a specifically defined column of the information
routing (matrix) of DIGSI 5:
Target Log Operational log column
Selected application templates and functions from the library bring with them a predefined set of operational
indications which you can adjust individually at any time.
Fault Definition
In general, a fault is started by the raising pickup of a protection function and ends with the cleared pickup
after the trip command.
When using an automatic reclosing function, the complete reclosing cycle (successful or unsuccessful) is pref-
erably integrated into the fault. If evolving faults appear within reclosing cycles, the entire clearing process is
logged under one fault number even in multiple pickup cycles. Without automatic reclosing function every
pickup is also recorded as its own fault.
User-defined configuration of a fault is also possible.
NOTE
i The definition of the fault is done through settings of the fault recording (see Device manual). Events are
logged in the fault log even when fault recording is switched off.
Apart from the recording of fault indications in the fault log, spontaneous display of fault indications of the
last fault on the device display is also done. You will find details about this in chapter 3.1.8 Spontaneous Fault
Display on the On-Site Operation Panel.
Deletability
The fault log of your SIPROTEC 5 device can be deleted. You will find details about this in chapter 3.1.6 Saving
and Deleting the Logs.
To reach the fault log from the main menu, use the navigation keys of the on-site operation panel.
Main Menu Indications Fault logs
You can navigate within the displayed indication list using the navigation keys (up/down) on the on-site
operation panel.
Figure 3-6
Reading the Fault Log on the On-Site Operation Panel of the Device
Configurability
The indication scope of the fault log is configured in a specifically defined column of the information routing
(matrix) of DIGSI 5:
Target Log Fault log column
Selected application templates and functions from the library already bring a predefined set of operational
indications with them which you can adjust individually at any time.
The operational measured values and the measured values of the fundamental components and symmetrical
components (see Equipment Manual) are calculated every 9 cycles (at 50 Hz, this is every 180 ms). However,
this can mean that the data are not synchronized with the sampled values of the analog channels. The
recording of these measured values can be used to analyze the slowly changing processes.
The following functions can start the logging of a ground fault with the raising ground-fault indication:
Directional sensitive ground-fault protection for deleted and isolated systems (67Ns)
To reach the ground-fault log of your SIPROTEC 5 device, use the project-tree window.
Project Device Process data Logs Ground-fault log
The status of the device-diagnosis log last loaded from the ground-fault log is shown to you.
To update (synchronization with the device) click the button Read log entries in the headline of the indi-
cation list (Figure 3-7 a)).
[scgrflmd-191012-01, 1, en_US]
To reach the ground-fault log from the main menu, use the navigation keys of the on-site operation
panel.
Main Menu Indications Ground-fault indication
You can navigate within the displayed indication list using the navigation keys (up/down) on the on-site
operation panel.
Figure 3-8
Reading the Ground-Fault Log on the On-Site Operation Panel of the
Device
Deletability
The ground-fault log of your SIPROTEC 5 device can be deleted. Read details about this in chapter 3.1.6 Saving
and Deleting the Logs.
Configurability
The indication scope of the ground-fault log is configured in a specifically defined column of the information
routing (matrix) of DIGSI 5:
Target Log Column Ground-fault log
Selected application templates and functions from the library already bring a predefined set of operational
indications with them which you can adjust individually at any time.
To reach the log for setting changes of your SIPROTEC 5 device, use the project-tree window.
Project Device Process Data Log Setting changes
The status of the setting-history log last loaded from the device is shown to you.
To update (synchronization with the device), click the Read log entries button in the headline of the
indication list (Figure 3-9).
[scparamd-030211-01, 1, en_US]
To reach the setting-history log from the main menu, use the navigation keys of the on-site operation
panel.
Main menu Indications Setting changes
You can navigate within the displayed indication list using the navigation keys (up/down) on the on-site
operation panel.
Figure 3-10
Reading the Setting-History Log on the On-Site Operation Panel of the
Device
NOTE
The log, which is organized as a ring buffer, cannot be deleted by the user!
If you want to archive security-relevant information without loss of information, you must regularly
read this log.
To reach the user-defined log of your SIPROTEC 5 device, use the project-tree window.
Project Device Process Data Log User log 1/2
The status of the user-defined log last loaded from the device is shown to you.
To update (synchronization with the device) click the button Read log entries in the headline of the indi-
cation list (Figure 3-11 a)).
[scanwnmd-030211-01, 2, en_US]
To reach user-specific logs from the main menu, use the navigation keys of the on-site operation panel.
Main Menu Indications User-defined log 1/2
You can navigate within the displayed indication list using the navigation keys (up/down) on the on-site
operation panel.
Using the Info softkey, you can retrieve auxiliary information on the entry depending on the context.
[scuserrlog1-081217-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-12 Reading the User-Defined Log on the On-Site Operation Panel of the Device
Deletability
The user-defined log of your SIPROTEC 5 device can be deleted. You will find details about this in chapter
3.1.6 Saving and Deleting the Logs.
[scdiu1u2-280415-01, 1, en_US]
Use the project-tree window to reach the communication logs of your SIPROTEC 5 device.
Online access Device Test suite Communication module
Then select:
J:Onboard Ethernet Communication log
The communication log is shown to you in the state last loaded from the device.
Before this, refresh the contents by clicking the update arrows in the headline.
[sccompuf-140912-01, 2, en_US]
To reach the communication log from the main menu, use the navigation keys on the on-site operation
panel.
Main Menu Test & Diagnosis Log Communication log
You can navigate within the displayed indication list using the navigation keys (up/down) on the on-site
operation panel.
Figure 3-15
Deletability
The communication logs of your SIPROTEC 5 device can be deleted. Read details about this in chapter
3.1.6 Saving and Deleting the Logs.
Configurability
The communication logs are not freely configurable. The entries are preconfigured.
To access the security log of your SIPROTEC 5 device use the project tree window . The device must be in
Online access.
Project Online access Device Device Information Log tab Security logs
The state of the security log last loaded from the device is displayed.
Before this, refresh the contents by clicking the update arrows in the headline.
[scsecmld-180816-01, 1, en_US]
To access the security log from the main menu, use the navigation keys on the on-site operation panel.
Main Menu Test & Diagnosis Logs Security indications
You can navigate within the displayed indication list using the navigation keys (up/down) on the on-site
operation panel.
Figure 3-17
Reading the Security Log on the On-Site Operation Panel of the Device
NOTE
This log, which is organized as a ring buffer. cannot be deleted by the user!
If you want to archive security-relevant information without loss of information, you must regularly
read this log.
Compatibility problems
Up to 500 indications can be stored in the device-diagnosis log. In normal operation of the device, it is suffi-
cient for diagnostic purposes to follow the entries of the operational log. This specific significance is assumed
by the device-diagnosis log when the device is no longer ready for operation due to hardware defect or
compatibility problems and the fallback system is active.
To reach the device-diagnosis log of your SIPROTEC 5 device, use the project-tree window.
Project Online access Device Device information Logs tab Device-diagnosis log
The status of the device-diagnosis log last loaded from the device is shown to you.
Before this, refresh the contents by clicking the update arrows in the headline.
[scdevdia-180816-01, 1, en_US]
Reading on the Device through the On-Site Operation Panel in Normal Operation
To reach the diagnosis log from the main menu, use the navigation keys of the on-site operation panel.
Main Menu Test & Diagnosis Logs Device diagnosis
You can navigate within the displayed indication list using the navigation keys (up/down) on the on-site
operation panel.
Figure 3-19
Reading the Device-Diagnosis Log on the On-Site Operation Panel of
the Device
NOTE
Use the project-tree window to reach the motor-starting log of your SIPROTEC 5 device.
Project Device Device Information Log Motor-starting log
The state of the motor-starting log last loaded from the device is shown to you.
To update (synchronization with the device) click the button Update in the headline of the indication list
(Figure 3-20 a)).
[scmotmlp-160713-01, 1, en_US]
To reach the motor-starting log from the main menu, use the navigation keys of the on-site operation
panel.
Main Menu Indications Motor-starting log
You can navigate within the displayed indication list using the navigation keys (up/down) on the on-site
operation panel.
Figure 3-21
Reading the Motor-Starting Log on the On-Site Operation Panel of the
Device
Deletability
The motor-starting log of your SIPROTEC 5 device can be deleted. Read details about this in chapter
3.1.6 Saving and Deleting the Logs.
Configurability
The motor-starting log is only present in the Motor function group. There is no column for the motor-starting
log in the DIGSI information routing. The entries in the motor-starting log are preconfigured and cannot be
changed.
Deleting the logs of the device in the operating state is unnecessary. If storage capacity is no longer sufficient
for new indications, the oldest indications are automatically overwritten with new incoming events. In order
for the memory to contain information about the new faults in the future, for example, after an inspection of
the system, a deletion of the log makes sense. Resetting the logs is done separately for the various logs.
NOTE
i Before you delete the content of a log on your SIPROTEC 5 device, save the log with DIGSI 5 on the hard
disk drive of your PC.
NOTE
i Not all logs of your SIPROTEC 5 device can be deleted. These limitations apply especially to logs with rele-
vance for security and after-sales (security log, device-diagnosis log, setting-history log).
NOTE
i Upon deletion of the fault log, the associated fault records are also deleted. In addition, the meters for fault
number and fault-record number are reset to 0. In contrast, if you delete fault records, the content of the
fault log, including the allocated fault numbers, remains.
NOTE
i If the device executes an initial start, for example, after an update of the device software, the following
logs are automatically deleted:
Operational log
Fault log
Ground-fault log
Setting-history log
User log
Motor-startup log
Back up the deletable logs using DIGSI 5.
NOTE
To reach the selected log from the main menu, use the navigation keys of the on-site operation panel
(example operational log):
Main Menu Indications Operational log
Figure 3-22
Deleting the Operational Log on the On-Site Operation Panel
You can navigate within the displayed indication list using the navigation keys (up/down) on the on-site
operation panel.
The option to delete the entire log is offered to you in the footer of the display at the bottom left. Use the
softkeys below under the display to activate the command prompts. Confirm the request to Delete.
After being prompted, enter the password and confirm with Enter.
After being prompted, confirm the Deletion of all entries with Ok.
To reach the selected log of your SIPROTEC 5 device, use the project-tree window (for example, opera-
tional log).
Project Device Process data Logs Operational log
With DIGSI 5 you have the possibility of displaying all currently transmitted indications of the selected device
in a special indication window.
Procedure
Call up the spontaneous indications of your selected device in the navigation window under Online
access.
The raising indications appear immediately without you having to wait for a cyclical update or initiate the
manual update.
[scspnmld-230211-01, 2, en_US]
After a fault, the most important data of the last fault can be displayed automatically on the device display
without further operational measures. In SIPROTEC 5 devices, protected objects and even circuit breakers can
be freely created and configured depending on the application (even several instances). In DIGSI 5, several
spontaneous fault displays can be configured, depending on the application, with each individual one being
assigned a particular circuit breaker. These displays remain stored in the device until they are manually
confirmed or reset by LED reset.
To reach the Fault-display configuration of your SIPROTEC 5 device, use the project-tree window.
Project Device Display pages Fault-display configuration
In the main window, all configured circuit breakers are displayed. A list of a maximum of 6 configurable
display lines is offered for each circuit breaker. The activation of a spontaneous fault display occurs for
each circuit breaker by selection via checkmark in the column Display.
With the parameter (_:139) Fault-display (under Device Parameter Device settings) you
determine whether spontaneous fault displays should be displayed for each pickup or only pickups with
the trip command.
For every display line the following display options can be selected:
Figure 3-25
Spontaneous Fault Display on the Device
After completion of all confirmations the last display view is showed before the faults.
Method 2: Acknowledgement via LED reset
An LED reset (device) causes the reset of all stored LEDs and binary output contacts of the device and also
to the confirmation of all fault displays stored in the display.
You can find more details on the topic of LED reset in chapter 3.1.9 Stored Indications in the SIPROTEC 5
Device
In your SIPROTEC 5 device, you can also configure indications as stored. This type of configuration can be
used for LEDs as well as for output contacts. The configured output (LED or contact) is activated until it is
acknowledged. Acknowledgment occurs via:
On-site operation panel
DIGSI 5
Binary input
Right-click the routing field of your binary indication in the desired LED or binary output column in the
routing range of the targets.
If the test mode of the device or of individual functions is switched on, the SIPROTEC 5 device marks indica-
tions sent to substation automation technology station control system with an additional test bit. This test bit
makes it possible to determine that an indication was set during a test. Necessary reactions in normal opera-
tion on the basis of an indication can thus be suppressed.
You can configure indications of individual functions as "stored" in a function group. This type of configuration
can be used for LEDs as well as for output contacts. The configured output (LED or contact) is activated until it
is acknowledged.
The protection and the circuit-breaker function groups contain the block Reset LED FG. The block
Reset LED FG is visible only in the Information routing under the corresponding function group in DIGSI 5.
You use the binary input signal >Reset LED to reset the stored LEDs in the respective function group. The
configured outputs (contacts) are not reset.
The following figure shows the basics of dealing with sampled values (SAV) in the measured-value acquisition
chain. Figure 3-26 shows to whom the various sampling frequencies are made available. In order to limit the
bandwidth of the input signals, a low-pass filter (anti-aliasing filter to maintain the sampling theorem) is
installed downstream. After sampling, the current input channels are adjusted. This means the magnitude,
phase, as well as the transformer time constant are corrected. The compensation is designed to ensure that
the current transformer terminal blocks can be exchanged randomly between the devices.
[dwmeserf-250211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The internal sampling frequency of the SIPROTEC 5 devices is fixed at 16 kHz (sampling rate: 320 samplings
per 50-Hz cycle). All current and voltage inputs are sampled. If the magnitude, phase, and transformer time
constant are corrected, the sampling frequency is reduced to 8 kHz (160 samplings per 50-Hz cycle). This is
the basic sampling frequency to which various processes, such as fault recording, RMS measured values, refer.
For the RMS measurement, the measured-value window is adjusted on the basis of the power frequency. For
numerous measurement and protection applications , 20 samplings per cycle are sufficient (if frated = 50 Hz:
sampling every 1 ms, at frated = 60 Hz: sampling every 0.833 ms). This sampling rate is an adequate compro-
mise between accuracy and the parallel processing of the functions (multi-functionality).
The 20 samplings per cycle will be made available to the algorithms processed in the function groups, in 2
variants:
Fixed (not resampled)
Resampled (frequency range from 10 Hz to 80 Hz)
Depending on the algorithms (see function descriptions), the respective data flow is considered. A higher
sampling frequency is used for selected methods of measurement. Detailed information can be found in the
corresponding function description.
NOTE
i The measuring points for current and voltage are in the Power-system data (starting in chapter 6.1 Power-
System Data). Each measuring point has its own parameters.
3.3.1 Overview
The IEC 61850 standard defines certain quality attributes for data objects (DO), the so-called Quality. The
SIPROTEC 5 system automatically processes some of these quality attributes. In order to handle different appli-
cations, you can influence certain quality attributes and also the values of the data objects on the basis of
these quality attributes. This is how you can ensure the necessary functionality.
The following figure describes roughly the general data flow within a SIPROTEC 5 device. The following figure
also shows at which points the quality can be influenced. The building blocks presented in the figure are
described in more detail in the following.
[loquali1-090212-02.tif, 2, en_US]
In the Information routing editor for binary input signals of device-internal functions
The following chapters describe in more detail the options regarding this influence as well as the automatic
quality processing.
If a GOOSE connection is the data source of a binary input signal of a device-internal function, you can influ-
ence processing of the quality at 2 locations: at the GOOSE connection and at the input signal of the function.
This is based on the following: A GOOSE date can be distributed within the receiving device to several func-
tions. The GOOSE connection setting (influence) affects all functions. However, if different functions require
customized settings, these are then set directly at the binary input signal of the function.
The properties of quality processing have changed with the introduction of GOOSE Later Binding. You can find
information about the former quality processing in chapter Previous Quality Processing/Affected by the User
for Received GOOSE Values, Page 101.
In the Information Routing Editor, you can influence the data value and quality of all data types. The
following figure shows the possible influence using the example of a DPC data type. All setting options are
effective for the device receiving the data.
In the DIGSI 5 project tree, double-click Information Routing.
Select either the desired signal in the External Signals group or the signal of a function activated via the
GOOSE column.
Open the Properties window and select the Processing Quality Attributes sheet.
[sc_LB_GOOSE_2, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-28 Influence Option When Linking a DPC Type Data Object
Depending on the selected data type of the object, various selection options are offered to you for the Safe
state item in the Common settings section. At this point, you select the manually updated values that allow
a safe operating state as soon as the data access via the communication path is disturbed.
Select the property for the selected data object.
You can also set the Advanced quality attributes of the data object for GOOSE Later Binding.
The following figure shows the advanced quality attributes using the example of a DPC data type.
Open the Properties window and select the Advanced quality attributes sheet.
[sc_LB_GOOSE_1, 1, en_US]
With the following advanced quality attributes, you can filter the transmitted GOOSE indications and check
and set their quality. The values that have been adapted, if necessary, are forwarded to the receiver.
For the tests, you can select from the following setting options depending on the data type.
These settings of the Advanced quality attributes apply to the advanced quality attributes listed below. The
selection can vary depending on the data type.
[sc_LB_GOOSE_3, 1, en_US]
You can also forward the quality attributes unchanged. To do this, you must mark the Keep flag check box.
Communication Outage
There is a communication disturbance (time allowed to live) between the transmitter and the receiver indi-
cated by the transmitter. The indication is set in accordance with the settings (Table 3-9).
Invalidity
The transmitting device sends this indication with the quality information Validity = invalid. The receiver
recognizes this for this indication and reacts according to the settings (Table 3-9).
Questionable
The transmitting device sends this indication with the quality information Validity = questionable. The
receiver recognizes this for this indication and reacts according to the settings (Table 3-9).
Test Mismatch
The transmitting device or the function in the transmitting device that issues this indication is in test mode. As
a result, the indication is transmitted with the quality information test. The receiving function block recog-
nizes this for this indication and reacts, depending on its own test-mode state (specified in IEC 61850-7-4
Annex A), according to the settings (Table 3-9).
NOTE
i Follow the sequence of tests. First, the Functional logoff by operator blocked is tested. Then comes
Communication outage and so on. If a case is recognized as active, the test chain is canceled with the
configured setting for the active case.
In the case of Invalidity, the tests are first performed for Functional logoff by operator blocked (not appli-
cable) and then for Communication outage (not applicable) and canceled with the configured action for
Invalidity.
If an indication is routed into the log, manual updating of a value is also logged based on the conditions listed
above and on the reason for the manual update. Manually updating a value based on the conditions listed
above causes a change in the Health Warning function block, inherited up to Device health (specified
in IEC 61850-7-4).
Keep Value
The quality attributes and values indicated by the transmitter are accepted without change. Quality processing
must be performed by the user via a logic diagram. The outputs of the logic diagram following the user-
specific quality processing can be connected to the function-block inputs as before.
For controllable types, the following substitute values apply in addition to the settable state values or meas-
ured values:
ctlNum = 0
stSeld = False
origin.orIdent = Substituted by quality processing
origin.orCat = AUTOMATIC_BAY
Open the Properties window and select the Processing Quality Attributes sheet.
Figure 3-31 Influence Option When Linking a DPC Type Data Object
The setting options work for the device receiving the data.
Quality Attribute: Validity
The validity values reserved and questionable are replaced at the receiving end by the invalid value.
Check box is not set. The validity attribute and data value are forwarded
Check box is set and receipt of Validity = good without change.
Check box is set and receipt of Validity = invalid is The validity attribute is set to good and
set (also applies to values reserved and ques- processed further using this value.
tionable). The data value is set to the defined substitute
value and processed further using this substitute
value.
In DIGSI 5, you can control the quality processing of CFC charts. In the project tree, you can find the CFC
building block (see the following figure) under Device name , Settings Device settings in the editor:
With the CFC chart quality handling parameter, you control whether you want to influence the
quality of CFC charts in a Manual or Automatic (default setting) manner.
If you select Manual, the quality attribute of the CFC chart is always valid regardless of the quality of indi-
vidual signals (Validity = good)!
Only the Test quality attribute of the CFC chart is processed. If the device is in test mode or the input TEST of
the CHART_STATE CFC building block is set, the quality attribute of the CFC chart is set to Test.
If you select Automatic, the quality processing of the CFC charts is influenced as follows:
In the case of CFC charts, a distinction has to be made between the general quality processing and certain CFC
building blocks that are specifically designed for quality processing.
General Processing
Most of the CFC building blocks do not have an explicit quality processing. For these building blocks, the
following general mechanisms shall apply.
BUILD_BSC
BUILD_DPS
BUILD_ENS
BUILD_SPS
BUILD_XMV
CFC charts have a standard behavior in the processing of signals. If an input signal of the CFC chart has the
quality invalid, all output signals of the CFC chart also get the quality invalid. This standard behavior is
not desirable in some applications. If you use the building blocks for quality processing, the quality attributes
of the input signals in the CFC chart are processed.
[sccfcran-220415-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-33 CFC Chart with Building Blocks for Quality Processing (Switchgear Interlocking via GOOSE)
If you do not want to convert the invalid release signal to a valid signal, as described, during the communica-
tion interruption, you can also assign a defined data value to the release signal. Proceed as follows: With the
SPLIT_SPS building block, split the input signal (data type = SPS) into data value and quality information. Link
the VALID output of the SPLIT_SPS building block with the data value of the input signal (AND gate). This way,
you can set the value to a non-risk state with the valid input signals. In the example, the output of the CFC
chart is set to the value FALSE when the input signal is invalid.
Figure 3-34 provides an overview for processing the quality of data objects within a device-internal function.
A function can receive internal data or input data that is routable by the user (binary input signal or double
commands). The respective quality attributes supported are evaluated by the function on the input side. The
attributes are not passed through the specific algorithm/the specific logic of the function. The output data are
supplied with a quality that is specified by the function state and device-operating mode.
NOTE
i Take into account that pickup of chatter blocking (see chapter 3.8.1 Signal Filtering and Chatter Blocking
for Input Signals) sets the corresponding Validity attribute to invalid.
[loquali3-100611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[loquali2-230212-01.tif, 2, en_US]
For this signal type (SPS), you can influence the processing of the quality, see overview in Figure 3-34.
The following figure shows the possible influence on a binary input signal of a protection stage.
In the DIGSI 5 project tree, double-click Information routing.
In the operating range, select the desired binary input signal.
In the Properties window, select the Details entry. There, you will find the item Processing quality
attributes.
Figure 3-36 Influence Options for a Binary Input Signal (SPS Input Signal)
Output Data
The quality is not processed through the actual algorithm/logic of the function. The following table displays
the conditions required to set the quality of output signals of a function.
Cause D0 Value Quality Attribute
After internal (to To the IEC 61850
the SIPROTEC 5 interface, in buffer
system, for example,
in the direction of a
CFC chart)
Functional state = Test Unchanged Test = TRUE Test = TRUE
(thus, result of device operating
mode = Test or function mode
= Test)
Functional state = Off Function-specific, corre- Validity = good Validity = invalid
(thus, result of device operating sponding to the definition for
mode = Off) switched off
Function health = Alarm Function-specific, corre- Validity = good Validity = invalid
(for example, result of invalid sponding to the definition for
receive data) reset
Device operating mode = func- Unchanged Validity = good Validity = good
tionally logged off OperatorBlocked = detailQual =
TRUE oldData
OperatorBlocked =
TRUE
All SIPROTEC 5 devices have a fault memory in which fault recordings are kept securely. Fault recording docu-
ments operations within the power system and the way in which protection devices respond to them. You can
read out fault recordings from the device and analyze them afterwards using evaluation tools such as SIGRA.
A fault record contains the following information:
Sample values of the analog input channels
Measured values calculated internally
Any binary signals (for example, pickup signals and trip signals of protection functions)
You can individually configure the signals to be recorded. Furthermore, you can define the starting condition,
the record duration, and the saving criterion of a recording. Fault records saved in the device are also available
after a loss of auxiliary voltage.
The Fault recorder function is a central device function. Both the recording criterion and the measured-value
and binary channels to be recorded are functionally preconfigured through the application templates. You are
able to individually adapt the configuration in DIGSI 5. The fault recording and the fault log are subject to the
same control. This ensures that real time, relative time, and numbering of the fault data are synchronized.
This means that all fault recordings function on the same real-time and relative-time basis.
The data read out via the DIGSI-PC are saved in COMTRADE format. Fault recording data can be transferred to
the substation automation technology by request in accordance with the standards via existing communica-
tion connections (such as IEC 61850, IEC 60870-5-103). The central device analyzes the data using appro-
priate programs.
The Fault recorder function records the sampled values, specific to each device, of all analog inputs, the inter-
nally calculated measured values and the binary signals. The configuration, which is predefined for each
device via an application template, can be adapted individually.
NOTE
i You can find detailed information about selecting and deleting fault records in the Operating Manual
(C53000-G5000-C003).
The fault memory of the device is automatically updated with every recording. When the fault memory is filled
completely, the oldest records are overwritten automatically. Thus, the most recent recordings are always
stored safely. The maximum number of recordings is 128.
Sampling Frequency
The analog measuring channels are sampled at a different sampling rate for fault recording. The Sampling
frequency parameter is used to set the desired sampling frequency. Possible setting values are 1 kHz, 2 kHz,
4 kHz, and 8 kHz . This setting value applies only to fault recording and does not affect protection functions or
calculated measured values.
Record Duration
The overall duration of a single fault recording comprises the total duration of the configurable recording
criterion, the Pre-trigger time and the Post-trigger time. You can set the parameters for these
components individually.
[dwsigrar-070813-01, 1, en_US]
With the Fault recording parameter, you specify the start criterion of the recording.
You can set the following values:
with pickup:
The fault recording records the complete fault until dropout. The resulting pickup signals of all function
groups are taken into account.
user-defined:
With this setting value, you can individually specify the recording criterion for the fault recording in
DIGSI 5. Function-specific recording criteria can be realized in this way.
If a recording criterion reoccurs during the pickup time and post-trigger time, the recording which is currently
active is extended to include a new post-trigger time.
For a sampling frequency of 8 kHz and 24 analog channels to be recorded, the duration of one individual fault
recording can be up to 20 s.
The maximum record duration can be limited by the Maximum record time parameter.
In addition to starting the fault recording via the pickup, the following alternatives are possible:
Externally via binary input signal >External start (for example, from an external protection device
without fault recording by an object transferred via a GOOSE message)
By way of a configurable input signal >Manual start, you can start fault records with a configurable
length (parameter Manual record time).
With DIGSI 5, you can start test fault records with a fixed length of 1 s.
With a command from a central device via an existing communication connection (IEC 61850,
IEC 60870-5-103)
NOTE
i If a pickup signal is present continuously, the fault record is closed after the Maximum record time
expires and the fault recording is not restarted!
Fault Memory
The device manages its available fault memory dynamically, so that the maximum recording capacity is always
available. When exceeding the limits of the fault memory, the oldest recordings are automatically overwritten.
This means that the most recent recordings are always available. The sampling rate, type, and number of
measured value trends to be recorded are the crucial variables when it comes to restricting the length and
number of recordings possible. Parallel to the sampled tracks, up to 50 tracks with function-specific measured
values and up to 200 binary tracks can be recorded. The following table provides an overview of the maximum
storage capacities, in seconds, for different connection variations of the protection devices.
In the following table, you can find output signals of the Fault recorder function:
Name Type Description
General: Mode ENC Status feedback of the fault recording according
General: State ENS to chapter 2.3 Function Control
General: Standby ENS
Control: Error number INS The indication of the current error number
allows a unique allocation of entries in the
message buffers for the recorded fault records.
Control: Recording started SPS Fault recording running
Parameter: Storage
3.4.5 Settings
3.5.1 Overview
Protection communication includes all functionalities required to exchange data via the protection interface
(PI). It manages one or a maximum of 2 protection interfaces. The Protection communication is generated
with the configuration of the channels as a protocol.
You can find detailed information in the section Protection interface in chapter 3.5.3.1 Overview of Func-
tions.
[dwpdioko-250612-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Remote Data
The Remote data functionality is applied if you route a specific signal or a measured value to the protection
interfaces. The protection interface then attends to the transmitting and receiving of such signals. The
maximum amount of remote data is defined by the available bandwidth.
Protection data or teleprotection scheme binary data, are transferred for distance protection and ground-
fault protection.
The devices can be synchronized in time via the connection, whereby a device of the protection topology
assumes the role of the timing master.
The connection is continuously monitored for data faults and outage, and the time delay of the data is meas-
ured.
The protection interfaces are typically used with the teleprotection scheme for distance protection and
ground-fault protection. In SIPROTEC 5, you can configure protection interfaces in all devices and then use
them for further protection applications. At the same time, any binary information and measured values can
be transferred between the devices.
[dwstruct-030211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The protection communication runs physically via a serial optical communication module. This module can
have 1 or 2 channels. The protection communication can take place via various modules. This depends on the
type of interface and the application. DIGSI 5 is used to configure 1 or 2 channels of a serial optical module as
a protection interface. This enables communication with the values set at the protection interface via this
channel.
[dwinterf-030211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-40 Data Exchange for 2 Devices, Each Having Protection Communication
NOTE
i The index describes the consecutive numbering of the devices in a protection topology (see parameter
Local device is device).
A maximum of 2 protection communications can be integrated in one device (see next figure). If 2 protection
communications of the same type are connected to one another, this results in 100 % redundancy regarding
the transmission route. The devices then search for the communication connection with the highest band-
width (for example, optical fiber). If this connection fails, the system switches over automatically to the 2nd
connection until the 1st connection is available again. As the connection with lower bandwidth defines the
maximum amount of transferable information, the same information is exchanged via both connections. Both
protection communications in the device are then of type 1.
[dwintera-030211-02.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-41 Data Exchange for 2 Devices, Each Having 2 Protection Communications/Redundant Transmis-
sion Route
Priority 2: Use Priority 2 for the transmission of fast single-point or double-point indications that are
transferred and updated at a maximum of every 40 ms.
Priority 3: Use Priority 3 for all indications, measured, and metered values that are transferred and
updated a maximum of every 100 ms.
Communication Media
The communication takes place via direct fiber-optic connections, via communication networks or via 2-wire
copper conductors. Siemens recommends a direct fiber-optic connection, as this offers the highest transmis-
sion rate of 2 MBit/s and is immune to failures in the communication route while offering the shortest trans-
mission time. This also enables the transmission of a large amount of additional information on differential
protection routes and the remote control of devices at the remote end with DIGSI 5.
The distance to be bridged and the transmission paths available determine the settings of the protection inter-
face. External communication converters are used for the connection to communication networks via
G703.1-, X21-, or G703.6 interfaces. The connection to 2-wire copper cores also takes place via a communica-
tion converter. The C37.94 interface, for example, with 2 MBit/s, offers a direct fiber-optic connection to a
multiplexer with the corresponding interface.
Table 3-11 to Table 3-12 show examples of communication connections.
In the case of a direct connection, the transmission distance depends on the fiber type of the optical fiber. This
distance can also be extended via external repeaters.
The modules in the device can be replaced from outside, so that adaptation to a transmission route is possible.
In the case of the 820-nm double module USART-AE-2FO with 2 channels, 2 protection interfaces can be oper-
ated on one module.
The modules can be located at slots E and F in the base device, and at slots N and P in the plug-in module
assembly with integrated power supply.
When using communication converters, the connection from the device to the communication converter by a
module is established via optical fibers.
Table 3-11 Plug-In Modules for Applications with the Protection Interface
Plug-In Modules
Physical Connection
1 x optical serial, 1300 nm, duplex LC plug, 24 km via
9/125 m singlemode optical fibers, 4 km via
62.5/125 m multimode optical fibers
2 x optical serial, 1300 nm, duplex LC plug, 24 km via
9/125 m singlemode optical fibers, 4 km via
62.5/125 m multimode optical fibers
1 x optical serial, 1300 nm, duplex LC plug, 60 km via
9/125 m singlemode optical fibers
2 x optical serial, 1300 nm, duplex LC plug, 60 km via
9/125 m singlemode optical fibers
1 x optical serial, 1550 nm, duplex LC plug, 100 km
via 9/125 m singlemode optical fibers
2 x optical serial, 1550 nm, duplex LC plug, 100 km
via 9/125 m singlemode optical fibers
Plug-In Modules
Plug-In module
USART-AE-2FO
Physical Connection Plug-In Module USART-AD-1FO
1 x optical serial, 820 nm, ST connector, 1.5 km via 62.5/125 m multimode optical fibers
2 x optical serial, 820 nm, ST connector, 1.5 km via 62.5/125 m multimode optical fibers
Application
Protection interface (Sync. HDLC, IEEE C37.94) X X
NOTE
i The USART plug-in module types can be used in slots E and F in the base module as well as in slots N and P
in the CB202 expansion module. They are not suitable for use in port M in the CB202 expansion module.
[dwmultim-070611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-42 Connection over Short Distances, 1.5 km to 2 km via Multimode Optical Fiber
[dwmultim-070611-02.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwsingle-070611-03.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-44 Connection via Different Distances via Singlemode Optical Fiber
NOTE
i In order to prevent optical overload of the receiver, a 7XV5107-0AA00 attenuator must be used on one side
in the fiber-optic modules USART-AF, USART-AG, USART-AU, USART-AK, and USART-AV for distances of less
than 25 km/50 km.
[dwsingle-020513-04.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwmultim-070611-05.tif, 1, en_US]
The connection to the multiplexer is established via a communication converter with a G703.1 interface (64
kBit/s) or X21 interface (64 kBit/s to 512 kBit/s). You can set the bit rate for the KU-XG-512 (for X21), KU-
XG-256 (for X21), KU-XG-128 (for X21), and KU-XG-64 (for X21 or G703.1) with the parameter Connection
via.
You can find more detailed information in Table 3-13.
[dwmultim-070611-06.tif, 1, en_US]
The connection to the multiplexer is established with 512 kBit/s via a communication converter with a G703.6
interface (E1 with 2 MBit/s or T1 with 1.44 MBit/s). The communication converter offers a 2nd interface for
connecting an additional protection interface.
Make the setting for the bit rate with KU-2M-512 with 512 kBit/s in accordance with Table 3-13 with the
parameter Connection via.
[dwmulti7-070611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The connection to a communication converter with an integrated 5-kV isolation voltage is established with
128 kBit/s (KU-KU-128 setting in accordance with Table 3-13). A 20 kV isolation of the 2-wire connection is
possible via an external 7XR9516 isolating transformer.
[dwrepeat-070611-10.tif, 1, en_US]
The repeater offers an interface for connecting an additional protection interface. The connection to a
repeater is established with 512 kBit/s (repeater 512 setting in accordance with Table 3-13).
[dwmutip8-070611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-50 Direct Optical Connection to a Multiplexer with a C37.94 N * 64 kBit/s Interface (Time Slot N =
1; 2 or 8)
NOTE
i The redundancy of different communication connections (for the ring topology) requires rigorous separa-
tion of all devices involved in the communication. Therefore, avoid different communication routes via the
same multiplexer board, as no more substitute paths are possible if the board fails.
[dwtisyst-221013, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-51 shows how device 1 with index 1 is synchronized with device 2 via the protection interface.
Device 1 is synchronized externally from 2 sources (IRIG-B and SNTP via Ethernet).
Time Synchronization of the Line Differential Protection Measured Values with Millisecond Accuracy
The measured values of the line differential protection for the various line ends are synchronized with each
other with microsecond accuracy via the mechanisms of the protection interface. The protection interface
displays this state with the RAISING indication Protection interface synchronized.
If communications problems occur, it is possible that the measured values may not be properly synchronized.
In this case, the protection interface generates the CLEARED indication Protection interface
synchronized. The line differential protection is blocked. This state can be corrected only by manual inter-
vention.
NOTE
i You can reset the synchronization of the protection interface directly in the device. Proceed as follows:
Device functions > x Device protection comm. > Protection interface y > Reset synchron.
[scconfcp-241110-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Then select the Select constellation text box to select the number of devices (see next figure).
Depending on the device, the selection of constellations can be restricted to 2 or 3 devices.
The number of devices is an order option with regard to differential protection.
[scconfws-241110-01.tif, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i You have the option of changing the number of devices (for example 2 protection communication
devices) depending on the product code any way you like via the Select constellation text box.
If you change the number of devices via the Select constellation text box, all activated constellation
settings are lost.
If the module slot is not yet provided with modules, proceed as follows:
Select the desired communication module in the rear view of the device.
Select the module from the catalog and drag it to a channel. Thus is the channel configured with a
module. DIGSI 5 indicates whether the module can be used for protection communication under Device
Information.
Use the Communication protocols text box to select the protection interface. A text box entitled Protec-
tion interface will then appear (see Figure 3-52).
Then use the Select constellation text box to select the number of devices (for example 2 devices
protection com.) (see Figure 3-53).
[scconfig-181013-01, 2, en_US]
Changes in 1 channel are always visible on the other channel as well. All further parameters can be set sepa-
rately for individual channels.
APPLICATION EXAMPLE
You have a topology with 2 devices.
For example, in DIGSI 5, select the parameter setting Address of device 1 with the parameter value 101
for device 1 and the parameter setting Address of device 2 with the parameter value 102 for device 2.
Then, use the Local device is device parameter to set the index of the local device.
The addresses must be configured identically for all devices involved in the constellation. A functional protec-
tion communication requires that you also assign the same index in all devices of a constellation for a device
with a unique address.
Default setting (_:5131:122) Lowest appearing bit rate = 64 kBit/s
The Lowest appearing bit rate parameter is used to set the lowest bit rate occurring in the device
group. Set the lowest value in each device with a three-end constellation with 2 fiber-optic connections (2
MBit/s) and a 64 kBit/s connection with the lowest value (64 kBit/s). This value determines the maximum
signals and measured values within a constellation.
Apart from the default value, you can also set the following bit rates:
128 kBit/s
512 kBit/s
2048 kBit/s
NOTE
i If you use optical fibers for the connection between the devices, set the value to 2048 kBit/s.
NOTE
i Set the same number of devices used in all devices that are part of the constellation.
NOTE
i If the setting values of the parameters Disturbance alarm after and Transm. fail. alarm
after are exceeded, then an indication is generated.
NOTE
i Only if the Line differential protection function is instantiated, the Difference Tx and Rx time
parameter is displayed.
NOTE
i If the user employs a multiplexer with a C37.94 interface as a communication medium, Siemens recom-
mends a setting value of 0.25 ms to 0.6 ms.
NOTE
i The PPS measurement is used to consider the time delay in the send and receive directions. If PPS fails due
to a reception fault or due to a short-term unfavorable satellite position, synchronization via conventional
communication media remains active.
NOTE
i The synchronization mode can be set separately for both protection interfaces.
If no further PPS pulse is received within 2.1 s, the time-out supervision responds. If no new 2nd pulse occurs
after the expiry of the supervision time, the indication PPS pulse loss is issued.
[loppssyn-100113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The binary input >PPS pulse loss can be used to signal an externally detected failure in the PPS signal (for
example, error message from the receiver). Setting this binary input also leads to the indication PPS pulse
loss.
If you are using a second pulse from a GPS receiver, you must ensure that a loss of reception or reception
disturbances do not generate a second pulse. The GPS receivers recommended by Siemens are set by default
so that a loss of reception or reception disturbances do not generate a second pulse. In the event of problems,
check the setting value for the second pulse.
Siemens recommends the Meinberg 164 GPS receiver. Check the default setting for the second pulse using
the GPSMON32 program. The program is available in the SIPROTEC download area. You can find the setting
value under Outputs Enable Flags. The second pulse must be set to the value if Sync.
[scGPS_1, 2, --_--]
Figure 3-56 Checking the Setting Value for the 2nd Pulse Using the GPSMON32 Program, Step 1
[scGPS_2, 2, --_--]
Figure 3-57 Checking the Setting Value for the 2nd Pulse Using the GPSMON32 Program, Step 2
[dwdatenl-100113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The data bar is divided into 3 priorities, which also have different transmission rates and data volumes.
The following basic principle applies for all messages: Only pure data contents are transmitted. The quality (for
example, Valid) is not automatically transmitted as well. If you want to transmit the quality as well (for
example, for further processing of GOOSE messages), the quality must be transmitted separately (for example,
by using CFC). If a signal that has a test flag is transmitted (because its function is in test mode, for example),
all signals are provided with a test flag on the receiving side. If the connection is broken, all received signals
are flagged with the quality Invalid. If desired, the value can also be set to a secure state after a selectable
dropout time, or the last value received can be retained (Hold setting). This can be configured separately for
each received signal (see Table 3-17).
NOTE
Indications that are transferred data fields of priority 1 are sent with every telegram. They are preferably used
for the transmission of rapid signals, for example, release for circuit-breaker intertripping. A strictly determin-
istic, rapid transmission is required there.
Signals of priority 2 are transmitted with at least every 2nd telegram. For bit rates >256 kbit/s, there are no
differences between priority 1 and priority 2.
Priority 3 information is transmitted at least every 100 ms. This priority is used for transmission of measured
and metered values. Complex values must be routed separately as the real and the imaginary part for trans-
mission. Measured-value thresholds that lead to an updating of a measured value are set centrally as a prop-
erty of the measured value. These measured-value thresholds apply with the corresponding reporting, for
example, also for the transfer via IEC 61850 to a substation automation technology.
Indications which are written to a data area x under a priority on the data bar must be routed to an indication
of the same type in the device reading this information. Otherwise, they are processed incorrectly on the
receiving side. The data bar is organized in terms of bits. For information on the bit requirement of each signal
type, refer to Table 3-16.
Table 3-14 and Table 3-15 show the number of data areas in the data bar in relation to the available baud
rate.
NOTE
i The Lowest appearing bit rate parameter, which has to be set in each device for the protection
interfaces of a topology, defines the number of data areas as well as the topology type.
If, for example, in a three-end constellation with a type 2 chain topology two devices are connected via direct
optical fibers and 2 devices via the 64-kbit/s weakest line, the 64-kbit/s section is the limiting factor for the
entire constellation.
Table 3-14 Available Bits - Minimum Constellation Baud Rate 64/128 kbit/s
Table 3-15 Available Bits - Minimum Constellation Baud Rate 512/2048 kbit/s
NOTE
i If the protection link fails, these values can be set on the receiver side.
EXAMPLE
2 devices are connected with differential protection via a 64-kbits channel. This is a type 1 topology. 8 bits are
freely available for priority 1. Now, for example, 4 SPS and 2 DPS can be routed:
4 x 1 bit + 2 x 2 bits = 8 bits
NOTE
Remote Data Transmission: Routing of the Indications and Measured Values to the Protection Interface
The transmission is organized in the form of a data bar which is continuously exchanged between the devices.
For this, see Figure 3-58.
A device indication or measured value is allocated to a definite data area of the bar.
Figure 3-59 to Figure 3-62 show the routing for a communication topology of protection interface type 1.
To transmit signals to other devices, these signals must be routed in the communication matrix under
Transmit. Binary inputs 1 and 2 are single-point indications (SPS) and are routed to position 1 and position 2
of the transmission with the highest priority (priority 1). For 64 kbit/s, for example, only 8 of these data areas
are available for type 1; they are exchanged between the transmission routes with each telegram. Signals 3
and 4 are double-point indications (DPS), for example, a switch position that is transmitted by a device 1. A
double-point indication occupies 2 positions on the data bar. In addition, a measured and metered value are
communicated via priority 3.
As a measured or metered value uses 32 bits, value 2 starts at position 33. DIGSI 5 indicates the next available
position.
[scransps-021210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scrangmw-021210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scrangzw-021210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
This device also receives information (in the matrix under Receive). This must have been routed as a target for
other devices (see next figure). The binary outputs 1 and 2 in device 1 receive their information via the protec-
tion interface. This is priority 1 information, which has been routed in another device to position 3 and 4 of
the data bar. The secure state is defined in the Fallback value column. If the data connection fails, the single-
point indication is reset to coming or going or its value is retained (hold). For data of the various priorities,
you can also set a dropout time after which the reset (see Figure 3-61) to the fallback value occurs, in order to
retain the original state for a short time in the event of brief interruptions. These 3 dropout times apply for all
data of one transmission priority and are set as parameters.
[scspsemp-021210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-62 Routing of Single-Point Indications (Receive) to the Protection Interface in Device 1
The following figure shows the routing in the 2nd device. Binary inputs 1 and 2 are routed with priority 1 to
positions 3 and 4 there. In device 1, positions 1 and 2 are already occupied (see Figure 3-59). If you also route
the signals to positions 1 and 2, the signals of the devices are then connected to the corresponding position
with a logical OR operation. If measured and metered values are routed in the same data areas, this results in
implausible values for the receivers that read the data. As a user, you are therefore responsible for the correct
routing.
[scbaspsr-021210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-63 Routing of Single-Point Indications to be Sent to the Protection Interface in Device 2
The binary outputs 1 and 2 (Receive) in the 2nd device are connected to priority 1 signals 1 and 2 from the
1st device. This takes place via the data areas at positions 1 and 2 of the data bar, which transfer the state of
the indications. Other devices can also read this information and link it to their internal signals. Here, too, the
secure state, which is assumed when the protection connection is interrupted, is entered. This state depends
on the information. In the case of single-point indications, the state is 0 or 1. In the case of double-point indi-
cations, the bit combinations 00, 01, 10, or 11 are possible, in order to directly signal a disturbed position
upon failure of the data connection, for example.
Hold is used to retain the state.
[scbausps-021210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-64 Routing of Received Single-Point Indications to the Protection Interface in Device 2
[scbausmw-021210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-65 Routing of Received Measured Values to the Protection Interface in Device 2
[scbauszw-021210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
NOTE
The following diagnostic data is provided via the protection interfaces by the devices in the constellation:
Address of the device in the constellation
Circuit-breaker switch position (open/closed/undefined)
Time delay in the send and receive direction of the telegrams between local and neighboring device
You can find this diagnostic data in DIGSI under the following menu structure (see Figure 3-67 and
Figure 3-68):
[sc_diagnose_wskanle_gerteadresse, 2, en_US]
[sc_diagnose_wskanle_gerte_nichtverb, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-68 Diagnostic Data of the Protection-Interface Channels Device 2 Not Connected
NOTE
i You can use the following procedure to reset the measured values for the protection interface directly in
the device:
Device functions > x Device protection comm. > Protection interface y > Reset measured values.
Indication Description
(_:5161:301) Status The output signal gives you information about the state of communication layers
of lay. 1 and 2 1 and 2 (1: Physical Layer, 2: Data Link Layer). The following indications values
are possible:
Initialized:
The protection interface is not connected and is in the Initial state.
Protection interface connected:
The protection interface is connected to the protection interface of a device.
Protection interface disturbance:
The protection interface has not received any valid telegrams for the time
set in parameter (_:5161:107) Disturbance alarm after.
Protection interface failure:
The protection interface has not received any valid telegrams for the time
set in parameter (_:5161:108) Transm. fail. alarm after .
not present:
The protection interface has not been assigned to a communication
channel.
(_:5161:302) Status The output signal gives you information about the state of communication layers
of lay. 3 and 4 3 and 4 (3: Network Layer, 4: Transport Layer). The following indications values
are possible:
no error:
The protection interface is operating correctly.
Software version incompatible:
The firmware versions of the connected devices are incompatible. Update
the firmware.
System mirroring:
The protection interface is receiving its own data. Check the wiring.
Dev. add. incorrect:
The device address of the partner device is incorrect. Check the settings for
parameters Address of device 1 to address of device n
(_:5131:102 and following).
Constell. incorrect:
The constellation settings of the devices are different. Check that the setting
for the parameter Select constellation is identical in all devices.
Const. param. incorrect:
Check that the same setting has been made for parameter (_:5131:122)
Lowest appearing bit rate in all devices.
Diff. Param. Error:
The line differential protection settings for the connected devices are incom-
patible. Check whether both devices are set to operate with or without line
differential protection.
The rated values of the line (parameters (_:9001:101) Rated current
and (_:9001:102) Rated voltage) must be adjusted at both ends of
the line such that the internally calculated (_:9001:103) Rated apparent
power at both ends is equal.
If a transformer is installed in the line, (_:9001:102) Rated voltage
and (_:9001:103) Rated apparent power must be adjusted at both ends such
that the internally calculated value of the parameter (_:9001:101)
Rated current at both ends is equal.
You can find further information in this regard in the description of the func-
tion 6.7 Line Differential Protection.
In order to clarify faults, each individual protection interface provides the following binary signals:
NOTE
i You can reset the measured values of the protection interface directly in the device. Proceed as follows:
Device functions > x Device protection comm. > Protection interface y > Reset measured values.
NOTE
i The diagnostic data can also be read via the device control on the display of the device. The overview of
DIGSI 5 does not offer this option, however.
[scdiapin-140912-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-69 Diagnostic Data of a Channel Configured with the Protection Interface
[scdiamed-140912-01, 1, en_US]
[scdiacom-140912-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-71 Diagnostic Data of the Protection-Interface Log - HDLC (Log - Layer)
Table 3-20 Description of Diagnostic Data of the Protection-Interface Log - HDLC (Log - Layer)
[scdiahdl-140912-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-72 Diagnostic Data of the Protection-Interface Log - COM Interface (Internal COM Link Interface
Between Module and Mainboard)
Table 3-21 Description of Diagnostic Data of the COM Interface (Internal COM Link Interface Between
Module and Mainboard)
Table 3-22 Description of Diagnostic Data of some Setting Values of the Protection Interface
3.5.3.11 Settings
Timely recording of process data requires precise time synchronization of the devices. The integrated date/
time synchronization allows the exact chronological assignment of events to an internally managed device
time that is used to time stamp events in logs, which are then transmitted to a substation automation tech-
nology or transferred via the protection interface. A clock module internal to the device and having battery
backup is synchronized cyclically with the current device time so that the right device time is available and
used even in case of auxiliary-voltage failure. At the same time, this permits hardware-supported monitoring
of the device time.
The integrated date/time synchronization is a supervisory device function. Setting parameters and indications
can be found in the following menus for the DIGSI and the device:
Set date and time:
DIGSI: Online access -> Interface -> Device -> Device Information -> Time Information
Device: Main menu Device functions Date & Time
Parameter:
DIGSI: Project -> Device -> Parameter -> Time Settings
Indications:
DIGSI: Project -> Device -> Information routing ->Time keeping or Time Sync.
Every SIPROTEC 5 device maintains an internal device time with date. The date and time can also be set on the
device via the on-site operation panel or via DIGSI 5. Within a system, or even beyond, it is usually necessary to
record the time of process data accurately and to have exact time synchronization of all devices. For SIPROTEC
5 devices, the sources of time and synchronization options can be configured.
Telegram
The time is synchronized via a telegram with an appropriately configured communication interface in
accordance with the IEC 60870-5-103 or DNP3 protocol.
Ethernet
The time synchronization is done via Ethernet-based SNTP protocol (Simple Network Time Protocol), for
example with IEC 61850 stations or via IEEE 1588. If you enable both services during configuration of
Ethernet interfaces, these protocols are available as an option for the time synchronization.
Protection interface
The time synchronization takes place via the protection interfaces configured for your SIPROTEC 5 device.
Here, the timing master takes over the time management.
2 time sources can be taken into consideration with the SIPROTEC 5 devices. For each time source, the
synchronization type may be selected based on the options provided.
Time source 1 takes precedence over Time source 2, that is, Time source 2 will be effective for
the synchronization of the device time only if Time source 1 fails. If only one time source is available
and it fails, then only the internal clock continues unsynchronized. The status of the time sources is indi-
cated.
For every time source, it is possible to define via the Time zone time source 1 parameter (or Time
zone time source 2) if this source transmits its time by UTC (universal time) or if the settings corre-
spond to the local time zone of the device.
NOTE
i Make sure that the settings for the time sources coincide with the actual hardware configuration of your
SIPROTEC 5 device. In any event, incorrect settings cause the status indications of time sources to pick up.
Year-Month-Day: 2009-12-24
NOTE
i For time sources that transmit the status of the switch to daylight saving time, this will be taken into
account automatically when creating the internal device time in the UTC format. The differential time
of the daylight saving time set in the device (parameter Offset daylight saving time) is taken into
consideration. However, in contrast, the settings of the start of daylight saving time and end of the
daylight saving times are ignored when converting into the device internal UTC format.
For active time sources, it is not possible to set the time via the device display or DIGSI 5. An exception
is setting the calendar year for active time protocol IRIG-B.
Indication Description
Device: This indication signals a high difference between the
Clock fail internally managed time and the time of the clock
module that is not permissible. The pickup of the indi-
cation can point to a defect in the clock module or to
an unacceptable high drift of the system quartz
crystal. The time maintained internally is marked as
invalid.
Time management: This indication signals whether daylight saving time
Daylight saving time has been enabled.
Time management: This indication signals that the device time has been
Clock set manually set manually via the on-site operation panel or via
DIGSI 5.
Time synchronization: These 2 indications signal whether the active time
Status time source 1 sources are recognized as valid and active from the
Status time source 2 device point of view. When the indications pick up, it
can also be an indication that an incorrect configura-
tion of the port or channel numbers was done at the
on-site operation panel.
Time synchronization: This indication signals after the parameterized time
Time sync. error Fault indication after that synchronization
using an external time source has failed.
Time synchronization: This indication signals that a Leap second has
Leap second occurred during time synchronization using an
external GPS receiver (protocol variant IRIG-B
005(004) with extension according to IEEE
C37.118-2005).
Time synchronization: This indication signals that the device is synchronized
High accuracy with an accuracy better than 1 s The indication is
only of significance when the PMU function is used.
NOTE
i In case of a missing or discharged battery, the device starts without active external time synchronization
with the device time 2011-01-01 00:00:00 (UTC).
For the device, DIGSI 5 provides a compact overview of the status of the time synchronization of your
SIPROTEC 5 device in online mode. All displays are updated continuously. You can access the overview in the
project-tree window via Online access.
DIGSI: Online access -> Interface -> Device -> Device Information -> Time Information
[sctimedg-220415, 1, en_US]
Whether the device time is currently synchronized from the time source
The lower section displays the device time, which is continuously updated. If the internal device time and the
infeed time source were synchronous at the time of telegram receipt, both displayed times are identical.
NOTE
i All times displayed (also the time source) take into consideration the local time settings (zone and daylight
saving time of the device) in the form of a numerical offset for UTC (universal time).
Default setting Time zone time source 1 = local, Time zone time source 2 = local
With the Time zone time source 1 and Time zone time source 2 parameters, you define the
handling of time zones of the external timer.
[sctimezo-210415, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-74 Settings for Time Zone and Daylight Saving Time in DIGSI
3.6.5 Settings
3.7.1 Overview
With help from user-defined function groups and user-defined functions you can group user-defined objects,
for example user-defined function blocks. 2 user-defined function blocks are available (see following figure).
[scudef_lib, 1, en_US]
The user-defined function block allows you to add (see following figure) single-point indications, pickup indi-
cations, operate indications (ADC, ACT), single and double commands, commands with a controllable whole
number as well as measured values. You can assign the group a superordinate name (for example process
indications for a group of single-point indications which are read via binary inputs). This function can be deac-
tivated using the mode. The standby mode is also analyzed or displayed.
The user-defined function blocks can be instantiated at the highest level (alongside other function groups) as
well as within function groups and functions.
In addition, there is a user-defined function block [control]. Alongside the aforementioned possibilities
presented by user-defined function blocks, this block offers additional tests for user-defined control signals,
for example SPC or DPC.
These are described in chapter 7.6.1 Overview of Functions.
[scbenutz-260912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-76 Information Routing with Incorporated User-Defined Function Block: Process Indications and
some Single-Point Indications
The following data types are available for user-defined objects in the DIGSI 5 library under the heading User-
defined signals. Additionally, a folder for external signals is available (see chapter 3.7.5 External Signals).
User-Defined Signals
[sc_LB_userdefsig, 1, en_US]
EXAMPLE
Acquisition using binary input, further processing in a CFC and/or signaling using an LED.
[scspsfas-140613-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-78 Single-Point Indication SPS Unsaved (Example: 7KE85 Fault Recorder)
EXAMPLE
Acquisition of a disconnector or circuit-breaker switch position.
EXAMPLE
The output of the CFC block ADD_D can, for example, be connected with the data type INS. The result can be
shown on the display of the device.
NOTE
i Additional data types can be found under other headings in the DIGSI 5 library as well as in the corre-
sponding function blocks. This applies to the following data types:
Pulse-metered values (see User-defined functions in the DIGSI 5 library)
Transformer taps
Metered values
Pulse-Metered Values
Pulse-metered values are available as data type BCR (Binary Counter Reading) in the function group trans-
former as well as the function groupCircuit breaker. There you will find Pulse-metered values under Meas-
ured values/User-defined values/Pulse-metered value.
The functionality and the settings of the pulse-metered values can be found in chapter 9.9.1 Function Descrip-
tion of Pulse-Metered Values.
The following data types are also used in the system but are not available for general use as user-defined
signals in the library:
ENC (Enumerated Setting Controllable)
The data type ENC models a command with which the user can set predefined values.
SEQ (Sequence)
NOTE
i Transformer taps are included in the Transformer tap changer switching element. If this switching
element is created in the device, the transformer tap position is available as a data object of type BSC
(binary controlled step position information).
User-defined signals of different types (see Figure 3-79) are available for GOOSE Later Binding. After instantia-
tion in a logical node, an external reference is generated during IID export and provided to a IEC 61850 system
tool (for example, System Configurator) for GOOSE Later Binding (according to the Later-Binding procedure
specified in IEC 61850-6).
[sc_LB_extsign, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i Consider the chapter on GOOSE Later Binding in the DIGSI Online Help. User-defined signals exist as
external signals and as preconfigured inputs that have been activated via the GOOSE column.
Input signals can be filtered to suppress brief changes at the binary input. Chatter blocking can be used to
prevent continuously changing indications from clogging the event list. After an adjustable number of
changes, the indication is blocked for a certain period.
The settings for indication filtering can be found at the individual signals. The next figure shows the settings
using the example of a controllable (circuit-breaker switch position).
NOTE
i For the circuit breaker or the disconnector, the settings of the software filter for spontaneous position
changes are available only in the Control/Command with feedback function block. These settings are not
available in the Circuit breaker or Disconnector function blocks since these function blocks contain the
actual unfiltered position of the switch in the bay.
[sclposi-260116, 1, en_US]
The setting range for the Software filtering time parameter ranges from 0 ms to 86 400 000 ms (1
day) in ms increments. The Retrigger filter check box can be used to select whether the software filter
should be restarted by a change from 1 to 0 and back. When activated, the Indication timestamp
before filtering check box back dates the time stamp by the set software filtering time and the fixed
hardware filtering time. In this case, the time stamp corresponds to the actual status change of the signal. If
you activate the Suppress intermediate position check box, the intermediate position is suppressed
for the duration of this software filter time.
With the parameter Spontaneous position changes filtered by, you set how such position
changes are to be filtered. Spontaneous position changes are caused by external switching commands, for
example. If you select the General software filter setting, the general settings for software filtering of
spontaneous position changes and for position changes caused by a switching command apply. The settings
for spontaneous position changes can then not be edited. A separate filtering for spontaneous position
changes is activated with the Spontaneous software filter setting and you can edit the settings for
this.
Chatter blocking can be activated or deactivated as a parameter of the position in the Circuit breaker or
Disconnector function block.
[scflatte-180315, 1, en_US]
The settings for the chatter blocking function are set centrally for the entire device in DIGSI. They are acces-
sible as settings in the General function group (see the following figure).
The chatter-blocking settings have the following meaning (see also Figure 3-82 and Figure 3-83 in the exam-
ples shown in the following):
No. permis.state changes
This number specifies how often the state of a signal may toggle within the chatter-test time and the
chatter-checking time. If this number is exceeded, the signal will be or remains blocked.
Enter a number from 0 to 65535 in this field. If the entry is 0, chatter blocking is essentially inactive.
[dw_chatter-block-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-82 Signal Change during Chatter Blocking with too Important Number of Signal State Changes
During 2nd Subsequent Test Time
(1) The input signal is permanently blocked starting from this point in time.
[dw_chatter-block-02, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-83 Signal Change during Chatter Blocking with Permissible Number of Signal State Changes
During 2nd Subsequent Test Time
During commissioning, maintenance, or testing, a brief interruption of the connection between the logical
signals and binary inputs may be useful. It allows you to manually update the status of a switching device that
is not providing feedback correctly. Before this can take place, you must first set acquisition blocking.
To set the acquisition blocking, proceed as follows:
In the main menu of the device display, use the navigation keys to move to
CommandsEquipmentAq.blkman. update.
If several switching devices are available, select the appropriate device (for example, a circuit breaker)
using the navigation keys.
[scerfass-310816-01, 1, en_US]
Manual updating of the switching device is possible from within the same menu.
Select Manual update (Figure 3-85) using the navigation keys.
With the navigation keys, select the switching-device setting to be updated manually (for example, off,
Figure 3-86).
[scstatus-310816-01, 1, en_US]
[scstatu2-310816-01, 1, en_US]
[scstatu3-310816-01, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i For safety reasons, manual updating is possible only directly through the on-site operation panel of the
device and not through DIGSI 5.
NOTE
i Setting acquisition blocking and the subsequent manual updating are also possible via the IEC 61850
system interface.
You can also set the acquisition blocking via a binary input. If you want to put the feeder or the switching
device in revision, you can set the acquisition blocking for an individual or several switching devices with an
external toggle switch. For this purpose, every switching device in the Switch function block (circuit breaker
or disconnector switch) has the input signal >Acquisition blocking. This signal can also be set from the
CFC.
[scbeerfa-190215, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-88 Input signals >Acquisition Block and >Release Acquisition Block & Manual
Updating on the Switching Device
NOTE
i Interlockings are carried out with the status changes of the switching device. Remove acquisition blocking
again manually. Otherwise, position changes of the switching device are not detected and interlockings are
ineffective.
If the acquisition blocking and the manually updated position are set using the operation panel of the device
or the system interface IEC 61850, these are retained until the acquisition blocking is manually deactivated.
When you initially start the device, the acquisition blocking is deactivated.
Except for a restart, the acquisition blocking and the manually updated position are retained.
If the acquisition blocking is activated via the input signal >Acquisition blocking, it is retained as long as
the binary input is active.
To set the acquisition blocking of a switching device, the following sources are possible:
Operation panel of the device
System interface IEC 61850
NOTE
i When the acquisition blocking is activated or the switching device updated manually while the entire
device or the switching device is in test mode, these states are not saved. The acquisition blocking and the
manual updating are not retained after a restart.
The acquisition blocking and the manual update for the circuit breaker, the disconnector, and the tap changer
are reset by way of the >Reset AcqBlk&Subst binary input. Setting acquisition blocking and manual
update is blocked with the input activated.
In addition to the switching commands, which are issued as pulse commands, and stored for the standard
switching devices (circuit breaker, disconnector switch), persistent commands are also possible. In this case, a
distinction must be drawn between controllables with the Continuous output operating mode and a stored
signal output that is immune to reset.
You can change a controllable from pulse to persistent command with the Command output parameter.
[scbefehl-260912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Select Pulse output or Continuous output for the command output type. If a persistent command is
selected, the Pulse parameter is irrelevant.
3.8.4.1 Overview
In the case of multibay functions, a device uses information from one or more other devices. For some applica-
tions, it may be necessary for you to remove a device with all effective functions temporarily from the plant
and even to switch it off. These applications are, for example:
Maintenance work
System upgrades
Testing the local protection functions, for example, the local line differential protection
The Device logoff functionality informs the receiver devices about the imminent disconnection of the
transmitter devices. To do this, the last valid received information is stored in the receiver devices and used for
the multibay functions.
NOTE
i If you need to remove a device temporarily from the plant, you must log off the device.
Protection functions distributed to several devices operate in a healthy manner with the remaining devices
only if you have logged off the device.
Via the binary inputs, general: >Device funct.logoff on (_:507) or >Dev. funct.logoff off
(_:508)
You can find the controllable and the binary inputs in the DIGSI 5 project tree under Name of the
deviceInformation routing in the working area in the General block.
During the log-off process, the device checks whether all conditions for a logoff have been met. If the condi-
tions for the log off have not been met, the logoff is rejected.
The logoff is rejected under the following conditions:
The devices are communicating via the protection interface and switching off the device leads to an
interruption in protection-interface communication.
The Line differential protection function is operating in the device and the local circuit breaker is still
switched on.
In this case, you must switch off the local circuit breaker and repeat the log-off process for the device.
After the logoff, the local Line differential protection function is removed from the summation of the
currents for the Line differential protection of the other devices. The Line differential protection func-
tion remains active in the other devices.
NOTE
i The option used to log the device off is stored in the operational log.
Even if you switch off the device after logoff, the Device logged off (_:315) state is stored.
If you want to establish the initial state again after logging off the device, you must log on the device again.
To log on the device, you must use the same option used for logoff. For example, if you have logged off the
device via binary inputs, you must log it on again via the binary inputs. This applies in similar manner if you
have logged off the device via DIGSI or via on-site operation.
Via the binary inputs, general: >Device funct.logoff on (_:507) or >Dev. funct.logoff off
(_:508)
The conditions for a successful logoff of the device result from the conditions for every activated protection
function.
Logoff of a Device from a Device Combination with Communication via the IEC 61850-8-1 (GOOSE) Protocol
If devices are exchanging data via the IEC 61850-8-1 (GOOSE) protocol, for example, in the case of substation
interlocking, you can set in the receiver device for each received data point the value of this data point when
the transmitter device logs off. This value remains effective in the receiver device until the logoff is canceled
by the transmitter device, even if the transmitter and/or the receiver are switched off in the meantime.
For series-connected topologies, the device must be located at one end of the communication chain as
otherwise, the protection communication is interrupted when the device is logged off and switched off.
For this reason, devices that are not at one of the ends in series-connected topologies cannot be logged
off.
EXAMPLE:
The following line formation is protected by the Line differential protection with 3 devices.
Figure 3-91 Differential Protection with 3 Devices for a Line with a Feeder
In the example, the feeder is to be decommissioned for maintenance or modification work. Device 3 should
therefore also be switched off. Without additional measures, the Line differential protection can no longer
function and sends an ineffective indication.
For this use case, the Line differential protection function must be logged off in Device 3.
NOTE
i Before logging off, you must switch off the feeder protected by the local Line differential protection.
The Line differential protection in device 3 can only be logged off if no current is flowing through the feeder.
During the log-off process, device 3 checks whether the circuit breaker 3 is really switched off.
The Circuit-breaker position recognition in the Circuit-breaker (CB) function group provides the circuit-
breaker position using the internal signal CB state protected obj..
If a protected object is supplied via 2 circuit breakers (CBs), for example with the 1 1/2 circuit-breaker layout,
then the circuit-breaker switch position of the protected object must be determined with the aid of both circuit
breakers. In this case, the circuit-breaker position function block performs linking of the individual CB condi-
tions for the protected object.
If one of the following 2 conditions is met, the CB status protected object internal signal assumes the
Open state:
All connected circuit breakers signal the Open state internally.
The binary input signal >Disconnector open is active.
You can find more information in chapter 5.5.4.6 Circuit-Breaker Condition for the Protected Object.
If the Line differential protection is logged off in device 3, the remaining devices 1 and 2 save this state and
calculate the total current using Kirchhoff's current law with the currents in devices 1 and 2 only.
If device 3 is successfully logged off, you can switch it off. The logoff of device 3 is saved in the remaining
devices also after it is switched off. If you switch device 3 on again, you must log it on again in the device
combination.
Figure 3-92 External Push-Button Wiring for Logging off the Device
If a switch is being used for control, route the binary input >Device funct.logoff on as H (active
with voltage) and the binary input >Dev. funct.logoff off as L (active without voltage).
If the switch S is closed, the device is logged off.
Figure 3-93 External Switch Wiring for Logging off the Device
Indications
The logged-off device reports the status ((_:315) Device logged off) and the cause of the logoff.
If you have logged off the device via binary inputs, the indication (_:313) Logged off via BI is issued.
If you have logged off the device via on-site operation, via DIGSI 5, or via the protection interface, the indica-
tion (_:314) Logged off via control is issued.
The indications are stored in the operational log.
3.9.1 Overview
You can set the threshold values of protection functions directly on the device or by using DIGSI 5.
An innovative design was implemented for the protection settings.
You can switchover the edit mode between the following setting views:
Primary
Secondary
Percent
If you change settings in a setting view, DIGSI 5 calculates the settings of the 2 inactive views in the back-
ground. If you wish to save, for example, conversion to secondary values, then select the primary view.
Configure all the settings and switchover to the secondary view.
The following setting example shows how you can change the transformer ratio in DIGSI 5, and what impact
this has on the settings in the setting views Primary and Secondary. The protection setting is observed in the
example of the Overcurrent protection function.
The following output data are assumed:
Current transformer: 1000 A/1 A
Protection pickup value: 1.5 A
The following figure shows the protection setting of the Overcurrent protection function in the secondary
view. The threshold value of the stage is set to 1.5 A.
[scmodsek_1, 1, en_US]
When you click the green arrow in the setting sheet at the upper left, you get to the window for switching
over to the setting view (see the following figure). Select the setting view you prefer.
[scmodums_2, 1, en_US]
The following figures show the setting sequence in the Primary edit mode. Set the transformer data. In the
example, the current transformer has a transformation ratio of 1000 A/1 A.
[scpwandl_3, 1, en_US]
In the function group Transformer, you set the transformer data (see following figure). Rated current, rated
voltage and rated apparent power are the reference variables for the percent setting.
[scproref_4, 1, en_US]
The following figure shows the threshold value of the Overcurrent protection function in the primary view at
1500 A.
[scumzpri_5, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-98 Example of the Threshold Value of the Definite Time-Overcurrent Protection (Edit Mode:
Primary)
When switching over to the percent view, the result should be the following value:
1500 A/1000 A 100 % = 150 %
[scumzpro_6, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-99 Example of the Threshold Value of the Definite Time-Overcurrent Protection (Edit Mode:
Percent)
When switching over to the secondary view, the result should be the following value:
1500 A/(1000 A/1 A) = 1.5 A
[scumzsek_7, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-100 Example of the Threshold Value of the Definite Time-Overcurrent Protection (Edit Mode:
Secondary)
If you only want to work in the secondary view, DIGSI 5 supports you if the transformer ratio changes during
the project phase.
In the example, the current-transformer ratio changes from 1000 A/1 A to 1000 A/5 A. Change the secondary
rated current of the current transformer in the setting sheet of the transformer data from 1 A to 5 A (Edit
mode: Secondary). If you change the transformer data, a window will appear (see the following figure) that
will ask you for the action desired.
[scfragew_8, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-101 Query after Changing the Transformer Data (Setting View: Secondary)
If you answer the question with Yes, then DIGSI 5 will recalculate the pickup values (threshold values) in the
active secondary view. For the new secondary transformer current 5 A, the new secondary threshold value
obtained is 7.5 A (1.5 A * 5 = 7.5 A). The primary and percent values remain unchanged.
The following figure shows the newly calculated threshold value in the secondary view.
[scsekneu_9, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-102 Automatically Recalculated Secondary Values After Changes in the Transformer Data
If you have already set the settings in the secondary view by including the new transformation ratio of the
transformer in the calculation, then answer the question with No. In this case, the protection settings in the
secondary view remain unchanged. DIGSI 5 recalculates the settings (threshold values) of the primary view. In
the example, the primary threshold value is then 300 A (1.5 A * 1000 A/5 A = 300 A).
In the example, the current-transformer ratio changes from 1000 A/1 A to 1000 A/5 A. The following table
summarizes the pickup values that DIGSI 5 will recalculate in the setting view. The new values (in bold)
depend on the answer of your query (see Figure 3-101).
Reply to the Question
Yes No
Threshold value secondary (active setting view) 7.5 A 1.5 A
Threshold value primary (covered setting view) 1500 A 300 A
The device is preset to the secondary value at the time of delivery. Only secondary values can be set directly
on the device.
If you change transformer data directly on the device, it is not followed by a query, like in DIGSI 5 (see
Figure 3-101). Instead, the device assumes that all settings remain unchanged in the secondary view.
NOTE
i If the device works with IEC 61850 protocol, you change the transformer data only via DIGSI 5 and not
directly on the device. If you change the transformer data directly on the device, the IEC 61850 configura-
tion of the measurement and metered values can be faulty.
Activation
If you want to use the Settings group switching function, you must first set at least 2 settings groups in DIGSI
5 (parameter Number of settings groups > 1). You can set up a maximum of 8 settings groups. The settings
groups set in DIGSI 5 are subsequently loaded into the device.
Table 3-23 Binary Codes of the Input Signals and Applicable Settings Groups
3.10.1.5 Settings
3.10.2.1 Overview
In Device settings in DIGSI 5, you find the following general settings.
[scDeSeDe2-310715-01, 1, en_US]
[scDeSeAl-310715-01, 2, en_US]
[scDeSeall-260815-01, 1, en_US]
The following list shows you the chapters containing the desired information.
You can find more about:
Chatter blocking in chapter 3.8.1 Signal Filtering and Chatter Blocking for Input Signals.
Control in chapter 7.4 Control Functionality.
Continuous Function Chart Quality Treatment in chapter 3.3.3 Quality Processing/Affected by the User
in CFC Charts.
Under Device, you set the parameters for the device that are valid across functions.
With Test support, indications issued via communication interfaces are labeled with an additional test bit, if
this is supported by the protocol. With this test bit you can determine whether an indication is generated in a
test and whether all or individual functions of the device are in the test mode. In this manner the reactions
that are necessary in normal operation due to an indication can be suppressed in other devices that receive
these indications. You can also permit, for example, a trip command to close an energized binary output for
test purposes. Siemens recommends deactivating theTest support again after the test phase.
Parameter: Fault-display
With the Fault-display parameter, you set whether spontaneous indications which are signed as NT
(conditioned latching) in the matrix, get stored with every pickup or only when the fault was termi-
nated by tripping.
Keep the DIGSI 5 routing options in chapters 3.1.7 Spontaneous Indication Display in DIGSI 5 and Table 3-8 in
mind.
NOTE
i The device remains in test mode during every startup until you intentionally set the device back into
process mode. You set process mode by switching the parameterActivate device test mode to inactive
again (removing the check mark).
3.10.2.3 Settings
4.1 Overview
The Global DIGSI 5 library provides application templates for the applications of the devices. The application
template
Supports the fast realization of complete protection solutions for applications
Contains the basic configuration for the use case
Check the routing of binary outputs with respect to fast and normal relays.
Check the CFC charts for the group-warning indications and group-fault indications.
NOTE
i The availability of certain settings and setting options depends on the device type and the functions avail-
able on the device!
The following table shows the functional scope and the required function points of the application templates
for device 7UT82:
Table 4-2 Functional Scope of the Application Template for the Device 7UT82
Available
Template 1
Template 2
Template 3
37 Undercurrent protection I< X
38 Temperature supervision > X
46 Negative-sequence system I2>, I2/I1> X
overcurrent protection
Unbalanced-load protection I22(t) X
(thermal)
49 Thermal overload protection , I2t X X X X
49H Hot-spot calculation h, I2t X
50/51 TD Overcurrent protection, phases I>, IP> X X X X
50N/51N TD Overcurrent protection, ground IN>, INP> X X
Overcurrent protection, 1- IN> X
phase
50Ns/51Ns Sensitive ground-current INs>, INsP> X
protection for systems with
resonant-grounded or isolated
neutral
Intermittent ground-fault IIE> X
protection
50HS High-speed instantaneous over- I>>> X
current protection
Instantaneous tripping at SOTF X
switch onto fault
50BF Circuit-breaker failure protec- CBFP X X
tion
Available
Template 1
Template 2
Template 3
50RS Circuit-breaker restrike supervi- CBRM X
sion
Circuit-breaker supervision Ix, I2t, 2P X
74TC Trip-circuit supervision AKU X X X X
86 Lockout X X X X
87G Differential protection, gener- I X
ator
87M Differential protection, motor I X X
87T Differential protection, trans- I X X X
former
Differential protection for I X
phase-angle regulating trans-
formers (single core)
87T Node Transformer differential protec- I nodes X
tion (node protection for auto
transformer)
87N T Restricted ground-fault protec- IN X X
tion
ARC Arc protection ARC X
Measured values, standard X X X X
Measured values, extended: X
Min, Max, Avg (function points
per type)
Switching statistic counters X X X X
CFC standard X X X X
CFC arithmetic X
CFC switching sequences X
Inrush-current detection X X X X
External trip initiation X
Control for 4 switching devices X X X X
Fault recording of analog and X X X X
binary signals
Monitoring and supervision X X X X
Protection interface, serial X
Circuit breaker X X X X
Disconnector/grounding X
conductor
Function points: 0 30 0
Overload protection, backup protection for the downstream electrical power system
[dwap2wik82-180314-01, 1, en_US]
The following table shows the functional scope and the required function points of the application templates
for device 7SJ85:
Table 4-3 Functional Scope of the Application Template for the Device 7SL85
Template 1
Template 2
Template 3
Template 4
Template 5
21/21N Distance protection/ Z<, V<, I>, X
Distance protection (RMD) (V/I)
21T Impedance protection for transformers Z< X
24 Overexcitation protection V/f X
25 Synchrocheck, synchronization function Sync X
27 Undervoltage protection, 3-phase V< X
Undervoltage protection, positive- V1< X
sequence system
Undervoltage protection, universal Vx< X
32/37 Power protection active/reactive power P<>, Q<> X
32R Reverse-power protection -P< X
37 Undercurrent protection I< X
Power-plant decoupling protection -dP X
38 Temperature supervision > X
Available
Template 1
Template 2
Template 3
Template 4
Template 5
46 Negative-sequence system overcurrent I2>, I2/I1> X X
protection
Unbalanced-load protection (thermal) I22(t) X
47 Overvoltage protection, negative- V2> X
sequence system
Overvoltage protection, negative- V2/V1> X
sequence system/positive-sequence
system
49 Thermal overload protection , I2t X X X X X X
Thermal overload protection, user X
defined characteristic
49H Hot-spot calculation h, I2t X
50BF Circuit-breaker failure protection CBFP X X X X X
50RS Circuit-breaker restrike supervision CBRM X
Circuit-breaker supervision Ix, I2t, 2P X
50/51 TD Overcurrent protection, phases I>, IP> X X X X X X
50N/51N TD Overcurrent protection, ground IN>, INP> X X
Overcurrent protection, 1-phase IN> X X
50Ns/51Ns Sensitive ground-current protection for INs>, INsP> X
systems with resonant-grounded or
isolated neutral
Intermittent ground-fault protection IIE> X
50HS High-speed instantaneous overcurrent I>>> X
protection
51V Voltage-controlled overcurrent protec- t = f(I,V) X
tion
59 Overvoltage protection, 3-phase V> X
Overvoltage protection, positive- V1> X
sequence system
Overvoltage protection, universal Vx> X
59N Overvoltage protection, zero-sequence V0> X
system
60 Voltage-comparison supervision U> X
67 Directional time-overcurrent protection, I>, IP, (V/I) X
phases
67N Directional time-overcurrent protection, IN>, INP, (V/I) X X
ground
67Ns Sensitive ground-fault detection for reso- INs>, (V/I), X
nant-grounded and isolated systems incl. W0p, tr>
V0>
cos/sin
Fleeting contact
(V,I)
Admittance
IN-pulse
Directional intermittent ground-fault IIEdir> X
protection
Available
Template 1
Template 2
Template 3
Template 4
Template 5
68 Power-swing blocking Z/t X
74TC Trip-circuit supervision AKU X X X X X
79 Automatic reclosing AREC, 3-pole AREC X
81 Overfrequency protection f> X
Underfrequency protection f< X
Rate-of-frequency-change protection df/dt X
81U Underfrequency load shedding f<(AFE) X
Vector-Jump Protection > X
85/21 Teleprotection scheme for distance X
protection
85/27 Weak or no infeed: Echo and tripping X
85/67N Teleprotection scheme for directional X
ground-fault protection
86 Lockout X X X X X
87G Differential protection, generator I X
87L Line differential protection for 2 line I X
ends
87M Differential protection, motor I X X
87 STUB Stub differential protection (for 1 X
1/2 circuit-breaker applications)
Option for differential protection: I X
charging-current compensation
87T Differential protection, transformer I X X X X X
Differential protection for phase-angle I X
regulating transformers (single core)
Differential protection for special trans- I X
formers
87T Node Transformer differential protection (node I nodes X
protection for auto transformer)
87N T Restricted ground-fault protection IN X X X
90 V Two-winding transformer voltage X X
controller
Three-winding transformer voltage X
controller
Grid coupling transformer voltage X
controller
FL Fault locator, single-ended FL-one X
PMU Synchrophasor measurement PMU X
SOTF Instantaneous tripping at switch onto SOTF X
fault
ARC Arc protection ARC X
Measured values, standard X X X X X
Measured values, extended: Min, Max, X
Avg (function points per type)
Switching statistic counters X X X X
CFC standard X X X X X
Available
Template 1
Template 2
Template 3
Template 4
Template 5
CFC arithmetic X
CFC switching sequences X
Inrush-current detection X X X X X
External trip initiation X X
Control for 4 switching devices X X X X X
Fault recording of analog and binary X X X X X
signals
Monitoring and supervision X X X X X
Protection interface, serial X
Circuit breaker X X X X X
Disconnector/grounding conductor X
Transformer side 7UT85 X
Function points: 0 30 30 175 50
Overload protection, backup protection for the downstream electrical power system
Overload protection, backup protection for the downstream electrical power system
Voltage controller
[dwap2wiklr-151013, 3, en_US]
Auto Transformer 1.5 CB (2 DIFF protection, CBFP, voltage protection, frequency protection)
The application templates of a 2-winding application can also be used in a 7UT86.
You can find more information in chapter 4.3 Application Templates and Functional Scope of the Device
7UT85.
To load the application templates to the device, the following minimum hardware configuration requirements
must be met:
Application Templates Hardware Configuration
Template 1 Three-Winding Transformer Base (DIFF protection) 11 BI, 19 BO, 12 I, 4 V
Template 2 Three-Winding Transformer 1.5 CB (DIFF protection, CBFP, REF) 11 BI, 19 BO, 12 I, 4 V
Template 3 Three-Winding Transformer (DIFF protection, CBFP, REF, DIS) 11 BI, 19 BO, 12 I, 4 V
Template 4 Auto Transformer (DIFF protection, CBFP, REF) 11 BI, 19 BO, 12 I, 4 V
Template 5 Auto Transformer 1.5 CB (2 DIFF protection, CBFP, voltage protec- 23 BI, 34 BO, 12 I, 4 V
tion, frequency protection)
The following table shows the functional scope and the required function points of the application templates
for device 7SJ86:
Table 4-4 Functional Scope of the Application Template for the Device 7SL86
Template 2
Template 3
Template 4
Template 5
Available
Template 1
Template 2
Template 3
Template 4
Template 5
Available
46 Negative-sequence system overcurrent I2>, I2/I1> X
protection
Unbalanced-load protection (thermal) I22(t) X
47 Overvoltage protection, negative- V2> X
sequence system
Overvoltage protection, negative- V2/V1> X
sequence system/positive-sequence
system
49 Thermal overload protection , I2t X X X X X
Thermal overload protection; user X
defined characteristic
49H Hot-spot calculation h, I2t X
50BF Circuit-breaker failure protection CBFP X X X X X
50RS Circuit-breaker restrike supervision CBRM X
Circuit-breaker supervision Ix, I2t, 2P X
50/51 TD Overcurrent protection, phases I>, IP> X X X X X
50N/51N TD Overcurrent protection, ground IN>, INP> X
Overcurrent protection, 1-phase IN> X X X X
50Ns/51Ns Sensitive ground-current protection for INs>, INsP> X
systems with resonant-grounded or
isolated neutral
Intermittent ground-fault protection IIE> X
50HS High-speed instantaneous overcurrent I>>> X
protection
50N/51N TD Overcurrent protection, 1-phase IN> X
51V Voltage-controlled overcurrent protec- t = f(I,V) X
tion
59 Overvoltage protection, 3-phase V> X
Overvoltage protection, positive- V1> X
sequence system
Overvoltage protection, universal Vx> X
59N Overvoltage protection, zero-sequence V0> X
system
60 Voltage-comparison supervision X
67 Directional time-overcurrent protection, I>, IP, (V/I) X
phases
67N Directional time-overcurrent protection, IN>, INP, (V/I) X
ground
Directional overcurrent protection for X
ground faults in grounded systems
Template 1
Template 2
Template 3
Template 4
Template 5
Available
67Ns Sensitive ground-fault detection for INs>, (V/I), X
systems with resonant-grounded or W0p, tr>
isolated neutral, incl.
V0>
cos/sin
Fleeting contact
(V,I)
Admittance
IN-pulse
Directional intermittent ground-fault IIEdir> X
protection
68 Power-swing blocking Z/t X
74TC Trip-circuit supervision X X X X X X
79 Automatic reclosing AREC, 3-pole AREC X
81 Overfrequency protection f> X
Underfrequency protection f< X
Rate-of-frequency-change protection df/dt X
81U Underfrequency load shedding f<(AFE) X
85/21 Teleprotection scheme for distance X
protection
85/27 Weak or no infeed: Echo and tripping X
85/67N Teleprotection scheme for directional X
ground-fault protection
86 Lockout X X X X X X
87G Differential protection, generator I X
87L Line differential protection for 2 line I X
ends
87M Differential protection, motor I X
87 STUB Stub differential protection (for 1 1/2 X
circuit-breaker applications)
87T Differential protection, transformer I X X X X X X
Differential protection for phase-angle I X
regulating transformers (single core)
Differential protection for special trans- I X
formers
87T Node Transformer differential protection I (nodes) X X
(node protection for auto transformer)
87N T Restricted ground-fault protection IN X X X X
90 V Two-winding transformer voltage X
controller
Three-winding transformer voltage X
controller
Grid coupling transformer voltage X
controller
FL Fault locator, single-ended FL-one X
PMU Synchrophasor measurement PMU X
SOTF Instantaneous tripping at switch onto SOTF X
fault
Template 1
Template 2
Template 3
Template 4
Template 5
Available
ARC Arc protection ARC X
Vector-Jump Protection > X
Measured values, standard X X X X X X
Measured values, extended: Min, Max, X
Avg (function points per type)
Switching statistic counters X
CFC standard X X X X X X
CFC arithmetic X
CFC switching sequences X
Inrush-current detection X X X X X
External trip initiation X
Control for 4 switching devices X X X X X X
Fault recording of analog and binary X X X X X X
signals
Monitoring and supervision X X X X X X
Protection interface, serial X
Circuit breaker X X X X X X
Disconnector/grounding conductor X
Transformer side 7UT86 X
Function points: 0 50 150 30 30
Ground current protection on the neutral side as backup protection for the electrical power system
Overload protection
Ground current protection on the neutral side as backup protection for the electrical power system
Overload protection
Distance protection
Overload protection, backup protection for the downstream electrical power system
Application Template: Auto Transformer 1.5 CB (2 DIFF Protection, CBFP, Voltage Protection, Frequency Protection)
The Auto transformer 1.5 CB (2 DIFF protection, CBFP, voltage protection, frequency protection) applica-
tion template is preconfigured for the following applications:
Transformer differential protection for the entire transformer (auto winding and stabilizing winding)
Node-point protection for the auto winding for recording ground faults (3-phase recording of the neutral-
point current)
Overload protection, backup protection for the downstream electrical power system
The 1st application is the template for protection of a three-winding transformer in a breaker-and-a-half
layout. You can recognize the 3 required function groups for the transformer side, the integration of the
restricted ground-fault protection as well as the internal connection and selected functions. In addition, a
voltage transformer is available on the upper-voltage side. Here, for example, voltage and frequency limits
can be monitored. The required protection settings are made depending on the system.
The 2nd application is the template for protection of an auto-transformer bank, which is connected to a
breaker-and-a-half layout. The special feature of this application is that per phase the neutral-point side
current is directly recorded. A separate node-point differential protection via the auto winding reliably
records ground faults and winding shorts. There are 2 differential protection functions (87T and 87TNode)
assigned across the entire transformer (auto and stabilizing winding). Both functions run in the Auto trans-
former function group.
Through this type of execution you have a redundant, differential protection supplemented in sensitivity. A
separate restricted ground-fault protection is not required. In addition, a voltage transformer is available on
the upper-voltage side. Here, for example, voltage and frequency limits can be monitored. The required
protection settings are made depending on the system.
The 3rd application is the template for motor protection. You can see the 2 function groups that are required
for the motor sides as well as the internal interconnection and selected functions. In addition, a voltage
transformer is available on the upper-voltage side. Here, for example, voltage and frequency limits can be
monitored. The required protection settings are made depending on the system.
The 4th application is the template for control/feedback control of power transformers (two-winding trans-
formers, three-winding transformers, or grid coupling transformers) and auto transformers using a motor-
operated tap changer with transformer voltage regulator functionality (ANSI 90 V).
The 5th application is the template for protection of a three-winding transformer. The neutral-point current
of the upper-voltage side is measured and taken into account for the differential protection. In addition,
restricted ground-fault protection is instantiated for the upper-voltage side. A special feature of this applica-
tion is the additional protection for the feeder on the 3rd side. The distance protection used trips the circuit
breaker for this feeder if there is a fault in the line. If the distance protection is only tripped at the tripping
stage Z4 non-directional due to the power system or error conditions, circuit breaker 1 of the transformer
feed is tripped.
In the following graphic, you can see the structural association of the function-group types.
[dwfguebt-291112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The following function-group types are summarized in the Global DIGSI 5 library:
Transf. diff.
Transformer side
NOTE
i By purchasing 70 or 120 function points, the 7UT85 and 7UT86 can be expanded to a three-winding trans-
former or a multi-winding transformer. Provide the respective number of measuring inputs that are
required for the expansion.
In order for the transformer protection to operate properly, switching of the function group is necessary.
Table 5-2 provides an overview of those switching options that are permitted. The Circuit-breaker function
group is not listed. The figures shown in the application templates (see Figure 4-2 to Figure 4-7) offer a good
overview of the interconnection options.
A Transformer side function group must always be connected with the Transformer Diff. function group.
Depending on the application, an interconnection of the Transf. neutral point function group with the Trans-
former side function group is required. This is the case, for example, if a restricted ground-fault protection is
used or if the neutral point current in the differential protection should be considered (residual current correc-
tion). The reverse can also be the case, that the Transf. neutral point needs signals from the Transf. diff.
function group. A typical case is the inrush-current detection, which can be used for blocking a 1-phase over-
current protection (with a short time delay set).
5.1.2.1 Overview
The Transf. diff. function group contains the differential protection function and protection function relevant
measured values.
You can find more information in chapter 9 Measured Values, Energy Values, and Supervision of the Primary
System.
You will find the corresponding function groups and also the folders with the usable protection functions in
the Global DIGSI library under each device type. You can only load the Differential protection function in the
Transf. diff. function group.
[scpowtrf-230114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-2 Transformer Diff. Function Group - Functional Scope for Device Type 7UT87
For more information about the embedding of the functions in the device, please refer to chapter 2 Basic
Structure of the Function. For information about the overall functional scope of the application templates for
the various device types, please refer to chapter 4 Applications.
In order for the protection functionality to be guaranteed, the differential protection function must always be
present in the Transf. Diff. function group. If you do not use an application template, load this from the
Global DIGSI 5 library.
[dwpwrtrf-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The Transf. diff. function group has interfaces to the following function groups:
Transformer side function group
Circuit-breaker function group
Information on the circuit-breaker condition in the direction of the Protection function groups
The Transf. diff. function group is connected with one or more circuit-breaker function groups. This connec-
tion determines the following data:
Which circuit breakers are activated by the protection functions of the Transf. diff. function group
Start of the Circuit-breaker failure protection function, if available in the circuit-breaker function group,
through the protection functions of the connected protection function group Transf. diff.
In addition to the general assignment of the Transf. diff. function group to the Circuit-breaker function
groups, you can configure the interface in detail for specific functionalities. Configure the details in DIGSI 5
using the Circuit-breaker interaction editor in the Transf. diff. function group.
In the detail configuration of the interface, you define the following:
Which operate indications of the protection functions are included when the trip command is generated?
Which protection functions activate the Circuit-breaker failure protection function?
If an application template is used, the function groups are connected to each other because this connection is
absolutely essential to ensure proper operation. You can modify the connection in DIGSI 5 via the Function-
group connections Editor. If the connection is missing, DIGSI 5 reports an inconsistency.
You can find more detailed information in chapter 2.1 Function Embedding in the Device.
Complex data
You can find more detailed information in chapter 3.5 Protection Communication.
Output Logic
The output logic treats the pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the function
group separately, in a pickup logic and an output logic respectively. The pickup and output logic generate the
overreaching indications (group signals) of the function group. These group indications are transferred via the
Protection information interface to the Circuit-breaker function group and are processed further there.
The pickup and trip signals of the protection functions in theTransf. diff. function group are combined phase-
selectively and output as a group indication.
[lo_anrlin, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-4 Generation of Pickup Indication of the Transf. Diff. Function Group
[loauslin-150211-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-5 Generation of Operate Indication of the Transf. Diff. Function Group
5.1.3.1 Overview
In the Transformer side function group, all of the functions that are necessary for protecting and monitoring
a transformer side can be used. The Transformer side function group also contains the measuring functions.
You can find more information in chapter 9 Measured Values, Energy Values, and Supervision of the Primary
System.
The Transformer side function group must always have an interfacing to the Transformer function group.
You will find the Transformer side function group and the folder with the respective protection functions
under each device type in the Global DIGSI 5 library. Depending on the connected measuring points, you can
load the respective protection and supervision functions in the Transformer side function group. The applica-
tion templates show you the possible applications. The functions are described in chapter 6 Protection and
Automation Functions.
[scpowsit-230114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-6 Transformer Side Function Group - Functional Scope for Device Type 7UT87
For more information about the embedding of the functions in the device, please refer to chapter 2 Basic
Structure of the Function. For information about the overall functional scope of the application templates for
the various device types, please refer to chapter 4 Applications.
Process monitor
These blocks are required for the Transformer side function group and therefore cannot be loaded or deleted.
You can load the protection and supervision functions required for your application in the Transformer side
function group. The functions are available in the Global DIGSI 5 library. Functions that are not needed can be
deleted from the function group.
[dwpwrsid-291112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The Transformer side function group has interfaces with the following function groups: Measuring points
Measuring points
3-phase current:
The measurands from the 3-phase power system are supplied via this interface. Depending on the trans-
former connection type, these are for example: IA, IB, IC, IN or 3I0. All values that can be calculated from
the measurands are also provided via this interface. The Transformer side function group must always
be linked to the I-3ph measuring point.
You can connect the 3-phase current interface to a maximum of four 3-phase current measuring
points, for example, for 1 1/2 circuit-breaker layouts, two 3-phase current measuring points are required.
If 2 current measuring points have been connected to the 3-phase current interface, the total current is
also determined from measured values from both measuring points in the Transformer side function
group. All functions in the Transformer side function group have access to these total current values.
NOTE
i The other interfaces can only be connected to one measuring point each!
Information on the circuit-breaker condition in the direction of the Protection function groups
The Transformer side function group is connected to one or more circuit-breaker function groups. This
connection determines the following:
Which circuit breakers are activated by the protection functions of the Transformer side protection func-
tion group
Start of the Circuit-breaker failure protection function, if available in the circuit-breaker function group,
through the protection functions of the connected Transformer side protection function group
Besides the general allocation of the Transformer side protection function group to the circuit-breaker func-
tion groups, you can also configure the interface for certain functionalities in detail. Configure the details in
DIGSI 5 using the Circuit-breaker interaction editor in the Transformer side function group.
In the detail configuration of the interface, you define the following:
Which operate indications of the protection functions are included when the trip command is generated?
Which protection functions activate the Circuit-breaker failure protection function?
If an application template is used, the function groups are connected to each other because this connection is
absolutely essential to ensure proper operation. You can modify the connection in DIGSI 5 via the Function-
group connections Editor. If the connection is missing, DIGSI 5 reports an inconsistency.
You can find more detailed information in chapter 2.1 Function Embedding in the Device.
Complex data
You can find more detailed information in chapter 3.5 Protection Communication.
Process Monitor
The process monitor is always present in the Transformer side function group and cannot be removed. The
process monitor provides the following information in the Transformer side function group:
Current-flow criterion:
Detection of an open/activated transformer side based on the flow of leakage current
Closure detection:
Detection of closure of the transformer side
Table 5-3 Possible Operational Measured Values of the Transformer Side Function Group
Output Logic
The output logic treats the pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the function
group separately. Pickup logic and output logic are each assigned to the signals. The pickup and output logic
generate the overreaching indications (group signals) of the function group. These group indications are
transferred via the Protection information interface to the Circuit-breaker function group and are processed
further there.
The pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the Transformer side function
group are combined in a phase-selective manner and output as a group indication.
[lo_anrlin, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-8 Generation of Pickup Indication of the Transformer Side Function Group
[loauslin-150211-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-9 Generation of an Operate Indication of the Transformer Side Function Group
NOTE
i The windings for transformers with more than 2 windings can have different rated apparent powers. Here
the power alone is decisive for the winding, which is assigned to the side.
The Rated apparent power parameter is relevant for the main protection function of the device. The
Rated apparent power set here is the reference value for the percentage-measured values and setting
values made in percentages.
NOTE
i If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only
via DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
NOTE
i If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only
via DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
NOTE
i The device also automatically calculates the current adaptation formulas required for the winding rated
currents from the rated data of the transformer to be protected and its windings. The currents are
converted so that the sensitivity of the protection is based on the rated apparent power of the transformer.
NOTE
i You can find more detailed information on the Process monitor in chapter 5.11 Process Monitor.
5.1.3.5 Settings
5.1.4.1 Overview
In theTransf. neutral point function group all the necessary functions for protection and for supervision of a
transformer are used, which are related to a neutral-point current. The Transf. neutral point function group
also includes the measurement functions. You can find more information in chapter 9 Measured Values,
Energy Values, and Supervision of the Primary System.
NOTE
i The transformer and restricted ground-fault protection do not work with sensitive ground-current trans-
formers. Responsive transformers go to saturation too fast and generate incorrect differential currents.
In the Global DIGSI 5 library you will find the Transf. neutral point function group under each device type and
the folder with the respective protection functions. Depending on the connected measuring points, you can
load the respective protection and supervision functions in the Transf. neutral point function group. Here you
can only load 1-phase current functions or optional 1-phase voltage functions. The functions are described in
chapter 6 Protection and Automation Functions.
[scpowspt-230114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-10 Transformer Neutral Point Function Group Functional Scope for Device Type 7UT87
For more information about the embedding of the functions in the device, please refer to chapter 2 Basic
Structure of the Function. For information about the overall functional scope of the application templates for
the various device types, please refer to chapter 4 Applications.
You can load the protection and supervision functions required for your application in the Transf. neutral
point function group. The functions are available in the Global DIGSI 5 library. Functions that are not needed
can be deleted from the function group.
[dwpwrstp-161012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The Transf. neutral point function group has interfaces to the following function groups:
Measuring points
Transformer side
1-phase current:
The measurands from the 1-phase power system are supplied via this interface. Depending on type of
transformer connection, this is, for example Ix. All values that can be calculated from the measurands are
also provided via this interface. The Transf. neutral point function group must always be linked with the
Measuring point I-1ph.
NOTE
i You can connect the 1-phase current interface with a maximum of one 1-phase current measuring
point.
All functions in the Transformer side function group have access to these values.
NOTE
i If you instantiate functions in the Transf. neutral point function group, the Overcurrent protection 1ph
function, the information for the inrush-current detection is taken from the assigned Transformer side
function group.
Information on the circuit-breaker condition in the direction of the Protection function groups
The Transf. neutral point function group is connected with one or more Circuit-breaker function groups. This
connection determines the following:
Which circuit breakers are activated by the protection functions of the Transf. neutral point function
group
Start of the Circuit-breaker failure protection function, if available in the circuit-breaker function group,
through the protection functions of the connected Transf. neutral point function group
In addition to the general assignment of the Transf. neutral point function group to the Circuit-breaker func-
tion groups, you can configure the interface for specific functionalities in detail. Configure the details in
DIGSI 5 using the Circuit-breaker interaction Editor in the Transf. neutral point function group.
In the detail configuration of the interface, you define the following:
Which operate indications of the protection functions are included when the trip command is generated?
Which protection functions activate the Circuit-breaker failure protection function?
If an application template is used, the function groups are connected to each other because this connection is
absolutely essential to ensure proper operation. You can modify the connection in DIGSI 5 via the Function-
group connections Editor. If the connection is missing, DIGSI 5 reports an inconsistency.
You can find more detailed information in chapter 2.1 Function Embedding in the Device.
Complex data
You can find more detailed information in chapter 3.5 Protection Communication.
Table 5-4 Operational Measured Values of the Transformer Neutral Point Function Group
Output Logic
The output logic treats the pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the function
group separately. Pickup logic and output logic are each assigned to the signals. The pickup and output logic
generate the overreaching indications (group signals) of the function group. These group indications are
transferred via the Protection information interface to the Circuit-breaker function group and are processed
further there.
The pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the Transf. neutral point function
group are combined phase-selectively and output as group indication.
[loanrstp-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-12 Generation of Pickup Indication of the Transf. Neutral Point Function Group
[loauslin-150211-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-13 Generation of Operate Indication of the Transf. Neutral Point Function Group
The following figure shows the structural association of the function-group types.
[dwfguebs-291112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The following function-group types are summarized in the Global DIGSI 5 library:
Auto transf. diff. (Auto transformer)
Auto transf. auto side (Auto transformer auto side)
Auto transf. neutral point function group can be connected if needed with the Auto transf. comp. side or
directly with the Auto transf. diff. function group.
The following table shows the number of function-group types that can be instantiated depending on the
device (7UT82, 7UT85, 7UT86, 7UT87).
NOTE
i By purchasing 70 or 120 function points, the 7UT85 and 7UT86 can be expanded to a three-winding trans-
former or a multi-winding transformer. Consider to provide the respective number of measuring points that
are required for the expansion.
In order for the transformer protection to operate properly, switching of the function groups is necessary.
Table 5-6 provides an overview of those switching options that are permitted. The Circuit-breaker function
group is not listed. The images shown in the application templates (see Figure 4-2 to Figure 4-7) give you a
good overview of the connection options.
An Auto transf. auto side function group must always be connected to the Auto transf. diff. function group.
Depending on the application, a connection of the Auto transf. neutral point function group with the Auto
transf. comp. side function group is required. This is the case, for example, if a restricted ground-fault protec-
tion is used or if the neutral-point current in the differential protection should be considered (zero-sequence
current correction). Conversely, the Auto transf. neutral point function group can also require signals from
the Auto transf. diff. function group. A typical case is the inrush-current detection, which can be used for
blocking a 1-phase overcurrent protection (with a short time delay set).
12 Amaximum of 3 auto sides can be assigned to an auto transformer. The remaining auto sides are available for the 2nd auto trans-
former.
5.2.2.1 Overview
The Auto transf. Diff. function group contains the differential protection function and protection function
relevant measured values. You can find more information in chapter 9 Measured Values, Energy Values, and
Supervision of the Primary System.
You will find the corresponding function groups and also the folders with the usable protection functions in
the Global DIGSI library under each device type. You can only load the Differential protection function in the
Auto transf. diff. function group.
[scauttrf-230114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-15 Auto Transformer Diff. Function Group - Functional Scope for Device Type 7UT87
For more information about the embedding of the functions in the device, refer to chapter 2 Basic Structure of
the Function. For information about the overall functional scope of the application templates for the various
device types, please refer to chapter 4 Applications.
[dwauttrf-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The Auto transf. diff. function group has interfaces to the following function groups:
The Auto transf. auto side function group
The Auto transf. comp. side function group
Pickup and operate indications of the protection functions in the direction of the Circuit-breaker function
group
Information on the circuit-breaker condition in the direction of the Protection function groups
The Auto transf. diff. function group is connected with one or more circuit-breaker function groups. This
connection generally determines:
Which circuit breakers are activated by the protection functions of the Auto transf. diff. function group
Start of the Circuit-breaker failure protection function, if available in the Circuit-breaker function group
via the protection functions of the connected Auto transf. diff. function group.
In addition to the general assignment of the Auto transf. diff. function group to the Circuit-breaker function
groups, you can configure the interface in detail for specific functionalities. Configure the details in DIGSI 5
using the Circuit-breaker interaction Editor in the Auto transf. diff. function group.
In the detail configuration of the interface, you define the following:
Which operate indications of the protection functions are included when the trip command is generated?
Which protection functions activate the Circuit-breaker failure protection function?
If an application template is used, the function groups are connected to each other because this connection is
absolutely essential to ensure proper operation. You can modify the connection in DIGSI 5 via the Function-
group connections Editor. If the connection is missing, DIGSI 5 reports an inconsistency.
You can find more detailed information in chapter 2.1 Function Embedding in the Device.
Complex data
You can find more detailed information in chapter 3.5 Protection Communication.
Output Logic
The output logic treats the pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the function
group separately. Pickup logic and output logic are each assigned to the signals. The pickup and output logic
generate the overreaching indications (group signals) of the function group. These group indications are
transferred via the Protection information interface to the Circuit-breaker function group and are processed
further there.
The pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the Auto transf. diff. function group
are combined phase-selectively and output as a group indication.
[lo_anrlin, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-17 Generation of Pickup Indication of the Auto Transformer Diff. Function Group
[loauslin-150211-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-18 Generation of Operate Indication of the Auto Transformer Diff. Function Group
NOTE
i The Neutral point parameter is only visible or changeable if you have connected the Auto transformer
Diff. function group with the Auto transf. neutral point.function group.
5.2.2.4 Settings
5.2.3.1 Overview
In the Auto transf. auto side function group all functions required for protection and supervision of an auto
transformer auto side can be used. The Auto transf. auto side function group also includes the measurement
functions. You can find more information in chapter 9 Measured Values, Energy Values, and Supervision of
the Primary System.
The Auto transf. auto side function group must always have a link to the Auto transformer function group.
In the Global DIGSI 5 library, you will find the Auto transf. auto side function group under each device type
and the folder with the respective protection functions. Depending on the connected measuring points, you
can load the respective protection and supervision functions in the Auto transf. auto side. The functions are
described in chapter 6 Protection and Automation Functions.
[scautspr-230114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-19 Auto Transformer Auto Side Function Group Functional Scope for Device Type 7UT87
For more information about the embedding of the functions in the device, please refer to chapter 2 Basic
Structure of the Function. For information about the overall functional scope of the application templates for
the various device types, please refer to chapter 4 Applications.
Process monitor
[dwautsid-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-20 Structure of the Auto Transf. Auto Side Function Group
The Auto transf. auto side function group has interfaces to the following function groups:
Measuring points
Circuit-breaker function group
The Auto transf. auto side function group has the following interfaces with the measuring points.
3-phase voltage (optional):
The measurands from the 3-phase voltage system are supplied via this interface. Different transformer
connection types are possible. All values that can be calculated from the measurands are also provided
via this interface.
3-phase current:
The measurands from the 3-phase power system are supplied via this interface. Depending on the trans-
former connection type, these are for example: IA, IB, IC, IN or 3I0. All values that can be calculated from
the measurands are also provided via this interface. The Auto transf. auto side function group must
always be connected with the Measuring point I-3ph.
You can connect the 3-phase current interface to a maximum of four 3-phase current measuring
points, for example, for 1 1/2 circuit-breaker layouts, two 3-phase current measuring points are required.
If 2 current measuring points are connected with the 3-phase current interface, in the Auto transf. auto
side function group the total current is additionally formed from the measured values of both measuring
points. All functions of the Auto transf. auto side function group have access to these values.
Information on the circuit-breaker condition in the direction of the protection function groups
The Auto transf. auto side function group is connected with one or more Circuit-breaker function groups.
This connection determines the following:
Which circuit breakers are activated by the protection functions of the Auto transf. auto side function
group
Start of the Circuit-breaker failure protection function, if available in the Circuit-breaker function group,
through the protection functions of the connected Auto transf. auto side function group
In addition to the general assignment of the Auto transf. auto side protection function group to the circuit-
breaker function groups, you can configure the interface for specific functionalities in detail. Configure the
details in DIGSI 5 using the Circuit-breaker interaction editor in the Auto transf. auto side function groups.
In the detail configuration of the interface, you define the following:
Which operate indications of the protection functions are included when the trip command is generated?
Which protection functions activate the Circuit-breaker failure protection function?
If an application template is used, the function groups are connected to each other because this connection is
absolutely essential to ensure proper operation. You can modify the connection in DIGSI 5 via the Function-
group connections Editor. If the connection is missing, DIGSI 5 reports an inconsistency.
You can find more detailed information in chapter 2.1 Function Embedding in the Device.
Complex data
You can find more detailed information in chapter 3.5 Protection Communication.
Process Monitor
The process monitor is always available in the Auto transf. auto side function group and cannot be removed.
The process monitor makes the following information available in the Auto transf. auto side function group:
Current-flow criterion:
Detection of an open/activated auto transformer auto side based on the flow of leakage current
Closure detection:
Recognition of the switching on of the auto transformer auto side
Table 5-7 Possible Operational Measured Values of the Auto Transformer Auto Side Function Group
Output Logic
The output logic treats the pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the function
group separately. Pickup logic and output logic are each assigned to the signals. The pickup and output logic
generate the overreaching indications (group signals) of the function group. These group indications are
transferred via the Protection-information interface to the Circuit-breaker function group and are processed
further there.
The pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the Auto transf. auto side function
group are combined phase-selectively and output as group indication.
[lo_anrlin, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-21 Generation of Pickup Indication of the Auto Transformer Auto Side Function Group
[loauslin-150211-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-22 Generation of Operate Indication of the Auto Transformer Auto Side Function Group
NOTE
i If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only
via DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
With the Rated voltage parameter, you can set the primary rated voltage of the auto transformer to be
protected. The Rated voltage parameter is relevant for the main protection function of the device. The
Rated voltage set here is the reference value for the percentage-measured values and setting values made
in percentages.
NOTE
i If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only
via DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
NOTE
i The device also automatically calculates the current adaptation formulas required for the winding rated
currents from the rated data of the auto transformer to be protected and its windings. The currents are
converted so that the sensitivity of the protection is based on the rated apparent power of the auto trans-
former.
NOTE
i You can find more detailed information on the Process monitor in chapter 5.11 Process Monitor.
5.2.3.5 Settings
5.2.4.1 Overview
In the Auto transf. comp. side all the functions required for protection and supervision of an auto trans-
former compensation side can be used. The Auto transf. comp. side also includes the measurement func-
tions. You can find more information in chapter 9 Measured Values, Energy Values, and Supervision of the
Primary System.
The Auto transf. comp. side must always have a link to the Auto transformer function group.
In the Global DIGSI 5 library you will find the Auto transf. comp. side function group under each device type
and the folders with the respective protection functions. Depending on the connected measuring points, you
can load the respective protection and supervision functions in the Auto transf. comp. side function group.
The functions are described in chapter 6 Protection and Automation Functions.
[scautcmp-230114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-23 Auto Transformer Comp. Side Function Group - Functional Scope for Device Type 7UT87
For more information about the embedding of the functions in the device, refer to chapter 2 Basic Structure of
the Function. For information about the overall functional scope of the application templates for the various
device types, refer to chapter 4 Applications.
Process monitor
[dwautcsd-291112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-24 Structure of the Auto Transf. Comp. Side Function Group
The Auto transf. comp. side function group has interfaces to the following function groups:
Measuring points
The Auto transf. comp. side function group has the following interfaces with the measuring points:
3-phase voltage (optional):
The measurands from the 3-phase voltage system are supplied via this interface. Different transformer
connection types are possible. All values that can be calculated from the measurands are also provided
via this interface.
3-phase current:
The measurands from the 3-phase power system are supplied via this interface. Depending on the trans-
former connection type, these are for example: IA, IB, IC, IN or 3I0. All values that can be calculated from
the measurands are also provided via this interface. The Auto transf. comp. side function group must
always be linked to the I-3ph measuring point.
You can connect the 3-phase current interface to a maximum of four 3-phase current measuring
points, for example, for 1 1/2 circuit-breaker layouts, two 3-phase current measuring points are required.
If 2 current measuring points are connected with the 3-phase current interface, in the Auto transf.
comp. side function group the total current is additionally formed from the measured values of both
measuring points. All functions of the Auto transf. comp. side function group have access to these
values.
NOTE
i The other interfaces can only be connected to one measuring point each!
Information on the circuit-breaker condition in the direction of the protection function groups
The Auto transf. comp. side function group is connected with one or more Circuit-breaker function groups.
This connection determines the following:
Which circuit breakers are activated by the protection functions of the Auto transf. comp. side function
group.
Start of the Circuit-breaker failure protection function (if available in the Circuit-breaker function
group) through the protection functions of the connected Auto transf. comp. side function group
In addition to the general assignment of the Auto transf. comp. side function group to the Circuit-breaker
function groups, you can configure the interface for specific functionalities in detail. Configure the details in
DIGSI 5 using the Circuit-breaker interaction editor in the Auto transf. comp. side function group.
In the detail configuration of the interface, you define the following:
Which operate indications of the protection functions are included when the trip command is generated?
Which protection functions activate the Circuit-breaker failure protection function?
If an application template is used, the function groups are connected to each other because this connection is
absolutely essential to ensure proper operation. You can modify the connection in DIGSI 5 via the Function-
group connections Editor. If the connection is missing, DIGSI 5 reports an inconsistency.
You can find more detailed information in chapter 2.1 Function Embedding in the Device.
Complex data
You can find more detailed information in chapter 3.5 Protection Communication.
Process Monitor
The process monitor is always available in the Auto transf. comp. side function group and cannot be
removed. The process monitor makes the following information available in the Auto transf. comp. side func-
tion group:
Current-flow criterion:
Recognition of an open/closed auto transf. comp. side based on the flowing leakage current
Closure detection:
Recognition of the switching on of the auto transf. comp. side
Table 5-8 Possible Operational Measured Values of the Auto Transformer Comp. Side Function Group
Output Logic
The output logic treats the pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the function
group separately. Pickup logic and output logic are each assigned to the signals. The pickup and output logic
generate the overreaching indications (group signals) of the function group. These group indications are
transferred via the Protection information interface to the Circuit-breaker function group and are processed
further there.
The pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the Auto transf. comp. side func-
tion group are combined phase-selectively and output as group indication.
[lo_anrlin, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-25 Generation of Pickup Indication of the Auto Transformer Comp. Side Function Group
[loauslin-150211-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-26 Generation of Operate Indication of the Auto Transformer Comp. Side Function Group
NOTE
i If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only
via DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
NOTE
i If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only
via DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
NOTE
i The device automatically calculates the current adaptation formulas required for the winding rated currents
from the rated data of the auto transformer to be protected and its windings. The currents are converted so
that the sensitivity of the protection is based on the rated apparent power of the auto transformer.
The Side number parameter shows you which auto transformer side is currently valid for the following
parameters. The side number (Side 1 to Side 5) is automatically assigned with the connection to an auto
transformer side.
The Scale factor M I-3ph 4 parameter shows you the magnitude scaling of the phase currents of the
4th assigned measuring point.
NOTE
i You can find more detailed information on the Process monitor in chapter 5.11 Process Monitor.
5.2.4.5 Settings
5.2.5.1 Overview
In the Auto transf. ground side function group all the functions required for protection and supervision of an
auto transformer ground side can be used. The Auto transf. ground side function group also includes the
measurement functions. You can find more information in chapter 9 Measured Values, Energy Values, and
Supervision of the Primary System.
The Auto transf. ground side function group must always have a link to the Auto transf. function group.
In the Global DIGSI 5 library you will find the Auto transf. ground side function group under each device type
and the folders with the respective protection functions. Depending on the connected measuring points, you
can load the respective protection and supervision functions in the Auto transf. ground side function group.
The functions are described in chapter 6 Protection and Automation Functions.
[scautgrd-230114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-27 Auto Transformer Comp. Ground Side Function Group - Functional Scope for Device Type
7UT87
For more information about the embedding of the functions in the device, refer to chapter 2 Basic Structure of
the Function. For information about the overall functional scope of the application templates for the various
device types, refer to chapter 4 Applications.
Process monitor
[dwautesd-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-28 Structure of the Auto Transformer Ground Side Function Group
The Auto transf. ground side function group has interfaces to the following function groups:
Measuring points
Circuit-breaker function group
NOTE
i You can connect the 3-phase current interface with a maximum of one 3-phase current measuring
point.
Information on the circuit-breaker condition in the direction of the protection function groups
The Auto transf. ground side function group is connected with one or more Circuit-breaker function groups.
This connection determines the following:
Which circuit breakers are activated by the protection functions of the Auto transf. ground side function
group
Start of the Circuit-breaker failure protection function, if available in the Circuit-breaker function group,
through the protection functions of the connected Auto transf. ground side function group
In addition to the general assignment of the Auto transf. ground side function group to the circuit-breaker
function groups, you can configure the interface for specific functionalities in detail. Configure the details in
DIGSI 5 using the Circuit-breaker interaction Editor in the Auto transf. ground side function group.
In the detail configuration of the interface, you define the following:
Which operate indications of the protection functions are included when the trip command is generated?
Which protection functions activate the Circuit-breaker failure protection function?
If an application template is used, the function groups are connected to each other because this connection is
absolutely essential to ensure proper operation. You can modify the connection in DIGSI 5 via the Function-
group connections Editor. If the connection is missing, DIGSI 5 reports an inconsistency.
You can find more detailed information in chapter 2.1 Function Embedding in the Device.
Complex data
You can find more detailed information in chapter 3.5 Protection Communication.
Process Monitor
The process monitor is always available in the Auto transf. ground side function group and cannot be
removed. The process monitor makes the following information available in the Auto transf. ground side
function group:
Current-flow criterion:
Recognition of an open/closed auto transf. ground side based on the flowing leakage current
Closure detection:
Recognition of the switching on of the auto transf. ground side
Table 5-9 Possible Operational Measured Values of the Auto Transformer Ground Side Function Group
Output Logic
The output logic treats the pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the function
group separately. Pickup logic and output logic are each assigned to the signals. The pickup and output logic
generate the overreaching indications (group signals) of the function group. These group indications are
transferred via the Protection information interface to the Circuit-breaker function group and are processed
further there.
The pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the Auto transf. ground side func-
tion group are combined phase-selectively and output as group indication.
[lo_anrlin, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-29 Generation of Pickup Indication of the Auto Transformer Ground Side Function Group
[loauslin-150211-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-30 Generation of Operate Indication of the Auto Transformer Ground Side Function Group
With the Rated apparent power parameter, you can set the primary rated apparent power for the auto
transformer to be protected. The Rated apparent power parameter is relevant for the main protection
function of the device. The Rated apparent power set here is the reference value for the percentage-
measured values and setting values made in percentages.
NOTE
i If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only
via DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
NOTE
i If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only
via DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
NOTE
i The device automatically calculates the current adaptation formulas required for the winding rated currents
from the rated data of the auto transformer to be protected and its windings. The currents are converted so
that the sensitivity of the protection is based on the rated apparent power of the auto transformer.
NOTE
i You can find more detailed information on the Process monitor in chapter 5.11 Process Monitor.
5.2.6.1 Overview
In the Auto transf. neutral point function group all the necessary functions for protection and for supervision
of an auto transformer are used, which are related to a neutral-point current. The Auto transf. neutral point
also includes the measurement functions. You can find more information in chapter 9 Measured Values,
Energy Values, and Supervision of the Primary System.
NOTE
i The transformer and restricted ground-fault protection do not work with responsive ground-current trans-
formers. Responsive transformers go to saturation too fast and generate incorrect differential currents.
In the Global DIGSI 5 library you will find the Auto transf. neutral point function group under each device
type and the folders with the respective protection functions. Depending on the connected measuring points,
you can load the respective protection and supervision functions in the Auto transf. neutral point function
group. Here you can only load 1-phase current functions or optional 1-phase voltage functions. The functions
are described in chapter 6 Protection and Automation Functions .
[scautspt-230114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-31 Auto Transformer Comp. Neutral Point Function Group - Functional Scope for Device Type
7UT87
For more information about the embedding of the functions in the device, refer to chapter 2 Basic Structure of
the Function. For information about the overall functional scope of the application templates for the various
device types, refer to chapter 4 Applications.
These blocks are required in the Auto transf. neutral point function group and therefore cannot be loaded or
deleted.
You can load the protection and supervision functions required for your application in the Auto transf.
neutral point function group. The functions are available in the Global DIGSI 5 library. Functions that are not
needed can be deleted from the function group.
[dwautspk-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-32 Structure of the Auto Transf. Neutral Point Function Group
The Auto transf. neutral point function group has interfaces to the following function groups:
Measuring points
1-phase current:
The measurands from the 1-phase power system are supplied via this interface. Depending on the
connection type for the transformers, this is for example Ix. All values that can be calculated from the
measurands are also provided via this interface. The Auto transf. neutral point must always be linked
with the Measuring point I-1ph .
NOTE
i You can connect the 1-phase current interface with a maximum of one 1-phase current measuring
point.
All functions of the Auto transf. auto side function group have access to these values.
NOTE
i If you instantiate in the Auto transf. neutral point function group, the Overcurrent protection 1ph func-
tion, the information for the inrush-current detection is taken from the assigned Auto transf. auto side
function group.
Information on the circuit-breaker condition in the direction of the protection function groups
The Auto transf. neutral point function group is connected with one or more Circuit-breaker function groups.
This connection generally determines:
Which circuit breakers are activated by the protection functions of the Auto transf. neutral point func-
tion group
Start of the Circuit-breaker failure protection function, if available in the Circuit-breaker function group,
through the protection functions of the connected Auto transf. neutral point function group
In addition to the general assignment of the Auto transf. neutral point function group to the Circuit-breaker
function groups, you can configure the interface for specific functionalities in detail. Configure the details in
DIGSI 5 using the Circuit-breaker interaction Editor in the Auto transf. neutral point function group.
In the detail configuration of the interface, you define the following:
Which operate indications of the protection functions are included when the trip command is generated?
Which protection functions activate the Circuit-breaker failure protection function?
If an application template is used, the function groups are connected to each other because this connection is
absolutely essential to ensure proper operation. You can modify the connection in DIGSI 5 via the Function-
group connections Editor. If the connection is missing, DIGSI 5 reports an inconsistency.
You can find more detailed information in chapter 2.1 Function Embedding in the Device.
Complex data
You can find more detailed information in chapter 3.5 Protection Communication.
Table 5-10 Operational Measured Values of the Auto Transf. Neutral Point Function Group
Output Logic
The output logic treats the pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the function
group separately, in a pickup logic and an output logic respectively. The pickup and output logic generate the
overreaching indications (group signals) of the function group. These group indications are transferred via the
Protection-information interface to the Circuit-breaker function group and are processed further there.
The pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the Auto transf. neutral point are
combined phase-selectively and output as group indication.
[loanrstp-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-33 Generation of Pickup Indication of the Auto Transf. Neutral Point Function Group
[loauslin-150211-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-34 Generation of Operate Indication of the Auto Transf. Neutral Point Function Group
NOTE
i The (_:9421:101) Rated current parameter is not visible with a circuiting of the Auto transformer
compensation side or Auto transformer diff. function groups with a Auto transformer auto side func-
tion group. Instead the write-protected parameter (_:9421:104) Rated current is displayed.
The (_:9421:102) Rated voltage parameter behaves the same with this circuiting. In its place the
(_:9421:105) Rated voltage parameter is displayed.
In the following graphic, you can see the structural association of the function-group types to the Motor
differential protection.
[dwfguest-040713-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
The following function-group types are summarized in the Global DIGSI 5 library: Motor diff.
Motor Diff.
Motor Side
The individual function-group types are stored under the Motor diff function group folder and can be
selected. In the protection function folders, you find all protection functions which are operational in each
function group. One Motor diff. function group always has 2 Motor side function groups; at a maximum, you
can assign a total of 3 Motor side function groups to the Motor diff. function group.
The following table shows the number of function-group types that can be instantiated depending on the
device (7UT82, 7UT85, 7UT86, 7UT87).
Function-Group Type
Device Motor Diff. Motor Side
7UT82 max. 1 max. 2
7UT85 max. 2 max. 4
7UT86 max. 2 max. 5
7UT87 max. 3 max. 7
Interconnection of the function groups is necessary so that the Motor differential protection functions prop-
erly. The Circuit-breaker function group is not listed. The figure shown in the application template (refer to
Figure 4-5) offers a good overview of the interconnection options.
Motor Diff. 1
Side
(2 ... 3)
Motor side 1 X
Motor side 2 X
5.3.2.1 Overview
The Motor diff. function group contains the differential protection function and protection-function-relevant
measured values.
You can find more information in chapter 9 Measured Values, Energy Values, and Supervision of the Primary
System.
You will find the corresponding function groups and also the folders with the usable protection functions in
the Global DIGSI library under each device type. You can load only the differential protection function in the
Motor diff. function group.
[scfgmodi-240114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
For more information about the embedding of the functions in the device, refer to chapter 2 Basic Structure of
the Function. For information about the overall functional scope of the application templates for the various
device types, refer to chapter 4 Applications.
[dwfgmodz-211013-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The Motor diff. function group has interfaces to the following components:
Motor side function group
Circuit-breaker function group
Information on the circuit-breaker condition in the direction of the protection function groups
You can connect the Motor diff. function group to one or more Circuit-breaker function groups. This connec-
tion determines the following:
Which circuit breakers are activated by the protection functions of the Motor diff. function group
Start of the Circuit-breaker failure protection function, if available in the Circuit-breaker function
group, through the protection functions of the connected Motor diff. function group
Besides the general assignment of the Motor diff. function group to the Circuit-breaker function groups, you
can also configure the interface for specific functionalities in detail. Configure the details in DIGSI 5 via the
Circuit-breaker interaction Editor in the Motor diff. function group.
In the detail configuration of the interface, you define:
Which operate indications of the protection functions go into the generation of the trip command
Which protection functions start the Circuit-breaker failure protection function
If you are using an application template, the function groups are already connected to each other, because
this connection is essential to ensure proper operation. You can modify the connection in DIGSI 5 via the
Function-group connections Editor. If the connection is missing, DIGSI 5 reports an inconsistency.
You can find more detailed information in chapter 2.1 Function Embedding in the Device.
Complex data
You can find more detailed information in chapter 3.5 Protection Communication.
Output Logic
The output logic treats the pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the function
group separately. Pickup logic and output logic are each assigned to the signals. The pickup and output logic
generate the overreaching indications (group signals) of the function group. These group indications are
transferred via the Protection-information interface to the Circuit-breaker function group and are processed
further there.
The pickup and operate indications of the protection and supervision functions in the Motor diff. function
group are combined into one group indication using the following numbers and outputs.
[lo_anrlin, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-38 Generation of Pickup Indication of the Motor Differential Protection Function Group
[lo_geopi1-231013-01, 2, en_US]
Figure 5-39 Generation of Operate Indication of the Motor Differential Protection Function Group
5.3.2.3 Information
5.3.3.1 Overview
In the Motor side function group, all of the functions that are necessary for protecting and supervising a
motor side can be used. The Motor side function group also contains the measuring functions.
You can find more information in chapter 9 Measured Values, Energy Values, and Supervision of the Primary
System.
The Motor side function group must always have interfacing to the Motor diff. function group.
You will find the corresponding function groups and also the folders with the usable protection functions in
the Global DIGSI 5 library under each device type. Depending on the connected measuring points, you can
load the respective protection and supervision functions in the Motor side function group. The functions are
described in chapter 6 Protection and Automation Functions.
[scfgmosd-240114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
For more information about the embedding of the functions in the device, refer to chapter 2 Basic Structure of
the Function. For information about the overall functional scope of the application templates for the various
device types, refer to chapter 4 Applications.
Process monitor
[dwfgmosi-030713-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The Motor side function group has interfaces to the following components:
Measuring points
Motor diff. function group
Information on the circuit-breaker condition in the direction of the protection function groups
You can connect the Motor side function group to one or more Circuit-breaker function groups. This connec-
tion determines the following:
Which circuit breakers are activated by the protection functions of the Motor side function group
Start of the Circuit-breaker failure protection function, if available in the Circuit-breaker function
group, through the protection functions of the connected Motor side function group
Besides the general assignment of the Motor side function group to the Circuit-breaker function group, you
can also configure the interface for specific functionalities in detail. Configure the details in DIGSI 5 via the
Circuit-breaker interaction Editor in the Motor side function group.
In the detail configuration of the interface, you define the following:
Which operate indications of the protection functions go into the generation of the trip command
Which protection functions start the Circuit-breaker failure protection function
If you are using an application template, the function groups are already connected to each other, because
this connection is essential to ensure proper operation. You can modify the connection in DIGSI 5 via the
Function-group connections Editor. If the connection is missing, DIGSI 5 reports an inconsistency.
You can find more detailed information in chapter 2.1 Function Embedding in the Device.
Complex data
You can find more detailed information in chapter 3.5 Protection Communication.
Process Monitor
The process monitor is always present in the Motor side function group and cannot be removed. The process
monitor provides the following information in the Motor side function group:
Current-flow criterion:
Detection of an open/activated motor side based on the flow of leakage current
Closure detection:
Detection of closure of the motor side
Table 5-13 Possible Operational Measured Values of the Motor Side Function Group
If a V-3ph measuring point was connected to the Motor side function group, voltage and phase measure-
ments are available.
The energy measurements are not predefined. If necessary, you must load them from the Global DIGSI 5
library.
Depending on the protection and supervision functions used, additional function measurements can be avail-
able. The function values are listed in the Information list for the relevant protection or supervision function
(see chapter 6 Protection and Automation Functions and 8 Supervision Functions).
NOTE
i With the P, Q sign parameter in the function block General, the sign of the following measured values
of the respective function group can be inverted (see chapter 9.2 Structure of the Function Structure of the
Function, section Inversion of Output-Related Measured and Statistical Values):
Active power (total): P total
Active power (phase-related): PA, PB, PC
Output Logic
The output logic treats the pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the function
group separately. Pickup logic and output logic are each assigned to the signals. The pickup and output logic
generate the overreaching indications (group signals) of the function group. These group indications are
transferred via the Protection-information interface to the Circuit-breaker function group and are processed
further there.
The pickup and operate indications of the protection and supervision functions in the Motor side function
group are combined into one group indication using the following numbers and outputs.
[lo_anrlin, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-42 Generation of Pickup Indication of the Motor Side Function Group
[lo_geopi1-231013-01, 2, en_US]
Figure 5-43 Generation of Operate Indication of the Motor Side Function Group
NOTE
i If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only
via DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
NOTE
i If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only
via DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
NOTE
i The device also automatically calculates the current adaptation formulas required for the winding rated
currents from the rated data of the motor to be protected and its windings. The currents are converted so
that the sensitivity of the protection is based on the rated apparent power of the motor.
The parameters MI3ph1 usesMeasP with ID to MI3ph4 usesMeasP with ID show you which 3-phase
measuring points (MI3ph 1 to MI3ph 4) are connected to the motor side. Every measuring point is assigned
a unique ID.
NOTE
i You can find more detailed information on the Process monitor in chapter 5.11 Process Monitor.
5.3.3.5 Settings
5.4.1 Overview
NOTE
i This chapter gives you a short overview of the function group Generator differential protection. You can
find descriptions of the 3 listed function-group types and the Generator differential protection function in
the generator protection manual (C53000-G5040-C027).
Generator Diff function-group type
Generator Side function-group type
The Generator Diff function-group type contains the Differential protection function and protection-function-
relevant measured values.
Generator-specific protection and supervision functions can operate in the Generator Side and Generator
Stator function-group types. The scope depends on the type of protection concept selected. The Generator
Side and Generator Stator function-group types also contain measuring functions.
You can find the corresponding function groups and the folders with the usable protection functions in the
Global DIGSI 5 library under each device type. For example, you can load the Differential protection function in
the Generator Diff function-group type.
5.5.1 Overview
In the Line function group, all of the functions that are necessary for protecting and monitoring a line can be
used. The Line function group also contains the measuring functions (for more information, see chapter
9 Measured Values, Energy Values, and Supervision of the Primary System).
You will find the Line function group under each device type in the function library in DIGSI 5. The Line func-
tion group contains all of the protection and supervision functions that you can use for this device type. The
functions are described in chapter 6 Protection and Automation Functions. The following figure shows the
functional scope of the Line function group using the example of a device.
[scprutli-221013-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-44 Line Function Group - Functional Scope for Device Type 7UT87
For more information about the embedding of the functions in the device, please refer to chapter 2 Basic
Structure of the Function. For information about the overall functional scope of the application templates for
the various device types, please refer to chapter 4 Applications.
Operational measurement
Process monitor
[dwfgline-160812-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Protection communication
The Line function group has the following interfaces with the measuring points:
3-phase voltage:
The measurands from the 3-phase voltage system are supplied via this interface. Various transformer
connection types are possible. All values that can be calculated from the measurands are also provided
via this interface. The Line function group must always be connected to the V-3ph measuring point.
If you want to use the Distance-protection function in the Line function group for your use case, you
must connect the 3 phase-to-ground voltages to the V-3ph measuring point. If you want to test or
change the connection between the voltages and the V-3ph measuring point, double-click Measuring
point routing (connection type = 3 phase-to-ground voltage) in the DIGSI 5 project tree 7SL86 (name
of the device).
For more information, please refer to the description of the power-system data starting from chapter
6.1.1 Overview.
NOTE
i You can connect the 3-phase phase current interface to at most two 3-phase current measuring
points (for example, for 1 1/2 circuit-breaker layouts).
The other interfaces can only be connected to one measuring point each!
Start of the Automatic reclosing function (AREC if available in the circuit-breaker function group)
through the protection functions of the connected Line protection function group
Besides the general allocation of the Line protection function group to the circuit-breaker function groups,
you can also configure the interface for certain functionalities in detail. Configure the details in DIGSI 5 using
the Circuit-breaker interaction Editor in the Line function group.
In the detail configuration of the interface, you define:
Which operate indications of the protection functions go into the generation of the trip command
Which protection functions start the automatic reclosing function
Line Data
The line data characterizes the line that is to be protected. The line data applies for all of the functions in the
Line function group.
Process Monitor
The process monitor is always present in the Line function group and cannot be removed. The process
monitor provides the following information in the Line function group:
Current-flow criterion:
Detection of an open/closed line based on the flow of minimum current
Closure detection:
Detection of closure of the line
Energy
Mean values
With the P, Q sign setting, you can invert the sign of these operational measured values such that a power
flow from the line to the busbar is displayed positively.
You can find more information in chapter 9.1 Overview of Functions.
Output Logic
The output logic treats the pick up and operate indications of the protection and supervision functions in the
function group separately, in either a pickup logic or an output logic. The pickup and output logic generate the
overreaching indications (group signals) of the function group. These group indications are transferred via the
Protection information interface to the Circuit-breaker function group and are processed further there.
The pickup indications of the protection and supervision functions in the Line function group are combined
phase-segregated and output as a group indication.
[lo_anrlin, 3, en_US]
The operate indications from the protection functions of the Line function group always result in 3-pole trip-
ping of the device.
[loauslin-150211-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Line Data
The following application and setting instructions apply for the line data. The line data are configured in the
Line function group and apply for all functions in the function group.
NOTE
NOTE
i If the optional function block Transformer has been instantiated in the Line Differential Protection
function, the parameter Rated apparent power can be set. The parameter Rated current is then
calculated internally and is displayed as a write-protected parameter.
If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only via
DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
NOTE
i The parameter Rated apparent power is only configurable if the optional function block Trans-
former has been instantiated in the Line Differential Protection function.
If the function block Transformer has not been instantiated, the Rated apparent power is calculated
internally from parameters Rated current and Rated voltage and is displayed as a write-protected
parameter.
With the Rated apparent power parameter, you can set the primary rated apparent power of the
protected transformer. The Rated apparent power parameter is relevant for the main protection function
of the device. The Rated apparent power set here is the reference value for the percentage-measured
values and setting values made in percentages.
If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only via
DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
EXAMPLE
[folwinkl-050509-01.tif, 1, en_US]
where:
RL Resistance of the line to be protected
XL Reactance of the line to be protected
EXAMPLE
[folwibsp-050912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Parameter: Kr and Kx
NOTE
i The visibility of the Kr and Kx parameters depends on the selected setting format of the residual compen-
sation factors. The parameters Kr and Kx only become visible after you have set the parameter Set.
format residu. comp. = Kr, Kx for the device.
The Kr and Kx parameters are used to set the residual compensation factors as scalar values. The Kr and Kx
parameters are relevant for the Distance-protection and Fault-location functions.
NOTE
i You can overwrite the residual compensation factors specified here in the distance-protection zones with
specific parameters for each zone.
Calculate the setting values for the parameters Kr and Kx from the line data as follows:
Resistance ratio Reactance ratio
where:
R0 Zero-sequence system resistance of the line
X0 Zero-sequence system reactance of the line
R1 Positive-sequence system resistance of the line
X1 Positive-sequence system reactance of the line
This data can either be used for the entire line or as length-related values, since the quotients are length-inde-
pendent. You can calculate the data both from the primary values and from the secondary values.
EXAMPLE
You receive the following setting values for the parameters Kr and Kx:
[forerlx1-050912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i The visibility of the K0 and Angle (K0) parameters depends on the selected setting format of the residual
compensation factors. The parameters K0 and Angle (K0) only become visible after you have set the
parameter Set. format residu. comp. = K0 for the device.
The K0 and Angle (K0) parameters are used to set the complex residual compensation factor. The K0 and
Angle (K0) parameters are relevant for the Distance-protection and Fault-location functions.
NOTE
i You can overwrite the residual compensation factors specified here in the distance-protection zones with
local parameters for each zone.
Make sure that the line angle is set correctly because the device needs the line angle for calculation of the
compensation components from the K0 factor. The complex residual compensation factor is defined by the
value and the angle. You can calculate the complex residual compensation factor from the line data as
follows:
where:
Z0 (complex) zero-sequence impedance
Z1 (complex) positive-sequence impedance
This data can either be used for the entire line or as length-related values, since the quotients are length-inde-
pendent. The data can be calculated both from the primary values and from the secondary values.
For overhead lines, you can use the values for the calculation because the angles of the zero-sequence system
and the positive-sequence system differ only slightly. For cables, however, significant angular differences can
occur, as the following example illustrates.
EXAMPLE
110-kV single-phase liquid filled cable 3 185 mm2 Cu with the data:
[fofork02-180912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fofork03-180912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fofork04-180912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
When determining the angle, take note of the quadrant of the result. The following table lists the quadrants
and the angle range obtained from the operational signs of the real and imaginary parts of K0.
Real Part Imaginary tan Phi (K0) Quadrant/Range Calculation Method
Part
+ + + I 0 to 90 arc tan (|Im| / |Re|)
+ - - IV -90 to 0 arc tan (|Im| / |Re|)
- - + III -90 to -180 arc tan (|Im| / |Re|) 180
- + - II +90 to +180 arc tan (|Im| / |Re|) +180
In this example, the following setting value for the Angle (K0) parameter is obtained:
Parameter: Gnd.curr.ratio(MutComp)
[dwparkomrw-161013, 1, en_US]
Parallel-line compensation is only carried out if the ground current of the line to be protected (Ignd) is greater
than the ground current of the parallel line (IgndP) evaluated with the parameter
Gnd.curr.ratio(MutComp).
Siemens recommends retaining the default setting Gnd.curr.ratio(MutComp)= 85 %. In highly unbal-
anced system conditions and if the coupling factor is very small (XM/XL less than 0.4), a smaller value may be
advisable.
[fo1isaet-041210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
where:
NOTE
i The parameter CT saturation threshold only becomes visible when you have set the parameter CT
saturation detection = yes.
Use the parameter Series compensation to specify whether the line to be protected is to work with or
without series compensation. The Series compensation parameter is relevant for the Distance-protec-
tion and Directional ground-fault protection functions. To ensure that the direction determination functions
correctly in applications for or in the vicinity of series-compensated lines, set the parameter Series
compensation = yes.
[foforcse-060509-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The Series capacit. reactance parameter is only relevant for the Directional ground-fault protection
function.
Parameter: P, Q sign
Circuit-breaker condition
Current-flow criterion
[dwpro1p1-050612-01.tif, 3, en_US]
You can switch the voltage criterion and the cold-load pickup detection as necessary. The circuit-breaker posi-
tion recognition and the current-flow criterion run permanently in the background and are not displayed in
DIGSI.
The following figure shows the relationships of the individual function blocks.
[lopro1p1-171012-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[loproikr-011112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The phase currents are provided via the interface to the protection function group.
The I open signal of one phase is generated if one of the following conditions is met:
A phase current falls below the set threshold of the Current thresh. CB open parameter. The
hysteresis stabilizes the signal.
The corresponding phase current, for example, I A, falls below 10 % of the phase current when the trip
command arrives. If the current does not drop until after a delay due to current transformer influences,
an open pole can therefore be detected quickly even after a high-current fault on the line.
With the Current thresh. CB open parameter, you define the minimum current as the criterion for a
deactivated line. The parameter lies in the Circuit-breaker function group. It acts both in the Circuit-breaker
function group, for example circuit-breaker position recognition, and also for the process monitor in the
protection function group.
If a protection function group with integrated process monitor is connected to several FG circuit-breakers, the
Current thresh. CB open parameter is present in each FG circuit-breaker. The smallest setting value of
the parameter Current thresh. CB open is used.
5.5.4.5 Settings
Logic
[loprolsz-140611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 5-52 Logic Diagram of the Circuit-Breaker Condition for the Protected-Object Function Block
The circuit-breaker position recognition in the Circuit-breaker (CB) function group provides the circuit-breaker
condition by way of the internal signal CB pos. recogn. prot. obj..
If a protected object is supplied via 2 circuit breakers (CBs), for example with the 1 1/2 circuit-breaker layout,
then the circuit-breaker switch position of the protected object must be determined with the aid of both circuit
breakers. In this case, the Circuit-breaker position recognition for the protected object function block
connects the individual CB states. The connection provides the internal CB pos. recogn. prot. obj.
signal to the other function blocks of the process monitor and to other functions, for example, Trip in the
event of weak infeed and Echo function for teleprotection method, within the same function group.
If one of the following 2 conditions is met, the CB pos. recogn. prot. obj. signal is in the Open state:
All connected circuit breakers signal the Open state internally.
Logic
The closure detection enables the immediate tripping of selected protection functions or protection stages
when switching to short circuit or the reduction of the responsivity. The closure detection determines whether
the protected object is switched on.
[loproein-121012-01.tif, 2, en_US]
For an applied binary input signal Detected (from function block Manual close), the indication Closure is
always active. The indication Closure can also be activated via the measurand. In addition, the protected
object must be switched off for at least the time Min. time feeder open.
This time is started as follows depending on the Operating mode parameter:
For parameter Operating mode = Iopen,Vopen,ManCl:
If the current-flow criterion and the voltage criterion are detected open-circuited.
5.5.4.9 Settings
Logic
[loproure-020211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If you want to test closure detection or an open-pole detector via a voltage, you need a voltage transformer
installed on the line side and electrical power systems with a grounded neutral point. In this case, add the
Voltage criterion function block to the process monitor.
If the voltage transformers are installed on the busbar side or if there is no voltage connected, you must not
use the voltage criterion to detect a deactivated phase.
With the (_:101) Threshold U open parameter, you define the residual voltage as the criterion for a
deactivated line. If the phase-to-ground voltage falls below the value of the Threshold U open parameter,
the V open signal is generated. The function stabilizes the signal with a hysteresis and a delay of the rising
edge of the signal. The falling edge of the signal is forwarded without delay.
NOTE
i The Threshold U open parameter is available only when the optional Voltage criterion function block
is used. Use this parameter only with a voltage transformer installed on the line side and in electrical power
systems with a grounded neutral point.
Due to possible parasitic voltages (for example, due to capacitive coupling in), do not set the value of the
Threshold U open too sensitively.
Siemens recommends a setting value of 30.000 V.
5.5.4.12 Settings
Logic
[loprocls-180912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-55 Logic Diagram of the Cold-Load Pickup Detection Function Block
The Cold-load pickup detection function block detects that a specific time has been exceeded after deactiva-
tion of the line or protected object. If you want to connect the protected object again, you must note that an
increased load-current requirement exists for a limited time after connection. This results from the nature of
the load.
The Cold-load pickup detection function block ensures that different parameters are used for an adjustable
time after connection. For example, for the time of the Min. CB-open time parameter, you can increase
the threshold value of a protection function or you can select a special characteristic curve.
If the Cold-load pickup detection function block detects an open feeder and the set time of the Min. CB-
open time parameter has expired, the indication >Activate cold-load is generated.
With the >Activate cold-load indication, you can activate a parameter set of the Cold-load pickup func-
tion. Via the binary input signal >Activate cold-load, you can also activate the >Activate cold-load
indication directly.
If the Cold-load pickup detection function block detects closure and the corresponding load current, it starts
the time set in the Dropout delay CB closed parameter. The >Activate cold-load indication and
the activated parameter set are deactivated after this time has elapsed.
If, for the time set in the Dropout delay curr.crit. parameter, the maximum phase current falls below
the threshold value Dropout threshold current, the parameter set for the Cold-load pickup detection
function block is also deactivated. As a result, if the load current is very low, the action time Dropout delay
curr.crit. of the >Activate cold-load indication can be shortened.
NOTE
i The settings and indications described in this chapter are only available when using the optional Cold-load
pickup detection function block.
With the Dropout delay CB closed parameter, you set the action time for the dynamic parameter set
switching in the event of cold-load pickup detection.
5.5.4.15 Settings
5.6.1 Overview
In the Voltage 3-phase function group, all functions can be used for protecting and for monitoring a
protected object or equipment which allows a 3-phase voltage measurement. The function group also
contains the operational measurement for the protected object or equipment (on this topic, see chapter
9 Measured Values, Energy Values, and Supervision of the Primary System). Applicable functions are, for
example, Voltage protection or Frequency protection.
The Voltage 3-phase function group has interfaces to the measuring points and the Circuit-breaker function
group.
[dw3spann-300913, 1, en_US]
[sc3span1-190214-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-57 Connecting Measuring Points to the Voltage 3-Phase Function Group
If you add functions to the Voltage 3-phase function group, these are connected to the measuring point auto-
matically.
You can connect multiple measuring points with this interface. You can find more information in chapter
6.59 Voltage Measuring-Point Selection.
The measurands from the 3-phase voltage system are supplied via the V 3-ph interface. Depending on the
type of transformer connections, these are, for example, VA, VB, VC, Vgnd. All values that can be calculated from
the measurands are also provided via this interface.
In this example, the pickup and operate indications of the protection functions are exchanged in the direction
of the Circuit-breaker function group.
You must connect the Voltage 3-phase function group with the Circuit-breaker function group. This assign-
ment can be made in DIGSI only via Project tree Connect function group. To connect the interfaces, set a
cross at the intersection between the row and column in the matrix.
[sc3span2-190214-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-58 Connecting Voltage 3-Phase Function Group with Circuit-Breaker Function Group
Table 5-15 Operational Measured Values of the Voltage 3-Phase Function Group
NOTE
i Before creating the protection functions in the function group, you should first connect hese functions to
the appropriate Circuit-breaker function group.
5.6.4 Settings
5.7.1 Overview
In the Voltage-current 1-phase function group, all functions can be used for protecting and for monitoring a
protected object or equipment which allow a 1-phase current and voltage measurement or a zero-sequence
voltage measurement via a 3-phase voltage measuring point. The function group also contains the operational
measurement for the protected object or equipment (on this topic, see chapter 9 Measured Values, Energy
Values, and Supervision of the Primary System).
The Voltage-current 1-phase function group has interfaces to the measuring points and the Circuit-breaker
function group.
[dw1spstr-040117-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
[scVI1ph_V1ph, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-60 Connecting Measuring Points to the Voltage-Current 1-Phase Function Group
If you select the voltage type VN broken-delta for the 1-phase voltage measuring point in the measuring
point routing (see the following figure), the device measures the residual voltage VN at the broken-delta
winding. The residual voltage is converted into the voltage equivalent of the zero-sequence voltage. This
converted voltage is used as the voltage input for all functions in the Voltage-current 1-phase function
group.
[scvnopen, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-61 Selection of the VN broken-delta Voltage Type for the 1-Phase Voltage Measuring Point
The zero-sequence voltage calculated from the 3-phase voltage system or the measured residual voltage is
available via the voltage interface (see figure below).
[scVI1ph_V3ph, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-62 Connecting Measuring Points 3-Phase Voltage and 1-Phase Current to the 1-Phase Voltage-
Current Function Group
You can connect the voltage interface of the Voltage-current 1-phase function group with precisely one 3-
phase voltage measuring point. 3 types of 3-phase voltage measuring-point connection are supported. With
the different connection types, the type of voltage input for the functions in the Voltage-current 1-phase
function group also changes.
The following table shows the properties of the voltage input for the Voltage-current 1-phase function group
depending on the connection types.
Connection Type of the 3- Voltage Input
Phase Voltage Measuring
Point
3 ph-to-gnd voltages The zero-sequence voltage is calculated from the phase-to-ground voltages
and used as a voltage input for all functions.
3 ph-to-gnd volt. + VN The residual voltage VN is converted into the voltage equivalent of the zero-
3 ph-to-ph volt. + VN sequence voltage. This converted voltage is used as a voltage input for func-
tions.
[sc1stspc-190214-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-63 Connecting Voltage-Current 1-Phase Function Group with Circuit-Breaker Function Group
Fundamental Components
The fundamental components are always present in the Voltage-current 1-phase function group and cannot
be deleted.
The following table shows the fundamental components of the Voltage-current 1-phase function group:
You can find the parameters Rated operating current and Rated operating voltage in the
General function block of theVoltage-current 1-phase function group.
13 The 1-phase voltage V is only visible if it is connected to a 1-phase voltage measuring point.
14 The zero-sequence voltage V0 is only visible if it is connected to a 3-phase voltage measuring point with the 3-phase phase-to-ground
voltage connection type.
15 The residual voltage VN is only visible if it is connected to a 3-phase voltage measuring point with the connection type 3-phase phase-
[scui1pom, 1, en_US]
Table 5-17 Operational Measured Values of the Voltage-Current 1-Phase Function Group
You can find the parameters Rated operating current, Rated operating voltage, and Rated
apparent power in the General function block of the Voltage-current 1-phase function group. You can
find the parameter Rated frequency in the General function block of the Device settings.
NOTE
i The frequency can be calculated from the voltage or current measured value.
The active and reactive power are only displayed if the voltage and the 1-phase current are connected to
the function group. If the connected voltage is a phase-to-ground voltage (VA, VB, VC) or any voltage Vx,
the specific power values are displayed. Otherwise the power is displayed as not available.
The settings listed here are used primarily for understanding during configuration of the function groups. They
are calculated on the basis of other settings and cannot be directly changed.
5.7.4 Settings
5.8.1 Overview
All functions for protection and supervision of a protected object or equipment allowing 3-phase current and
voltage measurement can be used in the function group Voltage-current 3-phase. The function group also
contains the operational measurement for the protected object or equipment (on this topic, see chapter
9 Measured Values, Energy Values, and Supervision of the Primary System).
You will find the Voltage-current 3-phase function group under each device type in the Global DIGSI 5 library.
You will find all protection and supervision functions that you can use for this function-group type in the func-
tion group Voltage-current 3-phase. These functions are described in chapter 6 Protection and Automation
Functions.
You can find additional information on the embedding of the functions in the device in chapter 2 Basic Struc-
ture of the Function. You can find the function scope of the application templates for the various device types
in the chapter 4 Applications.
Process monitor
[dwfgui3p-301112-01.tif, 4, en_US]
3-phase current
The measurands from the 3-phase power system are supplied via this interface. Depending on the
connection type of the transformers, these are, for example, IA, IB, IC, IN or 3I0. All values that can be
calculated from the measurands are also provided via this interface. The function group must always be
connected to the I-3ph measuring point.
You can connect the 3-phase current interface to a maximum of four 3-phase current measuring points
(for example, for 1 1/2 circuit-breaker layouts). If 2 current measuring points have been connected with
the 3-phase current interface, the total current is also determined from measured values from both
measuring points in the function group. All functions in the function group have access to these values.
Starting the Automatic reclosing function (AREC, if available in the Circuit-breaker function group)
through the protection functions of the connected Protection function group
Besides the general allocation of the protection function group to the Circuit-breaker function groups, you can
also configure the interface for certain functionalities in detail. Configure the details in DIGSI 5 using the
Circuit-breaker interaction editor in the protection function group.
Equipment Data
The rated voltage and rated current as well as the neutral-point treatment of the object or the equipment are
defined here. These data apply to all functions in the Voltage-current 3-phase function group.
Process Monitor
The process monitor is always present in the Voltage-current 3-phase function group and cannot be
removed.
The process monitor provides the following information in the Voltage-current 3-phase function group:
Current-flow criterion:
Detection of an open/activated protected object/equipment based on the flow of leakage current
Closure detection:
Detection of the switching on of the protected object/equipment
Table 5-18 Operational Measured Values of the Voltage-Current 3-Phase Function Group
The operational measured values are explained in more detail in chapter 9.3 Operational Measured Values.
Energy
Average values
With the P, Q sign parameter, you can invert the sign of these operational measured values such that a
power flow from the line to the busbar is displayed positively.
More information can be found in chapter 9.1 Overview of Functions.
Output Logic
The output logic treats the pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions that are avail-
able in the function group separately, in a pickup logic and a trip logic, respectively. The pickup and trip logic
generate the overreaching indications (group indications) of the function group. These group indications are
transferred via the Protection information interface to the Circuit-breaker function group and are processed
further there.
The pickup signals of the protection and supervision functions in the Voltage-current 3-phase function group
are combined in a phase-selective manner and output as a group indication.
[lo_anrlin, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-66 Creation of the Pickup Indication of the Voltage-Current 3-Phase Function Group
The trip signals from the protection and supervision functions of the Voltage-current 3-phase function group
always result in 3-pole tripping of the device.
[loauslin-150211-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-67 Creation of the Operate Indication of the Voltage-Current 3-Phase Function Group
NOTE
i If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only
via DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
The settings listed here are used primarily for understanding during configuration of the function groups. They
are calculated on the basis of other settings and cannot be directly changed.
Addr. Parameters C Range of Values Default Setting
Network data
_:103 General:rated apparent 0.20 MVA to 5 000.00 MVA 692.82 MVA
power
NOTE
i You can find more detailed information on the Process monitor in chapter 5.11 Process Monitor.
5.8.4 Settings
5.9.1 Overview
The Circuit-breaker function group combines all the user functions that relate to a circuit breaker.
You will find the Circuit-breaker function group under each device type in the function library in DIGSI 5. The
Circuit-breaker function group contains all of the protection, control, and supervision functions that you can
use for this device type. The following figure shows, for example, the functional scope of the Circuit-breaker
function group.
[sccb2typ-120116, 1, en_US]
Besides the user functions, the Circuit-breaker function group contains certain functionalities that are essen-
tial for general purposes and therefore cannot be loaded or deleted:
Trip logic
Mapping the physical circuit breaker
General settings
The following figure shows the structure of the Circuit-breaker function group. The individual function blocks
in the image are described in the following chapters.
[dwfgstru-080812-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Protection function groups (for example, the protection function group Transformer or Auto trans-
former as well as side-related function groups)
Voltage
The measurands of the 3-phase voltage system or 1-phase voltage are supplied via this interface.
Depending on the connection type of the transformers, in the 3-phase voltage system these are, for
example, VA, VB, VC of the line or feeder.
The connection to the corresponding measuring point is necessary only if a user function that needs the
measurand of the 3-phase voltage system is used, for example, to make use of the Synchronization
function.
With the Rated normal current parameter, you set the primary current which serves as a reference for all
current-related % values within the Circuit-breaker function group. This applies both for operational measured
values and for setting values in %.
Enter the primary rated current of the protected object (for example, the transformer) here.
If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change only the setting value of the parameter via
DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
5.9.4 Settings
[loausbef-140113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Trip-Command Reset
[lobefe3p-140113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
with I<
5.9.6.3 Settings
5.9.7.1 Overview
The Circuit-breaker function block represents the physical switch in the SIPROTEC 5 device.
The basic tasks of this function block are the operation of the circuit breaker and the acquisition of the circuit-
breaker auxiliary contacts and other circuit-breaker information.
The Circuit-breaker function block provides information about:
Number of switching cycles
Breaking current, breaking voltage, and breaking frequency
Tripping is always the result of a protection function. The operate indications of the individual protection func-
tions are summarized in the Trip logic function block. The trip command that causes the tripping in the
Circuit-breaker function block is generated there.
To operate the circuit breaker, the Circuit-breaker function block provides the output signals that must be
routed to the corresponding binary outputs of the device (see Table 5-19).
[loausssc-090211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[loerfass-101210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The signals must be routed to the binary input that is connected with the CB auxiliary contacts. The open and
closed signals do not necessarily have to be routed in parallel. The advantage of parallel routing is that it can
be used to determine an intermediate or disturbed position. On the other hand, this is not possible if only one
signal is routed.
In the monitoring direction, the position signals generate the following information when the open and
closed positions are acquired (see following table). This information is further processed by the Circuit-
breaker position recognition and Control function blocks.
Information Type Description
Off SPS Circuit-breaker position is opened.
On SPS Circuit-breaker position is closed.
Intermediate position SPS Circuit-breaker position is in intermediate position.
Disturbed position SPS Circuit-breaker position is in disturbed position.
Not selected SPS The circuit breaker is not selected for a control operation.
[lounterd-100611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[loausloe-081210-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[loansteu-230311-01.tif, 2, en_US]
By routing the Trip/open cmd. signals to 1 or 2 binary outputs, you can carry out 1, 1.5, and 2-pole activa-
tions of the circuit breaker. You can find a detailed description in chapter 7.2.2.3 Connection Variants of the
Circuit Breaker.
NOTE
i Do not confuse these 1-pole, 1.5-pole, and 2-pole activations of the circuit breaker with 1-pole or 3-pole
tripping of the circuit breaker.
[loauswer-230311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-78 Recommended Analysis of the Circuit-Breaker Switch Position when Used as a Protection and
Control Device
The following diagram shows the recommended routing, in which H stands for active with voltage.
[scpolg3p-230311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-79 Routing for Acquisition of the Circuit-Breaker Switch Position via 2 Auxiliary Contacts
The device can also function without the analysis from the circuit-breaker auxiliary contacts, that is, routing of
the auxiliary contacts is not absolutely necessary. However, this is a requirement for control functions.
! CAUTION
Do not set a time that is too short.
If you set a time that is too short, there is a danger that the device contacts will interrupt the control
circuit. If this happens, the device contacts will burn out.
Set a time that is long enough to ensure that the circuit breaker reliably reaches its final position
(open or closed) after a control operation.
Measured Values
If a protection function trips the circuit breaker, the following measured values are stored in the fault log.
Break.-current phs A
Break.-current phs B
Break.-current phs C
Break. current 3I0/IN
Break. voltage phs A
Break. voltage phs B
Break. voltage phs C
The measured value Break. current 3I0/IN is the neutral-point current. Depending on the connection
type of the measuring point I-3ph connected with the Circuit-breaker function group, the neutral-point
current is differentiated as follows:
Connection Type of the Measuring Point I-3ph Neutral-Point Current
3-phase Calculated zero-sequence current 3I0
3-phase + IN Measured neutral-point current IN
3-phase + IN separate
3-phase, 2-p. transformer + IN separate
2-phase, 2-p. transformer + IN separate
[loschalt-081210-01.tif, 2, en_US]
5.9.7.7 Settings
5.9.8.1 Overview
This function block calculates the position of the circuit breaker from the evaluation of the auxiliary contacts
and the current flow.
This information is needed in the following protection-related additional functions:
Trip logic (see 5.9.6.1 Function Description)
Detection of manual closing (see 5.9.9.1 Function Description)
Process monitor (see Process Monitor (Line Function group) 5.5.4 Process Monitor (FG Line) or Process
monitor (Standard V/I) 5.11 Process Monitor)
Its use is described in the respective chapters.
The control does not use this information. The control evaluates the circuit-breaker auxiliary contacts.
[lozust3p-070611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Based on the link between the information from the auxiliary contacts and the current flow, the circuit breaker
can assume the following positions:
Circuit-Breaker Condi- Description
tion
Open The circuit-breaker pole is detected unambiguously as open according to both
criteria.
Closed The circuit-breaker pole is detected unambiguously as closed according to both
criteria.
Possibly open, possibly These conditions can occur if the information is incomplete due to the routing of
closed the auxiliary contacts and the condition can no longer be determined reliably.
These uncertain conditions are evaluated differently by certain functions.
Opening This is a dynamically occurring condition that results when, while a trip command
is active and the auxiliary contact is still closed, the current is detected to have
fallen below the threshold value because the current-flow criterion takes effect
faster than the auxiliary contact can open.
[lohand3p-101210-01.tif, 3, en_US]
[losteuer-150113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-83 Connection of the Input Signal to the Control Circuit of the Circuit-Breaker Closing Coil
If external close commands are possible (actuation of the circuit breaker by other devices), which are not
intended to prompt detection of a manual closure, this can be ensured in 2 ways:
The input signal is connected in such a way that it is not activated in the event of external close
commands.
The external close command is connected to the blocking input >Block manual close for manual
closure detection.
5.9.9.3 Settings
5.10.1 Overview
The Analog units function group is used to map analog units and communicate with them. Analog units are
external devices, such as RTD units, or analog plug-in modules, such as measuring-transducer modules.
You will find the Analog units function group for many device types in the Global DIGSI 5 library.
[sc20maee-250816-01, 1, en_US]
If the device has a measuring transducer, it is automatically mapped in the Analog units function group. If
one or more RTD units are connected to the device, you have to load one or more RTD unit Ether. or RTD unit
serial functions from the Global DIGSI library in order to map the RTD units.
The following figure shows the structure of the function group.
[dwstrthe-030615-01.vsd, 2, en_US]
The Analog units function group has interfaces to protection function groups. The Analog units function
group provides measured temperature values that come from an external RTD unit . These measured tempera-
ture values are available for all protection function groups in which a temperature monitoring function works.
The RTD unit Ether. function is not preconfigured by the manufacturer. A maximum of 20 function instances
can operate simultaneously.
The RTD unit serial function is set up structurally exactly in the same manner as the RTD unit Ether. function.
5.10.3.1 Overview
The function 20-mA unit Ether.:
Communicates in series with a 20-mA unit via the Slave Unit Protocol (SUP) and records the values meas-
ured by the 20-mA unit
Transforms the measured 20-mA values into slowly changing process tags such as temperature or gas
pressure
Makes the recorded process tags available to CFC, GOOSE, protocols and the device display
[dwstrfn2-150113-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Logic
[lo20mtcp-150113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Error Responses
The following table lists the conditions under which the Health status transitions to the Alarm or Warning
state.
The Failure signal is set as soon as one of the channel function blocks reports a failure.
Parameter: Port
Parameter: IP address
Logic
[lo20mcha-160113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
(1) If the setting Range active is set to test , the setting Transformation ratio is not
displayed.
(2) If the setting Range active is set to false, the settings Upper limit, Transformation
ratio upper limit, Lower limit and Transformation ratio are not displayed.
Measured-Value Calculation
The function 20-mA channel processes a single 20-mA current signal supplied by the 20-mA unit of the corre-
sponding channel. The 20-mA current measured value is converted into the correct physical quantities such as
temperature or pressure. In each 20-mA functional unit (Ether. and serial) there are always 12 of the 20-mA
channel function blocks, even if fewer channels are connected with the 20-mA unit. The calculated values are
available for further processing via CFC, GOOSE, protocols, and the display image.
Measured-Value Processing
The 20-mA unit typically transmits a value which represents a physical quantity, such as a temperature or a
pressure. Therefore, the device must contain a characteristic curve that maps the physical quantity to the 20-
mA value. If you do not activate the Range active setting (no x in the check box), the function operates
over the range 0 mA to 20 mA. If a value smaller than 0 mA or greater than 20 mA is active at the input of the
20-mA unit, the measured value is identified as invalid. The setting of the range for the scaled value goes from
a usable range of 0 mA to 20 mA. The following figure shows an example.
[sckanumw-190214-01, 1, en_US]
In this example, the measured value 0 mA means a temperature of 0 C and the measured value 20 mA means
a temperature of 100 C. So enter as Unit = C and Conversion factor = 100. The resolution (decimal
place) of the temperature value can be chosen; for a decimal place, select Resolution = 0.1.
[dwknges3-020513-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If you activate the Range active setting, then 4 additional parameters Upper limit, Lower limit,
Upper limit - Sensor, and Lower limit - Sensor appear. The parameters Upper limit and
Lower limit indicate the range of the input current in mA. The setting Upper limit - Sensor is the
calculated measured value if the input current corresponds to the value in the Upper limit setting. The
setting Lower limit - Sensor is the calculated measured value if the input current corresponds to the
value in the Lower limit setting. The setting of the range for the scaled value corresponds to the useable
range between Lower limit and Upper limit (see following figure).
[sckanumf-190214-01, 1, en_US]
[dwknges2-020513-01.tif, 1, en_US]
In this example, the Range active setting is selected. The setting Upper limit is at 20 mA, the setting
Lower limit is at 4 mA. The setting Upper limit - Sensor is at 55 and the setting Lower limit -
Sensor is at -33. If the input current is smaller than 4 mA or greater than 20 mA, the quality of the scaled
measured value in this example is invalid.
Each 20-mA channel makes available the scaled measured value in the information routing (these are the
temperature values in the examples) and the original current measured value in mA for further processing.
The 20-mA values can be displayed in the display page and processed with CFC charts.
Error Responses
If the current input value is determined to be incorrect, the quality attribute of the output value is set to
invalid That status for Health and the defect status assume the states displayed in the table.
Parameter: Unit
Parameter: Resolution
Parameter: Upper limit, Lower limit, Upper limit - Sensor and Lower limit - Sensor
5.10.3.7 Settings
5.10.4.1 Overview
The function 20-mA unit Serial:
Provides serial communications with a 20-mA unit via the Modbus protocol and records the values meas-
ured by the 20-mA unit
Transforms the measured 20-mA values into slowly changing process variables such as temperature or
gas pressure
Makes the recorded process tags available to CFC, GOOSE, protocols and the device display
Parameter: Port
A serial communication module optionally uses 2 channels. With the Channel number setting, you specify
the channel number (1 or 2) used to connect the 20-mA unit to the device. The communication module inputs
are labeled with the channel numbers.
Parameter: Unit
Parameter: Resolution
Parameter: Upper limit, Lower limit, Upper limit - Sensor and Lower limit - Sensor
5.10.4.3 Settings
[dwve20au-150213-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[sc20ser3-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
[scauser4-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
Communication Settings
Make the communications settings for the relevant serial channels. For this, use the default settings specified
by the 20-mA unit. Normally, you must adapt only the parameterization of the SIPROTEC 5 device to the
settings of the 20-mA unit. Make sure that the setting values in both devices are the same. The settings of the
Non-flickering light (on/off): is not relevant for the RS485 interface.
NOTE
i The driver for the USART module for the SUP protocol is not preinstalled as standard for the initial use of
this interface (following the firmware update).
[scauser5-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
With the selection of the SUP protocol for the 20-mA unit DIGSI automatically adds the function group Analog
units to your device configuration. You can now instantiate the function 20-mA unit serial 1 (see following
figure).
[sc20ser6-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
Now, set the channel number over which the SUP protocol runs. In addition, set the slave address of the 20-
mA unit. This address must be set with the same value in the 20-mA unit (refer to the following figure).
For the first use of the 20-mA unit, the following device configuration must be set on the 20-mA unit:
Bus protocol: mod
Device address: 1
Parity: no
[scauser7-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-98 Setting the Port, Channel Number, and Device Address
Device Configuration
In DIGSI, insert an Ethernet module into the provided slot, thus, adding the module to the device configura-
tion. Figure 5-99 displays the available slots in the base module or on the expansion module CB 202. Alterna-
tively, you can also use the integrated Ethernet interface Port J.
[scautcp1-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
Communication Settings
Activate the SUP Ethernet protocol for the Ethernet module.
[scautcp2-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
This protocol is also available for Port J of the integrated Ethernet interface of the base module (refer to
following figure).
[scautcp3-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
With the selection of the SUP protocol for the 20-mA unit, DIGSI automatically adds the Analog units function
group and the 20-mA unit Ether. function to your device configuration (refer to the following figure).
[sc20tcp4-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
Now, set the port over which the SUP protocol runs. In addition, set the IP address of the 20-mA unit (refer to
the following figure). This address must be set with the same value in the 20-mA unit.
[scautcp5-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
5.10.6.1 Overview
The fast analog measuring-transducer inputs process voltage values (DC -10 V to +10 V) as well as current
values (DC -20 mA to 20 mA).
The function MT fast input:
Provides sampled values for recording in the fault record (the maximum sampling frequency is 8 kHz for
all other SIPROTEC 5 devices). The recorded sampling frequency results from the setting of the fault-
recorder function.
Calculated measured values from the sampled values. These measured values have been deduced from
the arithmetic mean values. The measuring range for the mean-value calculation is adjustable in the
interval from 10 ms to 100 ms.
Converts the measured current or voltage values into process values, for example, temperature, gas pres-
sure, etc.
Provides the recorded process variables for further processing by the fault recorder, the CFC, and in
GOOSE-applications for transmission via communication protocols, and for visualization
The fast measuring-transducer inputs are located on the IO212 module with 8 inputs (optionally current or
voltage inputs), and the IO210 module with 4 inputs (optionally current or voltage inputs).
[dw_mu-structure, 1, en_US]
[scmuio212, 1, en_US]
The fast measuring-transducer channels can be configured either as current or as voltage inputs. Apart from
this, their function corresponds to the basic function of the 20-mA-channels (see chapter 5.10.3.5 20-mA
Channel).
Parameter: Unit
Parameter: Upper limit, Upper limit - Sensor, Lower limit and Lower limit - Sensor
With the following parameters, you set the scaling of the measuring variables. By that, you can scale in an
application-specific way:
Default setting Upper limit = 20.00 mA
Default setting Upper limit - Sensor = 1.00
[dw_measured-value-scaling, 1, en_US]
Setting Example 1:
A measuring transducer transmitting a current signal of 4 mA to 20 mA is used as a transmitter. Currents well
below 4 mA indicate a transmitter failure; currents around 0 mA indicate a broken wire. A sensor detecting a
temperature is attached to the transmitter. The upper value corresponds to 200 C and the lower value to -100
C. This results in the following characteristic. In accordance with the set characteristic curve, the function
calculates the sensor value from the measured current. The coefficients of the linear equation (gradient and
foot point) are calculated from the set threshold and the sensor values are determined. A supplied current of
9.333 mA corresponds to a temperature of 0 C.
[dw_measuring-transducer-characteristic, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i The hardware of the measuring transducer has been designed in such a way that measured values are
transmitted and analyzed using the setting range (Upper limit orLower limit). Therefore, special
applications are possible, if necessary. The limits are at approx. +20 mA and -20 mA or +10 V and -10 V.
Setting Example 2:
For special applications, the transmitter sends a maximum of 12 V. This voltage shall be issued accordingly as
sensor voltage.
Set the parameters as follows:
Upper limit = 10.00 V
Upper limit - Sensor = 10.00 V
[dw_measuring-transducer-setting, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-108 Parameter Settings and Representation of an Input Signal Greater than 10 V
5.10.6.5 Settings
5.10.7.1 Overview
The RTD unit Ether. function:
Communicates with an external RTD unit via the Slave Unit Protocol (SUP) and records the measured
temperatures from the RTD unit
[dwstrfnc-291112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Logic
[lortdtcp-311012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Error Responses
The following table lists the conditions under which the Health status transitions to the Alarm or Warning
state.
The Failure signal is set as soon as one of the sensor function blocks reports a failure.
Parameter: Port
Parameter: IP address
Logic
[lotmpval-311012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Error Responses
If the measured input value is determined to be incorrect, the quality attribute of the output measured
temperature value is set to invalid. The statuses for Health and Error take the statuses in accordance with
the following table:
Under Standard unit system change the setting value of the unit system used from SI units to US
units.
[scfahrht-190214-01, 1, en_US]
The following settings and information table shows only 1 of the 12 sensors, as the setting possibilities of the
12 sensors do not differ.
5.10.7.7 Settings
5.10.8.1 Overview
The RTD unit serial function:
Communicates with an external RTD unit serial via the Slave Unit Protocol (SUP) and records the meas-
ured temperatures from the RTD unit
Parameter: Port
5.10.8.3 Settings
[dwverbau-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scauser3-190214-01, 1, en_US]
[scauser4-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
Communication Settings
Make the communications settings for the relevant serial channels. For this, use the default settings specified
by the RTD box. Normally, you must adapt only the parameterization of the SIPROTEC 5 device to the settings
of the RTD box. Make sure that the setting values in both devices are the same. The settings of the Non-
flickering light (on/off): is not relevant for the RS485 interface.
NOTE
i The driver for the USART module for the SUP protocol is not preinstalled as standard for the initial use of
this interface (following the firmware update).
[scauser5-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
With the selection of the SUP protocol for the RTD box DIGSI automatically adds the function group Analog
units to your device configuration. You can now instantiate the function RTD box serial 1 (refer to the
following figure).
[scauser6-190214-01, 1, en_US]
Now, set the channel number over which the SUP protocol runs. In addition, set the slave address of the RTD
box. This address must be set with the same value in the RTD box (refer to the following figure).
The following device configuration must be set on the TR1200 RTD unit when the RTD unit is used for the first
time:
Bus protocol: mod
Device address: 1
Parity: no
[scauser7-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-118 Setting the Port, Channel Number, and Slave Address
Device Configuration
In the DIGSI, insert an Ethernet module into the provided slot, thus, adding the module to the device configu-
ration. Figure 5-119 displays the available slots in the base module or on the expansion module CB 202. Alter-
natively, you can also use the integrated Ethernet interface Port J.
[scautcp1-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
Communication Settings
Activate the SUP Ethernet protocol for the Ethernet module.
[scautcp2-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
This protocol is also available for Port J of the integrated Ethernet interface of the base module (refer to
following figure).
[scautcp3-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
With the selection of the SUP protocol for the RTD unit, DIGSI automatically adds the Analog units function
group and the RTD unit Ether. function to your device configuration (refer to the following figure).
[scauser6-190214-01, 1, en_US]
Now, set the port over which the SUP protocol runs. In addition, set the IP address of the RTD box (refer to the
following figure). This address must be set with the same value in the RTD box.
[scautcp5-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
All function groups that have functions with dependencies on the state of the protected object contain a
process monitor. The process monitor detects the current state of the protected object.
The Process monitor function is used in the following protection function groups with current measurement:
Transformer side
Auto transf. auto side
Motor Side
Standard V/I
The Process monitor function is provided by the manufacturer with the following function blocks:
Cold-load pickup detection (optional)
Current-flow criterion
Circuit-breaker condition
Closure detection
[dwpro3pt-061212-01.tif, 2, en_US]
You can activate the cold-load pickup detection as needed. All other stages of the process monitor run perma-
nently in the background and are not displayed in DIGSI.
The following figure shows the relationships of the individual function blocks.
[lopro3pt-171012-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[loproikr-011112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The phase currents are provided via the interface to the protection function group.
The I open signal of one phase is generated if one of the following conditions is met:
A phase current falls below the set threshold of the Current thresh. CB open parameter. The
hysteresis stabilizes the signal.
The corresponding phase current, for example, I A, falls below 10 % of the phase current when the trip
command arrives. If the current does not drop until after a delay due to current transformer influences,
an open pole can therefore be detected quickly even after a high-current fault on the line.
With the Current thresh. CB open parameter, you define the minimum current as the criterion for a
deactivated line. The parameter lies in the Circuit-breaker function group. It acts both in the Circuit-breaker
function group, for example circuit-breaker position recognition, and also for the process monitor in the
protection function group.
If a protection function group with integrated process monitor is connected to several FG circuit-breakers, the
Current thresh. CB open parameter is present in each FG circuit-breaker. The smallest setting value of
the parameter Current thresh. CB open is used.
5.11.5 Settings
Logic
[loprolsz-140611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 5-127 Logic Diagram of the Circuit-Breaker Condition for the Protected-Object Function Block
The circuit-breaker position recognition in the Circuit-breaker (CB) function group provides the circuit-breaker
condition by way of the internal signal CB pos. recogn. prot. obj..
If a protected object is supplied via 2 circuit breakers (CBs), for example with the 1 1/2 circuit-breaker layout,
then the circuit-breaker switch position of the protected object must be determined with the aid of both circuit
breakers. In this case, the Circuit-breaker position recognition for the protected object function block
connects the individual CB states. The connection provides the internal CB pos. recogn. prot. obj.
signal to the other function blocks of the process monitor and to other functions, for example, Trip in the
event of weak infeed and Echo function for teleprotection method, within the same function group.
If one of the following 2 conditions is met, the CB pos. recogn. prot. obj. signal is in the Open state:
All connected circuit breakers signal the Open state internally.
The closure detection enables the immediate tripping of selected protection functions or protection stages
when switching to a short circuit or the reduction of the responsivity. The closure detection determines
whether the protected object is switched on.
Logic
[loein6md-171012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
For an applied binary input signal (_:4681:500) >Disconnector openDetected (from function block
Manual close), the indication (_:4681:300) ClosureClosure is active.
Logic
[loprocls-180912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-129 Logic Diagram of the Cold-Load Pickup Detection Function Block
The Cold-load pickup detection function block detects that a specific time has been exceeded after deactiva-
tion of the line or protected object. If you want to connect the protected object again, you must note that an
increased load-current requirement exists for a limited time after connection. This results from the nature of
the load.
The Cold-load pickup detection function block ensures that different parameters are used for an adjustable
time after connection. For example, for the time of the Min. CB-open time parameter, you can increase
the threshold value of a protection function or you can select a special characteristic curve.
If the Cold-load pickup detection function block detects an open feeder and the set time of the Min. CB-
open time parameter has expired, the indication >Activate cold-load is generated.
With the >Activate cold-load indication, you can activate a parameter set of the Cold-load pickup func-
tion. Via the binary input signal >Activate cold-load, you can also activate the >Activate cold-load
indication directly.
If the Cold-load pickup detection function block detects closure and the corresponding load current, it starts
the time set in the Dropout delay CB closed parameter. The >Activate cold-load indication and
the activated parameter set are deactivated after this time has elapsed.
If, for the time set in the Dropout delay curr.crit. parameter, the maximum phase current falls below
the threshold value Dropout threshold current, the parameter set for the Cold-load pickup detection
function block is also deactivated. As a result, if the load current is very low, the action time Dropout delay
curr.crit. of the >Activate cold-load indication can be shortened.
NOTE
i The settings and indications described in this chapter are only available when using the optional Cold-load
pickup detection function block.
5.11.11 Settings
6.1.1 Overview
The Power-system data are provided with each SIPROTEC 5 device and cannot be deleted. You will find them
in DIGSI under Settings Power system.
The Power-system data contain the block General and the Measuring points of the device. The following
figure shows the structure of the Power-system data:
[dwandata-180912-01.tif, 2, en_US]
In order to adjust its functions to the application, the device requires some data about the power system. The
necessary settings can be found in the Power-system data under General as well as in the Measuring points.
NOTE
i You can find information on the supervision-function parameters in chapter 8.3 Supervision of the Secon-
dary System.
Type and scope of the required measuring points depend on the application. Possible measuring points are:
Voltage 3-phase (measuring point V 3-ph)
6.1.4 Application and Setting Notes for Measuring-Point Voltage 3Phase (V-3ph)
The following example describes the settings of the voltage measuring point Measuring point V-3ph (Voltage
3-phase). The V-1ph measuring point has only a subset of the parameters described here. The description of
the parameter is also valid for the V-1ph measuring point.
The zero-sequence voltage is calculated as phase-to-ground voltages. The residual voltage is measured on the
broken-delta winding of the voltage transformer. For 1-phase voltage transformers the residual voltage is
measured in the generator or the transformer neutral point.
NOTE
i The measured residual voltage VN sec is converted to a zero-sequence voltage in the device as follows:
EXAMPLE 1:
[dw_bsp1uwdl_anpassfaktor, 2, en_US]
When the type of connection for the voltage transformer is 3 ph-to-gnd volt. + VN (parameter: VT
connection) and the voltage input V4 is connected to the broken-delta winding of the voltage transformer
(da/dn), the Matching ratio Vph / VN is as follows:
When changing the neutral point according to Figure 6-2, this results in the following values:
The calculated secondary zero-sequence voltage V0 sec is equal to the secondary phase-to-ground voltage.
Expressed as secondary transformer rated voltage, then Vrated sec/3.
The measured residual voltage on the broken-delta winding is the sum of the voltage drops on the 3
sides. Expressed with the side ratio, the result is VN, sec = 3 Vrated,sec /3.
[fo_bsp1, 2, en_US]
In example 1 Vrated sec, the phase-to-ground voltage and the secondary voltage on the broken-delta winding
were identical. If these voltages are different, use the actual numerical values in the calculation.
EXAMPLE 2:
[fo_bsp2, 1, en_US]
[fo_umrechnung2, 2, en_US]
NOTE
i During the ground-fault test, the set matching factor can be checked by comparing the operational meas-
ured values. The operational measured values contain the calculated zero-sequence voltage V0 sec and the
measured residual voltage VN sec. Proceed with the compilation as follows:
The Matching ratio Vph / VN parameter is significant for the following functions of the device.
Overvoltage protection with zero-sequence/residual voltage
Measured-value supervision
Parameter: VT connection
3 ph-to-ph volt. + VN
3 ph-to-ph voltages
2 ph-to-ph volt. + VN
2 ph-to-ph voltages
Depending on the connection type selected, you must route the measured values to the terminals of the
voltage measuring point in DIGSI 5. You can find connection examples for voltage transformers in chapter A.
11 Connection Examples of Voltage Transformers for Modular Devices. The connection examples provide
assistance when selecting the type of connection.
Parameter: Tracking
NOTE
i The Magnitude correction parameter has nothing to do with the internal adjustment of the input
circuit.
6.1.5 Application and Setting Notes for Measuring-Point Current 3-Phase (I-3ph)
The following example describes the settings for the current measuring points Measuring point I-3ph
(Current 3-phase). The I-1ph measuring point has only a subset of the parameters described here. The
description of the parameter is also valid for the I-1ph measuring point.
Parameter: CT connection
Parameter Power-system data Measuring point I 3-phase. You cannot change the connection type
of the current transformer in the power-system data.
You can change the connection type of the current transformer only under measuring point routing in DIGSI 5.
Under Name of the device Measuring point routing Current measuring points, select the desired
connection type under Connection type. The following types of connections are possible:
3-phase + IN-separate
3-phase + IN
3-phase
3-phase, 2 primary CT
3ph,2prim.CT + IN-sep
Depending on the connection type selected, you must route the measured values to the terminals of the
current measuring point in DIGSI 5. You can find connection examples for current transformers in chapter A.
10 Connection Examples for Current Transformers. The connection examples provide assistance when
selecting the type of connection.
Parameter: Tracking
[dwpolstromwdl-251013, 1, en_US]
Parameter: CT error A
Parameter: CT error B
NOTE
i The Magnitude correction parameter has nothing to do with the internal adjustment of the input
circuit.
6.1.6 Application and Setting Notes for Line Differential Protection Settings
NOTE
i The following parameters are only important for the Line differential protection function. These parame-
ters can be found in DIGSI 5 project tree under Device name (for example, 7SL86) Settings Power-
system data under Measuring point I-3ph.
[dwctfail-310111-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[fofueber-090311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
with
n' Operational overcurrent factor (effective overcurrent factor)
n Rated overcurrent factor of the current transformer (index following the letter "P")
PN Rated burden of the current transformer at rated current in [VA]
Pi Inherent current transformer burden at rated current in [VA]
P' Actually connected burden (devices and secondary line) at rated current in [VA]
The rated overcurrent factor n and the rated power PN of the current transformer can be found on the name
plate of the current transformer. These values refer to the specified conditions (rated current, rated burden).
EXAMPLE:
The operational overcurrent factor n' is the result of the rated data and the actual secondary burden P'.
Under normal circumstances, the inherent burden of the current transformer is documented in the test
protocol. If this value is unknown, the inherent burden Pi can be approximated and determined from the DC
resistance Ri of the secondary winding:
[foeigbue-090311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Parameter: CT error A
The CT error A parameter considers the transformer error at rated current plus a safety margin. According
to VDE 0414/Part 1 or IEC 60044, at a primary rated current F1, the CT error A is equal to the measured
current deviation.
Example:
Parameter: CT error B
EXAMPLE:
[fo_rl, 1, en_US]
The worst-case scenario has been assumed for the calculation, whereby during a 1-pole error the current
flows back and forth across the secondary lines (factor 2). This follows that the power at a rated current of
Irated = 5 A can be calculated as:
[fo_pi, 1, en_US]
The entire connected burden comprises the burden of the supply lines and the burden of the device, and is
calculated as follows:
[fo_pges, 1, en_US]
[fo_fehlerueb, 1, en_US]
EXAMPLE:
For the controlled side of the transformer, the following mean current is determined:
[foimittl-090311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fodelmax-090311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Add this max. deviation to the transformer errors CT error A and CT error B determined as described
above. Ensure that this deviation due to voltage control relates to the mean current at rated apparent power
and not to the rated current at the rated voltage.
6.1.7 Settings
General Information
General
Has available the necessary stabilization methods in the event of connection and overexcitation
processes
Is stable in the event of external short-circuits with current transformer saturation through intelligent
saturation recognition methods
Triggers safely in the case of internal high-current faults through an additional high-current stage
Depending on the basic type of the device selected, can protect different system configurations. In the
simplest implementation (7UT82), this is a two-winding transformer. The 7UT85 protects a two-winding trans-
former or an auto transformer. The 7UT86 processes 3 sides or 3 measuring points. In a function group, 2
differential protection functions can run in parallel for auto-transformer applications and two-core phase-
angle regulating transformers. In the maximum implementation (7UT87), up to 5 sides or a maximum of 7
measuring points can be processed. Furthermore, the 7UT87 can process 2 function groups of Transformer
differential protection.
The function Transformer differential protection is used in the protection function group Transformer or
Auto Transformer. The function depends upon application in the corresponding application template precon-
figured by the manufacturer or can be copied during the engineering into the corresponding function group.
The Transformer differential protection function consists of the tripping stages I-DIFF and I-DIFF fast. In
addition, the I-DIFF unrestrained tripping stage is available. You can select this tripping stage from the func-
tion catalog and copy it into the Transformer differential protection function. The tripping stages can be
blocked, in addition you can switch the tripping stages on and off.
The following actions are performed in the Transformer side function group:
Accept side-related protection settings
Perform side-related calculations
Send all data (setting values, included currents) to the function group Transformer
Accept necessary settings for adapting differential protection to the current tap changer setting
Side-related protection functions can run in the function group Transformer side, for example, restricted
ground-fault protection, overload protection, overcurrent protection.
[dweinbfk-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[dwprin2s-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-6 Basic Principle of Differential Protection Using the Example of 2 Sides
For safe operation, additional functions are required. The implementation of these additional functions is
described in Chapter 6.2.3.6 Differential Protection Function (I-DIFF).
Current Stabilization
If very large currents flow through the protection range in the case of external faults, with different transmis-
sion behavior of the transformers W1 and W2 (Figure 6-6) a corresponding differential current Idiff occurs.
When this is larger than the corresponding pickup threshold, the device can issue a trip command, even
though no fault is present in the protection range. Such a malfunction of the protection is avoided by the
restraint current (Irest.) and is implemented in the form of a characteristic curve Idiff = f(Irest.).
The largest current of 2 or more measuring points of the protected object is used for stabilization.
The definition for 2 measuring points is:
A trip or differential current is
Idiff = ( I 1 + I 2)
as well as a restraint current of
Internal short circuit, feed from both sides with equal amount of currents, for example:
Then I 2 = I 1; In addition | I 2| = | I 1|;
Idiff = | I 1 + I 2| = | I 1 + I 1| = 2 | I 1|
Irest = Max (| I 1| ; | I 2|) = | I 1| = | I 2|
The tripping quantity (Idiff ) is twice as large as the short-circuit current and the restraining quantity (Irest.).
[dwislauf-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-7 Principle Current Course in External Short Circuit and Temporary Current Transformer Satura-
tion on One Side
[dwscreen-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If a transformer is operated with too high of a voltage, it can be modulated up into the non-linear part of the
magnetization characteristic curve. An increased magnetizing current results, which manifests itself as an
increased differential current and can lead to an overfunction.
For this reason, additional functions are required which block the differential protection with closure and over-
excitation processes.
[lomessgr-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The interaction of the I-DIFF, I-DIFF fast and I-DIFF unrestrained tripping stages is shown in the operate curve
below.
[dw_charac_function_trans-dif, 1, en_US]
In the following, the essential components of differential protection are described in detail. The two-winding
implementation, the basic structure of which shows Figure 6-11, serves as an example. The connection is
between the phase current transformers and the neutral-point current transformer. Additionally, both relevant
function groups for differential protection are represented.
[dw2wtyd5-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-11 Connection and Basic Structure for the Example of a Two-Winding Transformer Yd5
Absolute-Value Correction
Since the current transformers cannot be adapted exactly to the rated currents of the protected object with
regard to their primary rated data, a standardization to the nominal sizes of the protected object takes place.
The conversion occurs every sampling time (thus, for instantaneous values). The differential protection func-
tion processes 20 sampled values per period. In addition, the sampled values tracked are used. A high degree
of accuracy can be attained over the entire tracking range (from 10 Hz to 80 Hz).
The I-DIFF fast tripping stage works on non-frequency tracked values and thus, implements fast operate times
with low frequencies.
The absolute value is adapted via the following formula:
[fobetr07-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i The largest power is used as reference winding with a multi-winding transformer. If several windings have
the same absolute value of power, then, the highest current winding is selected as the reference winding.
The absolute value of the neutral-point transformer is also adapted according to the previous formula. In
this case, the absolute value should be adapted to the side with the greatest power.
Tap-Changer Adaptation
If a tap changer is present and is allocated to a transformer side, the side currents are also adapted to the
current tap-changer position. In order to activate this functionality, the settings must be made in the Trans-
former side function group. The settings Tap changer, Basic position and Volt. diff. adja-
cent taps are in the Application and Setting Instructions, subtitle Parameters: A more detailed explanation
of tap changers.
Make the stage setting that corresponds to the rated voltage and the setting for the stage voltage. With these
settings, an adjustment factor is calculated for each existing tap-changer position.
[foBasPo1-231013-01, 1, en_US]
where
Pos(i) Existing tap-changer position
BasPos Basic position of the tap changer
V Voltage difference of a stage
Vrated Rated voltage
kBase position Corresponds to the correction value for each measurement point
When the running contact of the motor drive is activated by the tap changer, the previous stage remains
active until the running contact signals the end of the motor run.
If capture of the current tap-changer position malfunctions, a higher operate curve takes effect. In this case,
2 measures become effective:
1. Calculation of an average adjustment factor
[foBasPo2-231013-01, 1, en_US]
[foBasPo3-231013-01, 1, en_US]
[foBasPo4-231013-01, 1, en_US]
Vector-Group Correction
The vector groups of the transformer sides arise from the different side-wise coupling of the transformer wind-
ings to the transformer core as well as its configuration (Y, D, Z). The measured currents can therefore not be
used directly for summation. The vector-group correction replicates the magnetic coupling of the transformer
coils and makes the measured currents comparable. The correction occurs such that each side is converted to
vector group 0. Since you are in the 3-phase system, the conversion occurs via matrices which are stored for
the respective vector-group type. The general description is given in the following formula. In the same calcu-
lation step, the absolute value is corrected:
[foscha08-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
where
iphx* Adapted instantaneous value per phase (x = A, B, C)
iphx Instantaneous value per phase (x = A, B, C)
k Amount correction per measuring point
MSG Correction matrix
The following example (Figure 6-12) shows the conversion. The neutral point is insulated against Figure 6-11,
such that no zero-sequence current (short-circuit current) can arise in case of an external fault and can there-
fore not cause a faulty measurement.
In the example, the currents are processed directly. On the delta side, the conversion takes place into a vector
group 0. If the measured zero-sequence current is also taken into account while using this matrix with the
present neutral reactor, a higher sensitivity with regard to the usual elimination matrix can be attained (see
Figure 6-15).
[dwyd5001-030912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[foyd5001-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-12 Vector-Group Adaptation with the Example of Yd5 without Accounting for the Absolute-Value
Adaptation
[dwsgayd5-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The complete matrix equation for the grounded side (Y side) with inclusion of all currents flowing in is, in this
case:
[foanpa11-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
ISt corresponds to -3I0 with current flowing. With a ground fault within the transformer area, the zero-
sequence current goes in as a result (I0 = 1/3 IY). With a ground fault outside, however, the zero-sequence
current falls out, since the zero-sequence current measured on the terminals 3I0 = (IA + IB + IC) (negative here)
removes the neutral-point current IY. Given this, nearly complete sensitivity is guaranteed for internal ground
faults, while the zero-sequence current is automatically eliminated in case of an external ground fault.
If the following conditions are satisfied, the neutral-point current is accounted for:
In the function group Transformer side, the parameter Neutral point = grounded is set.
The function group Transformer neutral point is connected with the measuring point and the function
group Transformer side (see Figure 6-11).
In the function group Transformer, the parameter Meas. gnd. current side 1 = yes is set.
You can attain increased sensitivity for ground faults in the protection range by using restricted ground-fault
protection (see chapter 6.4 Restricted Ground-Fault Protection).
NOTE
i In order to enable the proper function of the differential protection, the neutral-point transformer must be
designed correspondingly strong (almost saturation-free). Interior 1-pole short circuits can lead to too high
neutral-point currents. The harmonic resulting from a saturation can lead to a blocking of the tripping by
the inrush-current detection. In addition a saturation when tripping can result in no unambiguous fault
situation, that is unaffected phases also signal a tripping.
[dwyd5002-120120-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[foyd5002-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-15 shows an example of a ground fault on a delta side outside of the protection range with a neutral
reactor (zigzag reactors) within the protection range. Here, too, a zero-sequence current arises on the right
side, but not on the left side. If the neutral reactor is outside of the protection range (current transformer
between power transformer and neutral reactor), then the zero-sequence current is harmless, since it does not
flow through a measuring point (current transformer).
[dwtstern-120120-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-15 Example of Ground Fault Outside of the Grounding Transformer within the Protection Range
with Current Distribution
Zero-sequence current elimination has the disadvantage that the differential protection is less sensitive with
ground faults in the protection range of the grounded side around the zero-sequence current. Since the zero-
sequence current makes up 1/3 of the short-circuit current, a sensitivity of 2/3 is achieved. If there is no
neutral-point grounding present in the protection range or the neutral-point current can be captured
(Figure 6-13), the zero-sequence current elimination is unnecessary (see Figure 6-12). In order to not recog-
nize an electric breakdown as an internal fault with a connected surge arrester on the neutral point you
must make do without this advantage.
If, in the function group Transformer side, the parameter Neutral point = grounded is set and no
neutral-point current is coupled into the function group (see Figure 6-11), then the zero-sequence current
elimination always takes place. If a neutral-point current is coupled into the function group Transformer side
(for example, for the restricted ground-fault protection) and in the function group Transformer, the param-
eter Meas. gnd. current side 1 = no is present, then a zero-sequence current elimination is also
performed. If Neutral point = isolated is set, the phase currents are processed directly, without the
zero-sequence currents being taken into account. If nothing is connected to the neutral point, make this
setting.
[dwstern1-040912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Here, too, the neutral-point current Irest. is necessary for a complete treatment of all currents flowing into the
protected area. If the neutral point is not accessible, the residual current from the two phase currents must be
eliminated. This means that the matrix with the residual current elimination is used on both sides. As with
separated windings, differential protection with ground faults in the protection range is then reduced in sensi-
tivity to 2/3 of the fault current. The residual current amounts to 1/3 of the short-circuit current.
If the neutral-point current is accessible and connected to the device, all currents flowing into the protection
range are available. The residual current in the phases then enters into the sum with outward-lying ground
faults through the neutral-point current. With an inward-lying ground fault, the full sensitivity of differential
protection is thereby guaranteed.
In order to attain an even higher sensitivity with ground faults in the protection range with the help of the
neutral-point current, you can use the restricted ground-fault protection.
If, in the case of an auto transformer, three 1-phase auto transformers are interconnected, it is possible to
attain a good ground fault sensitivity. With this arrangement, the 1-phase ground fault is the most likely fault.
Short-circuits between the phases are excluded due to spatial separation. Here you can create current differen-
tial protection through each winding which captures the sum of all currents flowing to the node (the
winding).
The requirements for this are that you configure an auto transformer with a 3-phase current connection for
the grounding side and set the parameter (_:2311:186) Protection Mode = Current node .
NOTE
i The differential protection function records no stabilizing winding with Current node . A stabilizing
winding must be additionally protected.
[dwtspstr-040912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-17 Auto Transformer Bank with Current Transformer in the Neutral-Point Feed
NOTE
i Differential protection does not work with sensitive ground-current transformers. Since sensitive trans-
formers can go into saturation too quickly, false differential currents arise.
[fogrds16-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
where
x Variable (1, 2, 3) for the phase currents (A, B, C)
m Variable (1, 2, ..., N) for the measuring points
N Number of measuring points
n Number of samples per period (n = 20)
FIR Fourier filter
MAX Maximum value determination
Pickup Characteristic
The Figure 6-18 shows the pickup characteristic of the 7UT8x. The characteristic curve branch a represents the
sensitivity threshold of the differential protection (parameter Threshold) and considers constant fault
currents like magnetizing currents.
The characteristic branch b (parameter Intersection 1 Irest and Slope 1) considers current-propor-
tional faults under normal operating conditions.
These faults can occur for the following reasons:
Transformation errors in the current transformer and the input transformer of the device
Adaptation deviations and tap changers in transformers with voltage control (but only if the tap changer
position is not taken into account in the differential protection)
The characteristic curve branch c (parameter Intersection 2 Irest and Slope 2) secures the differen-
tial protection from overfunction in case of high-current external faults and transformer saturation. In this
area, transformer saturation can arise due to high short-circuit currents, and because of this a higher differen-
tial current results.
In order to avoid overfunction with external faults with current-transformer saturation (also see Figure 6-7), a
logic is implemented that uses the characteristic curve additional stabilization of external faults. If the oper-
ating point is located in the additional stabilization area and exceeds the operate curve from there, then the
logic becomes active, and blocks the differential protection.
The additional stabilization range is derived from the Threshold add-on stabiliz. and Slope 1
parameters.
[dwdifaus-030912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If the differential current multiplied by the dropout ratio of 0.7 does not reach the pickup characteristic, the
pickup drops out.
Inrush-Current Detection
The inrush-current detection evaluates the calculated instantaneous values of the differential current. The
inrush current develops with Sympathetic Inrush connection of a parallel transformer or Recovery Inrush
inrush current subsequent to returning voltage after a fault in the system in the differential current consider-
ably higher than in the side currents. An assignment to the corresponding blocking phases is possible only in
the differential current due to the vector-group correction.
The inrush-current detection is activated when the pickup characteristic is exceeded. It is deactivated when it
is blocked by an external fault.
For inrush-current detection, 2 methods working in parallel are used:
Component of 2nd harmonic relative to the fundamental component in the differential current (I2nd
harm/I1st harm)
As also shown in Figure 6-8, the 2nd harmonic is clearly pronounced in the inrush current. If the compo-
nent of the 2nd harmonic exceeds the set threshold value (parameter: 2nd harmonic content), a
phase-segregated blocking occurs. The harmonics develop differently in the different phases. If
exceeding of the 2nd harmonic is detected in a phase, it can be necessary to block all phases simultane-
ously. This blocking must be limited with regard to time and is controlled by the parameter Cross-
block. time 2nd har.. The correct positioning of the filter windows is controlled by the internal
pickup.
[scinrush-120120-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[loblkein-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Blocking of Overexcitation
Stationary overexcitation is characterized by odd-numbered harmonics. Here the 3rd or 5th harmonic is suited
to stabilization. Since with transformers, the 3rd harmonic is eliminated, for example, in the case of a delta
winding, the 5th harmonic is used. The overexcitation blocking is activated when the pickup characteristic is
exceeded. It is deactivated when it is blocked by an external fault.
Odd-numbered harmonics, which are not present with an internal short circuit, also play a role in converter
transformers.
The shares of the 3rd and 5th harmonics in relation to the fundamental component are determined from the
instantaneous values of the differential current via Fourier filters. If the threshold value (3rd harmonics
content or 5th harmonics content) is exceeded, a phase-selective blocking occurs. It is also possible
here to block all 3 phases simultaneously via the crossblock function (parameter: Crossblock. time 3rd
har. or Crossblock. time 5th har.). Contrary to the 2nd harmonic, the overexcitation stabilization
becomes inactive if the differential current (fundamental component value) exceeds a limiting value (param-
eter: Limit Idiff 3., 5. harmonics).
The Figure 6-21 shows the logical input and output signals.
[lofehler-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Removal of the blocking with a change in fault location from external to internal
An internal short circuit can arise as a consequence of an external short circuit. This fault-location change
must be recognized and the blocking must be removed. The critical case is a short circuit with current-
transformer saturation. The saturation detection examines here the instantaneous values of the differen-
tial current. With transformer saturation the instantaneous values do not reach an internal threshold in
the saturation-free time. If this threshold is permanently exceeded and a pickup is present in the corre-
sponding phase, an internal error is assumed. The other phases are also examined during the parameteri-
zation with crossblock.
The blocking of the tripping (including crossblock) is removed and the indication Blocked by ext.
fault phsx is reset.
DC-Component Detection
In accordance with Figure 6-7 low-current external faults with large DC components can also lead to
exceeding of the operate curve. The additional stabilization area is not attained, however.
To avoid an overfunction, the following steps are taken:
The restraint current Irest.;phsx is monitored for a jump.
If the jump occurs, the DC component is calculated, with a temporal delay (1 period), from the instanta-
neous value of the restraint current (current at the measuring point with the largest current) irest.,phsx =
iphsx,Mm. The result is Irest.DC,phsx. This current is compared to the restraint current Irest., phsx and is checked for
exceeding of the internal threshold.
The differential current Idiff,phsx must lie below the dropout characteristic curve (characteristic curve 0.7)
in all 3 phases.
If the first 3 points lead to positive results, then the operate curve is raised by the parameter Factor
increasing char. with a default setting of 2.3. Here, only the threshold value and the slope 1 are
raised (see Figure 6-22). The indication Increase of char. (DC) is issued. If the product of param-
eters Factor increasing char. and Slope 1 exceeds 0.85, the maximum increase of the raised
Slope 1 is limited to 0.85.
As additional criterion, the pickup indication Pickup (internal fault is present) or the indication of the
additional stabilization Blocked by ext. fault phsx (high-current external fault) is interrogated. If
one of the 2 conditions is present, the characteristic curve increase is stopped. A retroactive pickup no
longer resets the characteristic curve increase. A pickup with DC-component detection occurs only if the
raised operate curve is exceeded.
If the DC component Irest.DC,phsx falls below the internal dropout threshold, the dropout delay is determined as
follows:
It is assumed that the de- and re-magnetization of the transformer last equally long. The magnetization is at
the highest at the point in time in which the internal dropout threshold is attained. The time is measured from
the start of the DC-component detection until the internal dropout threshold is reached. Added to this time
are 5 periods and from this, the dropout delay is derived. Following this, the characteristic curve increase is
reset to the original value. Figure 6-23 shows the overall logic.
[dwdcerkn-201112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[lodcerkn-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Startup Detection
The startup detection is particularly useful in the case of motors. In contrast to transformers, the inrush
current with motors is a flowing current. Differential currents can arise, however, by the current transformers
having different residual magnetization and being supplied with current act different operating points of their
hysteresis. These differential currents are low in fact, but with sensitive setting of the differential protection
can lead to overfunction.
As additional security against overfunction when switching in a previously protected object that carries no
current, you can use the pickup-value increase at startup. If the restraint current falls below a settable value in
all phases Thresh. startup detection the pickup-value increase is activated. The pickup value
Threshold and Slope 1 are raised by the set value in accordance with parameter Factor increasing
char.. As a rule here, Slope 1 cannot exceed a value of 0.85.
If the parameter Thresh. startup detection is exceeded, dropout occurs and a timing element (param-
eter: Max. perm. Start. time) is activated. Once this time has elapsed, the characteristic curve that was
increased in all phases is reset to its original value. Figure 6-24 shows the logic diagram of the startup detec-
tion and Figure 6-25 the increased characteristic curve.
[loanlauf-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[dwanlken-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Detection of external short circuits that can simulate an internal short circuit through transformer satura-
tion
Additionally, the Crossblock mechanisms operate with blocking functions, depending on the settings.
[loauslid-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwextfeh-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Instantaneous-Value Method
Through the instantaneous-values method, an immediate evaluation of the sampled values of the differential
iDiff(t) and restraint current irest(t) occurs. The absolulte-value and vector-group adapted currents (i*) are also
the basis. The currents are defined positively to the node. The restraint current is the maximum current of all
measuring points.
[fomome27-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
where
x Variable (1, 2, 3) for the phase currents (A, B, C)
m Variable (1, 2, ..., N) for the measuring points
N Number of measuring points
The evaluation of the restraint current is used to recognize saturated, high-current external short circuits (see
Figure 6-27).
Figure 6-28 shows the operate curve. The parameter Threshold is set here such that it lies over the
maximum fault current flowing. The slope of the characteristic curve is fixed at 0.8.
In the algorithm, the following conditions are processed:
Condition 1: The increase of the restraint current direst.(t)/dt is determined continuously and compared
with an internal threshold.
Condition 2: After that, a comparison determines whether the differential current is larger than the
restraint current (characteristic curve Slope in Figure 6-28): idiff(t) > 0.8 irest.(t).
Condition 3: After that, a comparison determines whether the differential current exceeds the parameter
Threshold.
When all conditions are met, tripping occurs immediately. If the 1st condition is recognized and not the 2nd
condition, then the function is blocked for 300 ms.
[dwidfast-300114-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The follwoing figures show the behavior during an internal and an external short circuit. It is typical for the
internal short circuit (Figure 6-29) that the differential current rises more quickly than the restraint current.
After a few sampled values, the trip signal is issued. In case of an external short circuit, a differential current
arises only after transformer saturation occurs. You can always assume, however, that the current is trans-
ferred a few milliseconds after occurrence of the fault. In accordance with Figure 6-30, the restraint current is
larger than the differential current after occurrence of the fault, but condition 2 is not met and the function is
therefore blocked.
[dwinnfel-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-29 Curve Plot for Internal Short Circuit with Transformer Saturation (k= 0.8)
[dwextfel-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-30 Curve Plot for External Short Circuit with Transformer Saturation (k= 0.8)
Fundamental-Component Method
Parallel to the instantaneous-value method, the fundamental component works with a temporal delay. Here,
the same measured values are processed as with the I-DIFF method. The fundamental component of the
differential current Idiff and the stabilization value (maximum current of a measuring point) Irest. are ordered in
the operate curve Figure 6-28 and the trip decision is made.
Figure 6-31 shows the overall logic.
[loidfast-151012-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[fo_Idiff-error, 1, en_US]
The I-DIFF unrestrained stage also acts if, for example, due to current-transformer saturation because of a DC
component in the short-circuit current, a 2nd harmonic occurs. The inrush-current detection could interpret
this as the closed-circuit current.
[dwextfehzw-100117-01, 1, en_US]
The I-DIFF unrestrained protection stage operates both with the fundamental component of the differential
protection and with instantaneous values.
Metrologically, 2 methods are combined:
Instantaneous-value method
Filter-based method
Instantaneous-Value Method
With the instantaneous-values method, an immediate evaluation of the sampled values of the differential
current iDiff(t) occurs. The absolute-value and vector-group adapted currents (i*) are also the basis. If the
fundamental component is greatly damped by current transformer saturation, the instantaneous-value
method ensures quick tripping.
Fundamental-Component Method
Parallel to the instantaneous-value method, the fundamental component works with a temporal delay. Here,
the same measured values are processed as with the I-DIFF method. The fundamental component of the
differential current Idiff is ordered in the operate curve Figure 6-33 and the trip decision is made.
[dwidffunres-100117-01, 1, en_US]
[loidffunres-100117-01, 1, en_US]
[logesamt-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
through DC-component recognition. This has the advantage that you can evaluate the transformer transfer
method of the current transformers very well in case of a fault.
Selected applications for differential protection are described in the following. Setting instructions for the
necessary setting parameters are given for these applications.
NOTE
i Also, observe the connection of the current transformer Figure A-17 in the Appendix.
[dwschzwk-140813-01, 2, en_US]
In the example, a 7UT85 is selected. 2 measuring inputs are interconnected on the 3-phase measuring points
of side 1 and side 2. The measuring points must be interconnected with the corresponding function groups.
Figure 6-37 shows the corresponding screenshot from DIGSI 5.
[sctrdfmp1-200214-01, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i Ensure that the correct transformer data are set at the measuring points.
NOTE
i Keep in mind that the matching factors in each case are calculated from the primary transformer current
and a reference rated current. For a standard transformer and an auto transformer, the reference rated
current of each side is the rated current of the reference side transformed on the individual side. The
matching factors are calculated and displayed as write-protected parameters. Only the matching factors
used appear in the menu.
The matching factor for one transformer side is calculated by the equation below:
The reference current Irated (m) is the rated current of the transformer side and is calculated using:
where
CT Ratio Matching factor
IratedTrans Primary current transformer rated current
Irated Rated current of the transformer side
Srated Rated apparent power
[fonensei-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The calculated rated current of the side is displayed as additional information. In the example, this is a value of
346 A (240 MVA/(3 400 kV) = 346.4 A).
NOTE
i If a star winding is implemented to be insulated with regard to the neutral-point treatment and a surge
arrester is connected, then to avoid overfunction of the differential protection, the setting grounded is
recommended. If the surge arrester picks up, then it grounds the neutral point.
Phase-angle rota- 0 -30 -60 -90 -120 -150 -180 -210 -240 -270 -300 -330
tion
Vector group 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
numeral
In the example, a transformer YNd5 is used. For this transformer, side 1 gets the Vector group numeral 0 and
side 2 the Vector group numeral 5.
In the function group, the following information is displayed additionally in the setting sheet:
Side number
Identification of the measuring points used
Matching factor for the 3-phase measuring point (with reference to the side)
Matching factor for the measuring point at the neutral point (with reference to the side)
You can set each Vector group numeral from 0 to 11 to the extent possible. Thus, for example, only even
numbers are possible for the vector group Yy, Dd, and Dz and only odd numbers are possible for Yd, Yz and
Dy.
Default setting (_:91:44) Tap changer = No function block has been selected
When using this parameter, the transformer side is assigned to a tap changer. If a tap changer is assigned,
other parameters also become visible. You can use a separate tap changer or the tap changer in the voltage
controller.
[sctssdi2-260913-01, 2, en_US]
NOTE
i Keep in mind that the matching factors in each case are calculated from the primary transformer current
and the object rated current. For a standard transformer, the object rated current of the side is the rated
current of the reference side transformed on the individual side. The matching factors are calculated and
displayed as write-protected parameters. Only the matching factors used appear in the menu.
The matching factor for one transformer side is calculated by the equation below:
The reference current Irated obj is the rated current of the transformer side and is calculated using:
where
CT ratio Matching factor
Irated transf. Primary current transformer rated current
Irated obj Rated current of the transformer side
Srated obj Rated apparent power
Vrated obj Rated voltage of the transformer side
m Measuring point
Tap Changer
In the General setting sheet in DIGSI 5, you specify whether the adaptation of the differential protection to
the current tap changer position is to be used. Make the setting and allocation in the transformer side.
NOTE
i Enable the parameter Moving contact (highest binary input) in the properties dialog Posi-
tion of the transformer tap changer. Set the parameter Supervision behavior of the transformer
tap changer to warning or alarm block.
NOTE
i Also, observe the requirements for current transformers of transformer differential protection A.8 Require-
ments for Current Transformers of Transformer Differential Protection (Phase-Current Transformer and
Neutral-Point Transformer) in the Appendix.
NOTE
i For this application design the neutral point current transformer appropriately strong (almost saturation-
free over approx. 30 ms).
More information on this in chapter 6.2.3.1 Basic Principle of Differential Protection, section Neutral point
current handling.
[fokorwr2-180912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fokorwr3-180912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Parameter: Slope 1
NOTE
i The stabilization method has been changed from that in SIPROTEC 4 (7UT6x, 7UM62). For this reason,
select a higher slope (also see 6.2.3.1 Basic Principle of Differential Protection).
If the position of the tap changer cannot or should not be taken into account in the differential protection,
check the increase.
Slope 1 New = Slope 1 + 1.2 kStS
for example, Slope 1 = 0.3 + 1.2 0.1169 = 0.44
However, you should set a slope of at least 0.3. The situation illustrates the Figure 6-39 for you.
[dwstgsfs-261012-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[foswlwr1-180912-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[foswlwr2-180912-01.tif, 2, en_US]
For the example above with tap changer, the default setting of Intersection 1 IrestNew = 0.67 I/
Irated,obj is feasible. With 0.67 I/Irated,obj < 0.73 I/Irated,obj an increased stabilization is achieved.
NOTE
i If excessive current flows are cause to expect transmission problems for the current transformer, set the
Slope 2 to a higher value.
When using the Intersection 2 Irest parameter, you determine at which restraint current the Slope 2
will start. The default setting 2.5 I/Irated,obj is a practical value.
Parameter: Slope 2
With the Slope 2 parameter, an overfunction of the differential protection is avoided with high-current
external faults as a consequence of current-transformer transmission faults (for example, due to saturation). A
value greater than or equal to double the value of Slope 1 is practical. As the default setting, 0.7 was
selected.
[dwdifaus-030912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwanhaub-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Parameter: Threshold
[Dw-Nennleistung-Transf-060214, 1, en_US]
Example:
At a power of 100 MVA, a value of approx. 4.5 I/Irated,obj. is derived from Figure 6-42. For this application,
reduce the default setting from 7.5 I/Irated,obj to the determined value.
Parameter: Threshold
[dwandrwkTdiff-110117-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-43 shows you the measuring point assignment to the function groups and the interconnection of the
function groups among one another from DIGSI 5. Since a total of 5 circuit breakers are operated, 5 function
groups Circuit Breaker are present.
[sctrdffg-220214-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-44 Interconnection of the Measuring Points and Function Groups (Principle)
Make the settings in the Transformer side function group, using the procedure described for the two-winding
transformer. Ensure that the transformer data with the measuring points have been set. The following screen-
shot shows the settings for the Transformer side 1 function group (upper-voltage side).
[ScTrDfGa-220214-01, 1, en_US]
Besides the standard data of the transformer side, additional information is gstored. These are colored gray.
The following values are displayed:
Side number of the transformer side
IDs of the assigned measuring points
NOTE
The rated current of the side amounts to 363 A and phase current transformers of 1 000 A/1 A are present.
The matching factor results in 1 000 A/363 A = 2.76. For the neutral point transformer 500 A/363 A = 1.38 is
the result.
Analog to the two-winding transformer, the identical setting parameters for the Transformer function group
may be used. Figure 6-46 to Figure 6-48 show the appropriate setting sheet for the I-DIFF tripping stage.
[sctrdfe1-200214-01, 1, en_US]
[sctrdife-200214-01, 1, en_US]
[sctrdiff-200214-01, 1, en_US]
You set how the ground current is handled on the General setting sheet. On transformer side (Figure 6-45),
the neutral point of the transformer is set as grounded. In this way, the protection function knows that the
zero-sequence current is to be accounted for. With the following parameter you can set the treatment of the
zero-sequence current.
NOTE
i The reference side is the side with the highest rated apparent power. If this should be several sides, the
largest side rated current is selected from these.
Since side 1 is the side with the greatest power, the matching factors are identical to those in the function
group Transformer Side. For side 2 the following adaptation results:
IRef = (330 MVA/(13.8 kV 3)) = 13 806 A; 8000 A/13 806 A = 0.58. Since 2 measuring points with different
primary rated currents are connected on side 3, 2 different matching factors result. For the 2 000 A trans-
former, that is 2 000 A/13 806 A = 0.14.
on the basis of how the transformer bank is set up, these are 1-pole ground faults. Settings instructions are
given below.
NOTE
i This supplemented protection function does not record the stabilizing windings!
In contrary to this, the conventional differential protection function also takes into consideration the stabi-
lizing winding. The measuring points ID1, ID2, ID3 and ID5 are processed. The protection function is identical
to the function of the standard transformer. You can read settings instructions below. The function is opera-
tional in the devices 7UT86 and 7UT87.
[dwansptr-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-49 Connection of an Auto Transformer Bank with Stabilizing Winding and Several Measuring
Points
From Figure 6-49 it can be seen that 4 function groups are required side-specifically. The connection of the
measuring points to this and the side-specific settings occur. The differential protection functions are
processed in the Auto transformer diff function group. The 2 differential protection functions run in parallel
in the application. Figure 6-49 also shows the interconnection of the function groups to the different inter-
faces of the function group Auto transformer diff. The auto-transformer/neutral point interface is used for
applications where a 1-phase current transformer is present at the neutral point. In this application, connect
the current transformer with a Auto transformer neutral point function group.
6.2.5 Settings
The Differential protection for phase-angle regulating transformers (PST) function supplements the
existing Transformer differential protection function (ANSI 87T). You can find the structure of the function
in chapter 6.2.2 Structure of the Function.
Phase-angle regulating transformers are used to control the reactive-power flow and active-power flow in
high-voltage power systems. The objective is to achieve voltage stability, a uniform load dispatching in parallel
transmission lines, and to prevent unbalanced current in the meshes of the transmission systems.
The main function of the phase-angle regulating transformer is to alter the effective phase displacement
between the input and output voltage of a transmission line. This function controls the amount of current that
can be transmitted by a single line.
In order to apply an introduced voltage boost to influence the active-power flow, phase-angle regulating
transformers are integrated into the electrical power system in series. This situation arises, for example, if an
increase in the transmission capacity is required due to the installation of an additional line. By using selective
control of the angle between the current and the voltage in a line, both lines can be used up to their projected
load limit.
[dw_PST_DIFF_01, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-50 Power Distribution between 2 Lines when Using Different Phase-Angle Values
The control of the power flow or the energy-flow direction at the tie-point of 2 electrical power systems is
another typical application.
In order to parameterize the Transformer differential protection for the phase-angle regulating transformer
application, add a corresponding function block from the DIGSI 5 library to the Transf.Diff function group.
[sc_PST_DIFF_08, 1, en_US]
There are 3 function blocks available for the adaptation to the various types of phase-angle regulating trans-
formers:
Single-Core PST Phase-angle regulating transformers of the single-core transformer type
These transformers contain all necessary windings on a 3-phase transformer core.
When the angle is adjusted, the absolute value of the voltage does not change
linearly. In order to compensate for the change in the absolute value of the
voltage, an additional voltage controller (transformer with in-phase regulation) is
usually required.
Special transf. Special transformers
Special transformers are transformers with a fixed interconnection of the wind-
ings. This will result in a vector-group number that is not an integer value (for
example, SG 0.25 = 7.5). They can be used, for instance, as inverter trans-
formers. When the rectified currents from several windings are joined with
shifted phase displacements, the result is reduced ripple of the direct current.
Two-Core PST Phase-angle regulating transformers of the two-core transformer type
These transformers connect the phase-shifted voltage via an adjustable shunt
transformer. Therefore, the tap changer does not carry the load current and is
suitable for higher power levels. The absolute value of the voltage ratio does not
change with the angle.
The transformer differential protection automatically considers the resulting change in the absolute value and
change in angle. Therefore, the changes do not need to be taken into consideration in the pickup-character-
istic settings for the differential protection.
The switch makes it possible to change between negative and positive no-load phase displacement even
under full load. In this case, blocking of the I-DIFF stage of the differential protection is adjustable.
The phase-angle regulating transformer of the type single-core PST consists of a 3-phase series winding and a
3-phase excitation winding. The excitation winding uses a delta connection and induces the voltage V in the
series winding. The excitation winding is installed on the same transformer core.
You can use one or several tap changers to change the phase displacement and the output voltage of the
transformer.
The differential protection of this transformer requires information regarding the position of the tap changer,
information about the no-load voltage, and the angle of the respective stage. The following figure shows the
corresponding connection of an asymmetrical single-core transformer scheme, Single-core PST.
[dw_PST_DIFF_02, 1, en_US]
Configure the differential protection for the phase-angle regulating transformers by adding the Sing.-core
PST function block to the Transformer diff. function.
[sc_PST_DIFF_07, 1, en_US]
After instantiation of the Sing.-core PST function block, additional required parameters are displayed in
the Transformer side function group and in the Transformer diff. function group.
The tap changers for the phase-angle regulation and the in-phase regulation are assigned in the transformer
side. The phase-angle regulating transformer tap changer detects the voltage and the angle for each tap-
changer position.
If using asymmetrical phase-angle regulating transformers, changing the phase angle also affects the voltage.
Therefore, a second tap changer may be required in order to compensate for the changed absolute value of
the voltage. This additional tap changer collects the information required to correct the voltage of the trans-
former with in-phase regulation.
[dw_PST_DIFF_03, 2, en_US]
The Figure 6-55 and the Figure 6-56 show the settings for adaptation to the tap changers of the transformer
sides 1 and 2. Additional settings of the tap changer are described in chapter 7.8 Transformer Tap Changers.
[sc_PST_Diff_20_b, 1, en_US]
[sc_PST_Diff_20_a, 1, en_US]
You can use the set table values to adjust the differential protection to the control of the transformer. This
prevents additional differential currents that are caused by different tap-changer positions.
Set the software filtering time for the binary inputs of the tap changer. This software filtering time avoids the
fact that the transient states in the binary image of the tap-changer position lead to an incorrect adaptation of
the differential protection during the transition from one stage to the next. When you set the software
filtering time, you must take into consideration the runtime of the tap changer. If the motor-driven contact of
the tap changer is also detected, you can select a small value for the software filtering time.
In case of a failure or a loss of tap-changer information, for example, in case of an inadmissible combination of
values of the tap-changer position, the I-DIFF stage of the differential protection is blocked. The I-DIFF fast
stage remains active.
If the phase-angle regulating transformer is equipped with a tap changer for the in-phase regulation in addi-
tion to the phase-angle regulation or quadrature regulation, you can consider both tap changers in the differ-
ential protection.
AR Switch
The Advanced-Retard switch (AR switch) toggles the direction of the no-load phase displacement without
interruption of the load current.
With the parameter Use AR switch in the Sing.-core PST function block, you determine how the differ-
ential protection responds when changing the AR switch.
In order to prevent an overfunction of the transformer differential protection, blocking of the transformer
differential protection is adjustable. The blocking must be selected for the time that is required by the AR
switch to reach a new position. Blocking applies only to the I-DIFF stage. The I-DIFF fast stage is not blocked.
The following text describes the settings required for the application of the differential protection for the
phase-angle regulating transformer of the single-core transformer type. You can find the general setting infor-
mation for the transformer differential protection in chapter 6.2.4 Application and Setting Notes.
NOTE
i Ensure that the correct transformer data are set at the measuring points.
NOTE
i Consider that only one tap changer can be parameterized on one transformer side.
NOTE
i You must parameterize this tap changer when using the application phase-angle regulating transformer of
the single-core PST type.
[sc_PST_DIFF_01, 1, en_US]
[sc_PST_DIFF_02, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i If you have assigned a transformer neutral point to a grounded side with a user-defined vector-group
number, Siemens recommends not to use the measured 1-phase current of the neutral point in the differ-
ential-protection calculation.
Example:
Set the parameters for the Sing.-core PST function block in the current Transformer diff. function
group.
Tap-changer settings:
Set the required motor monitoring time of the motor runtime.
The setting for the highest tap-changer position is not required for the quadrature regulation tap
changer. In this case, the tap changer is not considered.
You set the additional settings for the tap changer in the Information routing found in the Properties
dialog for the tap-changer position. To adjust the settings, follow the information of the manufacturer.
These settings include:
Offset of the tap display: 0
Number of tap positions: 27
Tap coding type: Binary
Motor run signal: Activate the detection of the motor run signal if this signal is available.
Software filtering time: Set the software filtering time on the basis of the runtime needed by the tap
changer to change the position from one stage to the adjacent stage.
Route the position of the tap changer to the corresponding binary inputs.
Settings for the transformer sides:
Set the rated data of transformer side 1 according to the documentation of the manufacturer:
Rated apparent power: 200 MVA
Rated voltage: 110 kV
Vector-group number: 0
Set the rated data of transformer side 2 according to the documentation of the manufacturer:
Rated apparent power: 200 MVA
Rated voltage: 110 kV
Set the parameters of the Tap changer as a Tap changer phase. Subsequently, the tables for the
position, angles, and voltages settings become visible.
Set the angles and the voltages of the individual stages of the tap changer according to the table in the
documentation of the manufacturer.
Settings for the transformer differential protection:
Set the Sing.-core PST function block.
Use AR switch: no
For phase-angle regulating transformers of the Single-core type, this setting can be selected frequently,
since switching can occur without interruption at 0.
6.3.4 Settings
The term special transformer refers to industrial-type transformers. Their windings are interconnected in such
a way that a phase displacement that is different to 30, for example 7.5, is possible. Special transformers
can be used, for example, to supply power to electrical drives, frequency converters, and rectifiers. When
joining the rectified currents from several windings with shifted phase displacements, the result is reduced
ripple of the direct current.
[dw_PST_DIFF_04, 1, en_US]
Configure the differential protection for special transformers by adding the Transformer diff. function to the
Special transformer function block.
[sc_PST_DIFF_03, 1, en_US]
After instantiation of the Special transformer function block in the Transformer diff. function
group, the setting range of the parameter (_:91:163) Vector group numeral will be extended by the
user-defined setting in the assigned Transformer side function group. If you select this setting
option, the additional parameter (_:91:162) Phase shift is visible. You can set this parameter in a
range of values from -180.000 to +180.000. The Special transformer function block has no settings of
its own.
[sctrstst-180215-01, 1, en_US]
You can combine the special transformer and a transformer with in-phase regulation for adaptive adjustment
of the transformer differential protection.
[dw_PST_DIFF_05, 1, en_US]
The following text describes the settings required for the application of the differential protection for the
phase-angle regulating transformer of the special transformer type. You can find the general setting informa-
tion for the transformer differential protection in chapter 6.2.4 Application and Setting Notes.
NOTE
i If you have assigned a transformer neutral point to a grounded side with a user-defined vector-group
number, Siemens recommends not to use the measured 1-phase current of the neutral point in the differ-
ential protection calculation.
6.3.8 Settings
The phase-angle regulating transformer of the two-core transformer type (Two-Core PST) consists of a 3-phase
series transformer and a 3-phase exciting transformer. The voltage generated by the exciting transformer can
be set as a series voltage V and can be coupled to the delta winding of the series transformer. Series and
exciting transformers can be integrated in a single tank or in separate tanks.
A protection system with 2 differential protection functions has established itself for the differential protection
of these transformers (see IEC 62032/IEEE Std C57.135):
Primary differential protection (ANSI 87P)
Secondary differential protection (ANSI 87S)
For this protection system, the connections of 4 current measuring points are required. Connect those points
with 4 transformer sides.
[dw_PST_DIFF_06, 1, en_US]
Configure the differential protection for the phase-angle regulating transformer by adding the Two-core PST
function block to the Transformer diff. function group.
[sc_PST_DIFF_12, 1, en_US]
After instantiation of the Two-core PST function block, additional parameters are displayed on the trans-
former sides. With the parameter (_:91:167) Two-core side type, you determine the type of the side.
All 4 sides of the phase-angle regulating transformer must be of different types. This is tested when setting
the transformer sides.
[sc_PST_DIFF_11, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i Parameterization of the tap changer is not required for the application Two-Core PST phase-angle regu-
lating transformer application. Therefore, you must set the parameter Tap changer to No.
[dw_PST_DIFF_07, 2, en_US]
AR Switch
The Advanced-Retard Switch (AR switch) toggles the direction of the no-load phase displacement without
interruption of the load current.
With the Use AR switch parameter in the Two-core PST function block, you determine how the differential
protection responds when changing the AR switch.
In order to prevent an overfunction of the transformer differential protection, blocking of the transformer
differential protection is adjustable. The blocking must be selected for the time that is required by the AR
switch to reach a new position. Blocking applies only to the I-DIFF stage. The I-DIFF fast stage is not blocked.
In addition to blocking the differential protection functions, a further switchover of the vector group number
(0 and 6) can be required. This is necessary when positioning the switch in the triangle of the delta winding,
since the direction of the electric current in the measuring points of the excitation winding (regulating side) is
inverted.
The following text describes the settings required for the application of the differential protection for the
phase-angle regulating transformer of the two-core transformer type. You can find the general setting infor-
mation for the transformer differential protection in chapter 6.2.4 Application and Setting Notes.
You cannot combine the Two-Core PST with a transformer with in-phase regulation for adaptive adjustment of
the transformer differential protection.
NOTE
i Ensure that the correct transformer data are set at the measuring points.
NOTE
i The setting of the neutral-point grounding is not available, since it must not be changed in this protection
scheme (see IEC 62032 / IEEE Std C57.135). The appropriate values are used in the device in accordance
with the type of side.
The settings of both parameters rated apparent power and rated voltage on the exciting-unit side
do not affect the differential protection. In order for them to function correctly, they must be derived in the
device from the information received from the other sides. However, these settings may be required for
additional but only side-relevant protection functions.
The Vector group numeral parameter is only visible and required for the regulating side of the exciting
transformer. This setting is applicable for the forward direction of the switch when setting the parameter Use
AR switch = Block fct. & switch VG. If another setting is select, the parameter applies to both switch
positions.
[fo_PST_DIFF_01, 1, en_US]
You can also generate this ratio with the information about the no-load voltage of the windings.
[sc_PST_DIFF_13, 1, en_US]
[sc_PST_DIFF_10, 1, en_US]
When installing the switch in the triangle of the delta winding, the direction of the current in the measuring
points of the excitation winding (regulating side) is inverted. Therefore, you must also switch the vector-group
number (0 or 6).
When the switch changes the activation of the excitation winding (regulating side), the current through the
measuring point on this side does not change in most cases. This depends on the installation location of the
transformer. In this case, you can set the parameter Use AR switch to no. If you still face short-term differ-
ential current during the switchover phase, you can use the Block function setting to avoid an unwanted
tripping of the 87T secondary function.
If you set the parameter to Block function or Block fct. & switch VG, the parameter (_:102)
Blocking time ARS becomes visible and you can use it to set the blocking time of the I-DIFF stage of the
transformer differential protection 87T secondary prot. During the blocking time, the stage switches to
the not active condition. If the switch has not reached a valid position after the time has elapsed, the I-
DIFF stage switches to the Alarm condition. In this condition, you must route the input signals of the switch.
Since the protection must block immediately, no software filtering time is available for the switch. The
blocking time is not triggered.
The transformer differential protection 87T primary prot remains unaffected by this parameter.
In order to ensure the proper detection of the AR switch condition by the binary inputs >Switch, a connec-
tion as double-point indication is provided. This will detect and report intermediate positions and disturbed
positions.
If only one binary input is available, you can proceed with the conversion in the CFC by using the Build_DSP
converter building block. The DSP position closed indicates a forward direction. The DSP position open indi-
cates a reverse direction.
Example:
The AR switch toggles the forward and reverse direction of the delta winding (secondary windings of the
series transformer). Therefore, you must switch the vector group of the regulating side of the exciting trans-
former between the vector-group number 0 and 6.
Parameterization of the function block:
Set the parameters for a 4-sided transformer, for example, with the application template for a three-
winding transformer as basis and extend it.
Set the parameters for the Two-core PST function block in the available Transformer diff. function
group.
Set the parameters for a 2nd Differential protection function in the Transformer Diff. function group.
Capturing the information for the tap changer is not required for the protection scheme.
Settings for the transformer sides:
Transformer side 1:
Two-core side type: Source side
Rated apparent power: 1200 MVA
Rated voltage: 410 kV
Transformer side 2:
Two-core side type: Load side
Rated apparent power: 1200 MVA
Rated voltage: 410 kV
Transformer side 3:
Two-core side type: Exciter primary side
Rated apparent power: 410 MVA (affects only the reference-side selection in the differential protec-
tion)
Rated voltage: 410 kV (affects only the reference-side selection in the differential protection)
Transformer side 4:
Two-core side type: Exciter regulating side
Rated apparent power: 410 MVA (does not affect the differential protection)
Rated voltage: 105.8 kV (does not affect the differential protection)
Vector-group number: 0 (information about the vector-group number for the forward direction)
Settings for the transformer differential protection:
Two-Core PST function block:
Parameter (_:101) Use AR switch = Block fct. & switch VG
Parameter (_:102) Blocking time ARS = 12 s
If the AR switch toggles its position, the I-DIFF stage of the differential protection will be blocked for the
set time. If the AR switch has not reached a valid position after the time has elapsed, the function
switches to the Alarm condition.
Transformer diff. 1:
Operating mode Diff:87T primary differential protection
Transformer diff. 2:
Operating mode Diff: 87T secondary differential protection
Series-transformer ratio: 0.777 (2 x 41.1 kV/105.8 kV)
Information routing:
Route the binary-input signal >Toggle switch.
Since the protection must block immediately, no software filtering time is available for the switch.
The blocking time is not triggered.
6.3.11 Settings
Protects grounding transformers in the protection range. It is required that a current transformer be used
in the case of neutral point feed, that is, between neutral point and grounding conductor. The neutral
point transformer and the phase current transformer define the protection range.
Adapts itself to the highest-amperage side with auto transformers and thereby prevents overfunction in
the event of external ground faults.
The Restricted ground-fault protection function is used in the Transformer side or Auto transformer
protection function group. Furthermore, you can use the function in the stabilizing winding of the auto trans-
former or also in the Standard UI function. The function depends upon application in the corresponding appli-
cation template preconfigured by the manufacturer or can be copied during the engineering into the corre-
sponding function group.
The Restricted ground-fault protection function is stepless.
[dwstrupt-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[loreffkt-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The protection function processes the neutral-point current I0* (exactly 3I0) and the calculated zero-sequence
current I0** (exactly 3I0) from the phase currents (see following figure). The protection range extends exclu-
sively over the transformer winding, including current transformer. The amount-adapted (compensated)
currents are described by the * symbol. They are normalized to the rated object current of the respective side.
In case of an internal ground fault, the residual currents flow to the fault location. With an external ground
fault, the fault current inverts itself in the phase current transformers. In this way, the direction of current flow
serves as the decisive criterion for an internal fault.
[dwgrdpri-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
In accordance with the logic diagram, Figure 6-70 the protection function consists of 3 parts:
NOTE
i The following calculation applies to the configurations with a current transformer for the side. In a special
case of several current transformers per side, the calculation of the restraint current must be performed in
greater detail.
I0* = km 3I0'
I0** = km 3I0'' 3I0'' = IA + IB + IC
with km = IN,transformer/IN,side
IDiff,REF = |I0* + I0**|
IRest,REF = |I0*| + |IA| + |IB| + |IC|
where:
3I0' Measured zero-sequence current at neutral point
3I0'' Zero-sequence current calculated from the phase currents
km Factor for magnitude adaptation
Irated,transformer Primary transformer rated current
Irated,side Primary rated current of the transformer side
IDiff,REF Differential current
IRest,REF Restraint current
Using the calculated restraint current, a current Ichar. curve which represents the pickup value for the tripping is
determined from the characteristic curve (Figure 6-72). In this way, the protection function is stabilized in the
event of external, multiphase ground faults, for example, a 2-pole ground fault. This means that the protec-
tion function becomes less sensitive.
If the Slope = 0 is set here, the set Threshold of the operate curve is delivered independent of the restraint
current.
[dwstabke-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwautraf-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
In this case, the neutral-point current calculates as sum of the phase currents of the ground side:
I0* = km 3I0' 3I0' = Ignd,A + Ignd,B + Ignd, C
with km = IN,transformer/IN,side
NOTE
i If both 1-phase neutral point and 3-phase ground side are connected, only the 1-phase neutral point is
used by the restricted ground-fault protection. The 3-phase ground side is not considered.
Pickup
If the IDiff,REF calculated differential current exceeds the calculated current Ichar. (see Figure 6-70), pickup occurs
and the internal processing is enabled. The pickup is indicated.
Operate Curve
The operate curve represented in the following figure consists of 2 parts. In the right part of the characteristic
curve, you will find a case of an internal ground fault. Under ideal conditions, the angle between the two
residual currents ((I0*, I0**)) equals 0. With current-transformer saturation, angle errors can result. The right
part of the characteristic curve is valid for angles 90. The tripping current is the current flowing at the
neutral point (I0*). It is compared to the set or increased threshold value.
[dwausken-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-74 Operate Curve Depending on the Phase Angle between l0* and I0** at |I0*| = |I0**| (180 =
External Fault)
In case of an external ground fault, the zero-sequence current calculated from the phase currents reverses by
180. The phase angle between the residual currents thus ((I0*, I0**)) equals 180. They are located in the
left part of the operate curve and recognize a clearly increased pickup value. Angle deviations of 180 are
caused by transformer saturation in conjunction with external short-circuits.
The current IAngle,REF for the Angle Decision is determined from the following subtraction and summation:
IAngle,REF = |I0* - I0**| - |I0* + I0**|
The resulting current IAngle,REF results from the respective fault conditions, which are illustrated in the following
figure. With an internal fault (angle = 0), a current results that has a negative sign. If angle errors occur, the
sign remains negative. The amount of the current decreases.
In an external short circuit (180), the current becomes positive. At a smaller angle (<180) due to transformer
saturation, the angle remains positive. The amount also decreases.
[dwwinken-011112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
For tripping to occur, the neutral-point current I0* must reach the value IREF,off. The characteristic curve in the
left part of the figure can be determined from the following relationship:
IREF,off = Ichar + k IAngle,REF
where:
Ichar. curve Pickup value resulting from the pickup value increase
k Factor (permanently set to 4.05657. With this value, the limit angle at |I0*| = |I0**| is
precisely 100. No tripping is possible from this angle on.)
NOTE
The following figure shows the behavior under different fault conditions.
Also observe that the restraint current (IRest.,REF) always results from the sum of all currents (phase currents of
the measuring points and the neutral-point current). For pickup, the differential current IDiff,REF is necessary.
This differential current results from the geometric sum of all adapted residual currents. The residual currents
of the measuring points on the outgoing side and of the neutral-point current are meant here.
[dwfehler-291112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
You will find the measured values for the Restricted ground-fault protection under the following device
menu entries:
Main menu Measurements function Function values 87N REF
NOTE
i The following conditions must be observed when setting the threshold values:
Threshold value max {0.05 I/Irated,S ; 0.05 I/Irated,S * Iprim transf. max / Irated, protected object}
Threshold value min {2.00 I/Irated,S ; 100.00 I/Irated,S * Iprim transf. max / Irated, protected object}
The value 0.05 I/Irated,S is the minimum possible setting value and 2.00 I/Irated,S the
maximum possible. Iprim,transf. max is the largest transformer current and Irated,protected object the protected object
rated current. 100.00 I/Irated,S is the upper measurement limit.
If otherwise, it could happen that there is chattering of the pickup indication, the minimum threshold limit
is lifted. The maximum limit on the other hand is corrected downward, if the exceeding current otherwise
through the magnitude scaling must be so large, that it would already be outside of the measuring range
of the transformer.
The adaptation of the setting limits is done automatically. In addition, a setting is prevented outside of
these limits.
In the following, typical applications are described for the restricted ground-fault protection.
[dwanster-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
This application is a standard application. Here the phase currents of one side and the neutral-point current
are processed. The function is located in the Transformer Side function group.
The following figure show the structural division of the function. The restricted ground-fault protection gets
its measurands from the current transformers, which are connected to the Transformer side function group.
The neutral-point current is guided via the Transformer neutral point function group to the Transformer
side function group. To be compatible with SIPROTEC 4 (including reference arrow definition of the restricted
ground-fault protection), in addition to the magnitude scaling of the neutral-point current, a rotation of the
polarity (phase rotation by 180) is also done in the Transformer neutral point function group.
NOTE
i The fault record indicates the analog traces according to the connection. For this reason, the neutral-point
current is shown rotated by 180 in comparison to SIPROTEC 4.
[dw2wtyde-201112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[tileite2-070211-01.tif, 2, en_US]
or
[tileite4-260313-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The following connection is defined for the transformer according to Figure 6-81. The current flow for an
external ground fault is entered at the same time. It is recognized that the secondary currents each flow from
the device. From this, a differential current (IDiff,REF = |IY + IA + IB + IC| = | -I4 - I3|) results, according to the refer-
ence arrow definition for the restricted ground-fault protection (positive to the protected object) with an
external ground fault. To prevent that, the neutral-point current is rotated in the Transformer neutral-point
function group. It follows that: IDiff, REF = |I4 I3| = 0.
NOTE
i If the neutral-point current is included in the protection function (zero-sequence current correction), this
rotation also has an effect for the differential protection.
NOTE
i Consider also the current-transformer requirements in chapter A.8 Requirements for Current Transformers
of Transformer Differential Protection (Phase-Current Transformer and Neutral-Point Transformer).
[dwstwnas-281112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The setting of the 1-phase measuring point based on the definition is done as follows:
[scedsall-200214-01, 1, en_US]
The point in Figure 6-81 describes the polarity of the current transformer. At the same time, the current
terminal is designed so that this side is fed out on an odd number terminal point. Since in the SIPROTEC 5
system each current transformer can be assigned a 1-phase measuring point, the odd number terminal points
are named in the setting parameters. According to Figure 6-81, the setting must be yes.
Default setting (_:115) terminal 1,3,5,7 in dir.obj.= yes
The following view can be used to derive the threshold value. The transformer is supplied, for example, via the
delta winding and a 1-pole ground fault occurs on the star side.
NOTE
i For estimation of the short-circuit current, note that the inductance changes quadratically with the winding
and linearly with the voltage.
The right part in the following figure represents the fault current as a function of the fault location. The fault
current curve IF1 shows that the longitudinal differential protection with faults near the neutral point has
sensitivity problems due to the sinking current. On the other hand, the neutral-point current IF2 is sufficiently
large. There is therefore no need to set the Threshold (current through the neutral point transformer) to
sensitive.
[dwf1pole-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-83 Principal Fault Current Curves with a 1-Pole Ground Fault
[foschwe1-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The following lower limiting value results from the data from Figure 6-77:
[foschwe2-041012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fostbref-231012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwsteiga-221012-01.tif, 2, en_US]
If you have several measuring points on an outgoing side (see Figure 6-76), Siemens recommends using the
value 3 I/Irated,S in the intersection calculation for the restraint current. In the load case, the maximum trans-
former rated current flows on one side.
If, however, several measuring points are on the supply side (for example, breaker-and-a-half layout), Siemens
recommends including all phase currents in the intersection calculation, in order to avoid too strong a stabili-
zation. With 2 measuring points, a value of 6 I/Irated,S results as intersection with the threshold value. The
slope becomes flatter (0.2 I/Irated,S/6 I/Irated,S = 0.03).
[dwsptran-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-85 Activation and Application Example of an Auto Transformer (500 MVA: 400 kV, 230 kV;
125 MVA: 34.5 kV)
Use the highest side rated current with the auto transformer for normalization. In the example (Figure 6-85),
the measuring point is M2 (230 kV side). For this side, a rated current of 500 MVA/((3) 230 kV) = 1255 A
results. The primary transformer rated current is 1500 A. With this, you can estimate the minimum permissible
pickup value.
[foscwe01-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
To determine the Slope, the restraint current of both sides (400 kV and 230 kV) must be used. The rated
current is used as starting value for the gradient. Since side 2 (230 kV) is the reference side for the normaliza-
tion, the value of the 400 kV side must be adapted to this rated current. The adaptation factor results from the
inverse ratio (230 kV/400 kV). The following restraint current goes into the calculation:
[fostbrst-231012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwrefspa-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
To also capture faults in the resistance to ground, a current transformer must be installed at the neutral point
of the protected object (see Figure 6-86). The pickup values can be derived from the data in the example. As
side rated value, the following results:
140 MVA/(3 20 kV) = 4042 A
The following threshold value results as lower limit:
[foschwe3-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fosteig1-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[foschwe4-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The attainable protection range amounts to approx. 66.4 %. In order to capture ground faults near the neutral
point, it is also recommended to connect a sensitive ground current protection to the neutral point trans-
former. You must coordinate its operate time with the line protection.
NOTE
i Ensure that the protection range further limits itself with larger neutral-point resistances, or the restricted
ground-fault protection can no longer be used.
[dwstrpkt-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[foschwe5-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If the fault is in the middle of the winding, the minimum ground current will arise, as shown in Figure 6-87.
The driving voltage is:
VGnd min = Vrated,S2/(2 3) = 34.5 kV/(2 3) = 9.96 kV
The following minimum ground current results:
IGnd min = VGnd min/RGnd = 9.96 kV/19.05 = 523 A
With reference to the side rated current, the relationship is:
IGnd min/Irated,S = 523 A/2343 A = 0.223
With a safety margin of 2, 0.223/2 = 0.1115 results. Select this value as threshold value (rounded: 0.12 I/
Irated,S).
Recommended setting value (_:103) Threshold = 0.12 I/Irated,S
As gradient, the following results:
[fosteig2-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwanquer-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[foschwe6-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
6.4.5 Settings
Is stable during startup processes with current-transformer saturation through intelligent saturation
recognition methods
Triggers safely in the case of internal high-current faults through an additional high-current stage
The Motor differential protection function is used in the Motor diff protection function group. The function
depends upon application in the corresponding application template preconfigured by the manufacturer or
can be copied during the engineering into the corresponding function group.
The Motor differential protection function consists of the 2 tripping stages I-DIFF and I-DIFF fast. In addition,
the I-DIFF unrestrained tripping stage is available. You can select this tripping stage from the function catalog
and copy it into the Motor differential protection function. The tripping stages can be blocked, in addition
you can switch the tripping stages on and off.
In the function group Motor Side:
The side-related protection settings are performed
The side-related calculations are performed
All data (setting values, detected currents) are relayed to the Motor function group
Motor side-related protection functions can run in the Motor Side function group, for example overload
protection, overcurrent protection, etc.
[dweimbfk-190712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
calculation of the difference is determined through the current-direction definition. The current direction is
defined as positive to the protected object. The current difference results from the vector addition of the
currents.
[dwprin2s-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-90 Basic Principle of Differential Protection Using the Example of 2 Sides
For safe operation, additional functions are required. The implementation of these additional functions is
described in chapter I-DIFF Differential Protection Function, Page 507.
Current Stabilization
If very large currents flow through the protection range in the case of external faults, with different transmis-
sion behavior of the transformers T1 and T2 (Figure 6-90), a corresponding differential current Idiff occurs.
When this is larger than the corresponding pickup threshold, the device can issue a trip command, even
though no fault is present in the protection range. Such a malfunction of the protection is avoided by the
restraint current (Irest) and is implemented in the form of a characteristic curve Idiff = f(Irest).
The largest current of 2 or more measuring points of the protected object is used for stabilization.
The definition for 2 measuring points is:
A trip or differential current is
Idiff = (I1 + I2)
as well as a restraint current of
Irest = Max (|I1| ; |I2|)
For more than 2 measuring points, this definition is expanded. This restraint method allows a reliable trip deci-
sion for more than 2 measuring points and different feeding behavior for internal short circuits.
Irest = Max (|I1| ; |I2| ; ... |In|)
To clarify the effect, 3 important operating states are observed with ideal and adapted measurands.
Through fault current in healthy operation or externally caused error:
I1 flows into the protection range, I2 flows out of the protection range, that is, negative compared with
the prefix definition, thus I2 = -I1;
in addition |I2| = |I1|
Idiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 - I1| = 0
Irest = Max (|I1| ; |I2|) = |I1| = |I2|
No tripping quantity (Idiff = 0); the stabilization (Irest) corresponds to the flowing current.
Internal short circuit, feed from both sides with equal amount of currents, for example:
Then I2 = I1; In addition |I2| = |I1|;
Idiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 + I1| = 2 |I1|
Irest = Max (|I1| ; |I2|) = |I1| = |I2|
The tripping quantity (Idiff) is twice as large as the short-circuit current and the restraining quantity (Irest).
[dwislauf-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-91 Principle Current Course in External Short Circuit and Temporary Current-Transformer Satura-
tion on One Side
[lomesmgr-190713-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The interaction of the I-DIFF, I-DIFF fast, and I-DIFF unrestrained tripping stages is shown in the following
operate curve.
[dw_charac_function_trans-dif, 1, en_US]
In the following, the essential components of differential protection are described in detail.
Measurand Processing
Amount Correction
Since the current transformers cannot be adapted exactly to the rated currents of the protected object with
regard to their primary rated data, a standardization to the nominal sizes of the protected object takes place.
The conversion occurs every sampling time (thus, for instantaneous values). The differential protection func-
tion processes 20 sampled values per period. In addition, the sampled values tracked are used. A high degree
of accuracy can be attained over the entire tracking range (from 10 Hz to 80 Hz).
The Idiff-fast tripping stage works on non-frequency tracked values and thus, implements fast operate times
with low frequencies.
The amount is adapted via the following formula:
[fobetr07-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fogrds16-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
with
x Variable (1, 2, 3) for the phase currents (A, B, C)
m Variable (1, 2, ..., N) for the measuring points
N Number of measuring points
n Number of samples per period (n = 20)
FIR Fourier filter
MAX Maximum value determination
Pickup Characteristic
Figure 6-94 shows the pickup characteristic of the differential protection. The characteristic curve branch a
represents the sensitivity threshold of the differential protection (parameter Threshold ) and considers
constant fault currents like magnetizing currents.
The characteristic branch b (parameter Intersection 1 Irest and Slope 1 ) considers current-propor-
tional faults under normal operating conditions.
These faults can occur for the following reasons:
Transformation errors in the current transformer and the input transformer of the device
Adaptation deviations
The characteristic curve branch c (parameter Intersection 2 Irest and Slope 2 ) protects the differ-
ential protection against overfunction in case of high-current external faults and transformer saturation. In
this range, transformer saturation can arise due to high short-circuit currents, and because of this, a higher
differential current results.
In order to avoid overfunction in the event of external faults with current-transformer saturation, a logic is
implemented that uses the characteristic curve Additional stabilization of external faults. If the operating
point is located in the additional stabilization range and exceeds the operate curve from there, then the logic
becomes active and blocks the differential protection.
The additional stabilization range is derived from the Threshold add-on stabiliz. and Slope 1
parameters.
[dwdifaus-030912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If the differential current multiplied by the dropout ratio of 0.7 does not reach the pickup characteristic, the
pickup drops out.
Removal of the blocking with a change in fault location from external to internal
An internal fault can arise as a consequence of an external fault. This fault change must be recognized
and the blocking must be removed. The critical case is a short-circuit with current-transformer saturation.
The saturation detection examines here the instantaneous values of the differential current. With trans-
former saturation, the instantaneous values fall below an internal threshold in the saturation-free time. If
this threshold is permanently exceeded and a pickup is present in the corresponding phase, an internal
error is assumed. The other phases are also examined during the parameterization with crossblock.
The blocking of the tripping is removed and the indication Blocked by ext. fault phsx is reset.
DC-Component Detection
Low-current external faults with large DC components can also lead to exceeding of the operate curve. The
additional stabilization range is not attained, however.
To avoid an overfunction, the following steps are taken:
The restraint current Irest.;phsx is monitored for a jump.
If the jump occurs, the DC component is calculated, with a temporal delay (1 period), from the instanta-
neous value of the restraint current (current at the measuring point with the largest current) irest.,phsx =
iphsx,Mm. The result is Irest.DC,phsx. This current is compared to the restraint current Irest., phsx and is checked for
exceeding of the internal threshold.
The differential current Idiff,phsx must lie below the dropout characteristic curve (characteristic curve 0.7)
in all 3 phases.
If the first 3 points lead to positive results, then the operate curve is raised by the parameter Factor
increasing char. with a default setting of 2.3. Here, only the threshold value and the slope 1 are
raised (see Figure 6-95). The indication Increase of char. (DC) is output. If the product of param-
eter Factor increasing char. and Slope 1 exceeds 0.85, the maximum increase of the raised
Slope 1 is limited to 0.85.
As additional criterion, the pickup indication Pickup (internal fault is present) or the indication of the
additional stabilization Blocked by ext. fault phsx (high-current external fault) is interrogated. If
one of the 2 conditions is present, the characteristic-curve increase is stopped. A retroactive pickup no
longer resets the characteristic-curve increase. A pickup with DC-component detection occurs only if the
raised operate curve is exceeded.
If the DC component Irest.DC,phsx falls below the internal dropout threshold, the dropout delay is determined as
follows:
It is assumed that the de- and re-magnetization of the transformer last equally long. The magnetization is at
the highest at the point in time in which the internal dropout threshold is attained. The time is measured from
the start of the DC-component detection until the internal dropout threshold is reached. Added to this time
are 5 periods and from this, the dropout delay is derived. Following this, the characteristic-curve increase is
reset to the original value. Figure 6-96 shows the overall logic.
[dwdcerkn-201112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[lodcerkn-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Startup Detection
The startup detection is particularly useful in the case of motors. In contrast to transformers, the inrush
current with motors is a flowing current. Differential currents can arise, however, by the current transformers
having different residual magnetization and being supplied with current at different operating points of their
hysteresis. These differential currents are low in fact, but they can lead to overfunction with sensitive setting
of the differential protection.
With generators, the motor startup can also lead to higher currents. With the startup detection, you can make
the protection somewhat less sensitive for a specific period of time and avoid overfunction. As a result you
achieve a comparable effect to that of DC-component recognition.
As additional security against overfunction when switching in a previously protected object that carries no
current, you can use the pickup-value increase at startup. If the restraint current falls below a settable value
Thresh. startup detection in all phases, the pickup-value increase is activated. The pickup value
Threshold and Slope 1 are raised by the set value in accordance with parameter Factor increasing
char.. As a rule here, Slope 1 cannot exceed a value of 0.85.
If the parameter Thresh. startup detection is exceeded, dropout occurs and a timing element (param-
eter: Max. perm. Start. time) is activated. Once this time has elapsed, the characteristic curve that was
increased in all phases is reset to its original value. Figure 6-97 shows the logic diagram of the startup detec-
tion and Figure 6-98 the increased characteristic curve.
[loanlauf-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[dwanlken-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[loausmid-190713-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Instantaneous-Value Method
Through the instantaneous-values method, an immediate evaluation of the sampled values of the differential
iDiff(t) and restraint current irest(t) occurs. The absolute-value and vector-group adapted currents (i*) are also
the basis. The currents are defined positively to the node. The restraint current is the maximum current of all
measuring points.
[fomome27-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
where
x Variable (1, 2, 3) for the phase currents (A, B, C)
The evaluation of the restraint current is used to recognize saturated, high-current external faults.
Figure 6-100 shows the operate curve. The parameter Threshold is set here such that it lies over the
maximum fault current flowing. The slope of the characteristic curve is fixed at 0.8.
In the algorithm, the following conditions are processed:
Condition 1: The increase of the restraint current direst(t)/dt is determined continuously and compared
with an internal threshold value.
Condition 2: After that, a comparison determines whether the differential current is larger than the
restraint current (characteristic curve Slope in Figure 6-100): idiff(t) > 0.8 irest(t).
Condition 3: After that, a comparison determines whether the differential current exceeds the parameter
Threshold.
When all conditions are met, tripping occurs immediately. If the 1st condition is recognized and not the 2nd
condition, then the function is blocked for 300 ms.
[dwidfast-300114-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The following figures show the behavior during an internal and an external fault. It is typical for the internal
fault (Figure 6-101) that the differential current rises more quickly than the restraint current. After a few
sampled values, the trip signal is issued. In case of an external fault, a differential current arises only after
transformer saturation occurs. You can always assume, however, that the current is transferred a few millisec-
onds after occurrence of the fault. In accordance with Figure 6-103, the restraint current is larger than the
differential current after occurrence of the fault, but condition 2 is not met and the function is therefore
blocked.
[dwinnfel-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-101 Curve Plot for Internal Fault with Transformer Saturation (k= 0.65)
[dwextfel-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-102 Curve Plot for External Fault with Transformer Saturation (k= 0.65)
Fundamental-Component Method
Parallel to the instantaneous-value method, the fundamental component works with a temporal delay. Here,
the same measured values are processed as with the I-DIFF method. The fundamental component of the
differential current Idiff and the stabilization value (maximum current of a measuring point) Irest. are ordered in
the operate curve according to Figure 6-100 and the trip decision is made.
Figure 6-103 shows the overall logic.
[loidfast-151012-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[fo_Idiff-error, 1, en_US]
The I-DIFF unrestrained stage also acts if, for example, due to current-transformer saturation because of a
DC component in the short-circuit current, a 2nd harmonic occurs. The inrush-current detection could inter-
pret this as the closed-circuit current.
The I-DIFF unrestrained protection stage operates both with the fundamental component of the differential
protection and with the instantaneous value.
Metrologically, 2 methods are combined:
Instantaneous-value method
Filter-based method
Instantaneous-Value Method
With the instantaneous-values method, an immediate evaluation of the sampled values of the differential
current iDiff(t) occurs. The absolute-value and vector-group adapted currents (i*) are also the basis.
Fundamental-Component Method
Parallel to the instantaneous-value method, the fundamental component works with a temporal delay. Here,
the same measured values are processed as with the I-DIFF method. The fundamental component of the
differential current Idiff is ordered in the operate curve Figure 6-104 and the trip decision is made.
[dwidffunres-100117-01, 1, en_US]
[loidffunres-100117-01, 1, en_US]
[logesamt-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Setting information for the required setting parameters is provided for a typical motor protection application.
Figure 6-107 shows a typical motor protection application. For motors with a power of more than 1 MW to
2 MW, Siemens recommends the use of differential protection. This prevents damage in the event of tripping
in case of a short circuit. The application assumes that a current-transformer set is available at the motor
neutral point. The motor differential protection is operational in the devices 7UT82, 7UT85, 7UT86, and
7UT87.
[dwschmot-140813-01.vsd, 3, en_US]
In the example, a 7UT85 is selected. Here, 2 measuring inputs are interconnected on the 3-phase measuring
points of side 1 and side 2. The measuring points must be interconnected with the corresponding function
groups.
Figure 6-108 shows the corresponding screenshot from DIGSI 5.
[scmesveb-200214-01, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i Ensure that the correct transformer data are set at the measuring points.
You set the pickup threshold for the differential current with this parameter. This is the total current flowing
into the protection range during a short circuit, regardless of how it is distributed on the sides of the protected
object. The pickup value is relative to the rated current of the protected object. The default setting of 0.2 I/
Irated,obj is a practical value between sensitivity and possible disturbing influence.
Parameter: Slope 1
NOTE
i The stabilization method has been changed from that in SIPROTEC 4 (7UT6x, 7UM62). For this reason,
select a higher slope (also see 6.5.3 Function Description).
NOTE
i Expect transmission problems with current transformers with larger currents flowing through; Slope 2
must be selected to be larger.
The parameter Intersection 2 Irest determines from which restraint current the Slope 2 begins. The
default setting 2.5 I/Irated,obj is a practical value.
Parameter: Slope 2
[dwdifaus-030912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
1.2 or higher). For the motor in the example, a rated torque for 6.5 s was assumed for 90 % rated voltage. The
setting value should be larger than 1.2 * 6.5 s = 7.8 s. Siemens recommends a setting value of 10 s.
Parameter: Threshold
Parameter: Threshold
6.5.5 Settings
Is stable in the event of external short-circuits with current-transformer saturation through intelligent
saturation-detection methods
Triggers safely in the case of internal high-current faults through an additional high-current stage
The Generator differential protection function is used in the Generator Diff protection function group. The
function depends upon application in the corresponding application template preconfigured by the manufac-
turer or can be copied during the engineering into the corresponding function group.
The Generator differential protection function consists of the 2 tripping stages I-DIFF and I-DIFF fast. In addi-
tion, the I-DIFF unrestrained tripping stage is available. You can select this tripping stage from the function
catalog and copy it into the Generator differential protection function. The tripping stages can be blocked,
in addition you can switch the tripping stages on and off.
In the function groups Generator side and Generator stator:
The side-related protection settings are performed
The side-related calculations are performed
All data (setting values, detected currents) are relayed to the Generator diff function group
The side-related protection functions can run in the Generator side function group, for example overload
protection, overcurrent protection, etc.
The majority of the typical generator protection functions are located in the Generator stator function group.
These work with the neutral-point side current transformers.
on both sides (dotted in Figure 6-90). This current flows into the range being observed on one side and leaves
it again on the other side. A current differential is a sure indication of a fault within the protected object. The
calculation of the difference is determined through the current-direction definition. The current direction is
defined as positive to the protected object. The current difference results from the vector addition of the
currents.
[dwprin2s-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-111 Basic Principle of Differential Protection Using the Example of 2 Sides
For safe operation, additional functions are required. The implementation of these additional functions is
described in chapter I-DIFF Differential Protection Function, Page 507.
Current Stabilization
If very large currents flow through the protection range in the case of external faults, with different transmis-
sion behavior of the transformers T1 and T2 (Figure 6-90), a corresponding differential current Idiff occurs.
When this is larger than the corresponding pickup threshold, the device can issue a trip command, even
though no fault is present in the protection range. Such a malfunction of the protection is avoided by the
restraint current (Irest) and is implemented in the form of a characteristic curve Idiff = f(Irest).
The largest current of 2 or more measuring points of the protected object is used for stabilization.
The definition for 2 measuring points is:
A trip or differential current is
Idiff = (I1 + I2)
as well as a restraint current of
Irest = Max (|I1| ; |I2|)
For more than 2 measuring points, this definition is expanded. This restraint method allows a reliable trip deci-
sion for more than 2 measuring points and different feeding behavior for internal short circuits.
Irest = Max (|I1| ; |I2| ; ... |In|)
To clarify the effect, 3 important operating states are observed with ideal and adapted measurands.
Through fault current in healthy operation or externally caused error:
I1 flows into the protection range, I2 flows out of the protection range, that is, negative compared with
the prefix definition, thus I2 = -I1;
in addition |I2| = |I1|
Idiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 - I1| = 0
Irest = Max (|I1| ; |I2|) = |I1| = |I2|
No tripping quantity (Idiff = 0); the stabilization (Irest) corresponds to the flowing current.
Internal short circuit, feed from both sides with equal amount of currents, for example:
Then I2 = I1; In addition |I2| = |I1|;
Idiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 + I1| = 2 |I1|
Irest = Max (|I1| ; |I2|) = |I1| = |I2|
The tripping quantity (Idiff) is twice as large as the short-circuit current and the restraining quantity (Irest).
[dwislauf-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-112 Principle Current Course in External Short Circuit and Temporary Current-Transformer Satura-
tion on One Side
[lomesmgr-190713-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The interaction of the I-DIFF, I-DIFF fast, and I-DIFF unrestrained tripping stages is shown in the following
operate curve.
[dw_charac_function_trans-dif, 1, en_US]
In the following, the essential components of differential protection are described in detail.
Measurand Processing
Amount Correction
Since the current transformers cannot be adapted exactly to the rated currents of the protected object with
regard to their primary rated data, a standardization to the nominal sizes of the protected object takes place.
The conversion occurs every sampling time (thus, for instantaneous values). The differential protection func-
tion processes 20 sampled values per period. In addition, the sampled values tracked are used. A high degree
of accuracy can be attained over the entire tracking range (from 10 Hz to 80 Hz).
The Idiff-fast tripping stage works on non-frequency tracked values and thus, implements fast operate times
with low frequencies.
The amount is adapted via the following formula:
[fobetr07-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fogrds16-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
with
x Variable (1, 2, 3) for the phase currents (A, B, C)
m Variable (1, 2, ..., N) for the measuring points
N Number of measuring points
n Number of samples per period (n = 20)
FIR Fourier filter
MAX Maximum value determination
Pickup Characteristic
Figure 6-94 shows the pickup characteristic of the differential protection. The characteristic curve branch a
represents the sensitivity threshold of the differential protection (parameter Threshold ) and considers
constant fault currents like magnetizing currents.
The characteristic branch b (parameter Intersection 1 Irest and Slope 1 ) considers current-propor-
tional faults under normal operating conditions.
These faults can occur for the following reasons:
Transformation errors in the current transformer and the input transformer of the device
Adaptation deviations
The characteristic curve branch c (parameter Intersection 2 Irest and Slope 2 ) protects the differ-
ential protection against overfunction in case of high-current external faults and transformer saturation. In
this range, transformer saturation can arise due to high short-circuit currents, and because of this, a higher
differential current results.
In order to avoid overfunction in the event of external faults with current-transformer saturation, a logic is
implemented that uses the characteristic curve Additional stabilization of external faults. If the operating
point is located in the additional stabilization range and exceeds the operate curve from there, then the logic
becomes active and blocks the differential protection.
The additional stabilization range is derived from the Threshold add-on stabiliz. and Slope 1
parameters.
[dwdifaus-030912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If the differential current multiplied by the dropout ratio of 0.7 does not reach the pickup characteristic, the
pickup drops out.
Removal of the blocking with a change in fault location from external to internal
An internal fault can arise as a consequence of an external fault. This fault change must be recognized
and the blocking must be removed. The critical case is a short-circuit with current-transformer saturation.
The saturation detection examines here the instantaneous values of the differential current. With trans-
former saturation, the instantaneous values fall below an internal threshold in the saturation-free time. If
this threshold is permanently exceeded and a pickup is present in the corresponding phase, an internal
error is assumed. The other phases are also examined during the parameterization with crossblock.
The blocking of the tripping is removed and the indication Blocked by ext. fault phsx is reset.
DC-Component Detection
Low-current external faults with large DC components can also lead to exceeding of the operate curve. The
additional stabilization range is not attained, however.
To avoid an overfunction, the following steps are taken:
The restraint current Irest.;phsx is monitored for a jump.
If the jump occurs, the DC component is calculated, with a temporal delay (1 period), from the instanta-
neous value of the restraint current (current at the measuring point with the largest current) irest.,phsx =
iphsx,Mm. The result is Irest.DC,phsx. This current is compared to the restraint current Irest., phsx and is checked for
exceeding of the internal threshold.
The differential current Idiff,phsx must lie below the dropout characteristic curve (characteristic curve 0.7)
in all 3 phases.
If the first 3 points lead to positive results, then the operate curve is raised by the parameter Factor
increasing char. with a default setting of 2.3. Here, only the threshold value and the slope 1 are
raised (see Figure 6-95). The indication Increase of char. (DC) is output. If the product of param-
eter Factor increasing char. and Slope 1 exceeds 0.85, the maximum increase of the raised
Slope 1 is limited to 0.85.
As additional criterion, the pickup indication Pickup (internal fault is present) or the indication of the
additional stabilization Blocked by ext. fault phsx (high-current external fault) is interrogated. If
one of the 2 conditions is present, the characteristic-curve increase is stopped. A retroactive pickup no
longer resets the characteristic-curve increase. A pickup with DC-component detection occurs only if the
raised operate curve is exceeded.
If the DC component Irest.DC,phsx falls below the internal dropout threshold, the dropout delay is determined as
follows:
It is assumed that the de- and re-magnetization of the transformer last equally long. The magnetization is at
the highest at the point in time in which the internal dropout threshold is attained. The time is measured from
the start of the DC-component detection until the internal dropout threshold is reached. Added to this time
are 5 periods and from this, the dropout delay is derived. Following this, the characteristic-curve increase is
reset to the original value. Figure 6-96 shows the overall logic.
[dwdcerkn-201112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[lodcerkn-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Startup Detection
The startup detection is particularly useful in the case of motors. In contrast to transformers, the inrush
current with motors is a flowing current. Differential currents can arise, however, by the current transformers
having different residual magnetization and being supplied with current at different operating points of their
hysteresis. These differential currents are low in fact, but they can lead to overfunction with sensitive setting
of the differential protection.
With generators, the motor startup can also lead to higher currents. With the startup detection, you can make
the protection somewhat less sensitive for a specific period of time and avoid overfunction. As a result you
achieve a comparable effect to that of DC-component recognition.
As additional security against overfunction when switching in a previously protected object that carries no
current, you can use the pickup-value increase at startup. If the restraint current falls below a settable value
Thresh. startup detection in all phases, the pickup-value increase is activated. The pickup value
Threshold and Slope 1 are raised by the set value in accordance with parameter Factor increasing
char.. As a rule here, Slope 1 cannot exceed a value of 0.85.
If the parameter Thresh. startup detection is exceeded, dropout occurs and a timing element (param-
eter: Max. perm. Start. time) is activated. Once this time has elapsed, the characteristic curve that was
increased in all phases is reset to its original value. Figure 6-97 shows the logic diagram of the startup detec-
tion and Figure 6-98 the increased characteristic curve.
[loanlauf-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[dwanlken-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[loausmid-190713-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Instantaneous-Value Method
Through the instantaneous-values method, an immediate evaluation of the sampled values of the differential
iDiff(t) and restraint current irest(t) occurs. The absolute-value and vector-group adapted currents (i*) are also
the basis. The currents are defined positively to the node. The restraint current is the maximum current of all
measuring points.
[fomome27-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
where
x Variable (1, 2, 3) for the phase currents (A, B, C)
The evaluation of the restraint current is used to recognize saturated, high-current external faults.
Figure 6-100 shows the operate curve. The parameter Threshold is set here such that it lies over the
maximum fault current flowing. The slope of the characteristic curve is fixed at 0.8.
In the algorithm, the following conditions are processed:
Condition 1: The increase of the restraint current direst(t)/dt is determined continuously and compared
with an internal threshold value.
Condition 2: After that, a comparison determines whether the differential current is larger than the
restraint current (characteristic curve Slope in Figure 6-100): idiff(t) > 0.8 irest(t).
Condition 3: After that, a comparison determines whether the differential current exceeds the parameter
Threshold.
When all conditions are met, tripping occurs immediately. If the 1st condition is recognized and not the 2nd
condition, then the function is blocked for 300 ms.
[dwidfast-300114-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The following figures show the behavior during an internal and an external fault. It is typical for the internal
fault (Figure 6-101) that the differential current rises more quickly than the restraint current. After a few
sampled values, the trip signal is issued. In case of an external fault, a differential current arises only after
transformer saturation occurs. You can always assume, however, that the current is transferred a few millisec-
onds after occurrence of the fault. In accordance with Figure 6-103, the restraint current is larger than the
differential current after occurrence of the fault, but condition 2 is not met and the function is therefore
blocked.
[dwinnfel-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-122 Curve Plot for Internal Fault with Transformer Saturation (k= 0.65)
[dwextfel-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-123 Curve Plot for External Fault with Transformer Saturation (k= 0.65)
Fundamental-Component Method
Parallel to the instantaneous-value method, the fundamental component works with a temporal delay. Here,
the same measured values are processed as with the I-DIFF method. The fundamental component of the
differential current Idiff and the stabilization value (maximum current of a measuring point) Irest. are ordered in
the operate curve according to Figure 6-100 and the trip decision is made.
Figure 6-103 shows the overall logic.
[loidfast-151012-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[fo_Idiff-error, 1, en_US]
The I-DIFF unrestrained stage also acts if, for example, due to current-transformer saturation because of a
DC component in the short-circuit current, a 2nd harmonic occurs. The inrush-current detection could inter-
pret this as the closed-circuit current.
The I-DIFF unrestrained protection stage operates both with the fundamental component of the differential
protection and with the instantaneous value.
Metrologically, 2 methods are combined:
Instantaneous-value method
Filter-based method
Instantaneous-Value Method
With the instantaneous-values method, an immediate evaluation of the sampled values of the differential
current iDiff(t) occurs. The absolute-value and vector-group adapted currents (i*) are also the basis.
Fundamental-Component Method
Parallel to the instantaneous-value method, the fundamental component works with a temporal delay. Here,
the same measured values are processed as with the I-DIFF method. The fundamental component of the
differential current Idiff is ordered in the operate curve Figure 6-104 and the trip decision is made.
[dwidffunres-100117-01, 1, en_US]
[loidffunres-100117-01, 1, en_US]
[logesamt-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
This chapter provides setting information for the required setting parameters for a typical generator protection
application. Figure 6-128 shows a typical generator protection application. This prevents significant damage
to the generator in the event of tripping in case of a short circuit. Therefore, the generator differential protec-
tion also makes sense for less powerful generators (< 5 MVA).
The connection example refers to an application in the 7UM85. The 3-phase current measuring points are
connected to the function groups Generator side 1 and Generator stator. The differential protection function
runs in the Generator diff function group.
The following screenshot from DIGSI 5 shows the connection of the measuring points as well as the connec-
tion of the function groups.
NOTE
i Ensure that the correct transformer data are set at the measuring points.
The data in the example are for the following current transformers: 3 000 A/1 A
Parameter: Slope 1
NOTE
i The stabilization method has been changed from that in SIPROTEC 4 (7UT6x, 7UM62). For this reason,
select a higher slope (also see 6.6.3 Function Description).
Parameter: Slope 2
NOTE
i If excessive current flows are cause to expect transmission problems for the current transformers, set the
Slope 2 to a higher value.
[dwdifaus-030912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Parameter: Threshold
generator. The subtransient and then direct-axis transient reactance takes effect at fault inception. If you
assume that the transformers are nearly identical and do not saturate immediately, you can use the direct-axis
subtransient reactance to estimate the maximum fault current. The current-transformer design is based on
this fault current.
With the assumption described (saturation not the same), you set the stage via the transient short-circuit
current.
Idiff fast > 1.1/xd' Irated, generator
Values for xd' from 0.15 through 0.35 result in setting values from approx. 3 Irated, generator through 7 Irated, gener-
ator.
Example:
Direct-axis transient reactance xd' (saturated) = 0.19
This results in a transient current of 1.1/0.19 Irated, generator = 5.79 Irated, generator = 5.79 Irated,obj
For the parameter (_:11041:3) Threshold, you can use the default setting of 6 I/Irated,obj.
Parameter: Threshold
6.6.5 Settings
NOTE
i When using Line differential protection functions in transformer differential protection, the current trans-
former requirements of the line protection must be considered. These can be found in the Line Protection
manual (C53000-G5040-C010).
The Line differential protection function is used in the Line function group.
The Line differential protection function is preconfigured at the factory with the function block (FB)
General, the stage I-DIFF and the stage I-DIFF fast 2.
As an alternative to the I-DIFF fast 2 stage, the I-DIFF fast stage is available in the Global DIGSI 5
library.
NOTE
i Keep in mind that the same stage type must be instantiated in all devices of the device combination. The
devices of the device combination operate either with the I-DIFF fast 2 stage or with the I-DIFF
fast stage.
When commissioning communication via the protection interface, it is checked whether the same stage
types are instantiated in all devices of the device combination. If different stage types are instantiated in
the devices, communication via the protection interface is not possible. In this case, the protection inter-
face issues the diagnostic indication (_:5161:302) Status of lay. 3 and 4 = Diff. Param.
Err..
You can find more detailed information in chapter 3.5.3.9 Diagnostic Measured Values of the Protection
Interface.
The function blocks Ic-compensat. and Transformer are available in the Global DIGSI 5 library for special
applications and can be instantiated into the function.
The protection function is structured in that way that the settings in the FB General are valid for all stages.
[dwdifstr_LP, 1, en_US]
Overall Logic
[logesa3p-140611-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-132 General Logic for Differential Protection Functions with 3-Pole Tripping
Mode of Operation
The Line differential protection function is composed of several subfunctions.
The core of differential protection consists of the 2 stages I-DIFF and I-DIFF fast 2. Both work in
parallel and ensure high sensitivity or fast tripping, depending on the severity of the fault. The output signals
of these stages are pickup and trip signals, which are routed to the pickup logic and the trip logic, resulting in
the corresponding protection indications.
The Remote tripping functionality transmits the internally generated trip group indication to the remote
devices in the device combination. In addition, the Remote tripping functionality receives the trip group indi-
cations of the remote devices and transmits these indications to the trip logic. You can find more detailed
information in chapter 6.7.10 Remote Tripping.
The optional FB Ic-compensat. contains the charging-current compensation. The FB Ic-compensat. is
assigned exclusively to the sensitive stage I-DIFF and ensures maximum sensitivity even with high capacitive
charging currents.
The optional FB Transformer is required to protect a transformer in the protection range. The additional FB
Transformer guarantees that amplitudes and phase angle of the measured currents at the line ends will be
evaluated correctly.
The Line differential protection operates on the basis of current comparison (Kirchhoff's current law). For this
a device has to be installed at each end of the area to be protected. The devices exchange their measurands
via communication connections. Each device performs the current comparison with these measurands and
trips the assigned circuit breaker, if there is a short circuit in the protection range. The current transformers
selectively delimit the protection range.
Apart from normal lines, the Line differential protection can also protect lines with a transformer in block
connection. By using the Inrush-current detection function and the adaptive method of measurement for the
Line differential protection, the stages can be stabilized to prevent tripping that may be caused by transformer
inrush currents.
Measured-Value Transmission
If the protected object is spatially connected as is the case with generators, transformers, busbars the
measurands can be processed directly. The processing is different for lines where the protection range extends
from one station to another. To enable the measurands from all line ends to be processed at each line end,
these measurands must be transferred in a suitable form. In this way, the tripping condition can be checked at
each line end, and the respective local circuit breaker can be tripped in case of a fault.
The measurands are encrypted and transmitted in digital telegrams via communication channels. For this
purpose, each device features at least one interface for protection-data communication, called the protection
interface in the following.
Figure 6-133 shows this principle for a line with 2 ends. Each device detects the local current and sends infor-
mation on its magnitude and phase relation to the opposite end. Thus, each device can add the currents from
all ends and further process them.
[dwdiff2e-150211-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Measured-Value Synchronization
The devices detect the local currents asynchronously. This means that each device detects, digitizes, and
preprocesses the associated currents from the current transformers at its own random processor clock. If the
currents of 2 or more line ends are to be compared, all currents must be processed with the same time base.
All devices in the device combination exchange their time status with each telegram. The device whose
address is entered first in the device-combination configuration in the protection interface functions as timing
master, meaning it specifies the time frame. Each device can thus calculate the time offset due to the trans-
mission and processing times relative to the timing master.
To achieve a sufficiently exact synchronization of the measured values, the current values are additionally
provided with a time stamp before they are transmitted from one device to the others in digital telegrams.
The time stamp allows a statement on the time at which the transmitted current values were valid. The
receiving devices can thus carry out a fine synchronization based on the time stamp and their own time
management. This means that currents detected at the same time (< 5 s tolerance) are compared with each
other.
The devices use the time stamp in the measured-data telegram to monitor the transfer times in real time and
take each of these into account at the respective receiving end. The frequency of the measurands is decisive
for the exact calculation of the complex phasors. So that the phasor comparison is synchronous, the devices
also measure the frequency of the measurands constantly and feed these into the calculation when needed. If
the device is connected to voltage transformers and if at least one voltage is available in sufficient magnitude,
the frequency is determined from this voltage. Otherwise, the measured currents are used as the basis for
frequency determination. The devices exchange the determined frequencies with one another via the commu-
nication routes. Under these conditions, all devices operate with the updated frequency.
Adaptive Self-Stabilization
The basic principle of the differential protection is based on the precondition that, during uninterrupted opera-
tion, the sum of all currents flowing into the protected object equals 0. This applies to the primary system and
only there if the shunt components of current, which occur from the capacitance of the lines or the magneti-
zation currents of the transformers and shunt reactors, are negligible. In contrast, the secondary currents
offered to the devices via the current transformers contain measuring fault originating from the measuring
fault of the current transformers and the input circuits of the devices themselves. Even transmission faults
such as signal jitter can cause measurand deviations.
All these influences mean that even in healthy operation the sum of the currents processed in the devices is
not exactly 0. The differential protection is stabilized against these influences. A special method of Adaptive
self-stabilization is applied in this context to ensure the highest possible sensitivity of the differential protec-
tion. The function calculates a restraint current Irest for this purpose.
[dwanspre-150211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Current-Transformer Errors
In order to take into account the influences of current-transformer errors, each device calculates the current-
transformer error on an adaptive basis. This value results from an estimated calculation of the possible local
transformer errors based on the data of the local current transformers and the magnitude of the locally meas-
ured currents.
[dwctfail-310111-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The basis for this are the transformer data of the connected current transformers that must be entered individ-
ually for each device. Since each device transmits its estimated faults to the other devices in the device combi-
nation, each device is able to determine the sum of possible faults and use them for stabilization.
The I-DIFF fast 2 stage works in parallel with the I-DIFF stage. A very fast algorithm enables trip-
ping decisions to be made very quickly in the event of high-current faults.
If the I-DIFF fast 2 stage is instantiated, the Saturation detection block is visible with the CT
saturation threshold parameter in the Measuring point Current 3-phase.
The I-DIFF fast stage is available in the Global DIGSI 5 library as an alternative to the I-DIFF fast
2 stage. If you want to instantiate this stage, you must first delete the I-DIFF fast 2 stage.
If the I-DIFF fast stage is instantiated, the Saturation detection block is not visible with the CT
saturation threshold parameter in the current measuring point.
The I-DIFF fast stage also works in parallel with the I-DIFF stage. A very fast algorithm enables trip-
ping decisions to be made very quickly in the event of high-current faults.
Inrush-Current Detection
If the protection range extends beyond a transformer, a high inrush current, which flows into the protection
range but does not leave it again, has to be expected when connecting the transformer. The inrush current
can reach a multiple of the rated current and is characterized by a relatively high content of 2. harmonic
(twice the rated frequency), which is missing almost completely in the case of a short circuit.
The algorithm of the Line differential protection recognizes the inrush currents. Temporarily, the adaptive
stabilization function provides an elevated restraint current, preventing any false tripping.
If the Inrush-current detection function is present in the device, inrush currents are detected correctly. For
this, the function block Inrush detect. from the DIGSI 5 function library must be instantiated and enabled.
High inrush currents can lead to an overfunction. The inrush-current detection prevents overfunction by
blocking the affected phases or all phases using the crossblock function.
Charging-Current Compensation
Distributed line or phase capacities cause a permanently capacitive charging current. This charging current has
to be taken into account by the pickup values of the differential-protection stages. In cables, this charging
current can reach considerable values. The charging-current compensation serves to improve the sensitivity so
that maximum sensitivity can be protected even at high charging currents. For this, the function block Ic-
compensat. from the function library must be instantiated and enabled.
transmission times. It is the responsibility of the network operator to apply suitable measures to eliminate the
causes.
Remote Tripping
Additionally to the measured values, the Line differential protection function transfers the locally generated
operate indication to the Line differential protection functions of the remote devices in the device combina-
tion. The remote devices also generate an operate indication if the local Line differential protection has not
yet generated an operate indication. This can occur under pickup conditions at the pickup threshold (see
6.7.2 Structure of the Function ).
Emergency Mode
NOTE
i When the protection device is in emergency mode, the Line differential protection function does not
work.
If the Line differential protection is the main protection function in the protection device, the Line differen-
tial protection can activate the emergency mode of the device. The emergency mode is activated if one of the
following conditions is met:
Protection-interface communication is disturbed
Line differential protection is blocked via the binary input (_:2311:82) >Block function.
If emergency mode is active, the Overcurrent protection function can work as an emergency function, for
example.
If the Line differential protection and Distance protection are instantiated simultaneously, you can set the
distance protection zones in such a way that the blocking of the distance protection zones is disabled in case
of a line differential protection outage. The blocking of the distance protection zones is disabled if one of the
following conditions is met:
Protection-interface communication is disturbed
Line differential protection is blocked via the binary input (_:2311:82) >Block function.
Line differential protection is in the test operating mode (_:2311:308) Test all devices.
NOTE
i Keep the following hints in mind so that the line differential protection operates correctly on all line ends:
Set the rated current of the line (parameter (_:9001:101) Rated current) to the same value at
both ends of the line.
The rated apparent power is internally calculated for both ends of the line and is displayed as the
write-protected parameter (_:9001:103) Rated apparent power.
If you have instantiated the Transformer function block in the line differential protection, set the
parameter (_:9001:103) Rated apparent power to the same value at both ends. The rated
current is internally calculated for both ends of the line and is displayed as the write-protected param-
eter (_:9001:101) Rated current.
If the parameters Rated current and Rated apparent power are set in a different way in the devices
of the device combination, the Line differential protection does not operate correctly and the indication
Diff. Param. Err. is issued. You can find more information on this in chapter 3.5.3.9 Diagnostic
Measured Values of the Protection Interface.
NOTE
i To stabilize the line differential protection against current-transformer errors, the corresponding parame-
ters (_:8881:107) CT error changeover, (_:8881:108) CT error A, and (_:8881:109) CT
error B for the current measuring points must be taken into account in the power-system data. These
parameters are used exclusively by the Line differential protection function.
Recommended setting value (_:2311:104) Supervision Idiff = yes: block diff. prot.
When using the parameter Supervision Idiff, you specify whether the line differential protection func-
tion operates with or without differential-current supervision.
Parameter Value Description
no The differential current is not monitored.
yes: reporting only The differential current is monitored. If the differential current exceeds the
supervision threshold and a current jump is not present, the indication
Alarm: Idiff too high is issued after 1 s.
yes: block diff. prot. The differential current is monitored. If the differential current exceeds the
supervision threshold and there is no current jump, the line differential
protection is blocked after 1 s and the indication Alarm: Idiff too
high is issued.
6.7.5 Settings
6.7.7.1 Description
[loijump, 1, en_US]
Mode of Operation
The I-DIFF stage is the sensitive stage of differential protection. The principle of the I-DIFF stage is comparison
of the current phasor. Usable current phasors are available after 1 period has elapsed following the occurrence
of a fault event. The I-DIFF fast 2 stage, which operates in parallel, is responsible for fast tripping in the
event of high-current faults.
The measurands are analyzed separately for each phase. Each device calculates an Idiff differential current from
the sum of the current phasors which are calculated at each end of the protected object and transmitted to
the other ends. Its value corresponds to the fault current which the differential-protection system sees, ideally
that is the short-circuit current. In correct operation, it is small and corresponds to the capacitive charging
current in lines in a first approximation. If charging-current compensation is active, the maximum sensitivity is
achieved and the pickup value can be set considerably smaller.
The Irest restraint current counteracts the differential current. The restraint current results from the sum of the
maximum measuring faults at the ends of the protected object and is calculated adaptively from the current
measurands and the set substation settings. To this end, the maximum fault of the current transformers in the
rated range or the short-circuit current range is multiplied by the presently flowing current at each end of the
protected object and transmitted to the other ends together with the determined internal faults. This means
that the restraint current Irest always reflects the maximum possible measuring faults in the differential-protec-
tion system.
Optional functions such as charging-current compensation (increased sensitivity) and transformer in the
protection range are automatically considered when the differential and stabilization currents are calculated.
[dwanspre-150211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
In addition, for the switching of transformers and shunt reactors, the device features an Inrush-current detec-
tion function via which blocking of the affected phase of the differential protection is possible. You can find
more detailed information in chapter 6.56 Inrush-Current Detection.
Inrush-Current Detection
You can find the Inrush-current detection function in the Global DIGSI 5 library under Line FG Inrush
detect.. Add this functionality to the Line function group (under DIGSI 5 project tree Name of the device
Settings Line).
The parameter Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. now also appears in the I-DIFF stage of the Line differ-
ential protection.
Fault Behavior
The Health indication is set to Alarm when fast measured-value monitoring functions (, fast sum I, analog-
digital converter) signal a fault or when invalid data are received via the protection interface. The validity of
the currents used as well as the validity of the data received via the protection interface are monitored contin-
uously. If persistent faults are detected, Health is set to Alarm and Inactive is set to Yes.
The measured values are available in the fault record. You can read out fault recordings from the device and
analyze them afterwards using evaluation tools such as SIGRA. The device display shows only I diff. and I
restr. . In order to find the measured values on the device, go to Main menu Measurements Line x
Functional measured values Line differential protection.
Detailed information about selecting and deleting fault recordings can be found in the Operating Manual.
Parameter: Threshold
With the Threshold parameter, you set the pickup threshold for the I-DIFF stage. The total current flowing
into the protection range during a short circuit is decisive, that is, the total fault current, regardless of how it
divides among the ends of the protected object.
NOTE
6.7.7.3 Settings
6.7.8.1 Description
[loijump, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i If you want to use the I-DIFF fast 2 stage, the device must be equipped with the CP300 CPU printed
circuit board assembly.
The differential-protection procedure of the I-DIFF fast 2 stage has been improved compared to the
procedure of the I-DIFF fast stage.
The new differential-protection procedure has the following properties:
The lower limit of the setting range was reduced. As a result, the pickup threshold can be set with more
sensitivity.
Improved behavior during faults with a change from external to internal faults
Mode of Operation
The I-DIFF fast 2 stage is the differential-protection stage that is optimized for fast tripping times when
high-current faults occur. It is superimposed on the I-DIFF stage. The measurands are analyzed separately
for each phase. Fast tripping for high-current faults is achieved with a procedure based on filtered instanta-
neous values. During this procedure, stabilization to prevent signal distortion (for example, current-trans-
former saturation), which can occur during external high-current faults, is not possible. For this reason, a deci-
sion for internal or external faults must be made before the potential saturation appears. It is assumed that
the current transformers do not yet go into saturation at least for 5 ms after fault inception.
If you use the I-DIFF fast 2 stage, the Saturat. det. block is visible in the measuring point Current 3-
phase with the CT saturation threshold parameter. For this, the CT saturation threshold must
be set so that transformer saturation does not occur until the currents exceed the setting value.
You can find more detailed information in chapter 8.3.11 Saturation Detection.
If saturation occurs for one or more current transformers that limit the protection range, the I-DIFF fast 2
stage is blocked and an erroneous pickup due to transformer saturation is avoided. Normally, the I-DIFF
fast 2 stage is set higher than the rated current. In this way, the influence of charging currents and cross-
flow currents of transformers (fixed and transient) is suppressed.
Otherwise, the I-DIFF fast 2 stage works in the same way as the sensitive I-DIFF stage. Each device
calculates an Idiff differential current for each phase from the sum of the filtered instantaneous values, which
are calculated at each end of the protected object and transmitted to the other ends. Its amount corresponds
to the fault current calculated by the differential-protection system, ideally that is the short-circuit current. In
correct operation, it is small and corresponds to the capacitive charging current in lines in a first approxima-
tion.
The Irest restraint current counteracts the differential current. The restraint current results from the sum of the
maximum measuring faults at the ends of the protected object and is calculated adaptively from the current
measurands and the set substation parameters. To this end, the maximum fault of the current transformers in
the rated range or the short-circuit current range is multiplied by the presently flowing current at each end of
the protected object and transmitted to the other ends together with the determined internal faults. This
means that the restraint current Irest always reflects the maximum possible measuring faults in the differential-
protection system.
The option of a transformer in the protection range is automatically considered when the differential and
stabilization currents are calculated. An activated charging-current compensation has no effect on the I-DIFF
fast 2 stage.
[dwanspre-150211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Fault Behavior
The Health indication is set to Alarm when fast measured-value monitoring functions (, fast sum I, analog-
digital converter) signal a fault or when invalid data are received via the protection interface. The validity of
the currents used as well as the validity of the data received via the protection interface are monitored contin-
uously. If persistent faults are detected, Health is set to Alarm and Inactive is set to Yes.
Parameter: Threshold
capacitive ground-fault current, its approximate rated current can be taken as a basis. For transformers, set
Irated transf./Vk transf.
A final dynamic check of the pickup thresholds is performed during commissioning.
NOTE
6.7.8.3 Settings
6.7.9.1 Description
[loijump, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i Siemens recommends:
Use the I-DIFF fast stage only if you want to expand an existing line differential protection device
combination and you want to retain the existing protection procedure.
NOTE
i If you load an application template starting from the V07.50 platform into a device with the CP200 CPU
printed circuit board assembly, keep the following in mind:
Starting with the V07.50 platform, the I-DIFF fast 2 stage is preinstantiated in the Line differen-
tial protection function.
The consistency check in DIGSI 5 reports an error for devices with the CP200 CPU printed circuit board
assembly.
Replace the I-DIFF fast 2 stage with the I-DIFF fast stage.
The I-DIFF fast stage is essentially identical to the I-DIFF fast 2 stage.
In contrast to the differential-protection procedure of the I-DIFF fast 2 stage, the procedure of the I-
DIFF fast stage requires a time of at least 5 ms free of saturation from the current transformer. Starting at a
certain current flow (> 2.5 Irated, local measurement), the system immediately determines an external fault
and the I-DIFF fast stage is blocked. If saturation occurs for one or more current transformers limiting the
protection range, the I-DIFF fast stage is blocked and unwanted tripping due to transformer saturation is
avoided.
6.7.9.3 Settings
6.7.10.1 Description
The Line differential protection function contains the remote tripping functionality.
Remote tripping forms an internal, phase-segregated operate indication through the OR operation of the
operate indications in the I-DIFF and I-DIFF fast 2 stages. This internal, phase-segregated operate indica-
tion is not available in the information routing in DIGSI 5, but instead, it is sent to the line differential protec-
tion functions in the remote devices in the device combination.
If a device receives a remote operate indication from a remote device, the remote tripping functionality
generates the (_:5551:57) Operate indication.
You can find the remote tripping indications in the DIGSI 5 information routing under Line Line differen-
tial protection Remote tripping.
[loanregu-150211-01.tif, 3, en_US]
[loauslo3-100311-01.tif, 3, en_US]
For some applications, it may be necessary to remove and log off the local Line differential protection from the
device combination of the line differential protection. These applications include, for example:
Maintenance work
System expansion
EXAMPLE:
The following line formation is protected by the line differential protection with 3 devices.
Figure 6-147 Differential Protection with 3 Devices for a Line with a Feeder
In the example, the feeder is to be decommissioned for maintenance or modification work. Device 3 should
therefore also be switched off. Without additional measures, the line differential protection will no longer
function and will send an indication that it is ineffective.
For this use case, the Line differential protection function must be logged off in device 3. The Line differen-
tial protection in device 3 can only be logged off if no current is flowing through the feeder. During the log-off
process, device 3 checks whether the circuit breaker 3 is really open. If the Line differential protection is
logged off in device 3, this is saved in the remaining devices 1 and 2 and Kirchhoff's current law will then be
calculated only with the currents of the devices 1 and 2.
If device 3 is successfully logged off, you can switch it off. The logoff of device 3 is saved in the remaining
devices after it is switched off. If you switch device 3 back on, log on to the device combination again.
NOTE
i Before logging off, you must switch off the feeder protected by the local line differential protection.
Via the binary inputs, general: >Function logoff on (_:2311:507) or >Function logoff off
(_:2311:508)
The following conditions must be fulfilled before the function is logged off:
The current flow at the circuit breaker must be stopped. You must switch off the feeder protected by the
local line differential protection.
The locally measured current of the logged-off line end no longer flows into the sum of the currents. The
function then only sums up the currents from the line ends that have not been logged off.
The circuit-breaker position recognition in the Circuit-breaker function group (CB) provides the circuit-
breaker condition via the internal signal CB state protected obj..
If a protected object is supplied via 2 circuit breakers (CBs), for example, in case of a breaker-and-a-half
layout, then the CB state of the protected object must be determined with both circuit breakers. In this
case, the Circuit-breaker condition for the protected object function block performs the connection of
the individual CB conditions.
If one of the following 2 conditions is met, the CB state protected obj. internal signal is in the
Open state:
All connected circuit breakers signal the Open state.
The >Disconnector open input is active.
You can find more detailed information in chapter 5.5.4.6 Circuit-Breaker Condition for the Protected
Object.
Monitoring the communication topology in the device combination is only important if more than 2
devices are communicating via the protection interface. A function can only be logged off if this does not
disturb the communication between the remaining devices in the device combination.
The logged-off local line differential protection can also be activated for test purposes (see 10.6 Functional
Test of the Line Differential Protection). This has no influence or impact on the running protection interface
communication.
The following diagrams show potential variants on how to control binary inputs. If you would like to use push-
buttons, switch on these push-buttons as shown in the following figure. With the push-button Key2, you log
off the function using; with the push-button Key1, you log the function on again.
[loexttx3-140311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-149 External Push-Button Wiring for Logging off the Local Line Differential Protection
If a control switch is used, route the binary input >Function logoff on as H (active with voltage)
and the binary input >Function logoff off as L (active without voltage). If the switch S is
closed, the function is logged off.
[loextsx4-020412-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-150 External Switch Wiring for Logging off the Local Line Differential Protection
Indications
The logged-off function reports the status (Function logged off) and the cause of the logoff.
If you have logged off the function via binary inputs, the indication Logged off via BI is issued.
If you have logged off the function via on-site operation, DIGSI 5, or the protection interface, the indication
Logged off via control is issued.
6.7.13.1 Description
If you would like any transformer (two-winding transformer or multi-winding transformer) to be taken into
account in the line formation, you must instantiate the optional function block Transformer from the Global
DIGSI 5 library in the Line differential protection function. You can find the Transformer function block in
the Global DIGSI 5 library under FG Line Line differential protection Function extensions.
Enter the rated data of the transformer under FG Line General Rated values. The rated values affect the
magnitude and phase of the differential current to be calculated. All measurands can be based on the rated
data for the power transformer.
Additionally, the respective vector groups for current and voltage and the type of grounding of the trans-
former neutral point have to be entered.
NOTE
i Make sure that you enter the same value for the rated apparent power in each device on a transformer
side. If the values are different, the Line differential protection function does not work.
In general, select the rated voltage of the winding facing the respective device. However, if a winding has a
voltage regulating range, do not use the rated voltage of the winding, but rather the voltage which corre-
sponds to the average current of the control area. This minimizes fault currents resulting from control.
EXAMPLE:
Transformer with the data
Vector group YNd5
Rated apparent power Srated 35 MVA
Ratio TV 110 kV/25 kV
Control Y-side regulated 10 %
Protection Settings
For verification purposes, the internally calculated rated current will be displayed as a write-protected param-
eter.
You can find more detailed information in chapter 5.5.3 Application and Setting Notes.
EXAMPLE:
For a transformer with the vector group Yy6d5, set the Current vector group nb. parameter as follows:
On the Y-side: Current vector group nb. = 0
On the y-side: Current vector group nb. = 6
On the d-side: Current vector group nb. = 5
[logfpaus-121210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i If the elimination of the residual current is active, and in case of ground faults, the differential protection
becomes less sensitive by a factor of 1/3:
You achieve a higher degree of sensitivity only by measuring the current that flows through the neutral-
point grounding of the transformer. This requires the installation of a current transformer in the neutral-
point supply of the transformer, whereby its measured current can be captured by a 1-phase current input
configured on the device.
6.7.13.3 Settings
6.7.14.1 Description
[loladeko-100611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Mode of Operation
The optional FB Ic-compensat. is available for charging-current compensation. The FB lc-compensat. is
assigned exclusively to the sensitive stage I-DIFF and increases the sensitivity of the I-DIFF stage even with
high capacitive charging currents.
The charging current is caused by the capacitances of the overhead line or the cable and flows through the
ground capacitance of the line. Due to the phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase capacitances, charging
currents are flowing even in correct operation, which cause a difference of the currents at the ends of the
protection range. In cables or long lines, the capacitive charging currents can reach considerable values. If the
feeder-side transformer voltages are connected to the devices, the influence of the capacitive charging
currents can be compensated for by calculation. The charging-current compensation specifies the actual
charging current. If there are lines with 2 ends, each device performs half the charging-current compensation.
When using .
[dwladko2-150211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-153 Charging-Current Compensation for a Line with 2 Ends (1-Phase System)
For correct operation, stationary charging currents can be regarded as almost constant since they only depend
on the voltage and line capacitances. If you are working without charging-current compensation, take into
account the charging currents in the pickup value of the I-DIFF stage. With charging-current compensation,
this does not have to be taken into account here. With charging-current compensation, the stationary magnet-
izing currents are considered before quadrature-axis reactances. For transient inrush currents, the devices are
provided with separate inrush-current detection.
NOTE
i If you wish to work with the charging-current compensation, consider the following:
The local voltage transformers must be connected!
Monitor the voltage with the Measuring-voltage failure detection function. If the Measuring-
voltage failure detection is not present in the Line function group, add the function to the Line func-
tion group from the Global DIGSI 5 library.
You can find the Measuring-voltage failure detection function in the Global DIGSI 5 library under FG
Line Supervision of secondary system Mes.v.fail.det.
If a transformer or common-mode reactors are located in the line section to be protected, charging-current
compensation must not be activated!
Parameters Description
(_:9001:102) Rated Rated voltage of the line
voltage Capacitance per unit length of the line
(_:9001:112) C1 per
length unit Reactance per unit length of the line
(_:9001:148) C0 per Residual compensation factors
length unit
(_:9001:113) X per
length unit
(_:9001:104) Kr
You can find the parameters in DIGSI 5 under Settings FG Line
(_:9001:105) Kx
General.
(_:9001:118) K0
(_:9001:150) Angle (K0)
(_:102) Total line Overall length of the line as a parameter of the charging-current compensa-
length tion
You can find the parameter in DIGSI 5 under Settings FG Line Line
diff. prot. in the FB Ic-compensat..
For verification purposes, the rated charging current is displayed as a write-protected parameter in the func-
tion block Ic-compensat. ((_:110) Rated charging current).
In the following cases, no charging current can be calculated:
The voltages are not connected.
The voltages are connected, but the internal supervision functions Voltage-transformer circuit breaker
or Measuring-voltage failure detection (Fuse Failure Monitor) detect a loss of voltage.
If one of the 2 cases occurs, the charging-current compensation remains responsible for the line; however, it
must return to the conventional stabilization method (see parameter Ic-stabilization/Ic-rated).
NOTE
i Before switching off the charging-current compensation with the parameter Mode, you must increase the
Threshold of the I-DIFF stage to 2 to 3 times Ic-rated of the line distance portion. Otherwise, undesired
tripping might occur.
NOTE
i You must enter additional line parameters for charging-current compensation. These include the following
parameters:
The Rated frequency
The Rated voltage of the line
Capacitance per unit length of the line (C1 per length unit, C0 per length unit)
Parameter: Ic-stabilization/Ic-rated
With the Ic-stabilization/Ic-rated parameter, you set the stabilization charging current/rated current
ratio. The setting value of the parameter Ic-stabilization/Ic-rated increases the stabilization of the I-
DIFF stage by an additional component (stabilization charging current).
EXAMPLE:
In case of an outage or lack of voltages, the Threshold of the I-DIFF stage is to be increased to 2.5 times Ic-
rated. The threshold of the I-DIFF stage is set to 1 Ic-rated.
If you want to increase the threshold of the I-DIFF stage to 2.5 times, set the parameter Ic-stabiliza-
tion/Ic-rated = 1.5.
In case of an outage of lack of voltages, both setting values are added to 2.5.
Since the charging current of the device must only be considered for the respective portion of the line, each
device will in fact increase its normal stabilization by a value of Ic-stabilization/Ic-rated divided by
the number of devices.
6.7.14.3 Settings
Detects short circuits that lie between the current transformers and the feeder disconnector switch QB.
[dwstubap-150211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwstubeb-150211-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Mode of Operation
The Stub-differential protection function is composed of the stages S-DIFF and S-DIFF fast 2. Both will
also be referred to in the following sections as function blocks. Both stages work in parallel and ensure high
sensitivity or fast tripping, depending on the severity of the fault. A release binary input (>Release func-
tion) switches the stub-differential protection to active. This binary input reports the position as open to the
feeder disconnector switch. The output signals of these stages are pickup and operate signals, which are
routed to the output logic, resulting in the corresponding protection indications.
Overall Logic
Adaptive Self-Stabilization
The basic principle of differential protection rests on the precondition that, during an uninterrupted operation,
the sum of all currents flowing into the protected object equal 0. Secondary currents detected by the device
are tainted with measuring errors that are caused by the transmission behavior of the current transformer and
the input circuits of the device. All these influences mean that even in healthy operation the sum of the
currents processed in the devices is not exactly 0. The differential protection is stabilized against these influ-
ences. A special method of adaptive self-stabilization is used in this context to ensure the highest possible
sensitivity of the differential protection.
The stabilization variable Irest is calculated from the sum of the potential faults:
Irest = Threshold + (current-transformer errors and other measuring errors).
If the measured differential current exceeds the pickup threshold and the maximum possible measuring error,
there is an internal fault (shaded area in Figure 6-157). With the adaptive approach it is no longer necessary to
assign parameters for a characteristic curve.
[dwanstub-150211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Current-Transformer Errors
In order to take into account the influences of current-transformer errors, an adaptive self-stabilization value
Ifault is calculated for each measuring point. This is the result of the sum of all current-transformer errors,
which in turn are the result of the current-transformer data and the degree of currents measured on the trans-
former.
[dwctfail-310111-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The set parameters of the transformer data apply to the configured current inputs on the device.
The S-DIFF fast 2 stage works in parallel with the S-DIFF stage. A very fast algorithm enables trip-
ping decisions to be made very quickly in the event of high-current faults.
If the S-DIFF fast 2 stage is instantiated, the Saturation detection block is visible with the CT
saturation threshold parameter in the Measuring point Current 3-phase.
The S-DIFF fast stage is available in the Global DIGSI 5 library as an alternative to the S-DIFF fast
2 stage. If you want to instantiate this stage, you must first delete the S-DIFF fast 2 stage.
If the S-DIFF fast stage is instantiated, the Saturation detection block is not visible with the CT
saturation threshold parameter in the current measuring point.
The S-DIFF fast stage also works in parallel with the S-DIFF stage. A very fast algorithm enables trip-
ping decisions to be made very quickly in the event of high-current faults.
6.8.4.1 Description
Mode of Operation
The S-DIFF stage is the sensitive stage of the stub-differential protection. It is based on the principle of
current phasor calculation. Usable current phasors are available after 1 period has elapsed following the occur-
rence of a fault event. The S-DIFF fast 2 stage, which operates in parallel, is responsible for fast tripping
in the event of high-current errors.
All measurands are evaluated separately for each phase. The device calculates a differential current from the
sum of the current phasors on the measuring inputs. The sum of the differential current is equal to the fault
current, which is detected by the differential-protection system. Ideally, this is the short-circuit current. In
correct operation, it is small and corresponds to the capacitive charging current in lines in a first approxima-
tion.
The restraint current counteracts the differential current. The restraint current results from the sum of the
maximum measuring errors at the ends of the protected object and is calculated adaptively from the current
measurands and the set substation settings. To do this, the maximum error of the current transformers in the
rated range or the short-circuit current range is multiplied with the straight flowing currents of the current
transformer of the protected object.
[dwanspre-150211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Fault Behavior
If fast measured-value supervision functions (, fast sum I, analog-digital converter) report a fault, the object
(_:8401:53) Health will be set to Alarm. The validity of the used currents is constantly monitored. If
persistent faults are detected, (_:8401:53) Health is set to Alarm and (_:8401:54) Inactive is set
to Yes.
Parameter: Threshold
6.8.4.3 Settings
6.8.5.1 Description
NOTE
i If you want to use the S-DIFF fast 2 stage, the device must be equipped with the CP300 CPU printed
circuit board assembly.
Method of Operation
The S-DIFF fast 2 stage is optimized for fast operate times during high-current faults. It is superimposed
on the S-DIFF stage. The measurands are analyzed separately for each phase. Fast tripping for high-current
faults is achieved with a procedure based on filtered instantaneous values. During this procedure, stabilization
to prevent signal distortion (for example, current-transformer saturation), which may occur during high-
current external faults, is not possible. For this reason, a decision for internal or external faults must be made
before the potential saturation occurs. It is assumed that the current transformers do not yet go into satura-
tion at least for the duration of one integration interval (5 ms) after fault inception.
If you use the S-DIFF fast 2 stage, the Saturat. det. block is visible with the CT saturation
threshold parameter in the measuring point Current 3-phase. With this, the CT saturation
threshold must be set so that transformer saturation does not occur until the currents exceed the setting
value.
You can find more detailed information in chapter 8.3.11 Saturation Detection.
If saturation occurs for one or more current transformers limiting the protection range, the S-DIFF fast 2
stage is blocked and an erroneous pickup due to transformer saturation is avoided.
Normally, the S-DIFF fast 2 stage is set higher than the rated current. Otherwise, the S-DIFF fast 2
stage works in the same way as the sensitive S-DIFF stage. Each device calculates a differential current for
each phase from the sum of the filtered instantaneous values, which are calculated at each end of the
protected object. The value of the differential current corresponds to the fault current, which the differential-
protection system sees. Ideally, that is the short-circuit current. In correct operation, it is small and corre-
sponds to the capacitive charging current in lines in a first approximation.
The restraint current counteracts the differential current. The restraint current results from the sum of the
maximum measuring faults at the ends of the protected object and is calculated adaptively from the current
measurands and the set substation parameters. To this end, the maximum error of the current transformers in
the rated range or the short-circuit current range is multiplied with the presently flowing currents on each end
of the protected object.
[dwanspre-150211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Fault Behavior
The Health object is set to Alarm when fast measured-value monitoring functions (, fast sum I, analog-digital
converter) signal a fault. The validity of the used currents is monitored continuously. If persistent faults are
detected, Health is set to Alarm and Inactive is set to Yes.
Parameter: Threshold
6.8.5.3 Settings
6.8.6.1 Description
[lostubi2-150211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The S-DIFF fast stage is essentially identical to the S-DIFF fast 2 stage.
If you want to use the S-DIFF fast stage, you must delete the preinstantiated S-DIFF fast 2 stage first.
After this, you can instantiate S-DIFF fast.
If you use the S-DIFF fast stage, the Saturat. det. block is not available in the measuring point
Current.
You can find the description of the S-DIFF fast 2 in chapter 6.8.5 Stage S-DIFF Fast 2.
Parameter: Threshold
6.8.6.3 Settings
Output Logic
[lostubag-150211-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The Ground-fault protection for high-resistance ground faults in grounded-neutral systems function
(ANSI 67N):
Detects high-resistance ground faults in electric equipment in grounded systems
Detects short circuits phase selectively
The Ground-fault protection for high-resistance ground faults in grounded systems function is used in the
Line protection function group. The function is preconfigured at the factory to have 2 stages with definite-
time delay (definite time-overcurrent protection stages). Within the function, maximum 6 definite time-over-
current protection stages can be operated as well as 1 simultaneously by each inverse type. A maximum of 2
functions can be operated within the function group.
The following stage types are available:
Ground-fault protection with definite-time delay (definite-time overcurrent protection)
Ground fault protection with definite-time delay according to IEC and ANSI (AMZ-3I0-IEC/ANSI)
Ground fault protection with definite-time delay with logarithmic inverse characteristic (AMZ-3I0-log)
Operate
[dwgfpstr-030311-01.tif, 2, en_US]
If the following listed, device-internal functions are present in the device, these functions can influence the
pickup values and time delays of the stages or block the stages. The stage can also be affected from outside
via a binary input signal.
Automatic reclosing (AREC)
Binary input signal
Automatic reclosing (AREC) If the device is equipped with an Inrush-current detection function, the stages
can be stabilized against tripping due to transformer-inrush currents (see section 6.9.11.1 Description ).
The stages can be used for directional-comparison protection via the Teleprotection method with ground-
fault protection function, if necessary (see chapter 6.10.1 Overview of Functions).
Logic
The following figure represents a stage control. It applies for the stage types definite-time overcurrent protec-
tion, inverse time-overcurrent protection according to IEC and ANSI and inverse time-overcurrent protection
with logarithmic inverse characteristic.
[loggfp02-030311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-166 Stage Control for the Stages Types Definite Time-Overcurrent Protection, Inverse Time-Over-
current Protection, and Logarithmic Inverse
Besides the universally applicable stage control, the stage is blocked in the case of a measuring-voltage failure,
insofar as the stage works directionally, and the transformer neutral -point current is not connected.
The following figure shows the stage control for the stage types S0 inverse and V0 inverse.
[loggfp12-010311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-167 Stage Control for the Stage Types S0 Inverse and V0 Inverse
Besides the universally applicable stage control, the stages is also blocked upon a measuring-voltage failure.
6.9.4.1 Description
Logic of a Stage
[loggfp31-160611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-168 Logic Diagram for Ground-Fault Protection with Definite Time-Overcurrent Protection
Measurand
The residual current is used as a measurand. The residual current is calculated according to its definition equa-
tion
from the sum of the 3 phase currents. Depending on the use of the current inputs of the device, the residual
current can be measured or calculated.
If you connect a current input in the neutral-point feed of the current transformer or to a separate ground-
current transformer of the line to be protected, the ground current (residual current) will be directly available
to the device.
If the device is equipped with a sensitive current input INsens, the device will use this ground current (residual
current). The linear range of this measuring input ends at an amplitude of approx. 1.5 A. At higher currents,
the device automatically switches to analysis of the residual current calculated from the phase currents.
If the ground current is not present in the device as a directly measured variable, the device will calculate the
zero current from the conductor currents.
Method of Measurement
The Method of measurement parameter is used to select the relevant measuring procedure, depending
on the application:
Measurement of the fundamental component over 1 cycle filter (standard filter)
This measuring procedure processes the sampled current values and filters out the fundamental compo-
nent numerically.
[logfpsta-030311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Directional mode
You use the Directional mode parameter to define whether the stage works in a forward or reverse direc-
tion. Non-directional operation is also possible.
The direction determination works across stages (see chapter 6.9.9.1 Description ).
Phase Selection
Phase Selection Depending on the distribution of the currents and voltages, the phase selection detects if a 1-
phase (determination of the affected phase) or multiphase short circuit is present (see Chapter 6.9.10 Phase
Selection ).
Via the functionality of the dynamic settings (see section 6.9.13.1 Description)
The blocking cause is indicated.
Blocking of the Tripping by Pickup of the Distance Protection or Differential Protection Function
The pickup of the main protection function (differential protection) can block the level tripping. You can
perform this setting via 2 parameters:
Parameter Blocking by
This parameter is used to select the differential at whose pickup the blocking is to occur.
Stage-Type Selection
If the tripping delay is to be independent of the current level, select the stage type Definite time-overcurrent
protection.
A multi-stage Definite time-overcurrent protection function is realized by the parallel operation of several defi-
nite time-overcurrent protection stages.
If you use a stage direction independently and with signal transmission, it can also have a non-delayed effect
during the release process. Parameterize a short delay for the blocking method equal to the signal-transmis-
sion time plus a reserve of approx. 20 ms.
6.9.4.3 Settings
6.9.5 Stage with Inverse-Time Overcurrent Protection According to IEC and ANSI
6.9.5.1 Description
[loggfp32-300511-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-170 Logic Diagram for Ground-Fault Protection with Definite-Time Delay According to IEC and ANSI
(AMZ-3I0-IEC/ANSI)
Measurands
The residual current is used as a measurand. The residual current is calculated according to its definition equa-
tion
from the sum of the 3 phase currents. Depending on the use of the current inputs of the device, the residual
current can be measured or calculated.
If you connect a current input in the neutral-point feed of the current transformer or to a separate ground-
current transformer of the line to be protected, the ground current (residual current) will be directly available
to the device.
If the device is equipped with a sensitive current input INsens, the device will use this current. The linear range
of this measuring input ends at an amplitude of approx. 1.6 A. At higher currents, the device automatically
switches to analysis of the residual current calculated from the phase currents.
If the ground current is not present in the device as a directly measured variable, the device will calculate the
residual current from the phase currents.
Method of Measurement
The Method of measurement parameter is used to select the relevant method of measurement,
depending on the application:
Measurement of the fundamental component via 1-cycle filter (standard filter)
This measuring procedure processes the sampled current values and filters out the fundamental compo-
nent numerically.
[loggfpst-030810-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Directional mode
You use the Directional mode parameter to define whether the stage works in a forward or reverse direc-
tion. Non-directional operation is also possible.
The direction determination works across stages (see chapter 6.9.9.1 Description ).
Phase Selection
The phase selection detects whether a 1-pole (determination of the relevant conductor) or a multiphase short
circuit is present via the distribution of the currents and voltages (see section 6.9.10 Phase Selection ).
Pickup, Dropout, and Tripping Behavior of the Dependent Characteristic Curve According to IEC and ANSI
When the input variable exceeds the threshold value by a factor of 1.1, the inverse-time characteristic curve is
processed. An integrating method of measurement totalizes the weighted time. This time results from the
characteristic curve. For this, the time that is associated with the present current value is determined from the
characteristic curve. Once the weighted time exceeds the value 1, the stage operates.
When the measured value falls short of the pickup value by a factor of 1.045 (0.95 x 1.1 x threshold value),
the dropout is started. The pickup will be indicated as clearing. You can influence the dropout behavior via
setting parameters. You can select between the following options:
Non-delayed dropout: The summed time is deleted.
Dropout according to characteristic curve: The summed time is reduced in relation to the characteristic
curve.
The dropout according to characteristic curve (disk emulation) is the same as turning back a rotor disk. The
weighted reduction of the time is initiated from 0.9 of the set threshold value.
The characteristic curve and associated formulas are shown in the Technical Data.
The execution of the characteristic curve after exceeding 1.1 times the threshold value can be delayed by a
constant time ( Additional time delay parameter).
Via the functionality of the dynamic settings (see section 6.9.13.1 Description)
The blocking cause is indicated.
The influence of these functions via dynamic settings is described in chapter 6.9.13.1 Description.
Stage-Type Selection
If the tripping delay is to be dependent on the current stage according to the IEC or ANSI standard, select this
type of stage.
In grounded systems, unbalanced line and load ratios cause a residual current in normal operational applica-
tions. Likewise, different current-transformer faults lead to a secondary residual current. The amplitude of this
undesirable residual current increases as the phase current increases. An undesirable residual current can lead
to false pickup and unwanted tripping at low setting values for the ground-current stages. To avoid false
pickup and unwanted tripping, the ground-current stages are stabilized with the phase currents. The threshold
value increases as phase currents rise. You can change the stabilization factor (= gradient) via the Stabiliz.
w. phase current parameter.
Siemens recommends a setting of 10% under normal conditions.
Parameter: Reset
6.9.5.3 Settings
6.9.6.1 Description
[loggfp33-300511-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-172 Logic Diagram for Ground-Fault Protection with Inverse Time-Overcurrent Protection with
Logarithmic Inverse Characteristic Curve (AMZ-3I0-Log)
Apart from the operate curve, this type of stage is identical to the ground-fault protection type with inverse
time-overcurrent protection according to IEC and ANSI (AMZ-3I0-IEC/ANSI) (see section 6.9.5.1 Description ).
This section will only discuss the nature of the operate curve. For the further functionality, Siemens refers to
section 6.9.5.1 Description .
Operate Curve
Figure 6-173 shows the effect of the characteristic curve parameters qualitatively.
The Threshold parameter setting is the reference value for all current values. At the same time, the
Threshold multiplier parameter maps the beginning of the characteristic curve, that is, the lower oper-
ating range on the current axis in relation to the threshold value. The time value Max. time of the
curve determines the initial value of the characteristic curve (for 3I0 = threshold value). The Time dial
parameter changes the slope of the characteristic curve. At high currents, the Min. time of the curve
parameter indicates the lower time limit.
[loggfp04-030810-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Stage-Type Selection
If the operate delay is to be dependent on the current stage according to a logarithmic characteristic curve,
select this stage type.
General information cannot be provided. Define the value corresponding to the application.
6.9.6.3 Settings
6.9.7.1 Description
[loggfp34-160611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-174 Logic Diagram for Ground-Fault Protection with Zero-Sequence Power-Dependent Delay (S0
Inverse)
Apart from the operate curve, this type of stage is identical to the ground-fault protection type with inverse
time-overcurrent protection according to IEC and ANSI (AMZ-3I0-IEC/ANSI) (see section 6.9.5.1 Description ).
This section will only discuss the nature of the operate curve. For the further functionality, Siemens refers to
section 6.9.5.1 Description .
Operate Curve
Figure 6-175 shows the operate curve of the stage.
The zero-sequence system power protection operates according to a power-dependent operate curve.
The zero-sequence system power is calculated from the zero-sequence voltage and the zero-sequence system
current. The Sr component in the direction of an adjustable compensation angle comp is definitive. This
component is designated as a compensated zero power:
Sr = 3I0 3V0 cos(-comp) with = V0 I0
comp therefore indicates the direction of maximum sensitivity (cos( comp) = 1, if = comp). The power
calculation automatically contains the direction via its sign information. Reversing the signs also allows the
power for the reverse direction to be determined. Figure 6-181 represents the direction-characteristic curve.
The operate time results according to the equation:
[fogfp003-300511-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The power-time characteristic curve can be shifted with the reference value Sref (S ref for Sr-charac-
teristic = basic value for the inverse characteristic curve for = comp) in power direction. The power-time
characteristic curve can be shifted in the time direction by the factor k-fact. for Sr-character..
You can set additional power-dependent delays with the time setting Additional time delay.
[loggfp11-250111-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Stage-Type Selection
If the tripping delay is to be dependent on the zero power according to an inverse characteristic curve, select
this stage type.
6.9.7.3 Settings
6.9.8.1 Description
Figure 6-176 Logic Diagram for Ground-Fault Protection with Zero-Sequence Voltage-Dependent Delay (V0
inverse)
Measurands
The device measures the residual voltage. The measured voltage is converted to the zero-sequence voltage V0.
If the residual voltage is not available to the device as a measurand from the broken-delta winding, the zero-
sequence voltage V0 is calculated from the measured phase-to-ground voltages VA, VB, and VC according to the
definition equation:
The zero-sequence current is used as a measurand. The residual current is calculated according to its definition
equation from the sum of the 3 phase currents:
Depending on the use of the current inputs of the device, the zero-sequence current can be measured or
calculated.
If you connect a current input to the neutral-point feed of the current transformer or to a separate ground-
current transformer of the line to be protected, the ground current (zero-sequence current) will be directly
available to the device.
If the device is equipped with a sensitive current input INsens, the device will use this current. The linear range
of this measuring input ends at an amplitude of approx. 1.6 A. At higher currents, the device automatically
switches to analysis of the zero-sequence current calculated from the phase currents.
If the ground current is not present in the device as a directly measured variable, the device will calculate the
zero-sequence current from the phase currents.
Method of Measurement
The Method of measurement parameter is used to select the relevant measuring procedure, depending on
the application:
Measurement of the fundamental component via 1-cycle filter (standard filter)
This measuring procedure processes the sampled current values and filters out the fundamental compo-
nent numerically.
[logfpsta-030311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Directional mode
You use the Directional mode parameter to define whether the stage works in a forward or reverse direc-
tion. Non-directional operation is also possible.
The direction determination works across stages (see chapter 6.9.9.1 Description ).
with
V0 Actually occurring zero-sequence voltage
V0 min Setting value of the parameter Min. zero-seq. volt. V0
The following figure shows the voltage-dependent characteristic curve of the V0 inverse stage:
[dw-GFP-kennl, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-178 Parameter of the Voltage-Dependent Characteristic Curve of the V0 Inverse Stage (without
Additional Times)
The operate time depends on the value of the zero-sequence voltage. In meshed, grounded systems, the zero-
sequence voltage increases towards the location of the ground fault. Due to the inverse characteristic curve,
the operate time decreases with rising zero-sequence voltage.
The V0> threshold value parameter defines the lower voltage limit (dotted line c in Figure 6-178). The
lower voltage limit c cuts off the characteristic curve b.
The Min. zero-seq. volt. V0 parameter shifts the voltage-dependent characteristic curves in the direc-
tion of V0.
The Time delay directional parameter shifts the voltage-dependent characteristic curves in the direc-
tion of time.
The setting value of the Min. zero-seq. volt. V0 parameter is the asymptote a of characteristic curve
a for t .
Processing the inverse characteristic curve after exceeding the threshold value V0> threshold value can
be delayed by the time set in the Time delay directional parameter.
Stage-Type Selection
If the tripping delay is to be dependent on the zero-sequence voltage according to an inverse characteristic
curve, select this stage type.
Related Topics
6.9.11.2 Application and Setting Notes
6.9.8.3 Settings
6.9.9.1 Description
The direction determination works across stages. Various methods are available for determining the direction
and for increasing the accuracy of the determination.
The following diagram shows which variables and settings are used for direction determination.
[logfpri1-010311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Depending on the device connection, it is measured or calculated. If a voltage input is connected at the
broken-delta winding Vdadn of a voltage-transformer set, the device will use this voltage with consideration for
the Matching ratio Vph / VN (see section 8.3.6.3 Function Description). Otherwise the device calculates
the zero-sequence voltage from the phase-to-ground voltages.
If the neutral-point current IY of a grounded transformer (supply transformer) is connected, the reference
voltage VP is the sum of the zero-sequence voltage V0 and a variable proportional to the neutral-point current
IY (see Figure 6-180). This corresponds to 20 V with the rated current. With the setting IY (neutral pt.)
only, VP is only derived from the transformer neutral-point current.
To determine the direction, the device sets the measuring current IN (= -3I0) to the real axis. If the phasor of
the reference voltage VP is within the defined forwards range, the device determines the direction as
forwards. In other cases, the device determines the direction as reverse.
As a prerequisite for direction determination, the adjustable minimum variables for the zero-sequence voltage
or the transformer neutral-point current must be exceeded (parameters Min. zero-seq. voltage V0 and
Min. neutral-point curr. IY).
If the device detects a fault in the voltage-transformer secondary circuit, the direction determination is
prevented with V0. If the transformer neutral-point current is connected to the device, the direction can be
determined via this.
[logfpri2-010311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-180 Phasor Diagram for Direction Determination with Zero-Sequence System Values
Determining the direction requires a minimum residual voltage that can be set as Min. zero-seq.
voltage V0. Another prerequisite is that the compensated zero power must have an adjustable minimum
value (parameter Forw. dir. power threshold). If the device detects a fault in the voltage-transformer
secondary circuit (binary input of voltage transformer miniature circuit breaker dropped out, measuring-
voltage failure detection) or a 1-pole dead time, the direction determination is prevented.
The following figure shows an example of the direction characteristic curve.
[logfpri4-010311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-181 Direction-Characteristic Curve for Direction Determination with Zero-System Voltage
[logfpri5-010311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The V0 voltage at a ground fault with direction = reverse is determined with the following equation:
V0F0=reverse = I0 (Z0trf + Z0L)
This equation can be used to determine a I0 threshold with corresponding V0 threshold. If the I0 threshold is
exceeded, the measured V0 voltage at a reverse fault must exceed the corresponding V0 threshold. If the I0
threshold is exceeded and the measured V0 voltage is less than the U0 threshold, the direction = forwards can
thus be determined.
The method can improve the directional sensitivity in the case of long lines (large Z0L).
Switch on this functionality via the Dir.reslt=forw.at V0<min parameter.
If the measured U0 voltage falls below the minimum value Min. zero-seq. voltage V0 and 3I0 exceeds
the threshold Min.3I0 f.increas.dir.sens., the decision is for forwards.
NOTE
i If you use a teleprotection scheme with ground-fault protection, you must ensure that the direction meas-
urement at all line ends is carried out using the same procedure. The setting for parameter Polarization
with must be the same. If a device is used at a line end that does not have all the setting options, then you
must limit the direction measurement to a single procedure that is possible at all line ends, for example,
only V0 (setting option V0 + IY (neutral pt.)).
The Min. neutral-point curr. IY parameter is used to set the lower threshold for the reference
current from the neutral point of a supply transformer. You can set the value relatively sensitive (see recom-
mended setting value), as the neutral-point current detection is naturally accurate.
[fofrbest-060110-01.tif, 1, en_US]
In this equation, V0 is the setting value for the Min. zero-seq. voltage V0 parameter. SM is a reserve
(for example, 1.2).
As the ground-fault protection works with the zero-sequence or negative-sequence values, direct determina-
tion of the ground fault is not possible. The phase selection detects whether a 1-pole or multiphase short
circuit has occurred with the distribution of the currents. The phase selection detects which phase is affected
in the case of a 1-phase short circuit. The affected phase is reported via the pickup. The stages always initiate
3-pole tripping.
The phase selection filters the negative-sequence and the zero-sequence out of the phase currents. The fault
type, that is, whether a 1-pole or multiphase short circuit has occurred, is determined from the phase displace-
ment between the negative-sequence current and the zero-sequence current. The phase currents, purged of
the load current, are also evaluated from this. This utilizes the fact that, in the case of a 1-phase short circuit,
the healthy conductors can only conduct either no fault currents at all or only in-phase fault currents.
The phase selection has an action time of approx. 40 ms. If the phase selection is unable to make a decision in
this time, 3-phase is signaled.
6.9.11.1 Description
With the Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter, you can define whether tripping of the stage
should be blocked when a threshold value is exceeded due to an inrush current. In case of a blocking, the
stage picks up. The S0 inverse and the V0 inverse stages do not pick up. The start of the time delay and trip-
ping are blocked. The stage signals this by way of a corresponding indication. If the blocking drops out and the
threshold value of the stage is still exceeded, the time delay is started. After that time, the stage operates. The
following figure only shows the part of the stage (exemplified by definite time-overcurrent protection stage 1)
that illustrates the influence of the inrush-current detection.
[loggfp13-260111-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-183 Part Logic Diagram on the Influence of Inrush-Current Detection Exemplified by the 1st Defi-
nite Time-Overcurrent Protection Stage
You can extend the ground-fault protection by means of the integrated signal-transmission logic for direc-
tional comparison protection. You can find more detailed information on the possible transmission methods
and their function in section 6.10.2 Structure of Function .
6.9.13.1 Description
The parameters Threshold and Operate delay of the tripping are so-called dynamic parameters (DP).
Depending on other functions, the settings of these parameters can be changed dynamically (see
Figure 6-184). Depending on other functions, the stage can also be blocked dynamically.
[lodynpar-260111-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-184 Principle of the Dynamic Parameters in the Example of 1st Definite Time-Overcurrent Protec-
tion Stage
If the following functionalities are available in the device, they can affect the overcurrent-protection stages:
Functionalities Priority
Automatic reclosing (AREC) Priority 1
Cold-load pickup detection Priority 2
Binary input signal Priority 3
These functionalities generate signals that change the settings of the dynamic settings of the protection stage
or block it, if necessary. In the latter case, the settings for the threshold value and time delay are of no rele-
vance. To each of the signals, the overcurrent-protection stage provides a configuration parameter Affected
by function ... and own dynamic parameters (Operate delay and Threshold). The configuration
parameters are used to set whether the signal shall be active or not, that is, whether the dynamic settings
should be activated or not. If one of these signals (for example, signal function x) becomes active and is to
take effect, these parameter settings become dynamic, that is, instantly active. This means that the setting
assigned to the signal replaces the standard setting. If the signal becomes inactive, the standard settings apply
again. The activation of the dynamic parameter is reported.
Where several signals are active in parallel, the specified priority applies. This means that a signal with
priority 1 precedes that of priority 2. The parameters assigned to signal 1 become active.
The functionality of the dynamic parameters can be disabled. In this case, the parameters assigned to the
signals are not visible and are without effect.
[logfpkal-300511-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-185 Influence of the Cold-Load Pickup Detection on the Overcurrent-Protection Stage
In the case of cold-load pickup, you have the option to change the settings for the Threshold and Operate
delay parameters of the protection stage. You can also block the stage. To do so, you must activate the influ-
ence of the cold-load pickup. You also have to set the parameters for the Threshold and Operate delay
or Stage blocked settings, which take effect when the signal is active.
The way the Cold-load pickup signal is generated is described in chapter 5.5.4.1 Overview of Functions.
[loeinbin-270111-01.tif, 1, en_US]
You can use the binary input signal >Activ. dyn. settings to change the settings for the Threshold
and the Operate delay of the protection stage. You can also block the stage. To do so, you must activate
the influence of the binary input. You also have to set the parameters for the Threshold and Operate
delay or Stage blocked settings, which take effect when the signal is active.
Further application and setting notes can be found in the Overcurrent protection, phases and function in
section 6.18.8.2 Application and Setting Notes (Advanced Stage) .
Information is exchanged with the remote station so that the ground-fault protection switches off immedi-
ately and selectively on the entire line for all errors. You can implement the teleprotection through reception
and transmission contacts or through a digital communication connection.
The Teleprotection methods are used in Protection function groups with voltage-measuring point in combina-
tion with the Ground-fault protection function. The methods of the function illustrated in the following figure
are available.
[dwtestru-040311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-188 displays the functional control and the function blocks.
The transmission logic analyzes the pickup signals of the ground-fault protection and creates the respective
transmission signal for the transmission to the other line end.
The receipt signal from the other line end is coupled either through:
Binary Input
Unblock logic
Communication
For the protection of multi-terminal lines ends, the function blocks Rec. bin.sig.1 and Rec.unblk.sig#
are available multiple times, once for each removed line end.
The stage parameterized for the teleprotection method delivers the pickup information. This pickup informa-
tion is combined with the reception information for the trip condition. If the trip condition is fulfilled, the tele-
protection method creates the operate indication.
A trip signal results through the simultaneous presence of a pickup and a release signal.
[lotefste-070311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
In the following, the individual function blocks for the teleprotection method are described. Detailed informa-
tion about the function control can be found in chapter 2.3 Function Control.
For the coupling of reception signals from opposite ends, the 3 reception block types Rec. bin.sig.1,
Unblock reception and Protection interface reception are available. The teleprotection schemes described
in the following can be operated with the suitable reception blocks as needed.
A mixture between a line end connected through a protection interface and a binary connected line end is
possible.
[lotprxbi-100611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If the communication occurs through binary signals, this reception logic is used. If a teleprotection scheme is
configured, for example, with altogether 3 ends, 2 function blocks Reception are required.
For applications with 1-pole trip, the selectivity for double ground faults can be improved on parallel lines if
3 phase-selective transmission signals can be transferred per communication direction. The receipt signals can
thus be used phase-specifically for A, B, and C or in general as individual signals.
For common-phase teleprotection, the signal >Receive general is used, for phase-selective teleprotection
the 3 signals >Receive phs A, >Receive phs B, and >Receive phs C.
The binary input >Receive failure affects the status indications of the function control, see Figure 6-188.
[lotpsunb-140611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
You can use the teleprotection schemes optionally with the unblocking method. The difference to the conven-
tional binary receipt is that a trip is also then possible if a release signal arrives from the opposite end.
If the attenuation of the transmission signal at the fault location can be so large that the reception from
the other line end is not provided
For transmission of the signal, 2 signal frequencies are required, which are sent from the transmission signal
of the protection device. If the transmission device has channel monitoring, a monitoring frequency (blocking
frequency) can be switched to a working frequency (unblocking frequency). During the idle state or during an
external error, the monitoring frequency is transmitted, which signalizes the binary input >Blocking
general (or during phase-selective teleprotection to the binary inputs >Blocking phs A, >Blocking
phs B and >Blocking phs C) of the unblock logic.
If in the event of a fault due to the transmission signal from the opposite line end the working frequency is
received healthy, the receipt signal >Unblocking general will appear at the binary input of the unblock
logic. During phase-selective teleprotection, instead of >Unblocking general the 3 reception signals
>Unblocking phs A, >Unblocking phs B and >Unblocking phs C are used. Subsequently, the
blocking signal >Blocking general disappears. During the phase-selective teleprotection, the 3 blocking
signals >Blocking phs A, >Blocking phs B and >Blocking phs C are used. With this, the signal
>Unblocking general (or the respective signals >Unblocking phs A, >Unblocking phs B, and
>Unblocking phs C) are transmitted and the reception of the trip logic of the teleprotection scheme is
approved.
A short circuit on the line can cause an attenuation or reflection of the signal and the signal to be transmitted
no longer reaches the other line end. In this condition both binary inputs >Unblocking general and
>Blocking general are not active. After a time delay of 20 ms, the release is still created and forwarded to
the receipt logic. The release is then retracted over the time stage after a further 100 ms.
If the signals continue to receive without disruptions, the release is possible again after a dropout delay of
100 ms.
If the device does not receive any of the signals for 10 s, the indication Unblock receive fail. is gener-
ated. This indication affects the status indications of the function control, see Figure 6-188.
[lotprxws-310511-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If the communication takes place via a protection interface (digital), this receipt logic is used. Independent of
the number of configured devices, only one function block Protection interface is always required. The
number and the identity of the devices that participate in the teleprotection scheme for protection of the line
configuration can be set in the function group Protection-data communication under Device configuration.
6.10.4.1 Description
[dwtevgve-100611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If the ground-fault protection recognizes a fault in a forward direction, a send signal will be sent to the oppo-
site end. If the fault is also recognized in the forward direction, the received signal in the device on the oppo-
site end will lead to an increased trip.
[loteseve-310511-01.tif, 2, en_US]
With the parameters Send with, you can select which stage of the ground-fault protection affects the send
signal. The send condition is fulfilled if the selected stage - or stages - are picked up in a forward direction. If
the protection has already submitted a trip command, the send signal can be prolongated by a set time (_:
5761:101) Send prolongation. This allows for the release of the other cable end even if the short circuit
is very quickly switched off. With this, pickup differences between the cable ends and signal delays can be
considered.
If needed, the send signal can be delayed with (_:5761:102) Send delay.
The transient blocking (signal Transient blocking) provides additional security from fault signals due to
transient oscillations caused by a change of direction after disconnection of external faults (for example, on
parallel lines). The detailed description can be found in chapter 6.10.6.1 Description . No send signal is sent in
the event of transient blocking.
For applications with 1-pole trip, the selectivity of the permissive overreach transfer trip for double ground
faults can be improved on parallel lines if 3 phase-selective send signals are transferred per communication
direction. Send and reception signals can thus be used phase-specifically for L1, L2 and L3 or phase-jointly as
individual signals (general).
[loteausv-310511-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The ground-fault protection provides the pickup information to the teleprotection scheme. The trip for the
affected stage is attended to by that teleprotection scheme with which the ground-fault protection collabo-
rates.
If a reception signal is present, the stage set through the parameter (_:5761:141) Operate with will be
released for tripping. The trip can be delayed. You can set the time delay under Send delay.
With the parameter (_:5761:11) 1-pole operate allowed, the tripping logic can allow for 1-pole trip
in 1-/3-pole trip devices. This parameter does not apply to devices that only have 3-pole trip.
If the permissive overreach transfer trip for the protection of a line configuration with more than 2 ends is
used, the reception signals from all line ends are combined for the trip with AND.
A trip signal results from the simultaneous presence of
Stage pickup
Release signal
Expired time
For applications with delayed trip, a non-recurring receipt signal is only kept until the stage pickup returns.
Through this, it is guaranteed that the release signal is also present if the time-out of the corresponding time
delay releases the trip and the send signal of the protection of the opposite end is no longer imminent.
The transient blocking (signal Transient blocking) prevents the release of the tripping in the permissive
overreach transfer trip. It ensures additional security from fault signals due to transient oscillations caused by
a change of direction after disconnection of external faults (for example on parallel lines). The detailed
description can be found in chapter 6.10.6.1 Description .
In order for the cable end to also be tripped with a weak infeed, the teleprotection schemes have a func-
tion for trip with weak infeed.
The functions are described in detail in the chapter Echo and Tripping in the event of weak infeed.
6.10.4.2 Application and Setting Notes for the Trip Logic of the Comparison Procedures
The various comparison procedures can be implemented by using both parameters Send with and Operate
with . Additionally, you must observe the selection of the reception block.
The following methods can be ordered:
Methods Parameter: Send with Parameter: Operate with
Ground-fault comparison proce- One or multiple stages One or multiple stages
dure
Ground-fault unblock procedure One or multiple stages One or multiple stages
(unblock logic as a reception block)
[dwtevgvf-040311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
With the following settings, you can configure the directional comparison:
[dwteublv-040311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
With the following settings, you can configure the directional-unblocking method:
6.10.4.5 Settings
6.10.5.1 Description
[dwtefblo-100611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If the protection function recognizes a ground fault in the backward direction, the blocking signal is sent to
the opposite end (signal Blocking). If the protection device does not receive a blocking signal at the receiving
line end, it generates the trip signal after a short time delay.
Transmission Logic
[lotesblk-040311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The blocking signal is created in the event of pickup of the ground-fault protection in the backward or non-
directional direction. The threshold value for creation of the blocking signal is the percentage of the threshold
value of the level that affects tripping in the blocking procedure. The percentage is set with the parameter (_:
5761:104) 3I0 threshold rev./forw. in the teleprotection method. Further information can be
found in the section 6.10.7.1 Description .
The logic is designed in a phase-selective manner. With the parameter (_:5791:101) Send prolonga-
tion , you can extend the blocking signal. Even if the error has already been cleared up locally, the opposite
end can continue to be blocked through this.
The blocking signal can also be immediately sent with jump detection (parameter (_:5791:102) Send
with jump ). If the communication channel can react very quickly to the absence of the blocking signal, you
can use this jump signal, because the jump signal appears for every jump in the dimensions. If the ground-
fault protection recognizes an error in the forward direction, the blocking signal is immediately stopped and
the indication Stop is created.
For applications with 1-pole trip, the selectiveness of the blocking procedure for double faults can be
improved on parallel lines if 3 phase-selective transmission signals are transferred per communication direc-
tion. Transmission and reception signals can therefore be used phase-specifically for A, B, and C or phase-
jointly as individual signals.
[loteaubv-300511-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The ground-fault protection provides the pickup information to the teleprotection method. The trip for the
affected stage is attended to by that teleprotection method with which the ground-fault protection works
together.
If a reception signal is present, the zone set through the parameter (_:5791:140) Operate with will be
released for trip. The trip of the blocking method must be delayed due to possible differences in the pickup
times of the devices at both cable ends and because of the transmission time. You can set the time delay with
the parameter (_:5791:107) Release delay .
The tripping can be delayed. You can set the time delay under (_:5761:102) Send delay .
For the protection of line configurations with more than 2 ends with different infeed
If the ground-fault protection recognizes an error in a backward direction, a blocking signal is transmitted. If
the other cable end does not receive a blocking signal, the ground-fault protection trips in a forward direction
in the case of a ground-fault current. Since no release signal is required by the opposite end, single infeed
short circuits are quickly switched off with the blocking method.
[dwteblve-140611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
With the parameter Send with jump, you can set if the blocking signal is sent without delay with the jump
detection. Siemens recommends using the fast blocking with jump and retaining the setting.
6.10.5.3 Settings
6.10.6.1 Description
The transient blocking provides additional security from fault signals due to transient oscillations caused by a
change of direction after disconnection of external faults (for example on parallel lines).
[lotetrbl-310511-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If a pickup in the reverse direction or non-directionally is present (non-forward fault), the transient blocking
occurs after a waiting period ((_:5791:105) Trans. blk. pickup delay). After the omission of the
blocking criteria, the transient blocking will be maintained for a set time ((_:5791:106) Trans. blk.
dropout delay).
NOTE
i The time Trans. blk. pickup delay may not be set to zero. This makes sure that the transient-
blocking time Trans. blk. dropout delay is not already started if the directional information comes
in a delayed manner compared to the function pickup. Depending on the time of the circuit breaker on the
parallel line or the circuit breaker lying in a reverse direction, settings between 10 ms and 40 ms are recom-
mended.
6.10.7.1 Description
In order to avoid a faulty echo during comparison, it must be ensured that an external ground-fault with a
flowing ground-fault current is recognized on both cable ends. During the blocking method and for the tran-
sient blocking, a secure blocking signal must be created under these conditions.
If the error is not recognized in a ground-fault in accordance with Figure 6-202 the protection in B, this would
be interpreted as an error fed-in from A. With a comparison, protection B would send an echo signal. For the
blocking procedure and for the transient blocking, the required blocking signal would not be created. The
consequence would be a faulty trip of the ground-fault protection in A.
[dwt3i0v1-040311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The teleprotection method with ground-fault protection has a sensitive ground-current stage (_:5791:104)
3I0 threshold rev./forw..
[lotsigzu-310511-01.tif, 1, en_US]
With the permissive overreach transfer trip, the sensitive ground-current stage has an effect on the echo func-
tion and the transient blocking. If the stage for the recognition of a backward fault in B is always more sensi-
tive than the stage pickup of the ground-fault protection, which sees an error from the other line end A in a
forward direction, no fault echo signal can result and the transient blocking will also work correctly.
With the blocking method, the sensitive ground-current stage is the threshold from which the blocking signal
is created if there are reverse errors. For this application, it also applies that the recognition of a reverse error
in B must be more sensitive than the stage pickup of the ground-fault protection, which sees the error from
the other cable end A in a forward direction. Thus, the blocking signal sent from B leads to the required
blocking of the trip ground-current stage on the cable end A.
The setting value for the sensitive ground-current stage is a percent value. For permissive overreach transfer
trips, it automatically relates to the threshold value of the stage or the stages of the ground-fault protection,
which are connected with the permissive overreach transfer trip through the parameter Send with.
During the blocking procedure, the percentage setting value is automatically in regards to the stage or stages
of the ground-fault protection, which are connected with the blocking procedure through the parameter
Operate with.
6.10.7.2 Application and Setting Notes for the Sensitive Stage of the Ground-Fault Protection
assumed here, because then one of the 2 ground currents 3I0b or 3I0c must be greater than in the previous
consideration.
[dwt3i0v2-040311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-204 Possible Inconvenient Current Distribution through a Teed Feeder in the Event of an External
Ground Fault
Intermittent ground faults are self-extinguishing and reignite within one half period up to several
periods, depending on the power-system conditions and the fault type.
Intermittent ground faults can persist over longer periods (several seconds to minutes) and develop to
static ground faults.
The function Directional intermittent ground-fault protection can be used in protection function groups
with current and voltage measurement. The function is preconfigured by the manufacturer with 1 stage, and
a maximum of 2 stages can be operated simultaneously.
[DwStrDirIGFP_20140618, 1, en_US]
Overview
[LoOverview, 1, en_US]
[LoIntdir1, 2, en_US]
19 These values apply for a secondary rated current of 1 A. The values need to be multiplied by 5 when the secondary rated current is 5 A.
20 If the connection type is without IN, such as 3-phase, the current threshold value is a calculated 3I0 value.
21 If the connection type is with IN, such as 3-phase + IN, the current threshold value is a measured IN value.
Operating Mode
2 different functional operating modes are available: Counter and Integrator and counter. You can
select the different operating modes using the parameter Operating mode.
Operating mode Counter:
Many ground-current pulses of intermittent ground faults can result in a damage of the protected object.
In this mode, the criterion for operate is only the number of directional current pulses. This is similar to
the SIPROTEC 4 implementation.
[LoIntdir2, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-208 Pickup, Operate, and Reset Logic in Operating Mode Counter
Pickup, Operate, and Reset logic for the Integrator and Counter Mode
[LoIntdir3, 4, en_US]
Figure 6-209 Pickup, Operate, and Reset Logic in Operating Mode Integrator and Counter
Operate
The conditions for issuing the signal Operate depend on the operating mode.
Operating Mode Conditions for Issuing the Operate Signal
Counter The current-pulse counter reached the No. of pulses for
operate, which is signaled via the Pulse no. reached indication.
The pickup is active, which is signaled via the Pickup indication.
Integrator and counter The 3I0 current integration value reaches the predefined Sum of
extended PU times, which is signaled via the Sum limit
reached indication.
The current-pulse counter reached the No. of pulses for
operate, which is signaled via the Pulse no. reached indication.
The pickup is active, which is signaled via the Pickup indication.
When an opposite current pulse against the setting Directional mode is detected, the Integrator T-sum
and the Counter are reset.
Reset Time for the Definition of the Interval between Independent Ground Faults
If there is a large interval between independent ground faults or if the ground fault extinguishes and does not
restrike again within a larger time, the stressed equipment can cool down. In this case, no operate is neces-
sary. The interval between ground faults is monitored with the reset time. If a ground fault occurs, the Timer
T-reset with the setting Reset time and the Integrator T-sum are launched simultaneously. Unlike the inte-
grator, each new ground-current pulse restarts the reset time with its initial value. If the Timer T-reset
expires, that is, no new ground fault was detected during that period, all memories and the stage logics are
reset. The Timer T-reset thus determines the time during which the next ground fault must occur to be
processed yet as intermittent ground fault in connection with the previous fault. A ground fault that occurs
later is considered as a new ground-fault event.
Reset Conditions
Under one of the following 2 conditions, Timer T-reset is reset:
The intermittent ground-fault protection stage operates.
The general operate indication is going.
Under one of the following conditions, Integrator T-sum and Counter are reset and the whole stage is reset
and returns to its idle state:
The Timer T-reset expires without an operate signal of this stage or another function was issued.
The operate signal of the intermittent ground-fault protection stage is going.
The general operate indication is going without the operate signal of the intermittent ground-fault
protection stage issued.
Start and Stop of Fault Recording, Fault Logging, and General Pickup
The Stabilized pickup signal initiates fault recording, fault logging, and the general pickup of the func-
tion group. The fault recording starts according to the pre-trigger time before the Stabilized pickup
signal rises.
With the reset condition of this stage, the fault recording, fault logging, and the general pickup of the function
group are terminated.
NOTE
i To avoid a burst of indications, do not route the signal Pickup to the operational log and to the fault log.
Parameter: Threshold
With the parameter Pickup mode, you define under which conditions pickup is detected and fault logging
and recording start:
When the parameter Pickup mode is set to with 3I0>, the signal Pickup is released without consid-
ering the ground fault direction. The signal Pickup is issued once the IN/3I0 exceeds the threshold
value.
When the parameter Pickup mode is set to with direction, the signal Pickup is issued when at
least one pulse direction is the same as the direction specified by the set value of parameter Direc-
tional mode.
6.11.5 Settings
A typical characteristic of intermittent ground faults is that they often extinguish automatically and strike
again after some time. The fault duration can last between a few milliseconds and many seconds. Thus, such
faults are not detected at all or not selectively by the ordinary overcurrent protection. If pulse durations are
extremely short, not all protection devices in a short-circuit path can pick up. Thus, selective tripping is not
ensured.
Due to the time delay of the overcurrent protection function, such faults are too short to initiate switching off
the faulted cable. The short-circuit protection can clear such ground faults selectively only if the ground faults
have become permanent.
But such intermittent ground faults already bear the risk of damaging the equipment thermally. This is why
SIPROTEC 5 devices feature a protection function that is able to detect such intermittent ground faults and
accumulates their duration. If the sum reaches a configurable value within a certain time, the limit of the
thermal rating has been reached. If intermittent ground faults are distributed over a long period or if the
ground fault disappears and does not restrike after some time, the equipment under load is expected to cool
down. Tripping is not necessary in this case.
The Non-directional intermittent ground-fault protection function is used to protect against intermittent
ground faults which occur, for example, in cables due to poor insulation or water ingress in cable joints.
The Non-directional intermittent ground-fault protection function can be used in protection function
groups with current measurement. The function is preconfigured by the manufacturer with 1 stage, and a
maximum of 2 stages can be operated simultaneously. The non-preconfigured stages are shown in gray in the
following figure.
[DwIntGFP, 1, en_US]
Logic
[LoIntnon, 1, en_US]
Method of Measurement
The stage calculates the RMS value of 3I0 since this value takes into account the higher-order harmonics
components and the direct component (DC). Both components contribute to the thermal load.
[DwIntFaD, 2, en_US]
22 These values apply for a secondary rated current of 1 A. The values need to be multiplied by 5 when the secondary rated current is 5 A.
23 If the connection type is without IN, such as 3-phase, the current threshold value is a calculated 3I0 value.
24 If the connection type is with IN, such as 3-phase + IN, the current threshold value is a measured IN value.
Number of Pickups
The stage counts the number of Pickup signals during the intermittent ground fault. With the operate of the
stage this number is logged via the information No. of pickups.
Accumulation of the Intermittent Ground-Fault Current and Issuing the Operate Signal
An intermittent ground fault can result in thermal stress on the protected equipment. The magnitude and the
duration of the ground-fault current are decisive for the thermal stress. In order to calculate the thermal stress,
the stage sums up the duration of the stabilized pickups with an integrator. If the integration value reaches
the predefined Sum of extended PU times, the limit of the thermal load is reached. The stage issues the
signal Sum limit reached and operates when the signal Pickup is active.
Reset Timer for the Definition of the Interval between Independent Ground Faults
If there is a large interval between independent ground faults or if ground fault extinguishes and does not
restrike again within a larger time, the stressed equipment can cool down. In this case, an operation is not
necessary. The interval between ground faults is monitored with the reset timer. If a ground fault occurs, the
Timer T-reset with its setting Reset time is launched simultaneously with Integrator T-sum. Unlike the
integrator, each new ground fault restarts the reset timer with its initial value. If Timer T-reset expires, that is,
no new ground fault was detected during that period, all memories and the stage logics are reset. Timer T-
reset thus determines the time during which the next ground fault must occur to be processed yet as intermit-
tent ground fault in connection with the previous fault. A ground fault that occurs later is considered as a new
fault event.
Reset Conditions
Under one of the following 2 conditions, Timer T-reset is reset.
The Intermittent ground-fault protection stage operates.
The general operate indication is going.
Under one of the following conditions, Integrator T-sum and Counter are reset and the whole stage is reset
and returns to its idle state.
Timer T-reset expires without an operate signal of this stage or another function was issued.
The operate signal of the intermittent ground-fault protection stage is going.
The general operate indication is going without the operate signal of the intermittent ground-fault
protection stage issued.
Start & Stop of Fault Recording, Fault Logging, and General Pickup
The Stabilized pickup signal initiates the fault recording, fault logging, and the general pickup of the
function group. The fault recording starts according to the pre-trigger time before the Stabilized pickup
signal rises.
With the reset condition of this stage, the fault recording, fault logging, and the general pickup of the function
group are terminated.
the signals of these functions after detection of an intermittent ground fault (signal Intermittent
gnd.flt.).
The special mechanism is applied for the following listed functions and other functions are not influenced:
Overcurrent protection, phases
Overcurrent protection, ground
Table 6-5 Information Target with Different Processing of Signal Status Changes
NOTE
i To avoid a burst of messages, do not route the signal Pickup to the operational log and fault log.
Parameter: Threshold
EXAMPLE
[TiExaInt, 1, en_US]
6.12.5 Settings
2 functions are available for ground-fault detection: a directional one and a non-directional one.
The Directional sensitive ground-fault detection (ANSI 67Ns) serves:
For directional detection of permanent ground faults in isolated or resonant-grounded systems
For directional detection of fast extinguishing transient ground faults in isolated or resonant-grounded
systems
[DwStrGFP-250113-01, 5, en_US]
[DwSGFPu4-230113-01, 4, en_US]
6.13.3.1 Description
Logic
[LoGFPger-280113-01, 6, en_US]
Figure 6-216 Logic Diagram of the Cross-Stage Functionality of the Directional Function
[logfpnon-261012-01.tif, 4, en_US]
Figure 6-217 Logic Diagram of the Cross-Stage Functionality of the Non-Directional Function
[DwPhINU0, 1, en_US]
Fault-Extinction Detection
The extinction of the fault is characterized by the fact that the zero-sequence voltage subsides. Depending on
the system conditions and fault characteristics, this process can last several 100 ms. If a continuously falling
zero-sequence voltage is detected during the set time Decay time V0, then the fault is considered extin-
guished. The signal Flt. extinction det. is issued.
Thus, the possibility exists, for example, to block the 3I0> stage with cos or sin measurement directly
after the fault extinction, in order to avoid an overfunction during the subsiding process with a very sensitive
setting of the stage.
Angle-Error Compensation
The high reactive power factor in the arc-suppression-coil-ground system and the unavoidable air-gap of the
core balance current transformer often make necessary a compensation of the angle error of the core balance
current transformer. Using the characteristic shown in the following figure, the device approaches the angle
error of the core balance current transformer with sufficient precision.
[dwerdwdl-110512-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-219 Correction of the Transmission Characteristic Curve of a Core Balance Current Transformer
NOTE
i The Ground fault indication in the general stage must be routed to the ground-fault log. If not, you can
meet an overflow of the ground-fault log when an intermittent ground fault occurs.
Ground-Fault Log
Ground faults can be recorded in a designated buffer, the ground-fault log. As long as the Operate &
flt.rec. blocked parameter is set to yes, all indications routed into the ground-fault log are written in
the ground-fault log.
The criterion for opening the ground-fault log is the raising of any indication which is routed to the ground-
fault log, for example, the indication Ground fault . The criterion for closing is the clearing of all routed
indications.
Related Topics
You can find general notes on the ground-fault login chapter Indications under 3.1.5.4 Ground-Fault Log.
Value Indications
If the following value indications can be calculated, they are written into the log (ground-fault log or fault log)
at the time of the 1st raising ground-fault indication and the 1st operate indication of any stage.
3I0 (value)
3I0 active component
V0
(IN, V0)
6.13.3.3 Parameter
6.13.3.4 Informationen
6.13.4.1 Description
Logic
[logfp3i0stufe-280314-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
[logfp3i0f-280314-01, 4, en_US]
Figure 6-221 Logic Diagram of the Directional 3I0 Stage with Cos or Sin Measurement
Depending on the setting of the Connection type parameter of the measuring point I-3ph as well as the
current terminal block used, the following different linearity and settings ranges result in addition to the
common application:
Connection Type of Current Threshold 3I0/IN Current Terminal Block 3I0 Threshold Value
the Measuring Point Settings Range
I-3ph (Secondary)25
3-phase Calculated 3I026 4 x protection 0.030 A to 35.000 A
3 x protection, 1 x sensitive 0.030 A to 35.000 A
4 x measurement 0.001 A to 1.600 A
3-phase + IN Measured IN27 4 x Protection 0.030 A to 35.000 A
3-phase + IN-separate 4 x Measurement 0.001 A to 1.600 A
Measured IN and calculated 3 x Protection, 1 x sensitive 0.001 A to 35.000 A
3I0 when IN > 1.6 A
With the use of the function within a 1-phase function group and therefore at a 1-phase measuring point
I-1ph, the following different linearity and settings ranges result:
Measuring Point Current Threshold Current Terminal Block 3I0 Threshold Value
I-1ph Settings Range
(Secondary) 28
Measured Sensitive 0.001 A to 1.600 A
Protection 0.030 A to 35.000 A
The method of measurement processes the sampled current values and filters out the fundamental compo-
nent numerically.
The methods of measurement are characterized by high accuracy and by insensitivity to harmonics, especially
the 3rd and 5th harmonics frequently present in the ground-fault (residual) current.
Direction Determination
Exceeding the threshold values by the zero-sequence voltage V0 is a criterion for the ground fault. The direc-
tion determination can be delayed from the occurrence of the zero-sequence voltage with the Dir. deter-
mination delay parameter to achieve steady-state measurands. The result form the direction determina-
tion is only valid if the absolute value of the ground current 3I0 has also exceeded its threshold value.
The following figure shows an example of the direction determination in the complex phasor diagram for the
cos- direction measurement method with a correction value of the direction straight lines from 0 (parameter
correction). The example is suitable for the determination of the ground-fault direction in an arc-
suppression-coil-ground system where the variable 3I0 cos is decisive for the direction determination.
25 These values apply for a secondary rated current of 1 A. The values need to be multiplied by 5 when the secondary rated current is 5 A.
26 If the connection type is without IN, such as 3-phase, the current threshold value is a calculated 3I0 value.
27 If the connection type is with IN, such as 3-phase + IN, the current threshold value is a measured IN value.
28 These values apply for a secondary rated current of 1 A. The values need to be multiplied by 5 when the secondary rated current is 5 A.
[dwcosphi-171012-01.tif, 3, en_US]
The zero-sequence voltage V0 is basically the reference value for the real axis. The axis of symmetry of the
direction-characteristic curve coincides with the 3I0reactive axis for this example. For the direction determina-
tion, basically the portion of the current vertical to the set direction-characteristic curve (= axis of symmetry) is
decisive (3I0 dir.). In this example, this is the active portion 3l0active of the current 3l0. The current 3l0dir.
(here = 3I0active) is calculated and compared with the setting value Min.polar.3I0> for dir.det.. If
the current 3I0 dir. exceeds the positive setting value, the direction is forward. If the current 3I0 dir. exceeds
the negative setting value, the direction is backward. In the range in between, the direction is undetermined.
With the 1 reduction dir. area and 2 reduction dir. area parameters, you can limit the
forward and backward ranges as shown in the figure. With this, the direction determination is secured in case
of high currents in the direction of the axis of symmetry.
The symmetry axis can be turned via a correction angle correction parameter) in a range of 45.
Through this, it is possible, for example, to attain the greatest sensitivity in grounded systems in the resistive-
inductive range with a -45 turn. In the case of electric machines in busbar connection on the isolated system,
the greatest sensitivity in the resistive-capacitive range can be attained with a rotation of +45.
[dwphicor-171012-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-223 Turning the Direction-Characteristic Curves with Cos Measurement with Angle Correction
If you set the Dir. measuring method parameter to sin and the correction parameter to 0, the
symmetry axis of the direction-characteristic curve coincides with the 3I0active axis and the V0 axis. Since the
portion of the current vertical to the direction-characteristic curve (= axis of symmetry) is decisive (3l0dir.),
here, the current 3l0reactive is included in the direction determination. If the current 3l0dir. (here = 3I0reac-
tive) exceeds the negative setting value Min.polar.3I0> for dir.det., the direction is forward. If the
current 3l0dir. exceeds the positive setting value, the direction is backward. In the range in between, the
direction is undetermined.
This direction measurement thus is appropriate for the determination of ground-fault direction in isolated
systems.
[dwsinphi-011112-01.tif, 4, en_US]
Blocking the Operate Indication via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function
The Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter allows you to define whether the operate indication of
the stage should be blocked by exceeding of the threshold values due to an inrush current. In case of a
blocking and fulfilled pickup conditions, the stage picks up. The start of the time delay and the operate indica-
tion are blocked. The function indicates this through a corresponding indication. If the blocking drops out and
the pickup conditions are still met, the time delay is started.
The binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer circuit breaker is linked with
the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
Parameter: Dir. measuring method, correction, Min.polar.3I0> for dir.det., 3I0> threshold
value
6.13.4.3 Settings
6.13.5.1 Description
Overview
Ground faults occurring in arc-suppression-coil-ground systems often extinguish a short time after the igni-
tion, mostly within a few milliseconds. Such transient occurrences are called transient ground faults. In order
to detect the ground-fault direction, based on these transient occurrences, a special method of measurement
is required that can also capture high frequencies. Conventional methods based on phasor calculations are not
suitable. Even for ground faults lasting for a short time, usually, a high-frequency charging process occurs in
healthy phases. The transient charging process is evaluated by the transient ground-fault method of measure-
ment to determine the ground-fault direction. An integrating method of measurement ensures a high degree
of sensitivity and a positive stability against parasitic signals in the zero-sequence system.
Since permanent ground faults also start with the transient charging process in healthy phases, those errors
will be detected as well.
This process is most suitable for the use in closed loops or meshed systems. Operational, circulating zero-
sequence currents are eliminated and therefore, cannot affect the directional result.
Stage-Control Logic
[lostuwis-240113-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[lowisfut-240113-01.tif, 7, en_US]
The fundamental-component value of the zero-sequence voltage V0 is not influenced by switching oper-
ations and is thus a good criterion for distinguishing the ground fault from a switching procedure. The
condition that the fundamental-component value must exceed the V0> threshold value for
reporting the direction result effectively suppresses the influence of switching operations.
For rare cases in which high zero-sequence voltages occur over longer time ranges after switching off the
feeder or line, a criterion based on the positive-sequence current is also effective. This criterion compares
the positive-sequence current before and after the transient event and thus detects a disconnection. In
case of disconnection, the direction result is not reported.
Through stabilization mechanisms, the direction result is reported 100 ms after the ground-fault ignition.
Thus a pickup occurs with a 100-ms delay.
If the stage is used in a 1-phase function group, the additional criterion via the positive-sequence current
is not effective.
The function detects transient occurrences in the zero-sequence voltage. In systems with operational
zero-sequence voltages, if the measuring voltage is switched on, the function can internally be started. If
the fundamental-component value of the zero-sequence voltage does not exceed the threshold of the
Maximum operational V0 parameter in a time slot of 100 ms after the function start, the function is
reset internally.
Trip Logic
[loauswis-240113-01.tif, 3, en_US]
In many applications, the transient ground-fault stage is used only to indicate the direction. In this case, the
trip logic is not required and remains disabled. However, this stage can also be used to disable a permanent
ground fault. For this, you enable the optional trip logic with the Operate functionality parameter. If
the fundamental-component values V0 and 3I0 exceed the set threshold values, the tripping delay (Operate
delay parameter) starts with the pickup. If the parameter Operate & flt.rec. blocked is set to no, the
stage operates when the tripping delay expires.
An intermittent ground fault has the characteristics of periodical extinction and reignition within one half
period up to several periods. You can find more information in chapter 6.11.1 Overview of Functions. Due to
the tripping delay and the too short fault durations (contact to ground), reliable tripping is not possible. To
ensure reliable tripping under such conditions, the parameter Dropout delay can be used. When the fault
extinguishes, the fundamental values of V0 and 3I0 drop below the threshold values. A dropout can be
delayed for a time specified with the Dropout delay parameter. The tripping delay continues to run. If the
time delay expires within the dropout delay, the stage operates. You can set the Dropout delay according
to the application. The default setting is 0 s. The setting of the dropout delay does not affect the direction
determination. When the fault reignites, a new direction determination takes place if the function has
dropped out before. If the determined direction is opposite to the parameterized direction or is unknown, the
tripping delay is reset immediately.
The binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer circuit breaker is linked with
the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
6.13.5.3 Settings
The stage type 3I0> with cos or sin measurement is suited for directional detection of intermittent
ground faults. Many years of field experience and field tests have shown that the direction determination of
this stage type reliably determines the direction of the current peaks. Between the current peaks, the direction
is detected as unknown. To generate a tripping or an alarm, you can analyze the individual pickups of a stage
(each directional pickup corresponds to a current peak) in a time-based way or count them via an additional
user logic (CFC chart).
You can also ensure the result in the user logic via a 2nd directional stage that works in the backward direc-
tion, as well as a V0 stage.
You can operate a 3rd directional stage in parallel for detection of permanent ground faults.
In the following, certain settings are explained that are necessary for this application (detection of intermittent
ground faults):
Parameter: (_:2311:102) Dropout delay
The function must treat the intermittent process as one ground fault. For this, it is necessary that the
indication Ground fault does not drop out between 2 consecutive current peaks. This is ensured via
the Dropout delay parameter (FB General). A dropout delay of 1 s is a feasible value.
6.13.7.1 Description
Logic
[logfppvi-291112-02.vsd, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-229 Logic Diagram of the Directional 3I0 Stage with (V0,3I0) Measurement
Direction Determination
Exceeding the threshold values by the zero-sequence voltage V0 is a criterion for the ground fault. The direc-
tion determination can be delayed from the occurrence of the zero-sequence voltage with the Dir. deter-
mination delay parameter to achieve steady-state measurands.
The direction is determined via the determination of the phase angle between the angle-error compensated
ground current 3I0com. and the rotated zero-sequence voltage V0, indicated in the following as reference
voltage Vref,rot. To take different system conditions and applications into account, the reference voltage can be
rotated through an adjustable angle (Rotation angle of ref. volt. parameter). This moves the vector
of the rotated reference voltage close to the vector ground current -3I0com. Consequently, the result of direc-
tion determination is as reliable as possible.
The rotated reference voltage Vref,rot and the Forward section +/- parameter define the forward and
reverse area. The forward area results as range around the rotated reference voltage Vref,rot. The value
is set with the Forward section +/- parameter. The remaining area besides the forward area is the
reverse area. Between the forward and reverse area, a hysteresis is defined, refer to Figure 6-230.
[dwdirrot-011112-02.vsd, 1, en_US]
Blocking the Operate Indication via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function
The Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter allows you to define whether the operate indication of
the stage should be blocked by exceeding of the threshold values due to an inrush current. In case of a
blocking and fulfilled pickup conditions, the stage picks up. The start of the time delay and the operate indica-
tion are blocked. The function indicates this through a corresponding indication. If the blocking drops out and
the pickup conditions are still met, the time delay is started.
The binary input signal >open of the function block Voltage-transformer circuit breaker is connected to
the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
With the Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter, you specify whether the operate is blocked during
detection of an inrush current.
Siemens recommends disabling the blocking. The fundamental component of the zero-sequence voltage is a
reliable criterion for the ground fault and remains unaffected by an enabling procedure.
The Operate delay parameter determines the time during which the pickup conditions must be met to
issue the operate indication. The operate indication is issued when this time expires.
6.13.7.3 Settings
6.13.8.1 Description
[LoY0G0B0-300713-01, 5, en_US]
The method of measurement processes the sampled voltage values and filters out the fundamental compo-
nent numerically.
Y0, G0, B0
The fundamental-component values of V0 and 3I0 are used to calculate the admittance Y0 = G0 + jB0. You can
choose to use G0 or B0 to determine the direction.
Direction Determination
Exceeding the threshold values by the zero-sequence voltage V0 is a criterion for the ground fault. The direc-
tion determination can be delayed from the occurrence of the zero-sequence voltage with the Dir. deter-
mination delay parameter to achieve steady-state measurands. The result from the direction determina-
tion is only valid if the absolute value of the ground current 3I0 has also exceeded its release threshold value.
The following figure shows an example of the direction determination in the complex phasor diagram for the
G0 direction measurement method with a correction value of the direction straight line from 0 (Parameter
correction). The example is suitable for the determination of the ground-fault direction in an arc-suppres-
sion-coil-ground system where the value G0 is decisive for the direction determination.
[DwY0Dire-171012-01, 1, en_US]
The zero-sequence voltage V0 is generally the reference value for the real axis and is identical to the G0 axis.
The axis of symmetry of the direction-characteristic curve coincides with the B0 (reactive) axis for this
example. For the direction determination, the component of the admittance perpendicular to the set direc-
tion-characteristic curve (= axis of symmetry) is decisive G0dir (=Y0dir). In this example, this is the active
component G0active of the admittance Y0. The conductance G0dir. (here = G0active) is calculated and
compared with the setting value Polarized G0/B0 threshold. If the conductance G0dir. exceeds the
positive setting value, the direction is forward. If the conductance G0dir. exceeds the negative setting value,
the direction is backward. In the range in between, the direction is undetermined.
With the 1 reduction dir. area and 2 reduction dir. area parameters, you can limit the
forward and backward ranges as shown in Figure 6-233. With this, the direction determination is secured in
case of high currents in the direction of the axis of symmetry.
The symmetry axis can be turned via a correction angle ( correction parameter) in a range of 45.
Through this, it is possible, for example, to attain the greatest sensitivity in grounded systems in the resistive-
inductive range with a -45 turn. In the case of electric machines in busbar connection on the isolated system,
the greatest sensitivity in the resistive-capacitive range can be attained with a turn of +45 (see following
figure).
[DwY0meas-171012-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-233 Turning the Direction-Characteristic Curves with G0 Measurement with Angle Correction
If you set the Dir. measuring method parameter to B0 and the correction parameter to 0, the axis
of symmetry of the direction-characteristic curve coincides with the G0 and V0 axes. Since the component of
the admittance Y0 perpendicular to the direction-characteristic curve (= axis of symmetry) is decisive (B0dir.
(=Y0dir.)), here, the susceptance B0 (reactive) is used in the direction determination. If the susceptance B0dir.
(B0reactive) exceeds the negative setting value Polarized G0/B0 threshold, the direction is forward. If
the susceptance B0dir. exceeds the positive setting value, the direction is backward. In the range in between,
the direction is undetermined.
This direction measurement thus is appropriate for the determination of ground-fault direction in isolated
systems.
[DwSiCoY0-011112-01, 1, en_US]
Blocking the Operate Indication via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function
The Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter allows you to define whether the operate indication of
the stage should be blocked by exceeding of the threshold values due to an inrush current. In case of a
blocking and fulfilled pickup conditions, the stage picks up. The start of the time delay and the operate indica-
tion are blocked. The function indicates this through a corresponding indication. If the blocking drops out and
the pickup conditions are still met, the time delay is started.
The binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer circuit breaker is linked with
the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
Parameter: Dir. measuring method, correction, Polarized G0/B0 threshold, 3I0> release
thresh. value
These parameters are used to define the direction characteristic of the stage. The direction characteristic to
use is dependent on the neutral-point treatment of the system.
Note that, for the direction determination, basically only the component of the admittance perpendicular to
the set direction-characteristic curve is decisive, see chapter 6.13.8.1 Description. This admittance component
is compared to the threshold value Polarized G0/B0 threshold. In contrast, the absolute value of the
current 3I0 is compared with the 3I0> release thresh. value parameter.
System Type/ Description
Neutral-Point Treat-
ment
Grounded In the arc-suppression-coil-ground system, the watt-metric residual current 3I0 cos
of the arc-suppression coil is decisive for the direction determination.
To evaluate the watt-metric residual current, set the parameters as follows:
Dir. measuring method = G0
correction = 0.0
The direction determination for a ground fault is made more difficult in that a much
larger reactive current of capacitive or inductive character is superimposed on the small
watt-metric residual current. Therefore, depending on the system configuration and
the fault evaluation, the total ground current supplied to the device can vary consider-
ably in its values regarding the magnitude and the phase angle. However, the device
should only evaluate the active component of the ground-fault current.
This requires extremely high accuracy, particularly regarding the phase-angle measure-
ment of all the instrument transformers. Furthermore, the device must not be set to
operate too sensitively. A reliable direction measurement can only be expected with
connection to a core balance current transformer. For the setting of the Polarized
G0/B0 threshold parameter, the following formula applies:
where:
ks: Safety margin, ks = 1.2 (cable networks), ks = 2.0 (overhead lines)
I0active: Active component of the ground-fault current (watt-metric residual current) of
the protected line
Vrated: Secondary rated voltage in the healthy case
I0min: Min. ground current in the healthy case, 5 mA to 10 mA (core balance current
transformer), 50 mA to 100 mA (Holmgreen transformer)
V0>: Pickup threshold of the residual voltage 0.1
If a parallel resistor Rp is used on the arc-suppression coil, the threshold value G0 must
also be smaller than:
where:
ks: Safety margin 1.5
IRp: Secondary rated current of the parallel resistor
Vrated: Secondary rated voltage in the healthy case
The 3I0> release thresh. value parameter can be set to half of the expected
measuring current and here, the entire zero-sequence current can be put to use.
where:
I0min: Ground current in the healthy case
where:
ks: Safety margin, ks = 1.2 (cable networks), ks = 2.0 (overhead lines)
I0active: Active component of the ground-fault current of the protected line
Vrated: Secondary rated voltage in the healthy case
I0min: Min. ground current in the healthy case, 5 mA to 10 mA (core balance current
transformer), 50 mA to 100 mA (Holmgreen transformer)
V0>: Pickup threshold of the residual voltage 0.02
The 3I0> release thresh. value parameter must be set to a value below the
minimum expected ground-fault current.
In an arc-suppression-coil-ground system in feeders with a very large reactive current, it can be practical to set
a somewhat larger angle 1 to avoid a false pickup based on transformer and algorithm tolerances.
6.13.8.3 Settings
6.13.9.1 Description
The Directional stage with phasor measurement of a harmonic is based on a continuous measuring direc-
tion-determination method. The stage determines the direction via the 3rd, 5th, or 7th harmonic phasors of
the zero-sequence voltage V0 and current 3I0.
Logic
Figure 6-235 Logic Diagram of the Directional Stage with Phasor Measurement of a Harmonic
Figure 6-236 Logic Diagram of the Start Conditions and of the Direction Determination
The absolute value of the zero-sequence harmonic current 3I0harm. exceeds the threshold Min. 3I0>
harmonic when the timer Dir. determination delay expires.
To carry out the direction determination, the following condition must also be met in addition to the
preceding 2 conditions:
The zero-sequence harmonic voltage V0harm. must exceed the threshold which is 0.02 % of the secondary
rated voltage of the voltage transformer. If this condition is not met, the direction result is unknown.
The direction result is indicated via the Ground fault signal.
The stage pickup depends on the direction result and on the Directional mode parameter:
If the Directional mode parameter is set as forward or reverse, the stage picks up when the direc-
tion result equals the parameterized direction, and the Pickup is signaled with the determined direction.
If the Directional mode parameter is set as non-directional, the stage picks up regardless of the
direction result, and the Pickup is signaled with the unknown information.
Direction Determination
With the Harmonic selection parameter, you can select the 3rd, 5th, or 7th harmonic phasor for direction
determination. The direction is determined via the calculation of the phase angle between the following
values:
Zero-sequence harmonic current 3I0harm.
Rotated zero-sequence harmonic voltage V0harm., indicated in the following as reference voltage Vref,rot
The reference voltage is rotated by the angle +90 in relation to V0. This provides the maximum security for
the direction determination assuming that 3I0harm. is a reactive current.
The rotated reference voltage Vref,rot and the Forward section +/- parameter define the forward and
reverse area. For details, refer to Figure 6-237.
The areas in the following figure are as follows:
The forward area results as range around the rotated reference voltage Vref,rot. You can set the value
with the Forward section +/- parameter. If the vector of the secondary ground current
-3I0harm. lies within this area, the direction result is forward.
The mirror area of the forward area is the reverse area. If the vector of the secondary ground current
-3I0harm. lies within this area, the direction result is reverse.
Stabilization Counter
To determine a reliable direction result, the function uses a stabilization counter. For indicating a direction
result, the determined direction must be stable for 4 successive measuring cycles. The cycle time is 10 ms.
Direction-Result Extension
With the timer Dir.-result extension, you can extend the last determined direction result if the condi-
tions for a further direction determination are no longer met. The last direction result is held until the condi-
tions for a further direction determination are met again (timer is reset) or until the timer expires. The
behavior of the direction-result extension varies according to the setting of the Directional mode param-
eter:
Directional mode = forward or reverse
As soon as the zero-sequence harmonic current 3I0harm. or the zero-sequence harmonic voltage
V0harm. falls below its respective dropout value, the timer Dir.-result extension starts. If the
direction result equals the setting of the Directional mode parameter, the last Pickup signal is also
extended.
If both 3I0harm. and V0harm. exceed their thresholds again, the timer Dir.-result extension is
reset immediately and the direction determination is carried out again.
With the 3I0 harm. dropout ratio parameter, you define the dropout threshold for the Min. 3I0>
harmonic parameter.
Lowering this dropout threshold enlarges the range and the period of direction determination under fluctu-
ating zero-sequence harmonics. Siemens recommends using the default setting.
If the Directional mode parameter is set as non-directional, the stage picks up regardless of the
direction result, and the Pickup is signaled with the unknown information.
NOTE
i When both the Operate delay and the Dir.-result extension are applied, the Operate delay
should usually be set to a considerably greater value than the Dir.-result extension. If the Operate
delay is less than the Dir.-result extension, the function will operate for each fault regardless of
the fault duration, as long as the fault direction equals the set direction.
The binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer circuit breaker is connected to
the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
6.13.9.3 Settings
6.13.10.1 Description
Logic
Figure 6-238 Logic Diagram of the Non-Directional V0 Stage with Zero-Sequence Voltage/Residual Voltage
Measurement of the fundamental component over 2 cycle filters with triangular window:
This method of measurement processes the sampled voltage values and filters out the fundamental
component numerically. The extended filter length compared to the standard filter and the use of the
triangular window results in a particularly strong attenuation of harmonics and transient faults. The
extended filter length causes the pickup time to increase slightly compared to the standard filter (see
11.10.7 Non-Directional V0 Stage with Zero-Sequence Voltage/Residual Voltage).
Pickup, Dropout
The stage compares the Threshold with the zero-sequence voltage V0. The Pickup delay parameter
allows you to delay the pickup of the stage depending on the residual voltage.
With the Dropout ratio parameter, you can define the ratio of the dropout value to the Threshold.
From an external source via the binary input signal >open of the function block Voltage-transformer
circuit breaker, which links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker. The Blk. by
meas.-volt. failure parameter can be set so that measuring-voltage failure detection blocks the
stage or not.
Parameter: Threshold
Siemens recommends setting a more sensitive (smaller) value in grounded systems. This value must be
higher than the maximum residual voltage anticipated during operation caused by system unbalances.
EXAMPLE
For an isolated system
The residual voltage is measured via the broken-delta winding:
If the ground fault is fully unbalanced, a residual voltage of 100 V is present at the device terminals.
The threshold value should be set so that the stage picks up on 50 % of the full residual voltage.
The binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer circuit breaker is
linked with the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
6.13.10.3 Settings
6.13.11.1 Description
In the Directional sensitive ground-fault detection function, the Non-directional 3I0 stage also works on
demand.
Logic
Method of Measurement
You use the Method of measurement parameter to define whether the stage uses the fundamental
comp. or the calculated RMS value.
Measurement of the fundamental component:
This method of measurement processes the sampled current values and filters out the fundamental
component numerically.
Parameter: Threshold
With the parameter Pickup delay you set whether pickup of the stage is to be delayed or not. If the tran-
sient cycle of the ground fault occurrence should not be evaluated, set a delay of 100 ms, for example.
6.13.11.3 Settings
6.13.12.1 Description
In the Directional sensitive ground-fault detection function, the Non-directional Y0 stage also works on
demand.
Logic
[logfpsy0-240614-01.vsd, 2, en_US]
Y0
The fundamental-component values of V0 and 3I0 are used to calculate the admittance Y0 through the
formula Y0 = 3I0/V0. This stage uses Y0 as a condition to recognize the ground fault.
Blocking of the Operate Indication via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function
The Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter allows you to define whether the operate indication of
the stage should be blocked by exceeding of the threshold values due to an inrush current. In case of a
blocking, the stage picks up. The start of the time delay and the operate indication are blocked. The function
indicates this through a corresponding indication. If the blocking drops out and the threshold value of the
stage is still exceeded, the time delay is started.
The binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer circuit breaker is connected to
the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
[fo_SeGfY0-270614-01, 2, en_US]
6.13.12.3 Settings
6.13.13.1 Description
Overview
The Pulse-pattern detection stage detects a faulty feeder during a permanent ground fault in overcompen-
sated systems. This method is not reliably applicable to undercompensated systems.
The following figure shows a simplified network that applies the pulse-pattern detection method.
The pulse pattern in the ground current 3I0 is generated by switching on and off a capacitor in parallel to the
arc-suppression coil:
When the capacitor is switched on, an additional capacitive ground current is generated and the 3I0
compensation changes.
When the capacitor is switched off, the additional capacitive ground current is vanished and the 3I0
compensation returns to the normal state.
When the clocking pulse is off, the capacitor is switched off, 3I0 in the faulty feeder is increased, and the
current pulse pattern is on.
Clocking Pulse Capacitor 3I0 in the Faulty Feeder Current Pulse Pattern of the Faulty Feeder
On On Reduced Off
Off Off Increased On
Logic
The method of measurement processes the sampled current values and filters out the fundamental compo-
nent numerically.
Depending on the connection type of the measuring point as well as the current terminal blocks used,
different linearity and setting ranges result. You can find more information in section Measured Value 3I0,
Method of Measurement , Page 703.
If VN or V0 is not available, the current is the only criterion for starting the pulse-detection logic. When
the fundamental-component value of the zero-sequence current 3I0 exceeds the 3I0> threshold
value, the pulse-detection logic is started.
If the measured current pulse-off duration equals to the value of the Pulse-on duration parameter and
the measured current pulse-on duration equals to the value of the Pulse-off duration parameter, a valid
pulse is detected.
After the first valid pulse is detected, the pulse counter is started to count the number of pulses continuously
until the stage resets.
Pickup, Operate
After the first valid pulse is detected, the stage picks up.
If the number of detected pulses within the pulse monitoring time reaches the setting of the No. of
pulses for operate parameter, the stage operates. The pulse monitoring time is calculated via the
following formula:
Pulse monitoring time = Value Monitoring time(in pulses) (Value Pulse-on duration + Value
Pulse-off duration)
For example, the value of the No. of pulses for operate parameter is 3, and the value of the Moni-
toring time(in pulses) is 5. Then the pickup and operate time diagram is as follows:
After the 3rd valid pulse is detected, the stage does not operate because the time between the 1st and
the 3rd valid pulses is greater than the pulse monitoring time which is 5 clocking pulses.
After the 4th valid pulse is detected, the stage operates because the time between the 2nd and the 4th
valid pulses is within the pulse monitoring time which is 5 clocking pulses.
Dropout Delay
Switching on the capacitor usually causes 3I0 to decrease in the faulty feeder. This must not cause the stage to
drop out. For that reason, a dropout delay is active for the sum of the Pulse-on duration and Pulse-off
duration values.
EXAMPLE
Clocking device:
Tolerance to be set:
[dw_tolerance, 1, en_US]
If you have no information about the tolerance of the clocking device, you can carry out a test recording while
the clocking device is in operation. From the test recording, you can read the inaccuracy of the pulse-on/pulse-
off durations. Add a safety margin of 20 ms on the read inaccuracy and consider this as the maximum toler-
ance of the clocking device. For the setting, add another 40 ms for the tolerance of the SIPROTEC 5 device.
To prevent minor current fluctuations from leading to a maloperation of the function, the setting of the 3I0
delta pulse off-on parameter cannot be less than 5 %.
The setting of the 3I0 delta pulse off-on parameter can be calculated with the following formula:
[fo_3I0_delta_pulse_off-on, 1, en_US]
Where
Kf Safety factor
Siemens recommends applying the factor 0.6 to also detect high-impedance ground faults.
Cs Capacitance of the switched capacitor
Angular frequency, which equals to 2f, where f is the power frequency
L Inductance of the arc-suppression coil
C0 Zero-sequence capacitance of the whole network
C0i Zero-sequence capacitance of the protected feeder
EXAMPLE
Kf 0.6
Cs 1.1 10-6 F
314 rad/s
L 0.577 H
C0 5.4297 10-6 F
C0i 1.5502 10-6 F
Then the setting of the 3I0 delta pulse off-on parameter is calculated as follows:
If the network information for the setting calculation is not available, Siemens recommends using the default
setting of 10 %.
6.13.13.3 Settings
NOTE
i This section explains the basic design of the distance protection function. Descriptions of the 5 listed func-
tions can be found in the line protection manual (C53000-G5000-C010).
Distance protection with reactance method (RMD)
Teleprotection with distance protection
NOTE
i When using line distance protection functions in transformer differential protection, the current-trans-
former requirements of the line protection must be considered. You can find these in the line protection
manual (C53000-G5040-C010).
Trips 3-phase
The following figure shows the structural principles of the function Distance protection for grounded
systems.
[dwstrg3p-090212-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Mode of Operation
Ground-fault detection determines whether a ground fault has occurred. The pickup method releases the
measurement loops. The impedance is calculated for the released loops. The calculated impedance is assigned
to the operate curves (quadrilateral, MHO or circular characteristic) of the zones.
In the Impedance pickup method, the load cutout is then analyzed and the apparent impedances eliminated.
For all picked up loops, the direction to the short-circuit location is then determined. The loop selection deter-
mines for which of the picked up loops assignment in the defined zones is done. The loop elimination removes
all loops that are no longer picked up after direction determination and querying the load cutout. For the
picked up loops, the time delay in the zone logic is started. The zone logic forms the pickup and trip signals of
the loops and phases for the zone. The output logic processes the pickup and trip signals of the zones and
forms the pickup and trip signals of the distance protection.
Ground-Fault Detection
Ground-fault detection checks whether a ground fault has occurred. If a ground fault has occurred, the meas-
uring elements for the phase-to-ground loops are released.
For ground-fault detection, the following criteria are available:
Monitoring of the zero-sequence current 3I0
Monitoring of the ratio of the zero-sequence current and negative-sequence current (3I0/3I2)
Current and voltage criteria complement one another (see Figure 6-246). If the ratio of zero-sequence impe-
dance to positive-sequence impedance is greater, zero voltage increases. If the ratio of zero-sequence impe-
dance to positive-sequence impedance is small, the ground current increases. The Ground-fault detec-
tion parameter determines the criterion used to perform ground fault recognition.
If a phase current leads to current-transformer saturation, the voltage criterion must be met for ground-fault
detection. Uneven saturation of current transformers can lead to a secondary zero-sequence current without a
primary zero-sequence current flowing. Automatic scanning of the voltage criterion in the event of current-
transformer saturation prevents unwanted ground-fault detections.
Ground-fault detection alone does not lead to the general pickup of the distance protection; it only controls
other pickup modules. Ground-fault detection is also not indicated on its own.
[loerdfeh-240511-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The zero-sequence current criterion monitors the fundamental component of the sum of phase currents for
exceeding a settable value (parameter 3I0> threshold value).
The residual-current criterion is stabilized against unwanted pickup for the following cases:
Zero-sequence currents due to unbalanced load conditions
zero-sequence currents in the event of faults without ground contact due to differing saturation of
phase-current transformers
[dwklerds-060611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
For long, highly loaded lines, high load currents can lead to destabilization of the residual-current criterion
(see Figure 6-247). For the detection of ground faults, the load-independent negative-sequence current crite-
rion is extended. In addition to the zero-sequence current, the ratio of zero-sequence current to negative-
sequence current is also monitored. In a 1-phase short circuit, the negative-sequence current I2 is approxi-
mately as high as the zero-sequence current I0. If the ratio of zero-sequence current to negative-sequence
current exceeds a preset limit, the criterion is released. The zero-sequence current/negative-sequence current
criterion is stabilized for high negative-sequence currents using a parabolic characteristic. Figure 6-248 shows
the connection. A prerequisite for release of the zero-sequence current/negative-sequence current criterion is
a minimum current of 0.2 Irated for 3I0.
[dwkli0i2-140611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The zero voltage is monitored for exceeding a set value (parameter V0> threshold value). The dropout
threshold is about 95 % of the pickup value. In grounded systems, monitoring of the zero voltage can be used
as an additional ground-fault criterion.
Pickup Method
The pickup method selects the fault loops to be measured. The following pickup methods are available:
Impedance pickup
Overcurrent pickup
V-/I pickup
V-/I- pickup
Impedance pickup is preconfigured as the pickup method. You can use different pickup methods in parallel.
Zone Assignment
The calculated impedance phasors for the fault loops are assigned to the zones. For each zone, an operate
curve is defined in the R-X plane. The following operate curves are available:
Quadrilateral characteristic
MHO characteristic curve
You can find the description of operate curves in the chapters 6.14.6 Zone with Quadrilateral Characteristic
Curve and 6.14.7 Zone with MHO Characteristic Curve.
Direction Determination
You can define for each zone whether the zone should work forwards, backwards, or non-directional.
For directional zones, you define the direction in the R-X plane. When assigning the impedance phasors in the
R-X plane, the direction is then additionally analyzed. The description can be found in chapter 6.14.4 Direction
Determination.
Output Logic
The output logic of the function Distance protection for grounded systems links the output indications of
the zones and forms the group trip signal of the function.
You can find the description of the output logic in chapter 6.14.9 Output Logic of the Distance Protection.
Blocking of the pickup during impedance pickup by blocking the external distance zone(s)
The Inrush-current detection can be configured individually for the blocking of the mentioned pickup
methods and distance zones. In case of blocking, the distance zone that is linked to the inrush-current detec-
tion or the pickup method will not pick up. The function Inrush-current detection signals the blocking
through a corresponding indication. Once the blocking drops out and the pickup condition for the respective
method or the linked distance zone is met, the pickup is signaled and the corresponding time delay will start.
After that time, the operate indication will be generated. Only if the central function Inrush-current detection
(see section 6.56 Inrush-Current Detection) is in effect can the blocking be set.
EXAMPLE:
Calculate the line angle from the data of the positive-sequence impedance on the line to be protected:
If you need to coordinate the function with other equipment, you can also set the inclination angle of the
distance protection characteristic differently.
faults as backup protection, set the 3I0> threshold value parameter to a more sensitive value than that
necessary for internal faults. Siemens recommends keeping the setting value of 0.10A.
Default setting (_:2311:108) Loop select. with ph-ph-g = block leading phase
The Loop select. with ph-ph-g parameter is used to determine which loops will be analyzed by the
distance protection in the event of double ground faults. You can restrict the analysis to certain loops. If you
wish to restrict analysis to certain loops, they must have the same direction.
In the case of a bilateral infeed to one common fault resistance with respect to ground, the phase-to-ground
loop of the leading phase tends to overreach, that is, the leading phase-to-ground loop is measured too small.
If you set the parameter Loop select. with ph-ph-g = block leading phase, these loops will not
be analyzed.
The following table shows which loops are analyzed for different settings of the Loop select. with ph-
ph-g parameter:
Parameter Value Picked Up Loops Analyzed Loop(s)
block leading phase A-gnd, B-gnd, A-B B-gnd, A-B
B-gnd, C-gnd, B-C C-gnd, B-C
A-gnd, C-gnd, C-A A-gnd, C-A
block lagging phase A-gnd, B-gnd, A-B A-gnd, A-B
B-gnd, C-gnd, B-C B-gnd, B-C
A-gnd, C-gnd, C-A C-gnd, C-A
all A-gnd, B-gnd, A-B A-gnd, B-gnd, A-B
B-gnd, C-gnd, B-C B-gnd, C-gnd, B-C
A-gnd, C-gnd, C-A A-gnd, C-gnd, C-A
ph-ph only A-gnd, B-gnd, A-B A-B
B-gnd, C-gnd, B-C B-C
A-gnd, C-gnd, C-A C-A
ph-gnd only A-gnd, B-gnd, A-B A-gnd, B-gnd
B-gnd, C-gnd, B-C B-gnd, C-gnd
A-gnd, C-gnd, C-A A-gnd, C-gnd
In a double line, ground faults may occur simultaneously on both lines. To avoid blocking of the internal fault
loop, you must set the parameter Loop select. with ph-ph-g to ph-gnd only or all for this applica-
tion. To ensure the selectivity of protection, reduce the range of the underreaching zone.
NOTE
i You see the parameter Parallel-line compensat. only if the ground current of the parallel line is
available in the Line function group. To do this, connect the measuring point I-1ph (ground current of the
parallel line) to the Line function group in DIGSI 5.
NOTE
i The following parameters will be visible only if you are working with MHO characteristic curves:
Mem. polarization(ph-g)
Mem. polarization(ph-ph)
Cross polarization(ph-g)
Cross polarization(ph-ph)
The parameters apply to all MHO zones!
teristic curve depending on the source impedance. If you wish to work with the basic characteristic curve
without extension, set the Cross polarization(ph-ph) parameter to 0.0 %.
6.14.2.4 Settings
Trips 3-phase
The function Distance protection for isolated or resonant-grounded systems consists of the following
blocks:
General information
Pickup method
[dwstriso-090212-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Mode of Operation
Ground-fault detection determines whether a ground fault has occurred. The pickup method releases the
measurement loops. The impedance is calculated for the released loops. The calculated impedance is assigned
to the operate curves (quadrilateral, MHO, or circular characteristic 29) of the zones. In the Impedance pickup
method, the load cutout is then analyzed and the apparent impedances eliminated. For all picked up loops,
the direction to the short-circuit location is then determined. The loop selection determines for which of the
picked up loops assignment in the defined zones is done. The loop elimination removes all loops that are no
longer picked up after direction determination and querying the load cutout. For the picked up loops, the time
delay in the zone logic is started. The zone logic forms the pickup and trip signals of the loops and phases for
the zone. The output logic processes the pickup and trip signals of the zones and forms the pickup and trip
signals of the distance protection.
29 in preparation
Ground-Fault Detection
Ground-fault detection checks whether a ground fault has occurred. If a ground fault has occurred, the meas-
uring elements for the phase-to-ground loops are released.
For ground-fault detection, the following criteria are available:
Monitoring of the zero-sequence current 3I0
Monitoring of the ratio of the zero-sequence current and negative-sequence current (3I0/3I2)
[losymerk-140211-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-251 shows the logic of the ground-fault detection in isolated or resonant-grounded systems.
If the following conditions are met, the ground-fault detection responds for double ground faults with very
low ground currents:
The zero-sequence current is 10 % of the measured negative-sequence current I2
The zero-sequence current is at least 5 % of the secondary rated current
[loisolie-140211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The zero-sequence current criterion monitors the fundamental component of the sum of phase currents for
exceeding a settable value (parameter 3I0> threshold value).
The zero-sequence current criterion is stabilized against unwanted pickup for the following cases:
Zero-sequence currents due to unbalanced load conditions
Zero-sequence currents in the event of faults without ground contact due to differing saturation of
phase-current transformers
[dwklerds-060611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
For long lines, high load currents can lead to destabilization of the residual-current criterion (see
Figure 6-252). For the detection of double ground faults, the load-independent negative-sequence current
criterion is extended. In addition to the zero-sequence current, the ratio of zero-sequence current to negative-
sequence current is also monitored. If the ratio of zero-sequence current to negative-sequence current
exceeds a preset limit, the criterion is released. The zero-sequence current/negative-sequence current criterion
is stabilized for high negative-sequence currents using a parabolic characteristic. Figure 6-253 shows the
connection. A prerequisite for release of the zero-sequence current/negative-sequence current criterion is a
minimum current of 0.2 Irated for 3I0.
[dwkli0i2-140611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Only for current-transformer saturation, the zero-sequence voltage criterion is taken into account for the
release of the ground-fault detection for double ground faults. If V0 exceeds the firmly set threshold of 0.23 V
Vrated, the zero-sequence voltage criterion is released.
Pickup Method
The pickup method selects the fault loops to be measured. The following pickup methods are available:
Impedance pickup
Overcurrent pickup
V-/I pickup
V-/I- pickup
Impedance pickup is preconfigured as the pickup method. You can use different pickup methods in parallel.
Zone Assignment
The calculated impedance phasors for the fault loops are assigned to the zones. For each zone, an operate
curve is defined in the R-X plane. The following operate curves are available:
Quadrilateral characteristic (preconfigured)
MHO characteristic curve
You can find the description of operate curves in the chapters 6.14.6 Zone with Quadrilateral Characteristic
Curve and 6.14.7 Zone with MHO Characteristic Curve.
Direction Determination
You can define for each zone whether the zone should work forwards, backwards, or non-directional.
For directional zones, you define the direction in the R-X plane. When assigning the impedance phasors in the
R-X plane, the direction is then additionally analyzed. The description can be found in chapter 6.14.4 Direction
Determination.
[dwerdslu-100611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If a ground fault occurs, a significant starting current can flow in an extended resonant-grounded system. This
can result in a pickup of the ground-current pickup. Special measures must be taken to prevent unwanted
pickups when a ground fault occurs.
Specify a uniform double ground-fault preference for the galvanically contiguous system. This specifies which
fault will be switched off.
For a double ground fault in the isolated or resonant-grounded system, it is enough to switch off one base
point. The 2nd fault can remain in the system as a simple ground fault. Specify a uniform double ground-fault
preference for the galvanically contiguous system. This specifies which fault will be switched off. The Phase
preferen. (ph-ph-g) parameter is used to define the order of preference. The following double ground-
fault preferences can be selected.
Setting for Parameter Phase preferen. (ph-ph- Principle of Preference
g)
C(A) acyclical Acyclical C before A before B
A(C) acyclical Acyclical A before C before B
B(A) acyclical Acyclical B before A before C
A(B) acyclical Acyclical A before B before C
C(B) acyclical Acyclical C before B before A
B(C) acyclical Acyclical B before C before A
C(A) cyclical Cyclical C before A before B before C
A(C) cyclical Cyclical A before C before B before A
In the 8 preference cases, a ground fault will be switched off according to the preference program. The 2nd
fault remains as a simple ground fault in the system and can be detected using the Ground-fault detection
function.
Blocking of the pickup during impedance pickup by blocking the external distance zone(s)
The Inrush-current detection can be configured individually for the blocking of the mentioned pickup
methods and distance zones. In case of blocking, the distance zone that is linked to the inrush-current detec-
tion or the pickup method will not pick up. The function Inrush-current detection signals the blocking
through a corresponding indication. Once the blocking drops out and the pickup condition for the respective
method or the linked distance zone is met, the pickup is signaled and the corresponding time delay will start.
After that time, the operate indication will be generated. Only if the central function Inrush-current detection
(see section 6.56 Inrush-Current Detection) is in effect can the blocking be set.
EXAMPLE:
Calculate the line angle from the data of the positive-sequence impedance (Z1) on the line to be protected in
the following way:
If you need to coordinate the function with other equipment, you can also set the inclination angle of the
distance protection characteristic differently.
If you wish to switch off both base points of a ground fault, set the parameter Phase preferen. (ph-ph-
g) = all.
NOTE
i The following parameters will be visible only if you are working with MHO characteristic curves:
Mem. polarization(ph-g)
Mem. polarization(ph-ph)
Cross polarization(ph-g)
Cross polarization(ph-ph)
The parameters apply to all MHO zones!
6.14.3.4 Settings
To determine the direction of a short circuit, an impedance phasor is used for each loop.
Different methods are implemented for direction determination. The function selects the most appropriate
method depending on the available input variables when a short circuit occurs.
The following factors during short-circuit occurrence influence, for example, the method selection:
Existing measurands
Existing storage capacities
Direction-Characteristic Curve
The theoretical steady-state direction-characteristic curve is shown in Figure 6-256.
If buffered voltages are used, the following factors influence the position of the direction-characteristic curve:
Source impedance
Power transported on the line before occurrence of the short circuit
For this reason, the direction-characteristic curve (forwards) has a reserve distance to the limits of the 1st
quadrant in the R-X diagram:
[dwritgkl-100611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Since each zone can be set to forward, backward, or non-directional, different (reflected through the center)
direction-characteristic curves are used for forward and backward. A non-directional zone has no direction-
characteristic curve. The entire tripping range applies to it.
[dwrspeiu-140211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwrserko-140211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-258 Voltage Characteristic for a Short Circuit Upstream of a Series Capacitor
The distance protection thus senses a false fault direction. But in this case as well, direction measurement is
correct due to the use of buffered voltages (see Figure 6-259a).
For direction determination, the voltage before the occurrence of the fault is used. Thus the peaks of the
direction-characteristic curves, depending on the source impedance and load conditions before occurrence of
the fault, appear shifted so far that the capacitor reactance does not lead to apparent reversal of direction
(Figure 6-259b). The capacitor reactance is always lower than the source reactance.
If the short circuit is downstream of the capacitor thus in reverse direction from where the device is installed
(current transformer) the peaks of the direction-characteristic curve are shifted in the other direction
(Figure 6-259c). This also ensures a correct direction determination in this case.
[dwrklser-140211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
So that the direction determination for lines with series compensation functions correctly, you must set the
parameter Series compensation = yes in the Line function group.
6.14.5.1 Description
In impedance pickup, the phase currents are monitored. If the phase currents exceed the set Min. phase-
current thresh, the impedances between the phase-to-phase loops are calculated. If a ground fault is
detected, the impedances of the phase-to-ground loops are also calculated.
Impedance pickup includes the elimination of apparent impedance and if activated monitoring of the load
cutout.
Healthy Loops
In impedance pickup, all 6 line loops are calculated. Here, the short-circuit currents and voltages of short-
circuited lines also influence the impedances of the healthy loops. For an A-gnd fault, for example, the short-
circuit current in line A also influences the measured values in measurement loops A-B and C-A. The ground
current is also measured in loops B-gnd and C-gnd. Together with load currents flowing, so-called "apparent
impedances" occur in the healthy loops. These have nothing to do with the actual troubleshooting.
These apparent impedances in the healthy loops are typically greater than the fault impedance of the short-
circuit loop. The healthy loops contain only part of the short-circuit current, and always have a higher voltage
than the faulty loop. They are therefore of no significance for the zone selectivity of the protection.
In addition to zone selectivity, phase selectivity is also important. Phase selectivity includes the identification
of the faulty phase, the generation of phase-selective indications, and the possibility of executing a 1-pole
automatic reclosing function (AREC). Depending on the infeed conditions, short circuits near the station may
have the result that the healthy loops see the short circuit at a greater distance, but they still see it within a
tripping area. This case leads to a disconnection without the option of a 1-pole AREC. The 3-pole disconnec-
tion of the line then results.
Inspecting the loops reliably assures zone and phase selectivity. Loops are inspected in 2 steps.
From the calculated loop impedance and their partial impedances (phase or ground), a replication of the
line is first simulated.
Load Cutout
For long lines with high loads, there is a risk that the load impedance will be reflected in the operate curve of
the distance protection. For operate curves with high R segments, a load cutout can be configured that elimi-
nates unwanted pickups due to overload. The load cutout (see Figure 6-260 can be configured for phase-to-
phase loops and for phase-to-ground loops.
The parameters are explained in chapter 6.14.5.2 Application and Setting Notes.
Load Cutout
The load cutout can be set using the following parameters:
Default setting (_:102) Use ph-g load cutout = Yes
Default setting (_:103) R load cutout (ph-g) = 20.000
[dwlastke-140211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The values should be set a little smaller (about 10 %) than the minimum load impedance expected. The
minimum load impedance results at maximum load current and minimum operating voltage.
EXAMPLE
Calculation of load-cutout parameters in balanced load conditions
110 kV overhead line, 150 mm2, with the data:
Maximum transmittable power
Pmax = 100 MVA
Imax = 525 A
Minimum operating voltage
Vmin = 0.9 Vrated
Current transformer 600 A/5 A
Voltage transformer 110 kV/0.1 kV
[fo_ltber1-210514, 1, en_US]
[fo_ltber2-210514, 1, en_US]
With a safety margin of 10 %, the following setting values result for setting the primary and secondary values:
Primary: R load cutout (ph-ph) = 108.9 or
Secondary: R load cutout (ph-ph) = 11.9
Set the opening angle of the load cutout (parameters Angle load cutout (ph-ph) and Angle load
cutout (ph-g) ) greater (approx. 5) than the maximum occurring load angle (corresponding to the
minimum power factor cos ).
EXAMPLE
Minimum power factor under heavy load (cos max)min = 0.8
max = 36.9
Setting value Angle load cutout (ph-ph) = max + 5 = 41.9
You can find additional setting notes in Example application high voltage overhead line in 6.14.5.2 Applica-
tion and Setting Notes
When, with double lines, 2 line systems are on a single tower, there is a significant coupling between the 2
line systems. In the event of a 1-pole tripping of neighboring circuits, increased load currents and coupled
ground currents can cause a ground pickup. This pickup can be prevented by separate setting of the load
cutout for phase-to-ground loops.
During the 1-pole dead time on the parallel line, a significant ground current flows on the intact line. This
ground current is caused by the coupling in the zero-sequence system. The ground current during the 1-phase
pause on the parallel line must be taken into consideration when setting the R load cutout (ph-g)
parameter.
EXAMPLE
Calculation of the load-cutout parameters for an application on a double circuit line
This example applies to a double line with zero-sequence system coupling of both line systems and 1-pole
tripping on one system in the double line.
The set values for the load cutout parameters are calculated for a 400-kV overhead line with the following
data:
220 km double line on one tower (zero system coupling of both line systems)
Maximum load current per line with both lines in operation:
Pmax = 1200 MVA
Imax = 1732 A
[fofr1bs2-051109-01.tif, 1, en_US]
This calculated value applies to phase-to-phase loops. For double lines, the 1-pole dead time on the parallel
line must also be taken into consideration for phase-to-ground loops. During the 1-pole dead time, the load
current on the intact line increases. At the same time, a load current flows in the ground path on the parallel
line in the 1-pole dead time. Calculate the minimum load impedance for phase-to-ground loops with the load
current in the ground path. For the calculation in this example, this ground current is given as a value relative
to the load current Imax.
For the ratio of Ignd on the healthy line to Imax in the 1-phase pause on the parallel line, the following value is
assumed:
[fofx2bs2-051109-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The line length as well as the source impedance and line impedance have an influence on this ratio. If you
cannot determine the value using a system simulation, you can assume the following approximate values:
Long lines (about 200 km) Ignd1pol:Pause/Imax: approximately 0.4
Short lines (about 25 km) Ignd1pol:Pause/Imax: approximately 0.6
The minimum load impedance for phase-to-ground loops results in the following for the calculation example:
[fofr2bs2-270910-01.tif, 1, en_US]
When parameterizing using PC and DIGSI, you can select to enter the values as the primary or secondary varia-
bles. Conversion into secondary values yields:
[fofr3bs2-051109-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fofr4bs2-051109-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The opening angle of the load cutout, as in the first example for the single line, is calculated using the
minimum power factor.
6.14.5.3 Settings
6.14.6.1 Description
Logic of a Zone
[lopoly3p-060611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Mode of Operation
The zone handles the following tasks:
Impedance calculation from the measured current and voltage values
Placement of the impedance into the zone
Operating Polygon
The quadrilateral characteristic (operating polygon) of the zone is an inclined parallelogram in the R-X plane.
The operating polygon is defined by the parameters X reach, R (ph-ph), R (ph-g) and Zone-inclina-
tion angle.
To stabilize the polygon limits, the characteristics have a hysteresis of 5 %. If the fault impedance lies within a
polygon, the limits are increased by 5 % in all directions.
The following figure shows an example with 4 zones for the distance protection with quadrilateral operate
curve.
[dwklpoly-060611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i You can rename or delete the zones in DIGSI. You can also add additional zones from the DIGSI function
library.
[foflschl-160909-01.tif, 1, en_US]
with
(complex) measurands
(complex) line impedance
[folimped-240609-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwllschl-140211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
As long as one of the lines involved is switched off, for example, during the 1-pole dead time of the automatic
reclosing, the phase-to-phase loops involved are not calculated. During the 1-pole dead time of the automatic
reclosing in A, for example, the loops A-B and C-A are blocked. This prevents an incorrect measurement with
undefined measurands. The process monitor in the Line function group observes the state of the automatic
reclosing and provides the blocking signal.
[dwleschl-140211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The voltage VC-gnd, the phase current IC, and the ground current Ignd of the faulty loop are measured.
[fofeschl-150909-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[foreform-240609-01.tif, 1, en_US]
and
[foxeform-240609-01.tif, 1, en_US]
with
VC-gnd Short-circuit voltage phasor
IC Short-circuit current phasor (phase C)
Ignd Ground-fault current phasor
V Phase angle of the short-circuit voltage
ph Phase angle of the short-circuit current (phase C)
gnd Phase angle of the ground-fault current
The factors Kr = Rgnd/Rph and Kx = Xgnd/Xph depend only on the line constants and not on the distance to the
fault.
NOTE
i In the impedance calculation, the factors Kr and Kx are used for residual compensation. If you enter the
grounding resistance factors in the format k0 with Phi(k0), they are automatically converted into Kr and
Kx. Conversion is performed under consideration of the line angle. For this reason, pay attention to the
correct setting of the line angle in the general data of the Line function group (parameter (_:9001:108)
Line angle).
As long as one of the phases involved is switched off, for example, during the 1-pole dead time of the auto-
matic reclosing, the phase-to-ground loops involved are not calculated. During the 1-pole dead time in the
automatic reclosing in C, the C-gnd loop is blocked, for example. This prevents an incorrect measurement with
undefined measurands. The process monitor observes the state of the automatic reclosing and provides the
blocking signal.
[fofokpl1-150909-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fofokpl2-150909-01.tif, 1, en_US]
IgndP is the ground current of the parallel line. The ratios R0M/3Rph and X0M/3Xph are line constants that result
from the geometry of the double line and the suitability of the grounding.
[dweksdol-140211-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Without parallel-line compensation, the ground current of the parallel line typically results in the under-
reaching of the distance protection (the loop impedance seen by the distance protection appears to be larger).
If both lines end on different busbars and the grounding point is on a remote busbar (at B in Figure 6-265),
overreach can result.
The parallel-line compensation applies only to faults on the line to be protected. Compensation may not be
carried out for faults on the parallel line, since it would cause significant overreach. At installation point II in
Figure 6-265, there must be no compensation for this fault situation.
The device thus receives an additional ground-current balance to perform a cross-comparison of the ground
currents in both lines. The compensation is only connected for those line ends where the ground current of
the parallel line is less than that of the end's own line. In example Figure 6-265, Ignd is greater than Ignd-P:
There is compensation in I in that ZM Ignd-P is coupled in; in II there is no compensation.
NOTE
i With the parameter Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. = yes set, the minimum pickup and operate
time for this distance protection zone is about 1.5 system cyles even if no transformer inrush current is
detected. Set the parameter Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. = yes only if you really need blocking
on the basis of inrush-current detection.
Parameter: X reach
Parameter: R (ph-g)
Parameter: R (ph-ph)
NOTE
i Only if you set the parameter Zone-spec. residu. comp. = yes in the zone will the residual compen-
sation factors set here be valid and visible. If you set the parameter Zone-spec. residu. comp. = no,
the residual compensation factors set for the device apply.
Parameter: Kr and Kx
NOTE
i The parameters Kr and Kx are visible in the zone only if you have set the parameter Zone-spec.
residu. comp. = yes in the zone and the parameter Set. format residu. comp. = Kr, Kx for
the device. You can only change the setting value of the parameter Set. format residu. comp. in
DIGSI 5 under Device settings.
NOTE
i The parameters K0 and Angle (K0) are visible in the zone only if you have set the parameter Zone-
spec. residu. comp. = yes in the zone and the parameter Set. format residu. comp. = K0 for
the device. You can only change the setting value of the parameter Set. format residu. comp. in
DIGSI 5 under Device settings.
NOTE
i For short lines with large R/X ratios, note the following during zone setting: The angle errors of the current
and voltage transformers cause a rotation of the impedance measured in the direction of the R axis. The
risk that external faults will be shifted into the first zone increases if, because of the settings for the
polygon, kr and kx, the loop range is large in the R direction in relation to the X direction for Zone 1. Use
the grading factor of 85 % only up to an R/X ratio 1 (loop range).
For larger R/X settings, you can calculate a reduced grading factor for Zone 1 using the following formula:
STF Grading factor = range of Zone 1 relative to the line length
R Loop range in the direction R for Zone 1 = R1 (1 + kr)
X Loop range in the direction X for Zone 1 = X1 (1 + kx)
V Angle error of the voltage transformer (typically 1) 1)
I Angle error of the current transformer (typically 1) 1)
[fofdustf-060709-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Alternatively or additionally, you can use the Zone-inclination angle parameter to incline the polygon
of Zone 1 in the first quadrant. This also prevents overreach (see Figure 6-262).
6.14.6.4 Settings
6.14.7.1 Description
Logic of a Zone
[lomho3po-060611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Mode of Operation
The zone handles the following tasks:
Calculation of the polarization voltage from the measured current values
Placement of the polarization and loop voltage into the zone
[fofdltzr-130709-01.tif, 1, en_US]
In the boundary case, ZF is on the periphery of the circle. Then, the angle between the 2 difference vectors is
90 (Thales' theorem). Within the characteristic, the angle is greater than 90; outside the characteristic, it is
less than 90.
[dwmhomes-140211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-267 Vector Diagram of the Measurands for the MHO Characteristic Curve
The Zr impedance reach parameter is used to define the zone. With the parameter Directional mode,
you can specify whether the zone works forward or reverse directed. In the reverse direction, the MHO
characteristic curve is reflected across the coordinate origin. Once the fault impedance of a loop lies well
within the MHO characteristic curve of a distance zone, the zone picks up. The loop information is converted
into phase-selective pickup indications. The phase-selective pickup indications of the zones are processed
further in the output logic of the distance protection and by external additional functions (for example, tele-
protection scheme). The output logic of the distance protection is described in chapter 6.14.9 Output Logic of
the Distance Protection.
[dwmhogru-140211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwmhopol-140211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwksfrsp-140211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-270 Polarized MHO Characteristic Curve with Cross-Polarized or Buffered Voltages
[fofuspch-090709-01.tif, 1, en_US]
A value (factor kpre) for the prefault voltage can be set separately for phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase
loops. Memory polarization is only carried out when the RMS value of the corresponding buffer voltage for
phase-to-ground loops is greater than 40 % of the rated voltage (Vrated). For phase-to-phase loops, the RMS
value of the buffer voltage must be greater than 70 % of Vrated.
For a subsequent fault or after switching onto a fault, the prefault voltage can be missing. In this case, the
buffer voltage can only be used for a limited time, for reasons of accuracy. For 1-phase short circuits and 2-
phase short circuits without ground contact, you can use a voltage not involved in the fault for polarization.
This voltage is rotated by 90 in relation to the actual fault voltage (cross polarization). The polarization
voltage VP is a mixture of the present voltage and the corresponding external-fault voltage. The following
equation shows the polarization voltage VP for a phase-to-ground loop:
[fofukrzp-090709-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If the buffer voltage is not available, then cross polarization can be used. An evaluation (factor kcross) for the
voltage can be set separately for phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase loops.
NOTE
Mem. polarization(ph-ph)
Cross polarization(ph-g)
Cross polarization(ph-ph)
Set the parameters for all zones in the general parameters of the Distance protection function.
NOTE
i With the parameter Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. = yes set, the minimum pickup and operate
time for this distance protection zone is 1.5 power-system cyles even if the transformer inrush current is
detected. Set the parameter Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. = yes only if you really need blocking
on the basis of inrush-current detection.
[dwstaffz-140211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Set the range of Zone Z1 to about 85 % of the line section to be protected. Zone Z1 should trip quickly. Set the
time delay of Zone Z1 to 0.00 s. The protection then switches off faults at this distance with its operating time.
For higher levels, increase the time delay by 1 grading time increment.
The grading time must take the following factors into consideration:
Circuit-breaker opening time including variation
Dropout time for protection systems
[fofpmsek-140409-01.tif, 1, en_US]
6.14.7.3 Settings
6.14.8.1 Description
Logic of a Zone
[locircle, 1, en_US]
[loblocki-060511-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-273 Logic Diagram of a Zone with Circular Characteristic Curve (Continuation)
Mode of Operation
The zone handles the following tasks:
Placement of the calculated impedance into the zone
Generation of pickup and tripping for the zone
If the fault impedance of a loop lies well within the circular characteristic curve of a distance zone and the
direction of the impedance phasor matches the directionality of the zone, the zone picks up. The loop informa-
tion is converted into phase-selective pickup indications. The phase-selective pickup indications of the zones
are processed further in the output logic of the distance protection and by external additional functions (for
example, teleprotection scheme). The output logic of the distance protection is described in chapter
6.14.9 Output Logic of the Distance Protection.
Base Circle
The operate curve of the zone is a centered impedance circle around the origin of the R-X coordinate system.
The base circle of the circular characteristic curve is defined by the parameter Zr impedance reach.
Since the circle cannot distinguish between positive impedance (forward direction) and negative impedance
(reverse direction), direction-characteristic curves delimit the operating zones to the desired quadrant.
You can find more detailed information regarding the direction determination in chapter 6.14.4 Direction
Determination.
Figure 6-274 shows an example of the shape of the impedance circles. The circle for the first zone as a
forward-directed zone is shaded. The third zone is shown as a reverse-directed zone. Zone Z5 is non-direc-
tional.
The impedance circle is defined by its radius and it forms the local curve of constant impedance.
[fo_7sa6_fkt-beschr-Grundkreis, 1, en_US]
The radius thus determines the reach of a distance-protection zone in the R-X diagram and is independent of
the short-circuit angle SC.
[dw_kreis-charakteristik, 1, en_US]
[dw_bsp-erhoehte-resistanzreserve, 1, en_US]
The limit angle can be set separately for each zone. If a zone is set in the reverse direction, the section of the
increased resistance reserve is mirrored at the coordinate origin.
The resistance reserve is increased according to the following equation
[fo_resist_up_circlezone, 1, en_US]
with
ZBreak Balance-point impedance = actual limit of the zone
Zr Set impedance (parameter Zr impedance reach) = radius of the base circle
Set limit angle (parameter Angle for R-reserve) = angle below which the increased resis-
tance reserve takes effect
sc Actual short-circuit angle = angle of the calculated short-circuit impedance
At the set limit angle , the zone reach limit is therefore still on the impedance circle: because sc = , sin(
) = 0, and thus ZBreak = Zr. If sc is greater than the set limit angle , then the impedance circle takes effect by
definition and the increase of the resistance reserve makes no sense and is ineffective. For smaller angles up
to -45, the resistance reserve is increased by the expression sin( sc), thus by sin() at sc = 0.
Load Range
If the impedance circle is used as an implicit pickup method, there is a danger on long, heavily loaded lines
that the load impedance may extend into the operate curves of the distance protection. To avoid faulty
pickups of the distance protection in case of high power transmission, you can adjust a load cutout here. For
operate curves with a high R-range, the load cutout excludes faulty pickups due to overload. For other pickup
methods, this load cutout is unnecessary since the distance zones are only enabled after a pickup has taken
place. That is, in those cases, the pickup distinguishes between load operation and short circuit.
The load cutout cuts the section of the load impedance from the circular characteristic curves (Figure 6-276).
It also acts on the section of increased resistance reserve, as shown in the figure for the 1st zone. The shape of
the load cutout is determined by the load section Rload and the load-range angle load. These values apply to all
zones.
[dw_kreis-charakteristik-mit-lastk, 1, en_US]
Direction Determination
Since each zone can be set to forward, reverse, or non-directional, there are different (centrally
mirrored) direction-characteristic curves for forward and reverse. A non-directional zone has no direction-
characteristic curve. For such a zone, the entire trip region applies.
The Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter is visible only when the Inrush-current detection func-
tion is available in the application. With the Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter, you determine
whether the distance-protection zone is blocked or not during the detection of a transformer inrush current.
NOTE
i If you have set the parameter Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. = yes, the minimum pickup and
operate time for this distance-protection zone is 1.5 power-system cycles even if no transformer inrush
current is detected. Set the parameter Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. = yes only if you really need
the blocking by Inrush-current detection.
NOTE
i The residual compensation factors set here will be valid and visible only if you have set the parameter
Zone-spec. residu. comp. = yes in the zone. If you have set the parameterZone-spec. residu.
comp. = no, the residual compensation factors set for the device apply.
[dwstaffz-140211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Set the reach of Zone Z1 to about 85 % of the line section to be protected. Zone Z1 should trip without delay.
Set the time delay of Zone Z1 to 0.00 s. The protection then switches off faults at this distance with its oper-
ating time. For higher levels, increase the time delay by 1 grading time increment.
The grading time must take the following factors into consideration:
Circuit-breaker opening time including variation
Dropout time for protection systems
[fofpmsek-140409-01.tif, 1, en_US]
EXAMPLE:
s (length) 8.5 km
R1/s 0.15 /km
X1/s 0.10 /km
R0/s 0.83 /km
X0/s 0.31 /km
Current transformer 500 A/5 A
[fo_zl_circlezone, 1, en_US]
If you set the first zone to 85 % of the line length, the following setting values result:
Primary:
Secondary:
EXAMPLE:
[dw_resistanzreserve-impedanzkreis-bei-freiltg, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-278 Resistance Reserve of the Impedance Circle for Overhead Lines
Zr Set reach
ZL Line impedance
line Line angle
Rarc Arc resistance
Zsc Short-circuit impedance
sc Short-circuit angle
The resistance reserve Rarc in this case depends on the line angle and on the underreaching of the distance
zone that is to be tolerated. For a line angle of line = 80 and 10 % underreaching, for example, the resistance
reserve is 30 % of the balance-point impedance.
The following table shows additional values for the resistance reserve at the impedance circle:
Line Angle line Resistance Reserve Rarc for Tolerable Underreaching of
10 % 15 % 20 %
85 36 % 45 % 53 %
80 30 % 40 % 47 %
75 26 % 35 % 42 %
70 22 % 31 % 38 %
65 19 % 27 % 35 %
60 17 % 25 % 32 %
All percentage values relate to the balance-point impedance (= circle radius)
EXAMPLE:
[dw_kabelabg-mit-lichtbogenfehler-am-oertl-endverschluss, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-279 Outgoing Cable with Arc Fault at Local Sealing End
[dw_oertl-resistanzreserve-impedanzkreis-bei-kabel, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-280 Local Resistance Reserve of the Impedance Circle for Cables
EXAMPLE:
[dw_bsp-eine-erhoehte-resistanzreserve-mit-erweiterung, 1, en_US]
This extension leads to an increased resistance reserve both in the vicinity of the breakdown limit and in the
vicinity of the installation location. The curvature of the extension curve in the X direction can determine an
overreaching. This overreaching can be tolerated within certain limits, however, because the breakdown limit
in any case normally has a 15 % reserve distance from the next station, that is from the end of the line.
There is no extension-induced overreaching for limit angles (for example, parameter (_:113) Angle for
R-reserve for the 1st zone) of 45 or less. The greater the set value of , the greater the possible over-
reaching. The following figure qualitatively shows the shape of the operate curve for different angles .
[dw_quali-verlauf-ausloesekennl-erhoeht-resistanzreserve, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-282 Qualitative Plot of the Operate Curve for Increased Resistance Reserve
Since the overreaching and the resistance reserve both depend on the line angle line and on the set limit
angle , a few reference values are listed in the following sections.
The resistance reserve for short-circuits through an arc near of the breakdown point is primarily relevant for
overhead lines. Select the limit angle (for example, parameter (_:113) Angle for R-reserve for the
1st zone) so that a high resistance reserve goes into effect without impermissibly high overreaching.
Note the following:
Do not set the parameter Angle for R-reserve to a value greater than the line angle.
Do not set the parameter Angle for R-reserve above 75.
Otherwise, increased overreaching may occur in the event of arc faults. The following table shows the condi-
tions for some examples of the approximate overreaching caused by setting an increased resistance reserve.
Possible Overreaching Values Due to Arc Faults for a Line Angle of
90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50
75 10 % 11 % 12 % 14 % -30 -30 -30 -30 -30
70 3% 4% 5% 7% 10 % -30 -30 -30 -30
65 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 7% -30 -30 -30
60 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 4% -30 -30
55 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% -30
50 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1%
As with the base circle, the level of the resistance reserve Rarc depends on the line angle and on the tolerable
underreaching of the distance zone (also seeFigure 6-281). The following table shows the approximate resis-
tance reserve for tolerable underreaching of 15 %.
Resistance Reserve Rarc for Tolerable Underreaching of 15 % at a Line Angle of
90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50
75 148 % 141 % 135 % 129 % -30 -30 -30 -30 -30
70 137 % 131 % 125 % 120 % 116 % -30 -30 -30 -30
65 125 % 118 % 112 % 108 % 105 % 102 % -30 -30 -30
60 107 % 100 % 96 % 93 % 91 % 90 % 89 % -30 -30
55 -31 -31 59 % 86 % 71 % 73 % 75 % 77 % -30
50 -31 -31 -31 -31 -31 36 % 55 % 61 % 65 %
The resistance reserve in the near the breakdown point is not relevant for cables but rather the local resis-
tance reserve, that is for sc = 0. To avoid overreaching, do not set the parameter Angle for R-reserve
to a value greater than the line angle here either. The resistance reserve is derived from the R axis segment (X
= 0) of the expanded operate curve. The following table shows some values for various setting values of the
parameter Angle for R-reserve:
Resistance Reserve Rarc for X = 0
65 190 %
60 186 %
55 181 %
50 176 %
45 170 %
40 164 %
35 157 %
30 150 %
25 142 %
20 134 %
15 125 %
10 117 %
All percentage values relate to the balance-point impedance (= circle radius)
For the higher zones, a resistance reserve lower than that for the 1st zone makes sense (relative to the impe-
dance reach in each case). To do this, adjust the parameter Angle for R-reserve to a lower value.
Parameter: Kr and Kx
NOTE
i The parameters Kr and Kx are visible in the zone only if you have set the parameter Zone-spec.
residu. comp. = yes in the zone and the parameter Set. format residu. comp. = Kr, Kx for
the device. You can only change the setting value of the parameter Set. format residu. comp. in
DIGSI 5 under Device settings.
NOTE
i The parameters K0 and Angle (K0) are visible in the zone only if you have set the parameter Zone-
spec. residu. comp. = yes in the zone and the parameter Set. format residu. comp. = K0 for
the device. You can only change the setting value of the parameter Set. format residu. comp. in
DIGSI 5 under Device settings.
6.14.8.3 Settings
Mode of Operation
The output logic treats the pickup and trip signals of the distance zones separately, in one pickup logic and
one trip logic each. The pickup and trip logic generate the superordinate indications of the distance protec-
tion.
General Pickup
In impedance pickup, the signal General is generated once a fault is reliably detected in the working area of
a zone. In the pickup methods I>, V, and V/Phi, the signal General is generated when a pickup condition is
met.
The signal General is indicated and can be further processed by internal and external additional functions,
for example, teleprotection scheme or automatic reclosing.
Pickup Logic
The distance zone pickups are combined phase-selectively and output as indications.
[loanrdis-140211-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Trip Logic
The trip signals of the distance zones always lead to a 3-phase operate indication of the distance protection.
[loaus3po-140211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Functions as backup protection in the event of energy recovery to faults in the upstream electrical power
system beyond a transformer
The Impedance protection function is used in protection function groups which provide current and voltage
measurement values.
The Impedance protection function is preconfigured at the factory with the function block (FB) General and
one zone. A maximum of 4 zones can be operated simultaneously in the function. The zones are structured
identically.
The protection function is structured in that way that the settings in the FB General are valid for all zones.
[dw_strimpedanceprot, 2, en_US]
6.15.3 Description
In the case of auto transformers and transformers grounded on both sides in the star-star connection,
measurement through the transformer is possible. Here, distance protection for lines can be used
without any problems.
[dw_ratio-2pol-ifault, 1, en_US]
[dw_ratio-1pol-fault, 1, en_US]
The changed measurand mapping also leads to a different impedance mapping. Figure 6-288 and
Figure 6-289 show, for example, for a 2-phase or 1-phase short circuit on the star side, the resulting phasors
on the delta side. To simplify it, the transformer ratio was assumed to be 1.
[dw_imp-2pol-short-ciruit, 1, en_US]
[dw_imp-1pol-short-ciruit, 1, en_US]
With a 2-phase short circuit, the phase-to-ground impedance of the phase corresponds to the double phase
current of the actual fault impedance via the transformer. The impedance is correctly measured. All other
impedances are measured as considerably larger. Subtracting the currents results in an infinite impedance
measured value for the C-A loop.
A 1-phase ground fault results in the smallest impedance value based on the calculation with phase-to-phase
voltages (in the example, C-A). Because the zero-sequence system cannot be transferred via a star-delta trans-
former, an impedance is measured that is too large by the amount of the zero-sequence impedances (trans-
former, line). The actual fault location is seen as being farther away.
With a 3-phase short circuit, the impedance measurement for all measuring loops is correct.
The following table summarizes the results of the impedance measurement for a star-delta transformer:
Table 6-6 Fault Mapping and Measuring Errors during the Impedance Measurement of a Star-Delta
Transformer
Power-System Incident Fault Mapping on the Correct Impedance Loop Measuring Error
on the Star Side Delta Side
3-phase short circuit 3-phase short circuit Phase-to-ground and Correct measurement
phase-to-phase loop
2-phase short circuit 3-phase short circuit, Phase-to-ground loop Correct measurement
different fault-current with largest fault current
distribution
1-phase ground fault 2-phase short circuit Phase-to-phase loop, but Impedance measured too
with measuring error large by the amount of
the zero-sequence impe-
dance (0.5 Z0)
[lo_dis-impedance-protection, 2, en_US]
[lo_block_imp, 1, en_US]
Loop Selection
The function Impedance protection can be used in electrical power systems and plants with different neutral
points. With the Loop selection parameter, you control which parameters influence the loop release.
In power systems with effective neutral point grounding solidly or low-impedance grounded neutral point
all impedance loops (phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase loops) can work parallel to each other. When all
loops are working in parallel, the loop release is controlled by the parameter Min. phase-current
thresh (see following figure).
Figure 6-292 Effective Parameter for Loop Release for All Loops
In power systems with a non-effective neutral point grounding isolated, grounded, or high-impedance
grounded neutral point the control for the loop selection is necessary to avoid an overfunction, for example,
a ground fault. The loop selection is controlled by the Current-dependent parameter. The following figure
shows which parameter controls the loop selection.
In case of a ground fault, the voltage collapsed ideally to 0 and the phase-to-ground loop measures either
a small impedance or 0 . The phase-selective overcurrent detection releases the loops (parameter Overcur-
rent threshold). The undervoltage seal-in (parameter Undervoltage seal in) keeps the overcurrent
erect. The undervoltage seal-in is necessary for use in power plants when an exciting transformer is connected
to the generator bus. During a near short circuit, the excitation voltage collapses and results in a decreased
synchronous generated voltage. Thereby the fault current sinks below the rated current and thereby the
current threshold value (parameter Overcurrent threshold). The parameter V-seal-in threshold
monitors the positive-sequence voltage. The undervoltage seal-in drops out when the threshold value V-
seal-in threshold is topped or the undervoltage seal-in time (parameter Duration of V-seal-in
time) runs out.
In the event of a 3-phase pickup, the loop selection is dependent on the ratio of the current amplitudes of
the phases to one another.
The following table shows the measuring-loop selection:
Pickup Measuring Loops
1-phase A Phase-to-ground A-gnd
B B-gnd
C C-gnd
2-phase A, B Phase-to-phase A-B
B, C B-C
C, A C-A
3-phase with unequal A, 2 B, C When the current in one B-gnd
phase current amplitudes B, 2 C, A phase is double the size, C-gnd
C, 2 A, B the phase-to-ground A-gnd
loops are measured.
(A, B) 2 C When the current in two A-B
(B, C) 2 A phases is double the size, B-C
(C, A) 2 B the phase-to-phase loops C-A
are measured.
3-phase with equal ampli- A, B, C When all voltages are A-B
tudes almost equal, the phase- B-C
to-phase loops are meas- C-A
ured.
All 3 loops are released.
Impedance Measurement
From the sampled values of the phase currents and the phase-to-ground voltages, the fundamental phasors
are determined per period using an FIR filter (FIR = Finite Impulse Response). The impedances are calculated
from the fundamental phasors. By using the frequency-tracking sampled values, the impedance is measured
using another frequency range. This is advantageous for island networks or block-unit power plants, for
example, for start-up processes.
There is an impedance measuring element available for each of the 6 possible phase loops A-gnd, B-gnd, C-
gnd, A-B, B-C, C-A. If another fault occurs during analysis, the impedances are calculated using the current
cyclical measurands. The analysis thus always works with the measurands of the current fault condition.
The impedance for phase-to-phase loops is calculated as follows:
[fo_schleife_ZLL, 1, en_US]
[fo_schleife_ZLE, 1, en_US]
Mode of Operation
If the phase currents exceed the set Min. phase-current thresh. All released impedance loops are
calculated.
To release phase-to-ground loops, it is sufficient if the corresponding phase current exceeds the Min.
phase-current thresh. For phase-to-phase loops, both phase currents and the loop current must exceed
the Min. phase-current thresh.
There is no special ground-fault detection, such as distance protection for lines.
If the released impedance loop(s) lie in one zone, the Impedance protection function generates a pickup indi-
cation with loop information. At the same time, a pickup indication in the picked up zone occurs with specifi-
cation of the relevant phase and direction. The direction is subsequently determined for all picked up impe-
dance loops and the associated time delay started. The output logic processes the pickup and trip signals of
the zones and forms the pickup and trip signals of the function.
Direction Determination
The direction is determined either using a stored prefault voltage or negative-sequence system variables. If the
measured negative-sequence voltage and the negative-sequence current exceed 10 % of the rated values of
the device, the variables of the negative-sequence system are used exclusively. For the direction decision, the
angle between the negative-sequence current I2 and the negative-sequence voltage V2 is evaluated.
Figure 6-294 shows the defined directional areas on impedance level.
For 3-phase symmetrical short circuits, there is no negative-sequence system. In this case, the memory voltage
is used. If the memory voltage is not available either, for example when switching onto a fault, all zones
regardless of their parameterized direction pick up and generate an operate indication after the time delay
has expired.
Optionally, you can link the Impedance protection function with the Instantaneous tripping at switch onto
fault function (see chapter 6.15.4 Application and Setting Notes). This enables the selected Impedance-
protection zones to trip without delay.
[dwritgkl-100611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Inrush-Current Detection
If the device is equipped with the Inrush-current detection function, you can stabilize the zones against trip-
ping due to transformer inrush currents.
Impedance Polygon
The quadrilateral operate curve (impedance polygon) in the zone is a rectangle in the R-X plane. The polygon
is defined by the parameters X reach (ph-g), X reach (ph-ph), R reach (ph-g), and R reach
(ph-ph) and the Directional mode. This means that, in special situations, a different setting is possible
for phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground loops.
To stabilize the quadrilateral limits, the characteristics have a hysteresis of 5 %. If the fault impedance lies
within a polygon, the limits are increased by 5 % in all directions. The following figure shows an example with
2 non-directional zones:
[dw_klpoly-impedanceprot, 1, en_US]
Sample Configuration
The following figure is an example of how the Impedance protection function is used at a feeder point in a
medium-voltage power system.
[dw_example-protection, 1, en_US]
The medium-voltage power system is fed on the high-voltage side with a YNd5 transformer. In addition, there
is an infeed that enables energy recovery to faults occurring on the high-voltage side.
The protection device installed on the delta side of the transformer functions as distance protection, which is
the backup protection for the medium-voltage power system.
In addition to distance protection, the protection device on the delta side functions as impedance protection,
which looks in the transformer direction. The power system on the high-voltage side is a meshed system and
also contains distance protection devices.
In the following, you can find recommendations for the protection setting values and a view of the setting
problems. Figure 6-297 shows a possible setting approach.
Zone TZ 1 should be coordinated with the protection system and delayed by approx. 100 ms. The delay makes
preferred tripping possible due to the differential protection and a dropout of the zone.
Zone TZ 2 is intended as a directional reserve stage, whose time must, without fail, be coordinated with the
protection system. At the same time, this stage can be used if, when switching the transformer on, it switches
onto a fault.
In exchange, the function Instantaneous tripping at switch onto fault must be present and set accordingly
(see function description in chapter 6.47 Instantaneous Tripping at Switch onto Fault).
[dw_config-staffel, 1, en_US]
Line (transformed to
20 kV):
The sample calculation clearly shows that the line reactance can be disregarded compared to transformer
reactance due to the quadratic transformation.
To avoid overfunction, select the following setting values for the 1st zone (TZ 1)
X1 = 0.9 XTr = 0.9 0.96 = 0.864
For the 2nd zone, select the double transformer impedance and set the time delay correspondingly high.
X2 = 2 XTr = 2 0.96 = 1.92 .
With the selected setting, Zone TZ 1 does not protect the transformer completely, especially if you take into
account the incorrect measurement for a 1-phase short circuit.
If you want to achieve a reliable tripping for all fault situations (see Table 6-6), the setting value must extend
far beyond the transformer. One possible strategy for the time grading is a setting value of approx. 1.5 XTr.
You must guarantee the selectivity using the Time criterion. The following figure shows the time-grading
chart:
[dw_staffel-x1-xtr, 2, en_US]
The zone range in the R direction must take into account the fault resistance on the fault location. The fault
resistance is added to the impedance of the fault loop as an additional effective resistance. This fault resis-
tance is, for example, the arc resistance or the dissipation resistance of ground phases. For the zone range in
the R direction, you do not have to take the fault resistance on the upper-voltage side and the line resistance
into account. These are also divided by the transformer-ratio quadrant and can be mostly disregarded.
However, fault resistances on the upper-voltage side during high-current feed on the upper-voltage side also
impact the reactance and resistance measurement on the undervoltage side. This impact is unavoidable and
can result in a short circuit with fault resistance on the upper-voltage side not being detected by the under-
voltage side until the high-current feed on the upper-voltage side is cleared. Do not set the reserve resistance
any larger than necessary. The setting can be adjusted to the maximum load in the direction of the line section
to be protected, in other words, in the transformer direction. The setting value for the R range must be lower
than the resistance under maximum load conditions (RL max). For a sufficient distance to the load range,
Siemens recommends a value of about 20 % to 50 % RL max. This means an incorrect measurement is avoided
by the apparent impedances (seeFigure 6-288 and Figure 6-289).
NOTE
i The parameter (_:2311:102) Loop selection = All loops is visible only if you set the parameter
Min. phase-current thresh.
EXAMPLE:
The rated generator current is calculated as:
Taking into account the transformer ratios, the secondary setting value is calculated as follows:
EXAMPLE:
For the calculation, the data from Table 6-7 apply.
X range = 150 %
The primary setting value is calculated as follows:
Xprim = 150 %/100 % ZKT = 1.5 0.96 = 1.44 (primary)
Taking into account the transformer ratios, the secondary setting value is calculated as follows:
[fo_Xreichweite_sek, 1, en_US]
EXAMPLE:
For the calculation, the data from Table 6-7 apply.
The rated transformer current is assumed as the rated load current. The current is 1443 A on the 20 kV side.
[fo_Zmax_trafo_RLE, 1, en_US]
For the R reach, 20 % Zmaxis specified. This means the primary setting value of the R reach (ph-g) param-
eter is calculated as follows:
[fo_Rreichweite_sek, 1, en_US]
EXAMPLE:
For the calculation, the data from Table 6-7 apply.
Set the range for phase-to-phase loops just like for phase-to-ground loops. This results in the following setting
values:
R reach (ph-ph) = R reach (ph-g) = 1.45 (primary)
R reach (ph-ph) = R reach (ph-g) = 10.9 (secondary)
6.15.5 Settings
Power-swing blocking
Detects power swings
Evaluates the impedances per phase accordingly
Blocks the selected zones of the distance protection in case of power swings
Detects 1-phase, 2-phase, and 3-phase short circuits during a power swing and then cancels the blocking
for the specific phase
Does not generate tripping of the out-of-step condition; a separate out-of-step protection function is
available for this purpose
The Power-swing blocking function is a supplementary function to the distance protection. It only works if the
distance-protection function is activated. If a power swing is detected, power-swing blocking blocks the pickup
and tripping through the distance protection. Each distance-protection zone can be blocked separately.
The Power-swing blocking function is included in a function group with at least 3 voltage inputs and current
inputs. The process monitor delivers status information to the function regarding the protected object (open
poles in particular).
[dwpsdstr-010612-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-299 Power-Swing Blocking Works Together with the Distance-Protection Function
Power-Swing Event
After dynamic events such as load jumps, short circuits, automatic reclosing functions, or switching opera-
tions, the generators exposed to the oscillations may have to respond to the new power balance of the
system. In case of power swings, the distance-protection function is fed with high compensating currents and
- especially at the electrical center - low voltages (Figure 6-300). Low voltages combined with high currents
represent apparently small impedances that can lead to tripping by the distance protection. Power-swing
blocking prevents tripping by the distance protection in case of power swings.
[dwpendel-160211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Power swings are 3-phase symmetrical events. As a rule, a certain symmetry of the measurands can be
assumed. Power swings may also occur during unsymmetrical events, such as short circuits or during a 1-pole
dead time. For this reason, power-swing detection is structured to use 3 measuring systems. One measuring
system is available for each phase, which warrants phase-selective power-swing detection. If short circuits
occur, the power swing detected in the respective phase will be discarded, which enables the distance protec-
tion function to initiate selective tripping.
Functionality
In order to detect the power swing, the rate of change will be adjusted to the impedance phasor.
[dwzvekto-220311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-301 Impedance Vectors During a Power Swing and During a Short Circuit
In order to warrant all functions of the power-swing detection are stable and secure, without the risk of over-
function during a short circuit, the following measurement criteria are used:
Trajectory monotony:
During a power swing, the measured impedance indicates a directional path of movement. This path
occurs precisely if within the measurement window one of the components R and X at the most indi-
cates a change of directions. As a rule, if a short circuit occurs, it causes a directional change in R as well
as in X within the measured value window.
Trajectory continuity:
The spacing of two consecutive impedance values will clearly indicate a change of R or X during a
power swing. If a short circuit occurs, the impedance vector skips to the fault impedance and remains
motionless.
Trajectory uniformity:
During a power swing the ratio between 2 consecutive changes of R or X do not overshoot a
threshold. As a rule, if a short circuit occurs, it will cause an erratic movement since the impedance
phasor abruptly skips from load impedance to fault impedance.
If the impedance indicator enters the distance protection pickup range and the power-swing detection criteria
are met, a power swing will be indicated. The pickup range is composed of the largest setting values for R and
X in all active zones.
Figure 6-302 shows the logic of the power-swing blocking. The measurement takes place per phase. A power-
swing detection signal will be transmitted only after the measured impedance is in the distance protection
pickup range ((_:55) Block zones). The power-swing detection signal remains active until a short-circuit
occurs, the power-swing subsides, or the maximum blocking time has elapsed. You can use the binary input
signal >Block function to block the power-swing detection.
[lopendel-190413-01.tif, 1, en_US]
When using the Max. blocking time parameter, you can place a time limit on the blocking effect of the
power-swing blockage. In this way, for instance, the power-swing blockage can be eliminated when using
systems that are slowly drifting apart.
When the impedance enters the distance protection pickup range, the maximum blocking time will be started.
When the impedance exits the pickup range while the maximum blocking time is running, the maximum
blocking time will be reset.
Logic
[lopsdlog-190413-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The distance protection delivers information about the loops contained in its zones to the power-swing
blocking. If the power-swing blocking detects power swings in the activated loops, it delivers phase-selective
information about the zones to be blocked to the distance protection. The actual blocking is carried out in the
distance protection.
When using the Max. blocking time parameter, you can limit the maximum blocking time of the distance
protection during the power swing. In this way, for instance, the power-swing blockage can be eliminated
when using networks that are slowly drifting apart.
For tripping during an asynchronous long-lasting power swings, Max. blocking time is not relevant. For
this application, use the function Out-of-step protection.
If there is no operational requirement with regards to a time limit of the power-swing blocking, Siemens
recommends the default setting (= not in effect).
6.16.5 Settings
Enables direct tripping of the circuit breaker in conjunction with busbar-protection applications
Enables direct tripping of the circuit breaker in the case of circuit-breaker failure at the other line end
The External trip initiation function contains one stage. You can instantiate the External trip initiation func-
tion in DIGSI 5 multiple times.
[dwstrext-030211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[lotrip3p-070611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
6.17.5 Settings
The Overcurrent protection, phases function is used in protection function groups. 2 kinds of functions are
available for the 3-phase overcurrent protection:
Overcurrent protection, phases advanced (50/51 OC-3ph-A)
Overcurrent protection, phases basic (50/51 OC-3ph-B)
The Basic function type is provided for standard applications. The Advanced function type offers more func-
tionality and is provided for more complex applications.
Both function types are preconfigured by the manufacturer with 2 Definite-time overcurrent protection
stages and with 1 Inverse-time overcurrent protection stage.
In the Overcurrent protection, phase advanced function type, the following stages can be operated simul-
taneously:
Maximum of 4 stages Definite-time overcurrent protection advanced
1 stage Inverse-time overcurrent protection advanced
[dwocpbp1-210113-01.tif, 3, en_US]
If the device-internal functions listed in the following are present in the device, these functions can influence
the pickup values and time delays of the stages or block the stages. The stage can also be affected by an
external source via a binary input signal. This functionality is only available in the Advanced function type.
Cold-load pickup detection
Binary input signal
If the device is equipped with the Inrush-current detection function, the stages can be stabilized against trip-
ping due to transformer-inrush currents.
6.18.3.1 Description
The function block Filter can be used to adapt the RMS value for 2 means:
To gain harmonics in a defined way. Higher harmonics can stress the protected object thermally more
than lower harmonics. This is the case for reactors applied in AC filters. In addition, the amplitude attenu-
ation of higher frequencies due to the anti-aliasing filter of the device is automatically compensated by
the filter
To only compensate the amplitude attenuation of higher frequencies due to the anti-aliasing filter
The filter gain (amplitude response) is realized by a 9-order FIR filter.
Logic
[lo_TOLP_FilterStage, 1, en_US]
The FIR filter gains the 8-kHz sampled values according to the set filter coefficients. Afterwards, the RMS value
is calculated. The symmetrical 9-order filter coefficients are set via the values of the respective parameters
h(0), h(1), h(2), h(3), and h(4).
NOTE
i A FIR-filter configuration tool is provided as an auxiliary PC tool. With this PC tool, the coefficients h(0),
h(1), h(2), h(3), h(4) of the FIR filter are generated according to the required gain factors (amplitude
response). The tool can be obtained from the SIPROTEC download area. For more information about the
tool, refer to the tool help function.
The gained RMS value is delivered to the protection stages only when the function block Filter is instantiated
and the parameter Enable filter is set as yes. Otherwise, the normal RMS value is used.
You can find the parameter Rated current in the FB General of function groups where the Overcurrent
protection, phases advanced function is used.
If the parameter Enable filter is set to no, the functional measured values are shown as ---.
6.18.3.3 Settings
6.18.4.1 Description
[loocp3b1-280113-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-309 Logic Diagram of the Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection (Phases) Basic
[lo_OCP_Adv_UMZ_StageControl, 1, en_US]
[loocp3p1-310511-01.tif, 4, en_US]
Figure 6-311 Logic Diagram of the Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection (Phases) Advanced
If the function block Filter is configured and if you have enabled the filter, the gained RMS value is automati-
cally used.
NOTE
i When the function block Filter is applied, only one 3-phase current measuring point is allowed to be
connected to the 3-phase current interface of the function group.
[dwsgaocp-230414-01, 1, en_US]
The transformer neutral point current IY is measured via a 1-phase current measuring point that is connected
to the Transformer neutral point function group. Connect the function group Transformer neutral point to
the function group Transformer side. In the function Overcurrent protection, phases operates with in the
Transformer side function group.
[sccpfoiut-230414-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-313 Connection of the Transformer Neutral Point Function Group with the Neutral Point Input of
the Transformer Side Function Group.
Blocking of the Operate Delay and the Operate Signal via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function
(Basic and Advanced Stage)
Blocking of the operate delay and the operate signal via the device-internal Inrush-current detection function
is described in chapter 6.18.7.1 Description .
Default setting (_:661:6) Operate delay = 0.30 s (for the 1st stage)
Set the Threshold and Operate delay parameters for the specific application.
The following details apply to a 2-stage characteristic curve (1st stage = definite-time overcurrent protection
stage and 2nd stage = high-current stage).
1st stage (overcurrent stage):
The setting depends on the maximum occurring operating current. Pickup by overload must be excluded since
overcurrent protection operates with short tripping times as short-circuit protection and not as overload
protection. Therefore, set the Threshold parameter for lines to approx. 10 %, for transformers and motors to
approx. 20 % above the maximum load that is expected.
EXAMPLE
Overcurrent-protection stage: 110-kV overhead line, 150 mm2 cross-section
Maximum transmittable power
Pmax = 120 MVA
Correspondingly
Imax = 630 A
Current transformer = 600 A/5 A
Safety factor = 1.1
[foocpph1-030311-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The Operate delay to be set is derived from the time-grading schedule that has been prepared for the
system.
EXAMPLE
High-current stage: 110-kV overhead line, 150 mm2 cross-section
s (length) = 60 km
ZL/s = 0.46 /km
Ratio of zero-sequence impedance and positive-sequence impedance of the line: ZL0/ZL1 = 4
Short-circuit power at the beginning of the line:
Ssc' = 2.5 GVA
Ratio of zero-sequence impedance and positive-sequence impedance of the source impedance at the
beginning of the line: ZP0/ZP1 = 2
Current transformer = 600 A/5 A
Resulting in the following values for the line impedance ZL and the source impedance ZP:
[fo_OCP002_030311, 1, en_US]
[fo_OCP003_030311, 1, en_US]
The 3-phase short-circuit current at the end of the line is Isc end:
[fo_ocpph4_030311, 1, en_US]
The settings in primary and secondary values result in the following setting values which include a safety
margin of 10 %:
[foocp004-030311-01.tif, 2, en_US]
If short-circuit currents exceed 2365 A (primary) or 19.7 A (secondary), there is a short circuit on the line to be
protected. The overcurrent protection can cut off this short circuit immediately.
Note: The amounts in the calculation example are accurate enough for overhead lines. If the source impe-
dance and line impedance have different angles, you have to use complex numbers to calculate the
Threshold .
Parameter: I0 elimination
6.18.4.3 Settings
6.18.5.1 Description
[loocp3b2-280113-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-314 Logic Diagram of the Inverse-Time Overcurrent Protection (Phases) Basic
[loocp3p2-310511-01.tif, 4, en_US]
Figure 6-316 Logic Diagram of the Inverse-Time Overcurrent Protection (Phases) Advanced
NOTE
i When the function block Filter is applied, only one 3-phase current measuring point is allowed to be
connected to the 3-phase current interface of the function group.
Pickup and Dropout Behaviors of the Inverse-Time Characteristic Curve according to IEC and ANSI (Basic and
Advanced Stage)
When the input variable exceeds the threshold value by a factor of 1.1, the inverse-time characteristic curve is
processed. An integrating method of measurement summarizes the weighted time. The weighted time results
from the characteristic curve. For this, the time that is associated with the present current value is determined
from the characteristic curve. Once the weighted time exceeds the value 1, the stage operates.
When the measured value falls below the pickup value by a factor of 1.045 (0.95 x 1.1 x threshold value), the
dropout is started. The pickup will be indicated as clearing. You can influence the dropout behavior via setting
parameters. You can select between instantaneous dropout (totalized time is deleted) or dropout according to
the characteristic curve (reduction of totalized time depending on the characteristic curve). The dropout
according to characteristic curve (disk emulation) is the same as turning back a rotor disk. The weighted
reduction of the time is initiated from 0.9 of the set threshold value.
The characteristic curve and associated formulas are shown in the Technical Data.
[DwOcp3Mi_20140715-01, 1, en_US]
[dwsgaocp-230414-01, 1, en_US]
The transformer neutral point current IY is measured via a 1-phase current measuring point that is connected
to the Transformer neutral point function group. Connect the function group Transformer neutral point to
the function group Transformer side. In the function Overcurrent protection, phases operates with in the
Transformer side function group.
[sccpfoiut-230414-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-319 Connection of the Transformer Neutral Point Function Group with the Neutral Point Input of
the Transformer Side Function Group.
IB-elim. = IB - 1/3 IY
IC-elim. = IC - 1/3 IY
The phase current Iphx-elim. is necessary for the following protection process.
If the Method of measurement parameter is set to fundamental comp., the I0 elimination is operating.
The currents Iphx-elim. are available as functional values.
Blocking of the Operate Delay and the Operate Signal via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function
(Basic and Advanced Stage)
Blocking of the operate delay and the operate signal via the device-internal Inrush-current detection function
is described in chapter 6.18.7.1 Description .
NOTE
i If the set value is smaller than the smallest possible time delay of the inverse-time characteristic curve, the
parameter has no influence on the delay time.
Parameter: Threshold
EXAMPLE
Overcurrent-protection stage: 110-kV overhead line, 150 mm2 cross-section
Maximum transmittable power
Pmax = 120 MVA
Correspondingly
Imax = 630 A
Current transformer = 600 A/5 A
[foocp005-030311-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Parameter: I0 elimination
Parameter: Reset
6.18.5.3 Settings
6.18.6.1 Description
This stage is only available in the advanced function type.
This stage is structured the same way as the Inverse-time overcurrent protection advanced stage (see
chapter 6.18.5.1 Description ). The only differences are as follows:
You can define the characteristic curve as desired.
The pickup and dropout behaviors of this stage are determined by the standard parameter Threshold
and, if necessary, by an additional parameter Threshold (absolute).
[dwocpken-140611-02.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-320 Pickup Behavior and Dropout Behavior when Using a User-Defined Characteristic Curve
NOTE
i The currents that are lower than the current value of the smallest characteristic-curve point do not extend
the operate time. The pickup characteristic runs in parallel to the current axis up to the smallest character-
istic-curve point. Currents that are larger than the current value of the largest characteristic-curve point do
not reduce the operate time. The pickup characteristic runs in parallel to the current axis from the largest
characteristic-curve point.
If you want to change the pickup threshold of the stage without changing all points of the characteristic curve,
you can use the additional Threshold (absolute) parameter.
You can set the Threshold (absolute) parameter to be greater than 1.1 times the Threshold value.
Then the stage behaviors are as follows:
The stage picks up when the measured current value exceeds the Threshold (absolute) value.
The stage starts dropout when the measured current value falls short of the Threshold (absolute)
value by 0.95 times.
For measured current values lower than the Threshold (absolute) value, no pickup takes place and
consequently the characteristic curve is not processed.
If you set the Threshold (absolute) parameter to be less than 1.1 times the Threshold value, the
pickup and dropout behaviors are not affected by the Threshold (absolute) parameter.
Set the current value as a multiple of the threshold value. Siemens recommends that you set the Threshold
parameter to 1.00 in order to obtain a simple relation. You can change the threshold value setting afterwards
if you want to shift the characteristic curve.
Set the time value in seconds. The characteristic curve is shifted via the Time dial parameter.
NOTE
Parameter: Reset
NOTE
6.18.6.3 Settings
6.18.7.1 Description
With the Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter, you can define whether tripping of the stage
should be blocked when a threshold value is exceeded due to an inrush current. In case of a blocking, the
stage picks up. The start of the tripping delay and the trip signal are blocked. The function signals this through
a corresponding indication. If the blocking drops out and the threshold value of the stage is still exceeded, the
time delay is started. After that time, the stage operates. The following figure only shows the part of the stage
(exemplified by definite-time overcurrent protection stage 1) that illustrates the influence of the blocking.
Only if the central function Inrush-current detection (see chapter 11.51 Inrush-Current Detection) is in effect
can the blocking be set.
[loocp3pha-210812-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-321 Part-Logic Diagram on the Influence of Inrush-Current Detection Exemplified by the 1st Defi-
nite-Time Overcurrent Protection Stage
6.18.8.1 Description
The parameters Threshold and Operate delay used for tripping are so-called dynamic settings.
Depending on other functions, the settings of these parameters can be changed dynamically (see
Figure 6-322). Depending on other functions, the stage can also be blocked dynamically. This functionality is
only available in function type Advanced.
[loocp3dpa-030311-01.vsd, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-322 Principle of the Dynamic Settings Exemplified by 1st Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection
Stage
If available in the device, the following functionalities can affect the overcurrent-protection stages:
Functionalities Priority
Cold-load pickup detection Priority 1
Binary input signal Priority 2
These functionalities generate signals that change the settings of the dynamic settings of the overcurrent-
protection stage or block it, if required. In the latter case, the settings of the Threshold and Operate
delay parameters are of no relevance. Within the overcurrent-protection stage, each of these signals is
provided with a configuration parameter Influence of function ... and its own dynamic settings
(Operate delay and Threshold). The configuration settings are used to set whether the signal shall be
active or not, this means whether the dynamic settings shall be activated or not. If one of these signals (for
example, signal function x) becomes active and is to take effect, these settings become dynamic, that is,
instantly active. This means that the setting assigned to the signal replaces the standard setting. If the signal
becomes inactive, the standard settings apply again. The activation of the dynamic settings is reported.
Where several signals are active in parallel, the priority specified above shall apply. This means that a signal
with priority 1 precedes that of priority 2. The settings assigned to signal 1 become active.
The functionality of the dynamic settings can be disabled. In this case, the settings assigned to the signals are
not visible and are without effect.
[loocp3kal-030311-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-323 Influence of the Cold-Load Pickup Detection on the Overcurrent-Protection Stage
In the case of cold-load pickup, you have the option to change the settings for the Threshold and Operate
delay parameters of the protection level. You can also block the level. To do so, you must activate the influ-
ence of the cold-load pickup. You also have to set the Threshold and Operate delay or assign settings to
Stage blocked, which take effect when the signal is active.
The way signals are generated Cold-load pickup is described in chapter 5.5.4.1 Overview of Functions.
[loocp3bin-030311-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
You can use the binary input signal >Activ. dyn. settings to change the settings for the Threshold
and the Operate delay parameters of the protection stage. You can also block the level. To do so, you must
activate the influence of the binary input. You also have to set the Threshold and Operate delay or
assign settings to Stage blocked, which take effect when the signal is active.
The Overcurrent protection, ground function is used in protection function groups. 2 kinds of functions are
available for the 3-phase overcurrent protection:
Overcurrent protection, ground advanced (50N/51N OC-gnd-A)
Overcurrent protection, ground basic (50N/51N OC-gnd-B)
The function type Basic is provided for standard applications. The function type Advanced offers more func-
tionality and is provided for more complex applications.
Both function types are pre-configured by the manufacturer with 2 Definite-time overcurrent protection
stages and with 1 Inverse-time overcurrent protection stage.
In the function type Overcurrent protection, ground advanced the following stages can be operated
simultaneously:
Maximum of 3 stages Definite-time overcurrent protection advanced
1 stage Inverse-time overcurrent protection advanced
[dwocpga2-060213-01.tif, 5, en_US]
[dwocpgb1-060213-01.tif, 4, en_US]
If the following listed, device-internal functions are present in the device, these functions can influence the
pickup values and tripping delays of the stages or block the stages. The stage can also be affected by an
external source via a binary input signal.
Cold-load pickup detection
Binary input signal
If the device is equipped with an Inrush-current detection function, the stages can be stabilized against trip-
ping due to transformer-inrush currents (available in both function types).
6.19.3.1 Description
Measured-Value Selection
The function provides the option to select between the values IN measured or 3I0 calculated.
[loMasValue-201507-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
Both options are only available for the current-transformer connection types 3-phase + IN and 3-phase +
IN-separate. For other connection types respectively, only one option is possible. If you select an option
that is not allowed, an inconsistency message is given.
Depending on the CT secondary rated current, the CT connection type, and the selected setting, the secondary
threshold setting range varies according to the following table.
Connec- Measured CT Threshold Setting Threshold Setting Threshold Setting Threshold Setting
tion Value Terminal Range (rated I-sec.: Range (rated I-sec.: Range (rated I-sec.: Range (rated I-sec.:
Type Type ph = 1 A, IN = 1 A) ph = 1 A, IN = 5 A) ph = 5 A, IN = 1 A) ph = 5 A, IN = 5 A)
3I0 calcu- 4 * Protec- 0.010 A to 35.000 A N/A N/A 0.050 A to 175.00 A
lated tion
4 * Meas- 0.001 A to 1.600 A N/A N/A 0.002 A to 8.000 A
3ph + IN
urement
IN meas- 4 * Protec- 0.010 A to 35.000 A N/A N/A 0.050 A to 175.00 A
ured tion
4 * Meas- 0.001 A to 1.600 A N/A N/A 0.002 A to 8.000 A
urement
3I0 calcu- 4 * Protec- 0.010 A to 35.000 A 0.010 A to 35.000 A 0.050 A to 175.00 A 0.050 A to 175.00 A
lated tion
3 * Protec- 0.010 A to 35.000 A 0.010 A to 35.000 A 0.050 A to 175.00 A 0.050 A to 175.00 A
tion, 1 *
sen.
3ph + IN-separate
IN Measured The function operates with the measured ground current IN. This is the
recommended setting unless there is a specific reason to use the calculated
zero-sequence current 3I0.
3I0 Calculated The function operates with the calculated zero sequence current 3I0. This
setting option can be used when applying a redundant 50N/51N function for
safety reasons.
6.19.3.3 Settings
6.19.4.1 Description
[loocpgb1-060213-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-328 Logic Diagram of the Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection (Ground) Basic
[loocpgn1-291112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-329 Logic Diagram of the Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection (Ground) Advanced
Blocking of the Operate Delay and the Operate Signal via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function
(Basic and Advanced Stage)
Blocking of the operate delay and the operate signal via the device-internal Inrush-current detection function
is described in chapter 6.19.7.1 Description.
Default setting (_:751:6) Operate delay = 0.300 s (for the first stage)
Set the Threshold and Operate delay parameters for the specific application.
The following details apply to a 2-stage characteristic curve (1st stage = definite-time overcurrent protection
stage and 2nd stage = high-current stage).
EXAMPLE
High-current stage: 110-kV overhead line, 150 mm2 cross-section
s (length) = 60 km
ZL/s = 0.46 /km
Ratio of zero-sequence impedance and positive-sequence impedance of the line: ZL0/ZL1 = 4
Short-circuit power at the beginning of the line:
Ssc' = 2.5 GVA
Ratio of zero-sequence impedance and positive-sequence impedance of the source impedance at the
beginning of the line: ZP0/ZP1 = 2
Current transformer = 600 A/5 A
Resulting in the following values for the line impedance ZL and the source impedance ZP:
[fo_OCP002_030311, 1, en_US]
[fo_OCP003_030311, 1, en_US]
The 1-pole short-circuit current at the end of the line is IscG end:
[fo_ocp005_030311, 1, en_US]
The settings in primary and secondary values result in the following setting values which include a safety
margin of 10 %:
[foocpgr4-030311-01.tif, 3, en_US]
In case of short-circuit currents exceeding 1246 A (primary) or 10.39 A (secondary) there is a short-circuit on
the line to be protected. The overcurrent protection can cut off this short circuit immediately.
Note: The amounts in the calculation example are accurate enough for overhead lines. If the source impe-
dance, line impedance and zero-sequence impedance have very different angles, you have use complex
numbers to calculate the Threshold.
6.19.4.3 Settings
6.19.5.1 Description
[lo_ocp_gr2, 4, en_US]
Figure 6-330 Logic Diagram of the Inverse-Time Overcurrent Protection (Ground) Basic
[loocpgn2-291112-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-331 Logic Diagram of the Inverse-Time Overcurrent Protection (Ground) Advanced
Pickup and Dropout Behaviors of the Inverse-Time Characteristic Curve According to IEC and ANSI (Basic and
Advanced Stage)
When the input variable exceeds the threshold value by a factor of 1.1, the inverse-time characteristic curve is
processed. An integrating method of measurement totalizes the weighted time. The weighted time results
from the characteristic curve. For this, the time that is associated with the present current value is determined
from the characteristic curve. Once the weighted time exceeds the value 1, the stage operates.
When the measured value falls short of the pickup value by a factor of 1.045 (0.95 x 1.1 x threshold value),
the dropout is started. The pickup will be indicated as clearing. You can influence the dropout behavior via
setting parameters. You can select between instantaneous dropout (totalized time is deleted) or dropout
according to the characteristic curve (reduction of totalized time depending on the characteristic curve). The
dropout according to characteristic curve (disk emulation) is the same as turning back a rotor disk. The
weighted reduction of the time is initiated from 0.9 of the set threshold value.
The characteristic curve and associated formulas are shown in the Technical Data.
[Dwocpgr3Mi_20140716-01, 1, en_US]
Blocking of the Operate Delay and the Operate Signal via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function
(Basic and Advanced Stage)
Blocking of the operate delay and the operate signal via the device-internal Inrush-current detection function
is described in chapter 6.19.7.1 Description.
This parameter is only required for time coordination in recloser schemes. For all other applications, Siemens
recommends keeping the default setting of 0 s.
NOTE
i If the set value is smaller than the smallest possible time delay of the inverse-time characteristic curve, the
parameter has no influence on the delay time.
Parameter: Threshold
Parameter: Reset
6.19.5.3 Settings
6.19.6.1 Description
This stage is only available in the advanced function type.
This stage is structured the same way as the Inverse-time overcurrent protection advanced stage (see
chapter 6.19.5.1 Description ). The only differences are as follows:
You can define the characteristic curve as desired.
The pickup and dropout behaviors of this stage are determined by the standard parameter Threshold
and, if necessary, by an additional parameter Threshold (absolute).
[dwocpken-140611-02.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-333 Pickup Behavior and Dropout Behavior when Using a User-Defined Characteristic Curve
NOTE
i The currents that are lower than the current value of the smallest characteristic-curve point do not extend
the operate time. The pickup characteristic runs in parallel to the current axis up to the smallest character-
istic-curve point. Currents that are larger than the current value of the largest characteristic-curve point do
not reduce the operate time. The pickup characteristic runs in parallel to the current axis from the largest
characteristic-curve point.
If you want to change the pickup threshold of the stage without changing all points of the characteristic curve,
you can use the additional Threshold (absolute) parameter.
You can set the Threshold (absolute) parameter to be greater than 1.1 times the Threshold value.
Then the stage behaviors are as follows:
The stage picks up when the measured current value exceeds the Threshold (absolute) value.
The stage starts dropout when the measured current value falls short of the Threshold (absolute)
value by 0.95 times.
For measured current values lower than the Threshold (absolute) value, no pickup takes place and
consequently the characteristic curve is not processed.
If you set the Threshold (absolute) parameter to be less than 1.1 times the Threshold value, the
pickup and dropout behaviors are not affected by the Threshold (absolute) parameter.
NOTE
Parameter: Reset
NOTE
6.19.6.3 Settings
6.19.7.1 Description
With the Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter, you can define whether tripping of the stage
should be blocked when a threshold value is exceeded due to an inrush current. In case of a blocking, the
stage picks up. The start of the tripping delay and the trip signal are blocked. The function signals this through
a corresponding indication. If the blocking drops out and the threshold value of the stage is still exceeded, the
time delay is started. After that time, the stage operates. The following figure only shows the part of the stage
(exemplified by definite-time overcurrent protection stage 1) that illustrates the influence of the inrush-
current detection. Only if the central function Inrush-current detection (see section 11.51 Inrush-Current
Detection) is in effect can the blocking be set.
[loocpgrd-210812-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-334 Part-Logic Diagram on the Influence of Inrush-Current Detection Exemplified by the 1st Defi-
nite-Time Overcurrent Protection Stage
6.19.8.1 Description
The Threshold and Operate delay settings used for tripping are so-called dynamic settings.
Depending on other functions, the settings of these parameters can be changed dynamically. Depending on
other functions, the stage can also be blocked dynamically. This functionality is only available in function type
Advanced.
[loocpgnd-030311-01.vsd, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-335 Principle of the Dynamic Settings in the Example of 1st Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection
Stage
If available in the device, the following functionalities can affect the overcurrent-protection stages:
Functionalities Priority
Cold-load pickup detection Priority 1
Binary input signal Priority 2
These functionalities generate signals that change the settings of the dynamic settings of the overcurrent-
protection stage or block it, if required. In the latter case, the settings for the Threshold and the Operate
delay are of no relevance. Within the overcurrent-protection stage, each of these signals is provided with a
configuration parameter Influence of function ... and its own dynamic settings (Operate delay
and Threshold). The configuration settings are used to set whether the signal shall be active or not, this
means whether the dynamic settings shall be activated or not. If one of these signals (for example, signal
function x) becomes active and is to take effect, these parameter settings become dynamic, that is, instantly
active. This means that the setting assigned to the signal replaces the standard setting. If the signal becomes
inactive, the standard settings apply again. The activation of the dynamic settings is reported.
Where several signals are active in parallel, the priority specified above shall apply. This means that a signal
with priority 1 precedes that of priority 2. The settings assigned to signal 1 become active.
The functionality of the dynamic settings can be disabled. In this case, the settings assigned to the signals are
not visible and are without effect.
[lo_ocp_kal_gnd, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-336 Influence of the Cold-Load Pickup Detection on the Overcurrent-Protection Stage
You have the option of changing the settings for the Threshold and the Operate delay of the protection
stage for a cold-load pickup. You can also block the stage. To do so, you must activate the influence of the
cold-load pickup. You also have to set the Threshold and Operate delay or assign settings to Stage
blocked, which take effect when the signal is active.
The way signals are generated Cold-load pickup is described in chapter 5.5.4.13 Cold-Load Pickup Detec-
tion (Optional) .
[loocpbingnd-030311-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
You can use the binary input signal >Activ. dyn. settings to change the settings for the Threshold
and the Operate delay of the protection stage. You can also block the stage. To do so, you must activate
the influence of the binary input. You also have to set the Threshold and Operate delay or assign
settings to Stage blocked, which take effect when the signal is active.
Detects and monitors the circulating current between the neutral points of 2 capacitor banks
The Overcurrent protection, 1-phase function is used in protection function groups with 1-phase current
measurement. 2 function types are offered:
Overcurrent protection, 1-phase advanced (50N/51N OC-1ph-A)
Overcurrent protection, 1-phase basic (50N/51N OC-1ph-B)
The function type Basic is provided for standard applications. The function type Advanced offers more func-
tionality and is provided for more complex applications.
Both function types are pre-configured by the manufacturer with 2 Definite-time overcurrent protection
stages and with 1 Inverse-time overcurrent protection stage.
In the function type Overcurrent protection, 1-phase advanced the following stages can be operated
simultaneously:
Maximum of 3 stages Definite-time overcurrent protection (UMZ)
1 stage Inverse-time overcurrent protection (AMZ)
1 Fast stage
In the function type Overcurrent protection, 1-phase basic, the following stages can operate simultane-
ously:
Maximum of 3 stages Definite-time overcurrent protection
1 stage Inverse-time overcurrent protection
The non-preconfigured stages in Figure 6-338 and Figure 6-339 are shown in gray. Apart from the operate-
delay characteristic curve, the Definite-time overcurrent protection stage, the Inverse-time overcurrent
protection stage, and the User-defined characteristic curve-time overcurrent protection stage are struc-
tured identically.
The Fast stage uses a fast tripping algorithm. It is therefore suited in particular for sensitive ground-fault
detection according to the high-impedance principle.
[dwocp1pa-280113-01.tif, 3, en_US]
[dwocp1pb-310113-01.tif, 3, en_US]
If the device is equipped with the Inrush-current detection function, you can stabilize the stages against
issuing of the operate indication due to transformer inrush-currents.
6.20.3.1 Description
Logic of a Stage
[loinvocp-270612-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Method of measurement
You use the Method of measurement parameter to define whether the stage uses the fundamental
comp. or the calculated RMS value.
Measurement of the fundamental component:
This method of measurement processes the sampled current values and filters out the fundamental
component numerically.
You have to connect the protection function group with 1-phase current measurement to the protection
function group with 3-phase current measurement. You connect protection function groups in the
DIGSI 5 Project Tree Name of the device Function group connections.
Related Topics
6.18.7.1 Description
Default setting (_:12661:6) Operate delay = 0.300 s (for the first stage)
Set the Threshold and Operate delay parameters for the specific application.
6.20.3.3 Settings
6.20.4.1 Description
[lodefocp-270612-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Pickup and Dropout Behaviors of the Inverse-Time Characteristic Curve According to IEC and ANSI
When the input variable exceeds the threshold value by a factor of 1.1, the inverse-time characteristic curve is
processed. An integrating method of measurement totalizes the weighted time. The weighted time results
from the characteristic curve. For this, the time that is associated with the present current value is determined
from the characteristic curve. Once the weighted time exceeds the value 1, the stage operates.
When the measured value falls short of the pickup value by a factor of 1.045 (0.95 x 1.1 x threshold value),
the dropout is started. The pickup will be indicated as clearing. You can influence the dropout behavior via
setting parameters. You can select between instantaneous dropout (totalized time is deleted) or dropout
according to the characteristic curve (reduction of totalized time depending on the characteristic curve). The
dropout according to characteristic curve (disk emulation) is the same as turning back a rotor disk. The
weighted reduction of the time is initiated from 0.9 of the set threshold value.
The characteristic curve and associated formulas are shown in the Technical Data.
Method of Measurement
You use the Method of measurement parameter to define whether the stage uses the fundamental
comp. or the calculated RMS value.
Measurement of the fundamental component:
This method of measurement processes the sampled current values and filters out the fundamental
component numerically.
You have to connect the protection function group with 1-phase current measurement to the protection
function group with 3-phase current measurement. You connect protection function groups in the
DIGSI 5 Project Tree Name of the device Function group connections.
Parameter: Threshold
Parameter: Reset
6.20.4.3 Settings
6.20.5.1 Description
The User-defined characteristic curve overcurrent protection stage is only available in the advanced func-
tion type.
This stage is structured the same way as the stage with the inverse-time characteristic curve. The only differ-
ence is that you can define the characteristic curve as desired.
An integrating method of measurement totalizes the weighted time. The weighted time results from the char-
acteristic curve. For this, the time that is associated with the present current value is determined from the
characteristic curve. Once the weighted time exceeds the value 1, the stage operates.
When the measured value falls short of the pickup value by a factor of 1.045 (0.95 x 1.1 x threshold value),
the dropout is started. The pickup will be indicated as clearing. You can influence the dropout behavior via
setting parameters. You can select between instantaneous dropout (totalized time is deleted) or dropout
according to the characteristic curve (reduction of totalized time depending on the characteristic curve). The
dropout according to characteristic curve (disk emulation) is the same as turning back a rotor disk. The
weighted reduction of the time is initiated from 0.9 of the set threshold value.
[dwocpken-140611-02.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-342 Pickup Behavior and Dropout Behavior when Using a User-Defined Characteristic Curve
NOTE
i Note that the currents that are lower than the current value of the smallest characteristic-curve point do
not extend the operate time. The pickup characteristic runs in parallel to the current axis up to the smallest
characteristic-curve point. Currents that are larger than the current value of the largest characteristic-curve
point do not reduce the operate time. The pickup characteristic runs in parallel to the current axis from the
largest characteristic-curve point.
NOTE
Parameter: Reset
NOTE
6.20.5.3 Settings
6.20.6.1 Description
Logic of a Stage
The fast stage is only available in function type Advanced.
[loocp1hs-280113-01.tif, 2, en_US]
6.20.6.3 Settings
6.20.7.1 Description
With the high-impedance method, all current transformers operate in parallel at the limits of the protection
range on a common, relatively high-impedance resistor R, the voltage of which is measured.
The current transformers must be of the same type of construction and have at least one core of their own for
the High-impedance restricted ground-fault protection. Furthermore, they must have the same transfer ratio
and approximately the same knee-point voltage.
The high-impedance principle is especially suited for ground-fault detection in grounded networks at trans-
formers, generators, motors, and shunt reactors.
The left part of Figure 6-344 shows an application example for a grounded transformer winding or a grounded
motor/generator. The example at the right shows an ungrounded transformer winding or an ungrounded
motor/generator. In this example, it is assumed that the network is grounded at a different point.
[dwhimpef-310113-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[dwprhimp-310113-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-345 Principle of the Restricted Ground-Fault Protection According to the High-Impedance Principle
With a ground-fault in the protection range (on the right in Figure 6-345), a neutral-point current IY flows in
any case. The magnitude of the residual current in the phase currents depends on the grounding conditions in
the rest of the network. A secondary current corresponding to the entire short-circuit current attempts to flow
via the resistor R. But since this resistor is high-impedance, a high voltage arises there which causes the satura-
tion of the current transformers. The effective voltage at the resistor therefore corresponds approximately to
the knee-point voltage of the current transformers.
The resistor R is thus dimensioned in such a way that even the smallest ground-fault current to be detected
leads to a secondary voltage that corresponds to half of the knee-point voltage of the current transformers
(see chapter 2.5.4).
Further information can be found at Sensitivity view for high-impedance ground-fault differential protection in
chapter 6.20.7.2 Application and Setting Notes .
[dwanedif-310113-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-346 Connection Diagram of the Restricted Ground-Fault Protection According to the High-Impe-
dance Principle
As a protection against overvoltages, it is important that you connect the device directly at the grounded side
of the current transformer. The high voltage at the resistor is thus kept away from the device.
In a similar manner, the high-impedance restricted ground-fault protection for generators, motors, and shunt
reactors is used. With auto transformers, you must connect the upper-voltage side and low-voltage side
current transformers and neutral-point transformer in parallel.
The method can be realized for each protected object. As busbar protection, the device, for example, is
connected via the resistor to the parallel connection of the transformers of all feeders.
[foukniep-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Rated current, rated power, and overcurrent factor are found on the name plate of the transformer.
EXAMPLE
Current transformer with the following data on the name plate: 800/5; 5P10; 30 VA
You can read the following transformer data with this data:
Irated = 5 A (out of 800/5)
n = 10 (out of 5P10)
Prated = 30 VA
The internal resistance is frequently to be found in the test report of the transformer. If it is not known, it can
be approximately determined by a direct current measurement at the secondary winding.
EXAMPLE
Calculation of the knee-point voltage
Current transformer 800/5; 5P10; 30 VA with Ri = 0.3
[foukp5aw-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[foukp1aw-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Besides the current-transformer data, the resistance of the longest connection line between transformer and
device must be known.
[dwvebhdi-310113-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-347 Simplified Connection Diagram of a Layout for High-Impedance Restricted Ground-Fault
Protection
[foistabl-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
EXAMPLE
For the 5 A transformer as above with VKP = 75 V and Ri = 0.3
Longest connection line = 22 m with 4 mm2 cross-section; that corresponds to Ra = 0.1
[foisl5aw-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[foisl1aw-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[foberecr-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
EXAMPLE
For the 5 A transformer as above
Desired pickup value Ipick = 0.1 A (corresponds to 16 A primary)
[fober5aw-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fober1aw-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The series resistor R must be designed for a minimum continuous load Pcontinuous.
[fopdau5a-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fopdau1a-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Further, the series resistor R must be designed for a fault current lasting approximately 0.5 s. This time is
usually sufficient for fault clearing through backup protection.
The thermal stress of the series resistor depends on the voltage VRMS,stab that is present during an internal fault.
It is calculated according to the following equations:
[fousta5a-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fousta1a-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
IK,max,int corresponds to the maximum fault current here in the case of an internal fault.
5-A current transformer 800/5 with 40 kA primary corresponds to IK,max,int = 250 A secondary.
1-A current transformer 800/1 with 40 kA primary corresponds to IK,max,int = 50 A secondary.
This results in a temporary load for the series resistor over 0.5 s of:
[fop05s5a-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fop05s1a-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Observe that with the selection of a higher pickup value Ipick, the resistor value must be lowered and therefore
the dissipation rises sharply.
The varistor (see following figure) must be sized such that it remains high impedance up to the knee-point
voltage, for example:
Approx. 100 V with 5 A transformer
Approx. 500 V with 1 A transformer
[dwanedif-310113-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-348 Connection Diagram of the Restricted Ground-Fault Protection According to the High-Impe-
dance Principle
Even with unfavorable wiring, the maximum occurring voltage peaks do not exceed 2 kV for safety reasons.
When for performance reasons, several varistors must be connected in parallel, give preference to types with
flat characteristic curves, in order to avoid an unbalanced load. Siemens therefore recommends the following
types by METROSIL:
600A/S1/S256 (k = 450, = 0.25)
600A/S1/S1088 (k = 900, = 0.25)
In the example, set the pickup value of the first Definite-time overcurrent protection stage (setting
Threshold) to 0.1 A for 5-A transformers or 0.05 A for 1-A transformers. No further protection stages are
needed. Delete these or switch them off. Set the Operate delay setting to 0 s.
If several current transformers are connected in series, for example, with use as busbar protection with several
feeders, the magnetization currents of the transformers switched in parallel can no longer be neglected. In
this case, add up the magnetization currents at half of the knee-point voltage (corresponds to the set
Threshold). These magnetization currents reduce the current through the resistor R. Thus, the actual pickup
value is correspondingly higher.
6.20.8.1 Description
Tank leakage protection records short-circuits to ground including high-impedance ones between a phase
and the tank of a transformer. The tank is thus insulated, or at least grounded with high impedance. The tank
must be connected with a line to ground. The current that flows through this line is fed to the protection
device. If a short-circuit to ground occurs in a tank, a fault current (tank current) flows to substation ground
via the ground connection.
The function Overcurrent protection, 1-phase detects the tank current. If the tank current exceeds the set
Threshold, the function Overcurrent protection, 1-phase generates an operate indication. Depending on
the set Operate delay, the transformer is tripped immediately or time-delayed on all sides.
For tank protection, a sensitive, 1-phase current measuring input is used.
[dwprkess-310113-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Can be used for generators where the excitation voltage is derived from the machine terminals and the
overcurrent pickup should be kept depending on the fault voltages
The Voltage-dependent overcurrent protection function is used in protection function groups with 3-phase
current and voltage measurement.
The function Voltage-dependent overcurrent protection comes with the following factory-set stages:
Inverse-time overcurrent protection, voltage-dependent stage
Definite-time overcurrent protection, undervoltage seal-in stage
In this function, the following stages can operate simultaneously:
A maximum of 2 inverse-time overcurrent protection, voltage-dependent stages
A maximum of 2 inverse-time overcurrent protection, voltage-released stages
[dw_stuvol_release, 3, en_US]
6.21.3.1 Description
[lovoldep-210713-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Method of Measurement
You use the Method of measurement parameter to define whether the stage uses the fundamental
comp. (standard method) or the calculated RMS value.
[dwvolpic-220713-01.tif, 1, en_US]
With:
V = Measured phase-to-phase voltage
Vrated = Rated voltage (parameter Rated voltage in the function block General of the protec-
tion function group)
PU sett. = Pickup threshold setting (parameter address: _11491:3)
PU(V) = Applied pickup threshold according to the voltage influence
The minimum current pickup threshold value is 0.03 * Irated. This value cannot be decreased any further even
not by voltage-dependent pickup threshold factor.
Decreasing the pickup threshold is carried out phase-selectively. The assignment of voltages to current-
carrying phases is shown in Table 6-9.
Pickup and Dropout Behaviors of the Inverse-Time Characteristic Curve According to IEC and ANSI
When the input variable exceeds the threshold value by a factor of 1.1, the inverse-time characteristic curve is
processed.
An integrating method of measurement totalizes the weighted time. The weighted time results from the char-
acteristic curve. For this, the time that is associated with the present current value is determined from the
characteristic curve. Once the weighted time exceeds the value 1, the stage operates.
When the measured value falls below the pickup value by 1.045 times (0.95 x 1.1 x threshold value), the
dropout is started. The pickup will be indicated as clearing. You can influence the dropout behavior via setting
parameters. You can select between instantaneous dropout (totalized time is deleted) or dropout according to
the characteristic curve (reduction of totalized time depending on the characteristic curve). The dropout
according to the characteristic curve (disk emulation) is the same as turning back a rotor disk. The weighted
reduction of the time is started from 0.9 of the set threshold value.
The characteristic curve and associated formulas are shown in the Technical data.
Blocking of the Operate Delay and the Operate Signal via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function
Blocking of the operate delay and the operate signal via the device-internal Inrush-current detection function
is described in chapter 6.18.7.1 Description .
Parameter: Threshold
Parameter: Reset
The setting value for the Time dial parameter is derived from the time-grading chart that has been
prepared for the electrical power system.
Where no time grading and therefore no displacement of the characteristic curve is required, leave the param-
eter Time dial at 1 (default setting).
6.21.3.3 Settings
6.21.4.1 Description
[lovolrel-210713-01.tif, 2, en_US]
This stage is structured in the same way as the Inverse-time overcurrent, voltage-dependent stage (see
chapter 6.21.3.1 Description). The only differences are the conditions for the pickup and the influence on the
operate curve.
Measuring-Element Release
When the controlling voltage drops below the setting Undervoltage threshold, the respective measuring
element is released.
The release of the measuring elements is carried out phase-selectively. The assignment of voltages to current-
carrying phases is shown in Figure 6-352.
6.21.4.3 Settings
6.21.5.1 Description
[lo_Seal-in_20150215, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-354 Logic Diagram of the Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection, Undervoltage Seal-in
Undervoltage Seal-In
In generators where the excitation voltage is derived from the machine terminals, the short-circuit current
decreases quickly in the event of close-in faults (for example, in a generator or a generator-transformer
range). The current decreases to a value below the current threshold within a few seconds because of the
absence of the excitation voltage. To avoid a dropout of the relay, the positive-sequence voltages are used as
an additional criterion for detecting a short circuit.
The pickup signal is maintained for a settable seal-in time Duration of V-seal-in time, if the positive-
sequence voltage falls below a settable threshold V-seal-in threshold after an overcurrent pickup, even
if the current falls below the threshold again. If the voltage recovers before the seal-in time has elapsed, or if
the undervoltage seal-in is blocked via a binary input >Block V-seal-in, the signal Pickup I>+V-seal-
in drops out immediately.
You can switch off the undervoltage seal-in via the parameter State of V-seal-in.
Parameter: Threshold
[fo_OCP_UVSI_threshold, 1, en_US]
[fo_OCP_UVSI_Seal-in, 1, en_US]
6.21.5.3 Settings
6.21.6.1 Description
[lo_Seal-in_Rel20150215, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-355 Logic Diagram of the Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection, Voltage-Released Undervoltage
Seal-in, Part 1
[lo_Seal-in_Rel2, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-356 Logic Diagram of the Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection, Voltage-Released Undervoltage
Seal-in, Part 2
Voltage Release
In addition to the current criterion with undervoltage seal-in, a voltage-released logic must be present to issue
the indication Pickup. The voltage-released logic monitors the negative-sequence voltage and phase-to-
phase voltages respectively for detecting unsymmetrical faults and symmetrical faults. With the voltage-
released logic, the setting value of the parameter Threshold can be reduced in a certain range and the relia-
bility and sensibility of this function can be improved correspondingly.
Undervoltage Seal-In
In generators where the excitation voltage is derived from the machine terminals, the short-circuit current
decreases quickly in the event of close-in faults (for example, in a generator or a generator-transformer
range). The current decreases to a value below the current threshold within a few seconds because of the
absence of the excitation voltage. To avoid a dropout of the relay, the positive-sequence voltages are used as
an additional criterion for detecting a short circuit.
The pickup signal is maintained for a settable seal-in time Duration of V-seal-in time, if the positive-
sequence voltage falls below a settable threshold V-seal-in threshold after an overcurrent pickup, even
if the current falls below the threshold again. If the voltage recovers before the seal-in time has elapsed, or if
the undervoltage seal-in is blocked via a binary input >Block V-seal-in, the signal Pickup I>+V-seal-
in drops out immediately.
You can switch off the undervoltage seal-in via the parameter State of V-seal-in.
Parameter: Threshold
[fo_OCP_UVSI_threshold, 1, en_US]
[fo_OCP_UVSI_Seal-in, 1, en_US]
6.21.6.3 Settings
Ensures selective fault detection for parallel lines or transformers with infeed at one end
Ensures selective fault detection in cable runs with infeed at both ends or in lines connected to form ring
topologies
The Directional overcurrent protection, phases function is used in protection function groups. 2 function
types are offered:
Directional overcurrent protection, phases - advanced (67 Dir.OC-3ph-A)
Directional overcurrent protection, phases - basic (67 Dir.OC-3ph-B)
The Basic function type is provided for standard applications. The function type Advanced offers advanced
functionality and is provided for more complex applications.
Both function types are preconfigured by the manufacturer with 2 Directional, definite-time overcurrent
protection stages and with 1 Directional inverse-time overcurrent protection stage.
In the Advanced function type Directional overcurrent protection, phases advanced, the following stages
can be operated simultaneously:
Maximum of 4 stages Definite-time overcurrent protection advanced
1 stage Inverse-time overcurrent protection advanced
[dwdiocan-050213-01.tif, 4, en_US]
Figure 6-357 Structure/Embedding the Function Directional Overcurrent Protection, Phases Advanced
[dwdiocba-050213-01.tif, 5, en_US]
Figure 6-358 Structure/Embedding the Function Directional Overcurrent Protection, Phases Basic
If the device-internal functions listed in the following are present in the device, these functions can influence
the pickup values and tripping delays of the stages or block the stages. The stage can also be affected by an
external source via a binary input signal.
Automatic reclosing (AREC)
Cold-load pickup detection
6.22.3.1 Description
Logic
The following figure represents the stage control. It applies to all types of stages.
[lodocpn2-291112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Blocking of the Stage with Measuring-Voltage Failure (Basic and Advanced Stage)
The stage can be blocked if a measuring-voltage failure occurs. In the event of blocking, the picked up stage
will be reset. The following blocking options are available for the stage:
From inside on pickup of the Measuring-voltage failure detection function (see chapter 8.3.2.1 Over-
view of Functions)
From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block Volt.-transf. c.
b., which links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker
The Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter can be set so that measuring-voltage failure detection
blocks the stage or does not block it.
The binary input signal >Open of the function block VTCB is connected to the voltage-transformer circuit
breaker (see chapter 8.3.4.1 Overview of Functions).
6.22.4.1 Description
[lodocg6b-060213-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-360 Logic Diagram of the Directional, Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection, Phases - Basic
[lodocp31-141013, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-361 Logic Diagram of the Directional, Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection, Phases - Advanced
ments which can be used to determine the direction are available in the voltage memory, the basic stage
generally picks up without direction determination, that is non-directionally. For the advanced stage, the
response can be defined via the Non-directional pickup parameter. With the at volt.< &
mem.empty setting, the function picks up in such a situation without direction determination. With the no
setting, the function does not pick up.
Via the dynamic settings function (only provided in the Advanced function type, see chapter Influence of
other functions via dynamic settings and chapter 6.18.8.1 Description )
Blocking of the Operate Delay and the Operate Signal via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function
(Basic and Advanced Stage)
Blocking of the operate delay and the operate signal via the device-internal Inrush-current detection function
is described in chapter 6.18.7.1 Description .
Parameter: Threshold
Default setting (_:8131:6) Operate delay = 0.300 s (for the 1st stage)
The Operate delay to be set is derived from the time-grading schedule that has been prepared for the system.
Where overcurrent protection is used in emergency mode, shorter time delays might be reasonable (one
grading time above fast tripping), since the emergency mode only operates if the main protection function
fails.
Typical examples of grading times are provided in the chapters 6.22.9 Application Notes for Parallel Lines and
6.22.10 Application Notes for Directional Comparison Protection .
6.22.4.3 Settings
6.22.5.1 Description
[lodoci6b-060213-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-362 Logic Diagram of the Directional, Inverse-Time Overcurrent Protection, Phases - Basic
[lodocp33-121013, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-363 Logic Diagram of the Directional, Inverse-Time Overcurrent Protection, Phases - Advanced
generally picks up without direction determination, that is non-directionally. For the advanced stage, the
response can be defined via the Non-directional pickup parameter. With the at volt.< &
mem.empty setting, the function picks up in such a situation without direction determination. With the no
setting, the function does not pick up.
Pickup and Dropout Behaviors of the Inverse-Time Characteristic Curve According to IEC and ANSI (Basic and
Advanced Stage)
When the input variable exceeds the threshold value by a factor of 1.1, the inverse-time characteristic curve is
processed. An integrating method of measurement summarizes the weighted time. The weighted time results
from the characteristic curve. For this, the time that is associated with the present current value is determined
from the characteristic curve. Once the weighted time exceeds the value 1, the stage operates.
When the measured value falls below the pickup value by a factor of 1.045 (0.95 x 1.1 x threshold value), the
dropout is started. The pickup will be indicated as clearing. You can influence the dropout behavior via setting
parameters. You can select between instantaneous dropout (totalized time is deleted) or dropout according to
the characteristic curve (reduction of totalized time depending on the characteristic curve). The dropout
according to characteristic curve (disk emulation) is the same as turning back a rotor disk. The weighted
reduction of the time is initiated from 0.9 of the set threshold value.
The characteristic curve and associated formulas are shown in the Technical Data.
[DwDocp01_040715-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
Via the functionality of the dynamic settings (only in the advanced function type, see subtitle Influ-
ence of other functions via dynamic settings and chapter 6.18.8.1 Description ).
Blocking of the Operate Delay and the Operate Signal via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function
(Basic and Advanced Stage)
Blocking of the operate delay and the operate signal via the device-internal Inrush-current detection function
is described in chapter 6.18.7.1 Description .
NOTE
i If the set value is smaller than the smallest possible time delay of the inverse-time characteristic curve, the
parameter has no influence on the delay time.
Parameter: Threshold
Parameter: Reset
6.22.5.3 Settings
6.22.6.1 Description
The structure of this stage is identical to that of the advanced stage with directional inverse-time characteristic
curve (6.22.4.1 Description ). The only difference is that you can define the characteristic curve as desired.
[dwocpken-140611-02.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-365 Pickup and Dropout Behaviors when Using a Directional User-Defined Characteristic Curve
NOTE
i Note that the currents that are lower than the current value of the smallest characteristic-curve point do
not extend the operate time. The pickup characteristic runs in parallel to the current axis up to the smallest
characteristic-curve point. Currents that are larger than the current value of the largest characteristic-curve
point do not reduce the operate time. The pickup characteristic runs in parallel to the current axis from the
largest characteristic-curve point.
NOTE
The set value for the Time dial parameter is derived from the time-grading chart that has been prepared for
the electrical power system. Where no time grading and therefore no displacement of the characteristic curve
is required, leave the Time dial parameter set to 1.
Parameter: Reset
NOTE
6.22.6.3 Settings
6.22.7.1 Description
General
Every phase has a separate direction-measuring element. If the threshold value in a phase is exceeded, the
direction determination is started for this phase. If there are multiphase short circuits, all measuring elements
involved perform direction determination independently. If one of the determined directions matches the set
direction, the stage picks up (see descriptions of the stage logic).
The direction is determined by calculating the phase angle between the short-circuit current and a reference
voltage.
[dwdocp02-240611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The following table shows how measurands are assigned for direction-determination purposes in the event of
different types of fault.
Voltage Memory
Saved voltages are used if, when a 3-pole close-up fault occurs, the measuring voltages are not sufficient for
reliable direction determination. Insofar as and as long as no sufficient measuring voltage is available after the
storage time (2 s) has elapsed, the detected direction is retained. If the memory does not contain any voltages
(when closing onto a short circuit, for example), the behavior of the stage is defined using the Non-direc-
tional pickup parameter.
Direction Determination
As mentioned in the General section, the direction is determined by calculating the phase angle between
short-circuit current and reference voltage. To take different system conditions and applications into account,
the reference voltage can be rotated through an adjustable angle (Rotation angle of ref. volt.
parameter). This moves the vector of the rotated reference voltage close to the vector of the short-circuit
current. Consequently, the result of direction determination is as reliable as possible. Figure 6-367 illustrates
the relationship based on a 1-phase ground fault in phase A. The short-circuit current IscA lags the short-circuit
voltage by the short-circuit angle sc. The reference voltage, in this case VBC for measuring element A, is
rotated positively (counterclockwise) by the setting value of the Rotation angle of ref. volt. param-
eter. In the scenario illustrated here, the rotation is +45o.
[dwdocp33-070611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The rotated reference voltage defines the forward and reverse range, as shown in Figure 6-368. The forward
range is calculated as 88o around the rotated reference voltage Vref,rot. If the short-circuit current vector is
located in this range, the device decides on the forward direction. In the mirrored range, the device decides on
the backward direction. In the intermediate range, the direction is undetermined.
[dwdocp34-240611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The influence of these functions via dynamic settings is described in chapter 6.18.8.1 Description and chapter
6.18.8.2 Application and Setting Notes (Advanced Stage) .
[dwdocp05-240611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The direction determination of directional overcurrent protection can be used to implement directional
comparison protection for cable runs with infeed at both ends. Directional comparison protection is used for
the selective isolation of a faulted line section (for example, subsections of closed rings). Sections are isolated
in fast time, that is, they do not suffer the disadvantage of long grading times.
This technique requires that directional information can be exchanged between the individual protection
stations. You can implement this information exchange using a communication channel (protection interface
or IEC 61850 GOOSE) or with pilot wires for signal transmission via an auxiliary voltage loop.
Protection Principle
The protection principle is shown in Figure 6-370. 2 devices (one at the start of the line and the other at the
end of the line) work together in each line section. The information fault in forward direction is transferred
between them. A directional definite-time overcurrent protection level is in operation in both devices in the
forward direction (1st level). However, this level is not enabled in the idle state. The level is only released
when the information fault in forward direction is received from the opposite end. If the enabled level also
defines the fault in the forward direction, the fault must be on this line section and the level trips immediately.
As this protection principle works with an enable procedure (and not with a blocking procedure), there is no
need to delay the level.
A second directional definite-time overcurrent protection stage with standard time grading works in parallel
with the first stage as a selective backup stage. This ensures full selectivity of protection in the following situa-
tions:
Infeed at one end or weak infeed at one end: In this case, no release signal is generated.
Failure of the communication route: In this case, the release signal is not transmitted.
To provide selective protection in fast time for busbars between the line sections also, you can combine this
protection principle with the principle of reverse interlocking. This principle is not discussed in further detail in
this document.
[dwdocp07-240611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
If you are using a communication channel, the protocol-transmission methods detect if the channel is inter-
rupted. If you are using pilot wires, we recommend operation based on a closed-circuit connection. The device
uses a function chart to check and indicate if the binary input is dead for an unexpectedly long period. In
contrast with the blocking procedure, overfunction is not possible if communication is lost. Therefore, a loss of
communication is not critical where this procedure is concerned, although it must be detected and indicated.
Directional comparison protection can also be implemented as a blocking procedure. This procedure works
under all system switching states, i.e. also with infeed at one end (or weak infeed). However, to use it you
must delay the stage (typically by 100 ms) so that the blocking signal is received in time under all circum-
stances. It is also essential that you monitor the communication channel to avoid overfunction in the event of
failure followed by a system incident.
The first stage can be set without a time delay. The second stage has to be graded
The information forward from the Direction signal in the first stage must be transmitted to the oppo-
site end. The routing is determined by the type of transmission
A function chart has to be implemented at the receive end to link the received (forward information)
and release signals, dependent upon the type of transmission.
Ensures selective ground-fault detection in cable runs with infeed at both ends or in lines connected to
form ring topologies
The Directional overcurrent protection, ground function can be used in protection function groups which
provide zero-sequence current and zero-sequence voltage measurements. 2 function types are offered:
Directional overcurrent protection, ground advanced (67N Dir.OC-gnd-A)
Directional overcurrent protection, ground basic (67N Dir.OC-gnd-B)
The basic function type shall be used for standard applications. The advanced function type provides more
functionalities and is intended for more sophisticated applications.
Both function types are preconfigured by the manufacturer with 2 Definite-time overcurrent protection
stages and 1 Inverse-time overcurrent protection stage.
In the advanced function type Directional overcurrent protection, ground advanced, the following stages
can operate simultaneously:
A maximum of 4 Definite-time overcurrent protection advanced stages
1 Inverse-time overcurrent protection advanced stage
[dwrdirad-300913, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-371 Structure/Embedding of the Function Directional Overcurrent Protection, Ground Advanced
[dwrdirba-300913, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-372 Structure/Embedding of the Function Directional Overcurrent Protection, Ground Basic
If the following listed device-internal functions are present in the device, these functions can influence the
pickup values and operate delays of the stages or block the stages. The stage can also be affected by an
external source via a binary input signal.
Automatic reclosing (AREC)
Cold-load pickup detection
Logic
The function provides the option to select between the values IN measured or 3I0 calculated.
[loMasValue-201505-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
Both options are only available for the current-transformer connection types 3-phase + IN and 3-phase +
IN-separate. For other connection types respectively, only one option is possible. If you select an option
that is not allowed, an inconsistency message is given.
Depending on the CT secondary rated current, the CT connection type, and the selected setting, the secondary
threshold setting range varies according to the following table.
1.600 A 8.000 A
IN measured 4 * Protection 0.030 A to N/A N/A 0.15 A to
35.000 A 175.00 A
4 * Measurement 0.001 A to N/A N/A 0.005 A to
1.600 A 8.000 A
3I0 calculated 4 * Protection 0.030 A to 0.030 A to 0.15 A to 0.15 A to
35.000 A 35.000 A 175.00 A 175.00 A
3 * Protection, 1 * 0.030 A to 0.030 A to 0.15 A to 0.15 A to
sen. 35.000 A 35.000 A 175.00 A 175.00 A
3ph + IN-separate
[lodirdet-280812-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[DwUIkenn-240812-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
into account, the reference voltage V0 can be rotated through an adjustable angle (parameter Rotation
angle of ref. volt. ). This moves the vector of the rotated reference voltage close to the vector of the
short-circuit current -3I0. Consequently, the result of direction determination is as reliable as possible.
Figure 6-376 illustrates the relationship based on a 1-phase-to-ground fault in phase A. The fault current has a
phase displacement of 180 to the fault current IscA and lags the fault voltage by the fault angle sc. The
reference voltage V0 is rotated by rot which is -45.
[dwroreze-300913, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-376 Rotation of the Reference Voltage, Directional Overcurrent Protection, Ground Function with
Zero-Sequence Values
The rotated reference voltage Vref, rot and the parameter Forward section +/- define the forward and
reverse ranges, see Figure 6-377. The forward range is calculated as around the rotated reference
voltage Vref, rot. is set with the parameter Forward section +/- . If the short-circuit current vector -3I0
is located in this range, the device decides on the forward direction. In the mirrored range, the device decides
on the reverse direction. In the intermediate range, the direction is undetermined.
[dwforrev-281013, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-377 Forward/Reverse Characteristic of the Directional Overcurrent Protection, Ground Function
This parameter is not available in the basic function. The basic function uses a fixed value of 2 V.
You use the Min. voltage V0 or V2 parameter to define the minimum zero-sequence voltage or nega-
tive-sequence voltage for the direction determination. The minimum voltage must be set greater than the
maximum operational unbalance plus the voltage-transformer measuring errors.
As the measuring error of the individual voltage transformer is not added up, the critical measuring-error influ-
ence is the unbalance of the primary system.
Siemens recommends observing the operational zero-sequence voltage V0 of the protected object (for
example, the line) via the operational measured values of the device and providing the maximum value with a
certainty of 50 %.
EXAMPLE
Maximum operational measured value of zero-sequence voltage V0 = 0.5 Vsec
Min. voltage V0 or V2 = 1.5 0.5 V = 0.75 Vsec
If you have no information about maximum operational unbalance, Siemens recommends using the default
setting.
30 -30
30 -30
6.23.3.4 Settings
6.23.4.1 Description
Logic
The following figure represents the stage control. It applies to all types of stages.
[lostacon-240812-01.tif, 1, en_US]
You can use the Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter to control the response of the stage when a
measuring-voltage failure is detected.
A measuring-voltage failure can only be detected if one of the following 2 conditions is met:
The device-internal Measuring-voltage failure detection function is configured and switched on.
The binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer circuit breaker is connected to
the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
6.23.5.1 Description
[lodirovb-280812-02.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-379 Logic Diagram of the Directional Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection, Ground Basic
[lodirova-280812-02.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-380 Logic Diagram of the Directional Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection, Ground Advanced
Connection Type of the Ground Current CT Terminal Type Threshold Setting Range
Measuring Point (Secondary)
I-3ph
3-phase Calculated 4 * Protection 0.030 A to 35.000 A
3 * Protection, 1* sensitive 0.030 A to 35.000 A
4 * Measurement 0.001 A to 1.600 A
x + IN Measured 4 * Protection 0.030 A to 35.000 A
x + IN-separate 3 * Protection, 1* sensitive 0.001 A to 1.600 A
4 * Measurement 0.001 A to 1.600 A
Via the dynamic settings functionality (only available in the advanced function type, see Influence of
Other Functions via Dynamic Settings and chapter 6.23.10 Influence of Other Functions via Dynamic
Settings)
Blocking of the Operate Delay and Operate Signal via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function (Basic
and Advanced Stage)
Blocking of the operate delay and the operate signal via the device-internal Inrush-current detection function
is described in chapter 6.19.7.1 Description
For further setting notes, refer to chapter 6.19.8.2 Application and Setting Notes (Advanced Stage) of the
function Overcurrent Protection, Ground.
Parameter: Threshold
Default setting (_:4861:6) Operate delay = 0.300 s (for the 1st stage)
The Operate delay to be set is derived from the time-grading chart that has been prepared for the system.
Typical examples of grading times are provided in sections 6.22.9 Application Notes for Parallel Lines and
6.22.10 Application Notes for Directional Comparison Protection .
6.23.5.3 Settings
6.23.6.1 Description
[lodiinvb-280812-02.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-381 Logic Diagram of the Directional Inverse-Time Overcurrent Protection, Ground Basic
[lodiinva-280812-02.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-382 Logic Diagram of the Directional Inverse-Time Overcurrent Protection, Ground Advanced
Connection Type of the Ground Current CT Terminal Type Threshold Setting Range
Measuring Point I-3ph (Secondary)
3-phase Calculated 4 * Protection 0.030 A to 35.000 A
3 * Protection, 1* sensitive 0.030 A to 35.000 A
4 * Measurement 0.001 A to 1.600 A
x + IN Measured 4 * Protection 0.030 A to 35.000 A
x + IN-separate 3 * Protection, 1* sensitive 0.001 A to 1.600 A
4 * Measurement 0.001 A to 1.600 A
Pickup and Dropout Behaviors of the Inverse-Time Characteristic Curve According to IEC and ANSI (Basic and
Advanced Stage)
When the input variable exceeds the threshold value by a factor of 1.1, the inverse-time characteristic curve is
processed. An integrated measuring procedure totalizes the weighted time. The weighted time results from
the characteristic curve. For this, the time that is associated with the present current value is determined from
the characteristic curve. Once the weighted time exceeds the value 1, the stage operates.
When the measured value falls below the threshold value by a factor of 1.045 (0.95 1.1 threshold value),
the dropout starts. The pickup will be indicated as clearing. You can influence the dropout behavior via adjust-
able parameters. You can select between instantaneous dropout (totalized time is deleted) or dropout
according to the characteristic curve (reduction of totalized time depending on the characteristic curve). The
dropout according to characteristic curve (disk emulation) is the same as turning back a rotor disk. The
weighted reduction of the time is started from 0.9 of the set threshold value.
The characteristic curve and associated formulas are shown in the Technical data.
[DwMinTime_20140708-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
Via the dynamic settings functionality (only available in the advanced function type, see Influence of
Other Functions via Dynamic Settings and chapter 6.23.10 Influence of Other Functions via Dynamic
Settings)
Blocking of the Operate Delay and Operate Signal via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function (Basic
and Advanced Stage)
Blocking of the operate delay and the operate signal via the device-internal Inrush-current detection function
is described in chapter Blocking of the Tripping by Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection
For more information, refer to 6.19.7.1 Description.
For further setting notes, refer to chapter 6.19.8.2 Application and Setting Notes (Advanced Stage) of the
function Overcurrent Protection, Ground.
NOTE
i If the set value is smaller than the smallest possible time delay of the inverse-time characteristic curve, the
parameter has no influence on the delay time.
Parameter: Threshold
Where no time grading and therefore no displacement of the characteristic curve is required, leave the Time
dial parameter at 1 (default setting).
Parameter: Reset
6.23.6.3 Settings
6.23.7.1 Description
[lodiloin-280812-02.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-384 Logic Diagram of the Directional Logarithmic Inverse-Time Overcurrent Protection, Ground
Apart from the operate curve, this type of stage is identical to the Inverse-time overcurrent protection
advanced stage (see chapter 6.23.6.1 Description).
This section will only discuss the nature of the operate curve. For further functionality, refer to chapter
6.23.6.1 Description.
Operate Curve
If the function picks up, the logarithmic inverse-time characteristic curve is processed. A time value Top is
calculated for every input value exceeding 95 % of the pickup value. An integrator accumulates the value 1/
Top. If the accumulated integral reaches the fixed value 1, the stage operates.
The curve used to calculate the time value Top is shown in the following figure. The Threshold multi-
plier parameter defines the beginning of the characteristic curve. The Max. time of the curve deter-
mines the initial value of the characteristic curve. The Time dial parameter changes the slope of the charac-
teristic curve. At high currents, the Min. time of the curve parameter indicates the lower time limit.
[dwloginv-300913, 3, en_US]
[fomula01-240812-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Where
Tmax Maximum time of the curve (parameter Max. time of the curve)
Td Time dial (parameter Time dial)
Top Operate time
3I0 Measured zero-sequence current
Ithresh Threshold value (parameter Threshold)
Imul Threshold multiplier (parameter Threshold multiplier)
If the calculated time is less than Tmin (parameter Min. time of the curve), Tmin is used.
EXAMPLE
6.23.7.3 Settings
6.23.8.1 Description
[lodilokn-280812-02.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-386 Logic Diagram of the Directional Logarithmic Inverse Time with Knee-Point Overcurrent Protec-
tion, Ground
Apart from the operate curve, this type of stage is almost identical to the Inverse-time overcurrent protec-
tion advanced stage (see chapter 6.23.6.1 Description). The only difference is that the dynamic settings
change functionality is not available.
This section only discusses the nature of the operate curve. For further functionality, refer to chapter
6.23.6.1 Description.
Operate Curve
If the function picks up, the logarithmic inverse-time characteristic curve is processed. A time value Top is
calculated for every input value exceeding 95 % of the threshold value. An integrator accumulates the value
1/Top. If the accumulated integral reaches the fixed value 1, the stage operates.
The curve used to calculate the time value Top is shown in the following graphic. The curve is composed of 2
sections with different slops. 7 parameters are used to define the logarithmic inverse time with knee-point
characteristic curve. The parameter Max. time of the curve determines the initial time value of the
characteristic curve, and relates to the 3I0 Threshold value. The transition point is defined by parameter
Knee-point current and parameter Knee-point time. The parameter Min. time of the curve
indicates the lower time limit, and parameter Current at Min. time determines the current value at
Min. time of the curve. The parameter Time dial servers as a time factor to the operate time.
[dwloinkn-300913, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-387 Operate Curve of the Logarithmic Inverse Time with Knee-Point Characteristic (In the Example
of Threshold = 0.004 A)
Parameter: Threshold
Parameter: Knee-point
6.23.8.3 Settings
6.23.9.1 Description
[lodirusr-280812-02.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-388 Logic Diagram of the Directional User-Defined Characteristic Curve Overcurrent Protection,
Ground
This stage is structured in the same way as the Inverse-time overcurrent protection advanced stage (see
chapter 6.23.6.1 Description). The only difference is that you can define the characteristic curve.
This section only discusses the nature of the operate curve. For further functionality, refer to chapter
6.23.6.1 Description.
[dwpidrbe-300913, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-389 Pickup and Dropout Behaviors when Using a User-Defined Characteristic Curve
NOTE
i Note that the currents that are lower than the current value of the smallest characteristic-curve point do
not extend the operate time. The pickup characteristic runs in parallel to the current axis up to the smallest
characteristic-curve point. Currents that are larger than the current value of the largest characteristic-curve
point do not reduce the operate time. The pickup characteristic runs in parallel to the current axis from the
largest characteristic-curve point.
NOTE
Parameter: Reset
NOTE
6.23.9.3 Settings
6.19.8.1 Description and 6.19.8.2 Application and Setting Notes (Advanced Stage) describe the influence of
other functions on dynamic settings.
6.24.1 Description
The function block Group indications of the overcurrent protection functions uses the pickup and operate
indications of the following functions:
Overcurrent protection, phases
Overcurrent protection, ground
[loocgrin-240112-01.tif, 3, en_US]
The Negative-sequence protection function is used in protection function groups with current measure-
ment.
The function is preconfigured by the manufacturer with 2 Definite-time negative-sequence protection
stages.
In the function Negative-sequence protection, the following stages can be operated simultaneously:
3 stages Definite-time negative-sequence protection
2 stages Inverse-time negative-sequence protection
The stages have an identical structure. Stages that are not preconfigured are shown in gray in the following
figure.
[dwnspstr-271112-01.tif, 3, en_US]
If the device is equipped with the Inrush-current detection function, the stages can be stabilized against
operate due to transformer-inrush currents.
6.25.3.1 Description
Logic
The following figure represents the logic of the general functionality which applies across all configured
stages. It contains:
Selection of the reference value
Current-release criterion
Reference Value
With the parameter Reference value, the negative-sequence current I2 is normalized to the rated object
current Irated, obj or to the positive-sequence current I1. When I2 is normalized to I1, the sensitivity of the func-
tion for low short-circuit currents is increased.
Release Current
The threshold value of the Release current serves to release the negative-sequence protection.
Logic of a Stage
[logiknsp-070312-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-393 Logic Diagram of the Stage Negative-Sequence Protection with Definite-Time Characteristic
Curve
Method of Measurement
The fundamental phasors are calculated from the 3-phase phase currents. Based on this, the negative-
sequence system and the positive-sequence system are calculated. Following this, the negative-sequence
current is normalized to the reference current. The selection of the reference current is made in the FB
General.
corresponding indication. If the blocking drops out and the threshold value of the stage is still exceeded, the
tripping delay (time delay) is started. After that time, the stage operates.
Parameter: Threshold
[dw1p2pku-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The standardization is based on the transformer rated object current (Reference value = rated
current).
If the pickup value on the upper-voltage side is 12 % ( Threshold = 12 %) of the transformer rated current,
this corresponds to 0.1 A on the secondary side. With this the following currents and sensitivities are reached.
1) 1-phase short circuit
[foeinpk1-261012-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Sensitivity:
[foeinpk2-261012-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[fozwpok3-261012-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Sensitivity:
[fozwepk4-261012-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Since this is the short circuit on the low-voltage side, the time delay must be coordinated with the times of
subordinate protection devices.
[fozwepk5-261012-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The 1-phase short circuit with the current I leads to a negative-sequence current:
[foeinpk6-261012-01.tif, 2, en_US]
If the protection works exclusively with short circuits, the protection must be set via the value for 2-phase
operation. Then a 2-phase short circuit can be assumed with more than 60% of the rated object current. Set
the standardization on the rated object current. To avoid over-function with overload, Siemens recommends a
pickup value of approx. 65%. Coordinate the time delays with the network grading for phase short circuits.
[fountpk7-261012-01.tif, 2, en_US]
In the isolated system or with one-sided ground, the zero-sequence impedance is infinity and thus the ratio is
always 1. Observe a two-sided grounded network and set the zero-system impedance equal to the negative-
system impedance, then the ratio is 0.5. If a wire break occurs in the secondary circuit, value of 1 or 0.5 is also
possible.
For a 2-phase break, current can only flow with a two-sided grounded network. In this case, the ratio I 2/I 1 = 1.
If a partial 1-phase load is expected, the ratio is also set. The setting value is dependent on the maximum 1-
phase load. For a setting value of 10%, the phase current can be 30%.
If you want to prevent an indication with short circuits, activate the current limiting to, for example, 1.2 I
rated,obj ( Current limitation Imax = yes; Maximum phase current = 1.2 A at 1 A transformer
and ideal adaptation to the protected object). Here calculate the current with the current transformer ratio to
the secondary circuit.
The setting of the protection stage is aligned to the network type. A setting value of 25% ( Threshold =
25%) offers a sufficiently high sensitivity. If errors occur in the current transformer circuit, there can be,
however, also be a tripping. To prevent over-functions during the AREC cycles, the time delay for the tripping
must be set long. A time of 60 s ( Operate delay = 60.00 s) offers sufficient reliability.
6.25.4.3 Settings
6.25.5.1 Description
Logic of a Stage
[lo_NSP_Inverse, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-395 Logic Diagram of the Negative-Sequence Protection with Inverse-Time Characteristic Curve
Method of Measurement
The fundamental phasors are calculated from the 3-phase phase currents. Based on this, the negative-
sequence system and the positive-sequence system are calculated. Following this, the negative-sequence
current is normalized to the reference current. The selection of the reference current is made in the FB
General.
Pickup and Dropout Behaviors of the Inverse-Time Characteristic Curve According to IEC and ANSI
When the input variable exceeds the threshold value by a factor of 1.1, the stage picks up, and the inverse-
time characteristic curve is processed. An integrating method of measurement totalizes the weighted time.
The weighted time results from the characteristic curve. For this, the time that is associated with the present
current value is determined from the characteristic curve. Once the weighted time exceeds the value 1, the
stage operates.
When the measured value falls below the pickup value by a factor of 0.95 (0.95 1.1 threshold value), the
dropout is started. The pickup is indicated as clearing. You can influence the dropout behavior via setting
parameters. You can select between instantaneous dropout (totalized time is deleted) or dropout according to
the characteristic curve (reduction of totalized time depending on the characteristic curve). The dropout
according to characteristic curve (disk emulation) is the same as turning back a rotor disk. The weighted
reduction of the time is initiated from 0.9 of the set threshold value.
The characteristic curve and associated formulas are shown in the Technical Data.
Parameter: Threshold
Parameter: Reset
With the parameter Blk. w. inrush curr. detect., the stage can be stabilized against tripping on
transformer-inrush currents. If transformers are parts of the protection zones, set this parameter to yes.
6.25.5.3 Settings
The Undercurrent protection function is used in protection function groups with current measurement.
The Undercurrent protection function comes with 1 protection stage preconfigured at the factory. A
maximum of 2 protection stages can be operated simultaneously in this function. The protection stages are
structured identically.
[lostuundcu-150813, 2, en_US]
[loundcur-200713-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Method of Measurement
You use the Method of measurement parameter to define whether the stage uses the fundamental
comp. (standard method) or the calculated RMS value.
Pickup Mode
The Pickup mode parameter defines whether the protection stage picks up if all 3 measuring elements
detect the undercurrent condition (3 out of 3) or if only 1 measuring element has to detect the undercur-
rent condition (1 out of 3).
The current-flow criterion indicates that the circuit breaker is closed. This is also true under the condition
that the auxiliary contacts indicate the circuit breaker as open.
Parameter: Activation
Parameter: Threshold
6.26.5 Settings
The Overexcitation protection (ANSI 24) is used for detecting high induction values in generators and trans-
formers. It protects the equipment from excessive thermal loads.
The induction is recorded indirectly by analyzing the V/f ratio (also referred to as Volt per Hertz protection).
Overvoltage leads to excessive magnetizing currents, while underfrequency leads to higher losses when reset-
ting the magnetization.
If the power system is disconnected and the voltage and frequency control function in the remaining system
does not react quickly or the power imbalance is excessive, there is a risk of overexcitation.
The Overexcitation protection function is used within protection function groups that have a 3-phase
voltage input. The function comes with the following factory-set stages:
Thermal stage adjustable with a user-defined characteristic curve
Definite-time stage which can be delayed using a time component
Within this function, the following maximum number of stages can be operated simultaneously: one stage
with a user-defined characteristic curve and 2 definite-time stages.
The group-indication output logic (see following figure) uses the logical OR function from the stage-selective
indications to generate the following group indications of the entire Overexcitation protection function:
Pickup
Operate Indication
[dwovexuf-080513-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Logic
[lothchuf-080513-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-399 Logic of the Overexcitation Protection with Thermal Characteristic Curve
(1) Heating
(2) Cooling
[foverufn-080523-01.tif, 1, en_US]
with
Based on the definition above, the protection function refers exclusively to primary values of the protected
object. A deviation between the primary rated voltage of the voltage transformer and the protected object is
corrected automatically.
NOTE
The function compares the calculated value of the measured V/f ratio with the threshold value and the user-
defined thermal characteristic curve.
Depending on the characteristic curve, a thermal trip signal is triggered after a pre-determined duration.
Characteristic Curve
You can freely configure the thermal characteristic curve with the user-defined values. This provides a flexible
adjustment to the specified characteristics of the protected object. If the set threshold value (parameter (_:
13591:3) Threshold) is exceeded, the evaluation of the characteristic curve is initiated. Exceeding the
threshold value triggers an indication ((_:13591:55) Pickup). In addition, a definite-time stage may be
used to generate a delayed indication output as ((_:13591:301) Warning).
The pickup is used to start the integration process (weighted counting) of the thermal characteristic curve. If
the time as a factor of V/f is reached, the pickup is triggered. Based on the replica of the thermal behavior, the
trigger value is always 100 % (see Thermal Behavior, Page 1068).
If the value drops below the pickup threshold, the trip command is rescinded and the internal counter of the
parameterized cooling time (parameter (_:13591:102) Cooling time therm.replica) is reduced.
The dropout threshold of the pickup threshold is fixed to 0.98 * Threshold.
A maximum of 30 overexcitation value pairs V/f (referring to the rated values) and operate time t can be set.
The default characteristic curve refers to a standard transformer.
[scaulskn-200214-01, 1, en_US]
The parameter Threshold (pickup threshold) affects the evaluation of the characteristic curve as follows:
If the Threshold is smaller than the first characteristic pair, the set time will be extended (see Figure 6-401).
[dwovexak-210313-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwovexab-210313-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Warning Threshold
If the Threshold is exceeded, the time delay (parameter (_:13591:101) Warning delay) is started. If
the time delay has elapsed, the indication ((_:13591:301) Warning) will be displayed.
Thermal Behavior
The time derived from the characteristic curve and associated with the V/f value is set to 100 %. With each
function call, the time will be increased according to the respective weighted invocation interval. If the 100 %
value is exceeded, tripping is initiated. If the V/f value is changed, the associated time from the characteristic
curve is added as a new 100 % value.
In order to prevent excessive cooling times, the thermal storage has been limited internally to 150 %. The
fill level of the thermal storage will be provided as functional measured value.
Cooling Time
If the value drops below the threshold ((_:13591:3) Threshold), tripping of the thermal characteristic
curve (dependent characteristic curve) is reverted. However, the parameterized cooling time (Cooling time
therm.replica) reduces the thermal storage (counter content) to 0. This parameter is defined as time. It is
required by the thermal replica in order to cool down from 100 % to 0 %.
NOTE
i It must be noted that one requirement for the correct mode of operation of the function is based on the
proper setting of the power-system data.
You can find more detailed information on this in chapter 6.1 Power-System Data.
For additional setting recommendations, verity the following parameter in the power-system data:
Adjusted rated frequency
Adjusted rated voltage of the protected object
Adjusted rated voltage of the voltage transformer of the applicable measuring point
The Cooling time therm.replica parameter is used to define the cooling characteristics of the thermal
replica. If concrete specifications are not given, the default value can be maintained.
NOTE
NOTE
i Note that the V/f values that are lower than the V/f values of the smallest characteristic-curve point do not
extend the operate time. Up to the smallest characteristic-curve point, the characteristic curves runs
parallel to the V/f axis. V/f values that are larger than the V/f value of the largest characteristic-curve point
do not reduce the operate time. From the largest characteristic-curve point, the pickup characteristic runs
parallel to the V/f axis (seeCharacteristic Curve, Page 1067).
Logic
[lodtchuf-080513-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-403 Logic of the Overexcitation Protection with Inpendent Characteristic Curve (Definite-Time
Stage)
Method of Measurement
This stage evaluates also the V/f value that is identical to the input value of the thermal stage.
Measurement-relevant details can be found in chapter 6.27.3 Stage with Dependent Characteristic Curve
(Thermal Stage).
6.27.5 Settings
The Unbalanced-load protection function detects unbalanced loads or line interruptions of electrical
machines (generators and motors). Unbalanced loads create a counter-rotating magnetic field at double
frequency in the rotor. The skin effect leads to local overheating on the surface of the rotor bars in the transi-
tion between the slot wedges and the winding bundles. Another effect of unbalanced loads is the overheating
of the damper winding.
The Unbalanced-load protection function is used in the protection function group. The Unbalanced-load
protection function is preconfigured with 1 stage. A maximum of 2 stages can operate simultaneously in the
function.
[dwunbla-240913, 1, en_US]
[lounbala-090812-03.tif, 1, en_US]
Method of Measurement
The stage uses the negative-sequence current I2 as a measurand. The negative-sequence current is calculated
from the measured 3-phase currents according to the defining equation of symmetrical components.
Warning Stage
If the negative-sequence current I2 continuously exceeds the parameter Max. continuously perm. I2,
the Warning indication is given after expiry of a set time Warning delay.
[forbanl1-030812-02.tif, 1, en_US]
With:
tI2Perm Permissible time of the negative-sequence current
K Unbalanced-load factor of the machine (parameter Unbalanced load factor K)
I2/Irated,machine Actual unbalanced-load current as a per unit value(negative-sequence current/rated
current of the machine)
[dwunbalo-230913, 2, en_US]
The parameter Unbalanced load factor K depends on the machine. It also represents the time in
seconds during which the machine can be loaded with a 100 % unbalanced load. This factor is typical in a
range from 5 s to 40 s. The heating of the protected object starts to calculate as soon as the negative-
sequence current I2 exceeds the parameter Max. continuously perm. I2. The operate time is calculated
from the flowing negative-sequence current I2 with an integrating method of measurement depending on the
thermal characteristic. As soon as the integrate result reaches the parameter Unbalanced load factor K,
the thermal characteristic stage operates.
[forunbl2-030812-02.tif, 1, en_US]
With
I2/op Functional measured value indicating the thermal replica of the unbalanced
load
Integrating method of measurement of the thermal replica of the negative-
sequence system
If the functional measured value reaches 100 %, the operate of the function is initiated.
The function is used in the applications of machines. You can get the necessary settings from the technical
data of the synchronous generators and motors. The setting example is applied for a generator application.
required. The technical data of the machine is provided in the Technical Data Sheet of the machine manufac-
turer.
EXAMPLE
The following example shows the setting of the parameter Max. continuously perm. I2 . The value 10
% is selected in the example.
To avoid issuing the Warning indication too fast, Siemens recommends a longer delay. Setting the param-
eter Warning delay in the range of 10 s to 20 s is practicable. 15 s is selected in the example.
[dwunbloc-030812, 1, en_US]
EXAMPLE
[forbala2-290812-02.tif, 1, en_US]
6.28.5 Settings
[dwihcstr-230211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Logic
[lohlore3-160611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-409 Logic Diagram of Instantaneous High-Current Tripping with Standard Release Method
Activation
Using the Activation parameter, you set the conditions under which the stage is released.
on CB closure
With this procedure, the stage is released only if the circuit breaker is about to be closed (the CB is open) or if
the circuit breaker is being closed or if the binary input signal >release is active. The way signals are gener-
ated Rel. by CB switch on is described in section 5.9.8 Circuit-Breaker Position Recognition for Protec-
tion-Related Auxiliary Functions.
always active
The stage is always released and is thus independent of closing of the circuit breaker switch and of the binary
input signal >release.
only with binary signal
The stage is released only if the binary input signal >release is active.
Parameter: Activation
Parameter: Threshold
Default setting (_:3901:3) Threshold = 10.0 A for Irated = 1 A or 50.0 A for Irated = 5 A
The stage works independently of the position of the remote circuit breakers. For this reason, set the
Threshold so that the fault current flowing through does not trigger the stage. Thus, use this stage only if
current grading over the protected object is possible, that is, for transformers, shunt reactors or long lines with
low source impedance. In other cases, deactivate the stage.
EXAMPLE
Calculation example for current grading of a 110 kV overhead line measuring 150 mm2
s (length) = 100 km;
R1/s = 0.21 /km;
X1/s = 0.43 /km
Since the stage is non-directional, the calculation must consider the maximum short-circuit power at the start
of the line or at the opposite end:
Ssc" = 3.5 GVA (subtransient, because the function can respond to the 1st peak value)
Current transformer: 600 A/5 A
The line impedance ZL and the minimum source impedance ZS are calculated on this basis:
[foglchzv-170309-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The maximum 3-phase short-circuit current I"sc flowing through is (at a source voltage of 1.1 VN):
[foglchik-170309-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[foglnste-170309-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If short-circuit currents exceed 1496 A (primary) or 12.5 A (secondary), there is a short circuit on the line to be
protected. It can be disconnected immediately.
NOTE
i The calculation was performed with absolute values, which is accurate enough for overhead lines. A
complex calculation is required only if the source impedance and the line impedance have extremely
different angles.
This stage can be applied only if the device is equipped with a protection interface.
Logic
[lohinre3-160611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-410 Logic Diagram of Instantaneous High-Current Tripping with Release Procedure via Protection
Interface
Release
If one of the following conditions is fulfilled, the stage is released (the internal Release signal is present) (for
further information, see chapter 5.5.4 Process Monitor (FG Line)):
No voltage has yet been applied to the protected object, which means that the remote circuit breakers
are open, or
NOTE
i To enable internal release of the stage, the devices at all ends of the protected object must be informed of
the circuit-breaker position (the circuit-breaker auxiliary contacts must be connected to the devices; the
respective binary input signals must be jumpered).
Parameter: Threshold
Default setting (_:3901:3) Threshold = 2.5 A for Irated = 1 A or 12.5 A for Irated = 5 A
Select the value high enough for the protection not to pick up on the RMS value of the inrush current that
occurs when the local circuit breaker is closed. You do not have to consider short-circuit currents flowing
through, because the stage is released only if the circuit breakers are opened at all remote ends of the
protected object or the release was caused by the binary input >release.
6.29.7 Settings
The function Overvoltage protection with 3-phase voltage (ANSI 59) is used to:
Monitor the permissible voltage range
Protect equipment (for example, plant components, machines, etc.) against damages caused by over-
voltage
The Overvoltage protection with 3-phase voltage function is used in protection function groups with
voltage measurement.
The Overvoltage protection with 3-phase voltage function comes factory-set with 2 Definite-time over-
voltage protection stages. In this function, the following stages can operate simultaneously:
3 stages Definite-time overvoltage protection
2 stages Inverse-time overvoltage protection
Stages that are not preconfigured are shown in gray in the following figure.
[dw3phovp-030211-01.tif, 4, en_US]
6.30.3.1 Description
[lo3phasi-090611-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-412 Logic Diagram of the Definite-Time Overvoltage Protection with 3-Phase Voltage
Method of Measurement
Use the Method of measurement parameter to define whether the stage uses the fundamental comp.
or the RMS value.
Measurement fundamental comp.:
This method of measurement processes the sampled voltage values and filters out the fundamental
component numerically.
Pickup Mode
The Pickup mode parameter defines whether the protection stage picks up if all 3 measuring elements
detect the overvoltage condition (3 out of 3) or if only 1 measuring element detects the overvoltage
condition (1 out of 3).
Measured Value
Use the Measured value parameter to define whether the tripping stage analyzes the phase-to-phase
voltages VAB, VBC, and VCA, or the phase-to-ground voltages VA, VB, and VC.
If the measured value is set to phase-to-phase, the function reports those measuring elements that have
picked up.
Parameter: Threshold
EXAMPLE
Example for 2-stage overvoltage protection
The example describes the possible settings for a 2-stage overvoltage protection function. We will look at the
settings of the parameters Threshold and Operate delay.
1. Stage:
To detect stationary overvoltages, set the threshold value of the first overvoltage-protection element at
least 10 % above the max. stationary phase-to-phase voltage anticipated during normal operation. When
setting the parameter Measured value to phase-to-phase voltage and a secondary rated voltage of
100 V, the secondary setting value of the first overvoltage-protection element is calculated as follows:
6.30.3.3 Settings
6.30.4.1 Description
[lo3phinv, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-413 Logic Diagram of the Inverse-Time Overvoltage Protection with 3-Phase Voltage
Method of Measurement
Use the Method of measurement parameter to define whether the stage uses the fundamental comp.
or the RMS value .
Measurement fundamental comp. :
This method of measurement processes the sampled voltage values and filters out the fundamental
component numerically.
Pickup Mode
With the Pickup mode parameter, you define whether the protection stage picks up if all 3 measuring
elements detect the overvoltage condition ( 3 out of 3 ) or if only 1 measuring element detects the over-
voltage condition ( 1 out of 3 ).
Measured Value
Use the Measured value parameter to define whether the stage analyzes the phase-to-phase voltages VAB,
VBC, and VCA, or the phase-to-ground voltages VA, VB, and VC.
If the measured value is set to phase-to-phase, the function reports those measuring elements that have
picked up.
Where
Top Operate delay
Tinv Inverse-time delay
Tadd Additional time delay (parameter Additional time delay )
After pickup, the time value Tinv is calculated for every input voltage that exceeds the threshold. An integrator
accumulates the value 1/Tinv. Once the accumulated integral reaches the fixed value 1, the inverse-time delay
expires. The additional time delay Tadd starts. The stage operates after the additional time delay expires.
[dwovpinv, 2, en_US]
Where
Tinv Inverse-time delay
Tp Time multiplier (parameter Time dial )
V Measured voltage
Vthresh Threshold value (parameter Threshold )
k Curve constant k (parameter Charact. constant k )
Curve constant (parameter Charact. constant )
c Curve constant c (parameter Charact. constant c )
When V/Vthresh is equal to or greater than 20, the inverse-time delay does not decrease any further.
Dropout Behavior
When the voltage falls below the dropout threshold (0.95 pickup factor threshold value), the pickup signal
is going and the dropout is started. You can define the dropout behavior via parameter Reset time . Instan-
taneous reset takes place by setting Reset time to 0 s. A delayed reset takes place by setting the desired
delay time.
During the Reset time (> 0 s), the elapsed operate delay is frozen. If the pickup value is exceeded again
within this period, the stage operates when the rest of operate delay expires.
6.30.4.3 Settings
The function Overvoltage protection with positive-sequence voltage (ANSI 59) is used to:
Detect symmetric stationary overvoltages
Supervise the voltage range if the positive-sequence voltage is the decisive quantity
Unbalanced overvoltages, for example, caused by ground faults and unbalanced faults, are not detected due
to the evaluation of the positive-sequence voltage.
The Overvoltage protection with positive-sequence voltage function is used in protection function groups,
which are based on voltage measurement.
The function Overvoltage protection with positive-sequence voltage comes factory-set with 2 stages. A
maximum of 3 tripping stages can be operated simultaneously in the function. The tripping stages have an
identical structure.
[dwovpu1s-030211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Logic of a Stage
[logovpu1-090611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-416 Logic Diagram of a Stage: Overvoltage Protection with Positive-Sequence Voltage
Method of Measurement
The stage uses the positive-sequence voltage. The positive-sequence voltage is calculated from the measured
phase-to-ground voltages according to the defining equation.
Parameter: Threshold
General Notes
If the overvoltage is high, the first stage can trip with a short time delay. If overvoltages are lower, the second
stage can either only signal the threshold value violation (see Operation as monitoring function) or trip with a
longer delay to allow the voltage controller to regulate the voltage back into the nominal range.
6.31.5 Settings
The function Overvoltage protection with negative-sequence voltage (ANSI 47) is used to:
Monitor the power system and electric machines for voltage unbalances
Establish a release criterion of overcurrent protection for unbalanced faults
Voltage unbalances can be caused by various factors:
The most common cause is unbalanced load, caused by different consumers in the individual phases, for
example.
Voltage unbalance can also be caused by phase failure, for example due to a tripped 1-phase fuse, a
broken conductor, etc.
Other causes can include faults in the primary system, for example, at the transformer or in installations
for reactive-power compensation.
The Overvoltage protection with negative-sequence voltage function is used in protection function groups,
which are based on voltage measurement.
The Overvoltage protection with negative-sequence voltage function comes factory-set with 2 stages.
A maximum of 3 stages can be operated simultaneously in the function.
The stages have an identical structure.
[dwu2ovpsExt.vsd, 2, en_US]
6.32.3.1 Description
Logic
The following figure represents the logic of the average-value calculation of the negative-sequence voltage.
The average value is forwarded to all subordinate stages.
[lo_GeneralFunctionality_20150323, 1, en_US]
Measurand
The average value of negative-sequence voltage is determined by a settable time interval (parameter: Meas-
uring window). With the parameter Measuring window, you can adapt this function to all power-system
conditions.
You can set the parameter Measuring window with a large value to get a more accurate calculated result,
which leads to a longer pickup time however.
From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block Volt.-transf. c. b., which
links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
The parameter Blk. by meas.-volt. failure can be set so that the measuring-voltage failure detection
blocks the function or does not block it.
A measuring-voltage failure can only be detected if one of the following 2 conditions is met:
The device-internal supervision function Measuring-voltage failure detection is configured and
switched on.
The binary input signal >Open of the function block VTCB is connected to the voltage-transformer circuit
breaker (see chapter 8.3.4.1 Overview of Functions).
6.32.3.3 Settings
6.32.4.1 Description
Logic of a Stage
[lou23pol-090611-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-419 Logic Diagram of the Stage: Overvoltage Protection with Negative-Sequence Voltage
Method of Measurement
The stage uses the average value of the negative-sequence voltage, which is calculated from the function
block General Functionality. For more information, refer to chapter 6.32.3.1 Description.
Parameter: Threshold
Example 1:
Releasing an overcurrent protection stage for unbalanced faults
The following section describes how to set the function to release an Overcurrent-protection stage when
unbalanced faults occur. Set the Overcurrent-protection stage only slightly higher than the load current, that
is very sensitive. To prevent the Overcurrent-protection stage from picking up inadvertently, the Overcur-
rent-protection stage is released when the Negative-sequence voltage stage picks up. The Overcurrent-
protection stage remains blocked as long as the Negative-sequence voltage stage has not picked up.
Figure 6-420 shows the voltage phasors during a 2-phase local fault between phases B and C. The phase-to-
phase voltage VBC is virtually 0.
[dwuazeig-020412-01.tif, 1, en_US]
A 2-phase local fault generates a relatively large negative-sequence voltage of up to 50 % referred to the
phase-to-ground voltage. The portion of the negative-sequence decreases in case of a remote fault. The lower
setting limit results from the possible unbalance at full load. If you assume for example 5 % negative-
sequence voltage, the pickup value must be higher. A setting value of 10 % warrants sufficient stability during
unbalanced operating states and sufficient sensitivity to release the Overcurrent-protection stage when a
fault occurs.
For a secondary rated voltage of 100 V, set the following secondary threshold value:
You can keep the default setting of 0.95 for the dropout ratio. This avoids chattering of the stage.
Set the Negative-sequence voltage stage so that it does not generate a fault when it picks up and does not
initiate tripping. The Overcurrent-protection stage generates a fault indication. The pickup of the Negative-
sequence voltage stage is used as the release criterion because the Short-circuit function must be released
immediately when the Negative-sequence voltage stage has picked up. The time delay is thus not relevant
and can be left at the default setting.
You implement the release of the Overcurrent-protection stage using a logic block chart. An inverter links
the pickup of the Negative-sequence voltage stage with the Overcurrent-protection stage blocking.
[loinvert-020412-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Example 2:
A negative-sequence voltage in the auxiliary system of the power plant causes negative-sequence currents on
motors. This leads to a thermal overload of the rotors. The following estimation can be used as a basis: 1 %
negative-sequence voltage can lead to approximately 5 % or 6 % negative-sequence current.
A negative-sequence voltage can be caused by a broken conductor on the high-voltage side. If a negative-
sequence voltage occurs, this can, for example, initiate a switching of the infeed in order to prevent a protec-
tion trip of an unbalanced-load protection of the motors.
Siemens recommends using multiple stages for a better grading, whereby a sensitive setting of the threshold
permits an increased tripping delay.
For a reference, only 2 stages are discussed.
The first stage has a pickup threshold of 10 % with a time delay of 1.5 s. The second stage has a pickup
threshold of 3 % with a time delay of 8 s, see Table 6-16. Further, it is assumed that the voltage transformer is
well adapted to the rated voltage.
[fo_OVP_V2_SecondaryThreshold2, 1, en_US]
6.32.4.3 Settings
Voltage unbalance can also be caused by phase failure, for example due to a tripped 1-phase fuse, a
broken conductor, etc.
Other causes can include faults in the primary system, for example, at the transformer or in installations
for reactive-power compensation.
[Structure-V2/V1_20150521, 2, en_US]
6.33.3.1 Description
Logic
The following figure represents the logic of the average-value calculation of the ratio of negative-sequence
voltage to positive-sequence voltage. The average value is forwarded to all subordinate stages.
Measurand
The average value of the ratio of negative-sequence voltage to positive-sequence voltage is determined by a
settable time interval (parameter: Measuring window). With the parameter Measuring window, you can
adapt this function to all power-system conditions.
You can set the parameter Measuring window with a large value to get a more accurate calculated result,
which leads to a longer pickup time however.
From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block Volt.-transf. c. b., which
links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
The parameter Blk. by meas.-volt. failure can be set so that the measuring-voltage failure detection
blocks the function or does not block it.
You use the Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter to control the behavior of the function when a
measuring-voltage failure is detected.
A measuring-voltage failure can only be detected if one of the following 2 conditions is met:
The device-internal supervision function Measuring-voltage failure detection is configured and
switched on.
The binary input signal >Open of the function block VTCB is connected to the voltage-transformer circuit
breaker (see chapter 8.3.4.1 Overview of Functions).
6.33.3.3 Settings
6.33.4.1 Description
Logic of a Stage
[lo_V2V1_PROV_20150326, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-424 Logic Diagram of the Stage: Overvoltage Protection with Negative-Sequence Voltage/Positive-
Sequence Voltage
Method of Measurement
The stage uses the average value of the negative-sequence voltage/positive-sequence voltage, which is calcu-
lated from the function block General Functionality. For more information, refer to chapter 6.33.3.1 Descrip-
tion.
Parameter: Threshold
In the application with a lower threshold setting of about 2.00 %, there is a risk of an overfunction due to the
measuring errors with small values as well as an influence via disturbances.
Example 1:
Releasing an overcurrent protection stage for unbalanced faults
The following section describes how to set the function to release an Overcurrent-protection stage when
unbalanced faults occur. Set the Overcurrent-protection stage only slightly higher than the load current, that
is very sensitive. To prevent the Overcurrent-protection stage from picking up inadvertently, the Overcur-
rent-protection stage is released when the Negative-sequence voltage stage picks up. The Overcurrent-
Protection stage remains blocked as long as the Negative-sequence voltage stage has not picked up.
Figure 6-425 shows the voltage phasors during a 2-phase local fault between phases B and C. The phase-to-
phase voltage VBC is virtually 0.
[dwuazeig-020412-01.tif, 1, en_US]
A 2-phase local fault generates a relatively large negative-sequence voltage of up to 100 % referred to the
positive-sequence voltage. The portion of the negative-sequence decreases in case of a remote fault. The
lower setting limit results from the possible unbalance at full load. If you assume for example 5 % of the nega-
tive-sequence voltage to positive-sequence voltage, the pickup value must be higher. A setting value of 10 %
warrants sufficient stability during unbalanced operating states and sufficient sensitivity to release the Over-
current-protection stage when a fault occurs.
You can keep the default setting of 0.95 for the dropout ratio. This avoids chattering of the stage.
Set the Negative-sequence voltage stage so that it does not generate a fault when it picks up and does not
initiate tripping. The Overcurrent-protection stage generates a fault indication. The pickup of the Negative-
sequence voltage stage is used as the release criterion because the Short-circuit function must be released
immediately when the Negative-sequence voltage stage has picked up. The time delay is thus not relevant
and can be left at the default setting.
You implement the release of the Overcurrent-protection stage using a logic block chart. An inverter links
the pickup of the Negative-sequence voltage stage with the Overcurrent-protection stage blocking.
Example 2:
A negative-sequence voltage in the auxiliary system of the power plant causes negative-sequence currents on
motors. This leads to a thermal overload of the rotors. The following estimation can be used as a basis: 1 %
negative-sequence voltage can lead to approximately 5 % or 6 % negative-sequence current.
A negative-sequence voltage can be caused by a broken conductor on the high-voltage side. If a negative-
sequence voltage occurs, this can, for example, initiate a switching of the infeed in order to prevent a protec-
tion trip of an unbalanced-load protection of the motors.
Siemens recommends using multiple stages for a better grading, whereby a sensitive setting of the threshold
permits an increased tripping delay.
For a reference, only 2 stages are discussed.
The first stage has a pickup threshold of 10 % with a time delay of 1.5 s. The second stage has a pickup
threshold of 3 % with a time delay of 8 s, seeTable 6-17.
6.33.4.3 Settings
The Overvoltage protection with zero-sequence voltage/residual voltage function (ANSI 59N):
Detects ground faults in isolated or arc-suppression-coil-grounded systems
Determines the phase affected by the ground fault
Works with electrical machines to detect ground faults in the stator winding
The Overvoltage protection with zero-sequence voltage/residual voltage function is used in protection
function groups with voltage measurement.
The Overvoltage protection with zero-sequence voltage/residual voltage function comes factory-set with
1 stage. A maximum of 3 stages can be operated simultaneously in the function.
The stages have an identical structure.
[dwu0ovps-030211-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Logic of a Stage
[loovpu03-090611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-428 Logic Diagram of an Overvoltage Protection with Zero-Sequence Voltage/Residual Voltage
Stage
Use the Method of measurement parameter to select the relevant method of measurement, depending on
the application.
Measurement of the fundamental comp. (standard filter):
This method of measurement processes the sampled voltage values and filters out the fundamental
component numerically.
fund. comp. long filter (fundamental component over 2 cycle filters with triangular window):
This method of measurement processes the sampled voltage values and filters out the fundamental
component numerically. The extended filter length compared to the standard filter and the use of the
triangular window results in a particularly strong attenuation of harmonics and transient faults. The
extended filter length causes the pickup time to increase slightly compared to the standard filter (see
Technical Data).
Pickup, Dropout
The stage compares the Threshold with the zero-sequence voltage V0. The Pickup delay parameter
allows you to delay the pickup of the stage depending on the residual voltage.
With the Dropout ratio parameter you can define the ratio of the dropout value to the Threshold.
From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block Volt.-transf. c.
b., which links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker. The Blk. by meas.-volt.
failure parameter can be set so that measuring-voltage failure detection blocks the stage or does not
block it.
Parameter: Threshold
You should select a more sensitive (smaller) value in a grounded system. This value must be higher than
the maximum residual voltage anticipated during operation caused by system unbalances.
EXAMPLE
For an isolated system
The residual voltage is measured via the broken-delta winding:
If the ground fault is fully unbalanced, a residual voltage of 100 V is present at the device terminals.
The threshold value should be set so that the stage picks up on 50 % of the full residual voltage.
32 The specific setting limits depend on the transformer data and transformer connections set.
The binary input signal >Open of the function block VTCB is connected to the voltage-transformer circuit
breaker (see Chapter 8.3.4.1 Overview of Functions).
33 The specific setting limits depend on the transformer data and transformer connections set.
34 The specific setting limits depend on the transformer data and transformer connections set.
6.34.5 Settings
The function Overvoltage protection with any voltage (ANSI 59) detects any 1-phase overvoltages and is
intended for special applications.
The Overvoltage protection with any voltage function is used in protection function groups, which are
based on voltage measurement.
The function Overvoltage protection with any voltage comes factory-set with 2 stages. A maximum of 3
tripping stages can be operated simultaneously in the function. The tripping stages have an identical struc-
ture.
[dwovpuxs-030211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Logic of a Stage
[louxovpr-211212-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-430 Logic Diagram of a Stage: Overvoltage Protection with Any Voltage
NOTE
i If the function Overvoltage protection with any voltage is used in a 1-phase function group, the param-
eter Measured value is not visible.
Method of Measurement
The Method of measurement parameter allows you to define whether the function works with the funda-
mental component or the calculated RMS value.
Measurement of the fundamental comp.:
This method of measurement processes the sampled voltage values and filters out the fundamental
component numerically.
Measured Value
The parameter Measured value allows you to select whether the stage uses a measured (directly
connected) voltage or a calculated phase-to-phase voltage.
If the function Overvoltage protection with any voltage is used in a 1-phase function group, the parameter
Measured value is not visible.
NOTE
i From V7.30 on, the value VN measured is no longer provided. If you have selected this value in earlier
versions, you can use either the following methods instead after upgrading the configuration to V7.30 or a
later version:
Select the value V0 calculated for the Measured value parameter in the function Overvoltage
protection with any voltage.
Parameter: Threshold
NOTE
i If the function is used in a Voltage-current 1-phase function group connected to the 1-phase voltage
measuring point with the voltage type VN broken-delta, you set the threshold value based on the
equivalent zero-sequence voltage.
Calculate the equivalent zero-sequence voltage V0 equiv. sec from the measured voltage VN sec with the
following formula:
You can find more information about the Matching ratio Vph / VN parameter in chapter 6.1.4 Appli-
cation and Setting Notes for Measuring-Point Voltage 3Phase (V-3ph).
6.35.5 Settings
The function Undervoltage protection with 3-phase voltage is used in protection function groups with
voltage measurement.
The function Undervoltage protection with 3-phase voltage comes factory-set with 2 Definite-time under-
voltage protection stages.
In the function Undervoltage protection with 3-phase voltage, the following stages can be operated simul-
taneously:
3 stages Definite-time undervoltage protection
2 stages Inverse-time undervoltage protection
Stages that are not preconfigured are shown in gray in the following figure.
The protection function is structured such that one current-flow criterion can act on all undervoltage protec-
tion stages (see Figure 6-431). If the protection function group used has no current measurement, you can
only set the current-flow criterion as fulfilled via the corresponding binary input signal.
[dwstru3p-110211-01.tif, 4, en_US]
6.36.3.1 Description
[louvp3ph-140611-01_stagecontrol.vsd, 2, en_US]
[louvp3ph-140611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-433 Logic Diagram of the Definite-Time Undervoltage Protection with 3-Phase Voltage
Method of Measurement
With the Method of measurement parameter, you select the relevant method of measurement, depending
on the application.
Measurement fundamental component:
This method of measurement processes the sampled voltage values and filters out the fundamental
component numerically.
Measured Value
With the Measured value parameter, you define whether the stage analyzes the phase-to-phase voltages
VAB, VBC, and VCA, or the phase-to-ground voltages VA, VB, and VC.
If the measured value is set to phase-to-phase, the function reports those measuring elements that have
picked up.
Pickup Mode
With the Pickup mode parameter, you define whether the stage picks up when there is a lower threshold-
value violation in one measuring element (1 out of 3) or when there is a lower threshold-value violation in
all 3 measuring elements (3 out of 3).
Pickup Delay
The Pickup delay parameter is only available and of relevance if you are using the current-flow criterion of
the function (parameter Current-flow criterion = on).
If the circuit breaker opens when the current-flow criterion is being used, the undervoltage detection and
current-flow dropout functions conflict with one another. Depending on the threshold value settings for
undervoltage detection and current-flow criterion, it is possible that the undervoltage is detected before the
current-flow criterion has dropped out. In this case, the stage picks up briefly. Use the Pickup delay param-
eter to prevent the stage from briefly picking up in this way when the circuit breaker opens. This is achieved
by delaying pickup by approximately 40 ms.
Current-Flow Criterion
The undervoltage protection stages work optionally with a current-flow criterion. The Current-flow
criterion works across all tripping stages.
When the Current-flow criterion parameter is activated, the undervoltage protection stages only pick
up if a settable minimum current (Threshold I>) is exceeded. A current below the minimum current blocks
the stages.
The current-flow criterion can also be set to fulfilled with the binary input signal >Current flow-crite-
rion. The function reports when the current-flow criterion is fulfilled.
Figure 6-433 illustrates the influence of the current-flow criterion.
NOTE
i If the (_:2311:104) Current-flow criterion parameter is deactivated, the device picks up imme-
diately if a missing measuring voltage is detected while the undervoltage protection is active. The param-
eter setting can be changed even when the device has picked up.
From inside on pickup of the Measuring-voltage failure detection function (see section 8.3.2.1 Over-
view of Functions). The Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter can be set so that measuring-
voltage failure detection blocks the stage or does not block it.
From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block Volt.-transf. c.
b., which links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker. The Blk. by meas.-volt.
failure parameter can be set so that measuring-voltage failure detection blocks the stage or does not
block it.
6.36.3.3 Settings
6.36.4.1 Description
[lo_UVP3ph_In_StageControl, 2, en_US]
[lo_UVP3ph_In, 4, en_US]
Figure 6-435 Logic Diagram of the Inverse-Time Undervoltage Protection with 3-Phase Voltage
Method of Measurement
With the Method of measurement parameter, you define whether the stage uses the fundamental
comp. or the RMS value.
Measurement fundamental comp.:
This method of measurement processes the sampled voltage values and filters out the fundamental
component numerically.
Measured Value
With the Measured value parameter, you define whether the stage analyzes the phase-to-phase voltages
VAB, VBC, and VCA, or the phase-to-ground voltages VA, VB, and VC.
If the measured value is set to phase-to-phase, the function reports those measuring elements that have
picked up.
Pickup Mode
With the Pickup mode parameter, you define whether the stage picks up when there is a lower threshold-
value violation in one measuring element (1 out of 3) or when there is a lower threshold-value violation in
all 3 measuring elements (3 out of 3).
After pickup the time value TInv is calculated for every input voltage less than the dropout value. An integrator
accumulates the value 1/TInv. Once the accumulated integral reaches the fixed value 1, the inverse-time delay
expires. The stage operates after the additional time delay.
The inverse-time delay is calculated with the following formula:
[fo_UVP3ph_inverse, 2, en_US]
Where
TInv Inverse-time delay
Tp Time multiplier (Parameter Time dial)
V Measured undervoltage
VThresh Threshold value (Parameter Threshold)
k Curve constant k (Parameter Charact. constant k)
Curve constant (Parameter Charact. constant )
c Curve constant c (Parameter Charact. constant c)
[dwUVP3ph_inverse, 1, en_US]
Pickup Delay
The Pickup delay parameter is only available and of relevance if you are using the current-flow criterion of
the function (parameter Current-flow criterion = on).
If the circuit breaker opens when the current-flow criterion is being used, the undervoltage detection and
current-flow dropout functions conflict with one another. Depending on the threshold value settings for
undervoltage detection and current-flow criterion, it is possible that the undervoltage is detected before the
current-flow criterion has dropped out. In this case, the stage picks up briefly. Use the Pickup delay
parameter to prevent the stage from briefly picking up in this way when the circuit breaker opens. This is
achieved by delaying pickup by approximately 40 ms.
Dropout Behavior
When the voltage exceeds the dropout value (1.05 x pickup factor x threshold value), the pickup signal is
going and the dropout is started. You can define the dropout behavior via parameter Reset time. Instanta-
neous reset takes place by setting Reset time to 0 s. A delayed reset takes place by setting the desired delay
time.
During the Reset time (> 0 s), the elapsed operate delay is frozen. If the stage picks up again within this
period, the stage operates when the rest of operate delay expires.
Current-Flow Criterion
The undervoltage protection stages work optionally with a current-flow criterion. The Current-flow
criterion works across all tripping stages.
When the Current-flow criterion parameter is activated, the undervoltage-protection stages only pick
up if a settable minimum current (Threshold I>) is exceeded. A current below the minimum current blocks
the stages.
The current-flow criterion can also be set to fulfilled with the binary input signal >Current flow-crite-
rion. The function reports when the current-flow criterion is fulfilled.
Figure 6-433 illustrates the influence of the current-flow criterion.
NOTE
i If the (_:2311:104) Current-flow criterion parameter is deactivated, the device picks up imme-
diately if a missing measuring voltage is detected while the undervoltage protection is active. The param-
eter setting can be changed even when the device has picked up.
From inside on pickup of the Measuring-voltage failure detection function (see chapter 8.3.2.1 Over-
view of Functions) . The Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter can be set so that measuring-
voltage failure detection blocks the stage or does not block it.
From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block Volt.-transf. c.
b., which links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker. The Blk. by meas.-volt.
failure parameter can be set so that measuring-voltage failure detection blocks the stage or does not
block it.
6.36.4.3 Settings
Protects motors and generators from inadmissible operating states and a possible loss of stability in the
event of voltage dips
2-phase short circuits or ground faults lead to an unbalanced voltage collapse. In comparison to three 1-phase
measuring systems, such events have no noticeable impact on the positive-sequence voltage. This makes this
function particularly suitable for the assessment of stability problems.
The Undervoltage protection with positive-sequence voltage function is used in protection function
groups, which are based on voltage measurement.
The Undervoltage protection with positive-sequence voltage function comes factory-set with 2 tripping
stages. A maximum of 3 tripping stages can be operated simultaneously in the function. The tripping stages
have an identical structure.
The protection function is structured such that one current-flow criterion can act on all undervoltage protec-
tion stages (see Figure 6-437). If the protection function group used has no current measurement, you can
only set the current-flow criterion as fulfilled via the corresponding binary input signal.
[dwstuvu1-110211-01.tif, 3, en_US]
[louv3pu1-021012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-438 Logic Diagram of the Stage Undervoltage Protection with Positive-Sequence Voltage
Method of Measurement
The stage uses the positive-sequence voltage. The positive-sequence voltage is calculated from the measured
phase-to-ground voltages according to the defining equation.
Pickup Delay
The Pickup delay parameter is only available and of relevance if you are using the current-flow criterion of
the function (parameter Current-flow criterion = on).
If the circuit breaker opens when the current-flow criterion is being used, the undervoltage detection and
current-flow dropout functions conflict with one another. Depending on the threshold value settings for
undervoltage detection and current-flow criterion, it is possible that the undervoltage is detected before the
current-flow criterion has dropped out. In this case, the tripping stage picks up briefly. Use the Pickup
delay parameter to prevent the tripping stage from briefly picking up in this way when the circuit breaker
opens. This is achieved by delaying pickup by approximately 40 ms.
Current-Flow Criterion
The undervoltage-protection stages work optionally with a current-flow criterion. The current-flow criterion
works across all stages.
When the Current-flow criterion parameter is switched on, the undervoltage protection stages only
pick up if a settable minimum current (Threshold I>) is exceeded in at least one phase. A current below the
minimum current blocks the tripping stages.
The current-flow criterion can also be set to fulfilled via the binary input signal >Current flow-crite-
rion. The function reports when the current-flow criterion is fulfilled.
Figure 6-438 illustrates the influence of the current-flow criterion.
NOTE
i If the Current-flow criterion parameter is switched off, the device picks up immediately if a missing
measuring voltage is detected while the undervoltage protection is active. The parameter setting can be
changed even when the device has picked up.
From inside on pickup of the Measuring-voltage failure detection function (see chapter 8.3.2.1 Over-
view of Functions). The Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter can be set to either block or not
block the tripping stage when the measuring-voltage failure detection picks up.
From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block Volt.-transf. c.
b., which links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker. The Blk. by meas.-volt.
failure parameter can be set so that measuring-voltage failure detection blocks the stage or does not
block it.
Parameter: Threshold
With the parameter Pickup delay you set whether pickup of the stage is to be delayed by approximately
40 ms or not. The delay avoids possible brief pickup of the stage when the circuit breaker opens.
Parameter Value Description
no Use this setting if you definitely do not want tripping-stage pickup to be
subject to a time delay in the event of a fault. This setting results in pickup
and, where applicable, tripping being performed as quickly as possible.
Note that switching procedures (opening of the CB) can result in brief
pickup of the tripping stage, depending on the threshold-value settings for
undervoltage pickup and the current-flow criterion. To prevent unwanted
tripping, you must set a minimum tripping delay of 50 ms.
yes Use this setting when switching procedures (opening of the CB) are not
permitted to result in tripping-stage pickup.
Note that pickup is delayed by approximately 40 ms. This delay is added to
the operate time.
The binary input signal >Open of the function block VTCB is connected to the voltage-transformer circuit
breaker (see chapter 8.3.4.1 Overview of Functions).
6.37.5 Settings
The function Undervoltage protection with any voltage (ANSI 27) detects any 1-phase undervoltage and is
intended for special applications.
The Undervoltage protection with any voltage function is used in protection function groups, which are
based on voltage measurement.
The function Undervoltage protection with any voltage comes factory-set with 2 stages. A maximum of 3
tripping stages can be operated simultaneously in the function. The tripping stages have an identical struc-
ture.
The protection function is structured such that one current-flow criterion can act on all undervoltage protec-
tion stages (see Figure 6-439).
[dwstuvux-110211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Logic of a Stage
[louvpuxx-100611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-440 Logic Diagram of a Stage: Undervoltage Protection with Any Voltage
NOTE
i If the function Undervoltage protection with any voltage is used in a 1-phase function group, the param-
eter Measured value is not visible.
Method of Measurement
The Method of measurement parameter allows you to define whether the function works with the funda-
mental component or the calculated RMS value.
Measurement of the fundamental component:
This method of measurement processes the sampled voltage values and filters out the fundamental
component numerically.
Measured Value
The parameter Measured value allows you to select whether the stage uses a measured (directly
connected) voltage or a calculated phase-to-phase voltage.
If the function Undervoltage protection with any voltage is used in a 1-phase function group, the parameter
Measured value is not visible.
Current-Flow Criterion
The undervoltage-protection stages work optionally with a current-flow criterion. The current-flow criterion
works across all stages.
When the Current-flow criterion parameter is switched on, the undervoltage protection stages only
pick up when the current-flow criterion has been set to fulfilled via the binary input signal >Current flow-
criterion. The function reports when the current-flow criterion is fulfilled.
Figure 6-440 illustrates the influence of the current-flow criterion.
NOTE
i If the (_:2311:101) Current-flow criterion parameter is deactivated, the device picks up imme-
diately if a missing measuring voltage is detected while the undervoltage protection is active. The param-
eter setting can be changed even when the device has picked up.
NOTE
i From V7.30 on, the value VN measured is no longer provided. If you have selected this value in earlier
versions, you can select the value V0 calculated instead after upgrading the configuration to V7.30 or a
later version.
If the function Undervoltage protection with any voltage is used in a 1-phase function group, the param-
eter Measured value is not visible.
Parameter: Threshold
NOTE
i If the function is used in a Voltage-current 1-phase function group connected to the 1-phase voltage
measuring point with the voltage type VN broken-delta, you set the threshold value based on the
equivalent zero-sequence voltage.
Calculate the equivalent zero-sequence voltage V0 equiv. sec from the measured voltage VN sec with the
following formula:
You can find more information about the Matching ratio Vph / VN parameter in chapter 6.1.4 Appli-
cation and Setting Notes for Measuring-Point Voltage 3Phase (V-3ph).
NOTE
i Because of the flexible setting options of the voltage measurand, the function itself does not determine the
current associated with the voltage. A suitable current-flow monitoring function must be created by the
user with the Continuous Function Chart (CFC), and connected to the binary input signal >Current
flow-criterion.
6.38.5 Settings
The Undervoltage-controlled reactive-power protection function can be used in protection function groups
containing 3-phase voltage and current measurement. Depending on the device, it is preconfigured by the
manufacturer with 1 Protection stage and 1 Reclosure stage. A maximum of 2 Protection stages and 1
Reclosure stage can operate simultaneously within the function.
[dwqvprot-110713-01.tif, 1, en_US]
6.39.3.1 Description
[loqvprst-110713-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-442 Logic Diagram of the Protection Stage of the Undervoltage-Controlled Reactive-Power Protec-
tion
Measurand
To detect critical power-system situations, the Undervoltage-controlled reactive-power protection function
uses the fundamental values of the phase-to-phase voltages, the positive-sequence current, and the reactive
power.
Q-Measurement Direction
The default directions of the positive reactive-power flow Q and the forward direction of the short-circuit
protection are identical, in the direction of the protected object. Via parameter Q sign, the direction of the
positive reactive-power flow Q can be changed by inverting the sign of the reactive power Q.
Pickup
The protection stage picks up under the following conditions:
All 3 phase-to-phase voltages are below the parameterized threshold value.
The positive-sequence current I1 is above the parameterized threshold value.
The power-generation facility requires more than the parameterized reactive power (Q is above the para-
meterized threshold value).
Trip Interface
The stage provides 2 operate signals, the Operate (generator) and the Operate (grid). Depending
on the parameter Trip interface contains, one or none of them will be forwarded to the trip interface
of the circuit-breaker interaction.
Measuring-voltage failure
Blocking of the Operate Delay and Operate Signal via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function
The Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter permits you to define whether the operate delay should
be blocked by a threshod-value violation due to an inrush current.
For further information about device-internal Inrush-current detection function, refer to chapter
6.18.7.1 Description .
EXAMPLE
The following example is given for settings in secondary values.
Rated voltage: Vrated, sec = 100 V
Rated current: Irated, sec = 1 A
Threshold value: 5 % of the power-supply system rated power
You can calculate the setting value as follows:
[foqvprot-110713-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Parameter: Q sign
6.39.3.3 Settings
6.39.4.1 Description
[loqvclst-110713-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Measurand
The stage works with fundamental values of voltage and current.
The reclosure time delay, started by the operate of specific protection functions, has elapsed. The time
delay is started by the first operate signal of the protection stages configured via the Configuration
parameter. All protection stages of the voltage protection, the frequency protection, and the QV protec-
tion are available for configuration.
Parameter: Configuration
Overvoltage protection
Undervoltage protection
Siemens recommends using the default settings, which reflect common practice in Germany. Other national
transmission codes may require a slightly different range.
6.39.4.3 Settings
Requires the connection of 2 voltage measuring points to the voltage interface of the function group
You can take one of the voltages as the reference voltage and then the other becomes the main voltage.
The reference voltage is used for comparison.
NOTE
i The voltage selection for the protection function in the FGs works independent of the status of the
Voltage-comparison supervision function.
The Voltage-comparison supervision function can be used in the following function groups:
Generator stator
Generator side
Transformer side
[dw_structure_VBP, 1, en_US]
6.40.3.1 Description
Function Application
The following figure shows an application example.
[sc_VBStoFG, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-446 Connecting the Measuring Points to the Generator Stator Function Group
There are consistency checks that validate the connections of voltage measuring points to the function group:
The connection type must be identical for all measuring points connected to the same interface of the
function group.
The rated voltage (primary and secondary) must be identical for all measuring points connected to the
same interface.
Either the Voltage-comparison supervision function or the Voltage measuring-point selection func-
tion must be instantiated. They must not be instantiated at the same time.
About the Voltage measuring-point selection function, you can find more information in chapter
6.59 Voltage Measuring-Point Selection.
Voltage Selection
2 voltage measuring points are connected to a voltage interface of a function group. In the Voltage-compar-
ison supervision function, you can set one of the voltages as the reference voltage via the parameter Refer-
ence voltage, and the other voltage becomes the main voltage.
The reference voltage is used for voltage comparison.
The main voltage is used for all voltage-related functions in the FGs that contain the Voltage-compar-
ison supervision function.
If the main voltage transformer is disconnected, the Voltage-comparison supervision function issues
the blocking signal Meas.-volt failure. The signal is transmitted to all voltage-related protection
functions which are used in the same FGs as the Voltage-comparison supervision.
The voltage inputs in the preceding figure are calculated with the following equations:
DVa = |v(n)ref.| - |v(n)main|
DVb = |v(n)main| - |v(n)ref.|
DVc = |Vref. - Vmain|
DVd = Max. (V1ref., V1main)
Voltages Description
v(n)ref. Sampled value of the reference voltage
v(n)main Sampled value of the main voltage
Vref. Fundamental value of the reference voltage
Vmain Fundamental value of the main voltage
V1ref. Positive-sequence value of the reference voltage
V1main Positive-sequence value of the main voltage
Pickup
If the voltage difference between each 2 of 3 continuous sampling points is over 8 % Vrated of the plant, the
supervision stage picks up.
Voltage Supervision
For the Voltage-comparison supervision function, the following 2 connection types are allowed:
Phase-to-ground
The phase-to-ground voltages are used for the voltage-difference comparison.
Phase-to-phase
The phase-to-phase voltages are used for the voltage-difference comparison.
NOTE
i The 2 ph-to-ph volt. + VN and 2 ph-to-ph voltages connection types are not allowed.
Voltage-Failure Indication
For different connection types, the indications are different.
Phase-to-ground
You can get the voltage-failure information from the output signals Main-voltage failure and
Ref.-voltage failure.
Phase-to-phase
If one phase is influenced, the phase information is indicated.
If more than one phase is influenced, the phase-to-phase information is indicated.
Take the main voltage transformer for example. You can determine the faulty phase with the
following table.
Release Voltage
If the main positive-sequence voltage or the reference positive-sequence voltage is between 50 % Vrated and
130 % Vrated, the function is released.
Selection Invalid
An invalid measuring-point selection results in the following:
The voltage measured values are displayed as Failure.
The validity of the voltage measured values is set to Invalid.
NOTE
i You must assign a voltage measuring point to the parameter Reference voltage. The assignment influ-
ences the voltage-related protection functions which are used in the same FGs as the Voltage-comparison
supervision function. These voltage-related protection functions use the unassigned voltage measuring
point, which is defined as the main voltage in the Voltage-comparison supervision function. You can find
more information in section Voltage Selection, Page 1164.
EXAMPLE
Meas.point V-3ph 1 and Meas.point V-3ph 2 are connected to the Voltage-comparison supervision func-
tion. Then you have 2 more setting options, as shown in the following figure. You must select one of these
setting options for the parameter Reference voltage.
[sc_VBS_ref.voltage, 1, en_US]
Parameter: Mode
6.40.3.3 Settings
The Fault locator function serves for measuring the fault distance in the event of a short circuit.
Quick determination of fault location and the associated rapid troubleshooting increase the availability of the
line for the power transmission in the electrical power system. Determining the fault location is based on the
loop-impedance calculation of short-circuited measuring loops.
The Fault locator function is used in the Line protection function group.
[dwstrufo-030211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The recording of phase currents and voltages is a prerequisite for calculation of fault locations. The Fault
locator function contains all necessary control parameters.
Fault-location calculation starts only if the functions Distance protection, Differential protection, Ground-
fault protection or Overcurrent protection are picked up or triggered.
Starting Conditions
The fault location is an independent function with its own measurand memory and its own filter algorithms.
To define the valid measuring loop and the most favorable time interval for the measured variable saving, only
a start command is required by the short-circuit protection. The fault location can be started by tripping of the
short-circuit protection or also at each pickup. If another protection device causes the disconnection of a
short-circuit, a fault-location calculation is then also possible for each pickup. In the event of a fault outside
the line to be protected, the fault-location indication cannot always be relevant, however, because the meas-
urands can be falsified by the center infeed for example.
Fault distance d of the line proportional to the reactance in kilometers or miles, converted on the basis of
the parameterized reactance per unit length of the line
Fault distance d as a percentage of the line length, calculated on the basis of the parameterized reac-
tance per unit length and the parameterized line length
NOTE
i Specification of distance in kilometers, miles, or percent is relevant only for homogenous line sections. If
the line comprises parts which exhibit different reactances per unit of length (for example, overhead-line-
cable sections), you can then analyze the reactance determined from the fault location for separate calcula-
tion of the fault distance.
[dwfailur-190912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-449 Fault Currents and Voltages in a Line Fed on Both Sides
M Measuring point
S1, S2 Source voltage (EMF)
IF1, IF2 Partial fault currents
IF1 + IF2 Total fault current
VF1 Fault voltage at the measuring point
RF Common fault resistance
ZF1, ZF2 Fault impedances
ZF1gnd, Ground fault impedances
ZF2gnd
ZS1, ZS2 External impedances
ZS1gnd, Ground external impedances
ZS2gnd
The function requires the following key line data to calculate fault distance:
Reactance per unit length of the line per kilometer or per mile
Line length for the correct output of the fault distance as a percentage of the line length
NOTE
i The visibility of the parameter Parallel-line compensat. depends on the selected setting format of
the Line.
The parameter Parallel-line compensat. is visible if you have connected a parallel line for the
device.
Parameter: Start
The following conditions have to be fulfilled so that the parallel-line compensation functions:
Connect the ground current of the parallel line in the correct polarity to an additional current input.
Set the input used for the parallel current in the correct ratio to the phase currents for the power-system
data.
Set the coupling impedances to the parallel system for the line data.
6.41.5 Settings
The Overfrequency protection function is used in protection function groups, which are based on voltage
measurement.
The overfrequency protection function comes with 2 factory-set stages. A maximum of 3 tripping stages can
be operated simultaneously in the function. The tripping stages have an identical structure.
The parameters Dropout differential and Minimum voltage are set for all stages.
[dwstofqp-090211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Logic of a Stage
[lostofqp-040411-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Frequency-Measurement Method
Overfrequency protection is available in 2 functional configurations. These work with different frequency-
measurement methods. You select the frequency-measurement method in dependence of the application.
Angle-difference method (method A):
The angle-difference method determines the phasor of the positive-sequence voltage in multiphase
systems. In the case of 1-phase connection, it always processes the phasor of the connected voltage.
Since the change of angle of the voltage phasor over a given time interval is proportional to the
frequency change, the current frequency can be derived from it.
Both methods of measurement are characterized by a high measuring accuracy combined with a short pickup
time. Disturbance values such as harmonics, high frequency disturbances, phase-angle jumps during
switching operations and compensation processes due to power swings are effectively suppressed.
Frequency-Measurement Method
The frequency measurement method is selected with the functional configuration from the DIGSI functions
library. The letter at the end of the function name describes the method of measurement.
Redundant solutions can be implemented by combining 2 different methods of frequency measurement. You
can implement a 2-out-of-2 decision by connecting the operate indications of both functions in a CFC with a
logical AND gate. This increases the reliability of protection.
Frequency-Measurement Description
Method
Angle difference method Select this method of measurement if the frequency protection stage is
(method A) used for the protection of machines.
Filtering method (method B) Select this method of measurement if the frequency protection stage is
used in an electrical power system.
Parameter: Threshold
The Threshold parameter is used to define the pickup threshold of the overfrequency protection stage in
dependence of the application. 51.50 Hz is a typical warning threshold in 50-Hz systems.
When determining the setting value, please keep in mind the measurement method and the measuring
connection that you have selected. If you work with the positive-sequence voltage, remember that the
maximum voltage is equal to the phase-to-ground voltage. The default setting is referred to this value.
NOTE
i This table shows one example of a possible frequency protection setting. The setting values can differ
depending on the application.
6.42.5 Settings
Disconnect generating units when the power system frequency is critical (for example, f < 0.95 frated)
Frequency deviations are caused by an unbalance between the active power generated and consumed. Under-
frequency is caused by an increase of the consumers' active power demand or by a decrease of the power
generated. These conditions occur in the case of power system disconnection, generator failure, or distur-
bances of the power and frequency controller.
Underfrequency protection is available in 2 functional configurations (selectable from the DIGSI functions
library). The functional configurations differ in the frequency measurement method they use.
The Underfrequency protection function is used in protection function groups, which are based on voltage
measurement.
The Underfrequency protection function comes with 3 factory-set stages. A maximum of 5 tripping stages
can be operated simultaneously in the function. The tripping stages have an identical structure.
The parameters Dropout differential and Minimum voltage are set for all stages.
[dwstufqp-090211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Logic of a Stage
[lostufqp-040411-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Frequency-Measurement Method
Underfrequency protection is available in 2 functional configurations. These work with different frequency-
measurement methods. You select the frequency-measurement method in dependence of the application.
Angle-difference method (method A):
The angle-difference method determines the phasor of the positive-sequence voltage in multiphase
systems. In the case of 1-phase connection, it always processes the phasor of the connected voltage.
Since the change of angle of the voltage phasor over a given time interval is proportional to the
frequency change, the current frequency can be derived from it.
Both methods of measurement are characterized by a high measuring accuracy combined with a short
response time. Disturbance values such as harmonics, high frequency disturbances, phase-angle jumps during
switching operations and compensation processes due to power swings are effectively suppressed.
Frequency-Measurement Method
The frequency measurement method is selected with the functional configuration from the DIGSI functions
library. The letter at the end of the function name describes the method of measurement.
Redundant solutions can be implemented by combining 2 different methods of frequency measurement. You
can implement a 2-out-of-2 decision by connecting the operate indications of both functions in a CFC with a
logical AND gate. This increases the reliability of protection.
Method of Measurement Description
Angle difference method Select this method of measurement if the frequency protection stage is
(method A) used for the protection of machines.
Filtering method (method B) Select this method of measurement if the frequency protection stage is
used in an electrical power system.
Parameter: Threshold
The Threshold parameter is used to define the pickup threshold of the underfrequency protection stage in
dependence of the application. 49.8 Hz is a typical warning threshold in 50-Hz systems.
Due to the high-precision frequency measurement, the recommended setting value for the Dropout
differential can remain at 20 mHz. If in your application you wish a subsequent dropout of the tripping
stage, then increase the setting value of the dropout differential. For instance, if the pickup value (parameter
Threshold ) of the tripping stage is set to 49.8 Hz and the Dropout differential to 100 mHz, the
stage will drop out at 49.9 Hz.
NOTE
i This table shows one example of a possible frequency protection setting. The setting values can differ
depending on the application and the turbine.
6.43.5 Settings
Maintains operations for the medium-voltage busbar or feeders that generate active power
The Underfrequency load shedding function can be used in the Voltage/Current 3-phase function group
and in the Line function group.
The Underfrequency load shedding function comes factory-set with 8 stages. A maximum of 12 stages can
be operated simultaneously within the function. These stages are identical in structure.
6.44.3.1 Description
Logic
Measurands
The general functionality requires the following input measurands:
Positive-sequence voltage V1
Positive-sequence current I1
Frequency
S1 and P1 are both calculated from V1 and I1. The frequency is calculated from V1.
The frequency and the frequency change rate df/dt are calculated via the angle difference algorithm. You can
find more information in chapter 6.42.3 Overfrequency-Protection Stage.
Undervoltage Blocking
The frequency of the Underfrequency load shedding function is calculated from the positive-sequence
voltage V1. In order to obtain a reliable and accurate frequency calculation result, the magnitude of V1 is
monitored. If the magnitude of V1 is smaller than the Minimum voltage, all the protection stages are
blocked and the V1< block indication is issued.
Power Criterion
If a feeder delivers active power towards the busbar, or if the medium-voltage busbar delivers active power to
the high-voltage busbar, it is meaningless to switch off this feeder or the medium-voltage busbar during the
load-shedding process. The power criterion determines the power-flow direction and includes this information
as a blocking criterion into the load-shedding decision of all protection stages.
The Positive power direction parameter defines the positive active-power flow direction of the func-
tion in relation to the standard forward direction of the protection functionality. You can find more informa-
tion in chapter 6.44.3.2 Application and Setting Notes.
In the following figures, if the power flow is located in the release area which is marked in gray, the protection
stages are released. In the remaining area, the protection stages are blocked.
The release area is configured via the following parameters:
The parameter Phi (power criterion) defines the area which limits the range of the power angle.
The parameter Min. current (power crit.) defines the minimum positive-sequence current that
must be present to calculate the active power in a reliable way. In the following figures, the minimum
current is indicated as the circle whose center is the origin of the coordinates.
The power criterion is checked only when the following 2 conditions are fulfilled:
The positive-sequence current I1 exceeds the threshold Min. current (power crit.), that is, I1 is
out of the circle in the following figures.
The undervoltage blocking is not fulfilled, that is, the magnitude of V1 is not smaller than the Minimum
voltage.
The dashed lines in the figures show the dropout characteristics. The dropout differential of the power angle is
1.
The symbol in the following figures represents the setting value of the parameter Phi (power crite-
rion).
The power criterion contains the check of the current criterion and of the power-angle criterion.
You can determine whether to check the power criterion or not by setting the Power criterion parameter.
The power criterion is carried out only when the Power criterion parameter is set to yes.
The working method of the current criterion and of the power-angle criterion differ at Phi (power crite-
rion) 0 and Phi (power criterion) > 0.
When I1 exceeds the Min. current (power crit.) and the power angle is out of the release area,
the Power crit. blocking indication is issued and all the protection stages are blocked.
For Phi (power criterion) > 0, the power criterion is checked as follows:
When I1 falls below the Min. current (power crit.), all the protection stages are released and
the power-angle criterion is not considered.
When I1 exceeds the Min. current (power crit.) and the power angle is out of the release area,
the Power crit. blocking indication is issued and all the protection stages are blocked.
df/dt Blocking
If the change rate of df/dt is too high, the Underfrequency load shedding function may not be applicable
anymore.
The df/dt blocking comprises the df/dt-rising blocking and the df/dt-falling blocking.
The df/dt-rising criterion and the df/dt-falling criterion can be individually switched on or off. These 2 df/dt
criteria are operative only when the magnitude of the positive-sequence voltage V1 is greater than the
Minimum voltage:
The df/dt-rising blocking takes place when the df/dt-rising value exceeds the setting value of the param-
eter df/dt-rising blk. threshold. It is signaled via the indication df/dt-rising blocking.
The df/dt-falling blocking takes place when the df/dt-falling value exceeds the setting value of the param-
eter df/dt-falling blk. threshold. It is signaled via the indication df/dt-falling
blocking.
Value Description
df/dt Calculated rate of frequency change
The following figure shows 2 application scenarios of protection devices with the Underfrequency load shed-
ding function.
The standard forward direction of the protection functionality is from the busbar to the protected object which
is the transformer for device 1 or the feeder for device 2. The standard forward direction of the protection
functionality is configured via the (_:8881:116) Neutr.point in dir.of ref.obj parameter of the
measuring point I-3ph (see chapter 6.1.5 Application and Setting Notes for Measuring-Point Current 3-Phase
(I-3ph)). For the load-shedding function, the positive active-power flow direction can differ from the standard
forward direction of the protection functionality, such as for device 1. To adapt the function to this condition,
the Positive power direction parameter is used. With the Positive power direction parameter,
you can set the positive active-power flow direction either to the same as or to the inverse of the standard
forward direction.
For device 1, set the Positive power direction parameter to inv. to CT neu.pnt sett..
Then, the positive active-power flow direction of the power criterion is opposite to the standard forward
direction of the protection functionality. Consequently, the Underfrequency load shedding function
sheds the medium-voltage busbar when the positive power-flow direction is from the high-voltage
busbar to the medium-voltage busbar.
For device 2, set the Positive power direction parameter to acc. to CT neu.pnt sett..
Then, the positive active-power flow direction of the power criterion is the same as the standard forward
direction of the protection functionality. Consequently, the Underfrequency load shedding function
sheds the feeder when the positive power-flow direction is from the medium-voltage busbar to the
feeder.
Parameter: Power criterion, Phi (power criterion), Min. current (power crit.)
With the Phi (power criterion) parameter, you decide whether the protection stage is blocked or
released in the case of low active-power flow. If the active-power flow is low, the determined active
power-flow direction is not always reliable.
For Phi (power criterion) 0, the protection stage is released for a clear forward active power-
flow direction. If the active power-flow direction is not reliable, the protection stages are blocked. For
Phi (power criterion) > 0, the behavior is the contrary.
The Phi (power criterion) parameter can be set depending on your philosophy.
With the Min. current (power crit.) parameter, you set the minimum positive-sequence current
threshold to achieve a reliable active-power criterion result. The Min. current (power crit.)
parameter is set as a per-unit value related to the rated current of the connected current measuring
point. Siemens recommends using the default setting.
The default setting is a reasonable value. Siemens recommends using the default setting.
6.44.4.1 Description
The preceding 2 conditions are fulfilled during the configured number of frequency measurement cycles
(cycle time = 10 ms). You can set the number with the parameter f< stabilization counter.
If the Pickup signal is maintained during the Operate delay time, an Operate indication is issued.
The SPC signal Exclusive activation which is offered in the protection stage.
This SPC signal allows the exclusive stage activation from a station controller.
The SPS signal >Activate all stages which is offered in the function block General.
The protection stage which receives the newest SPS signal >Exclusive activation or SPC signal Exclu-
sive activation remains active and all other stages are deactivated. If 2 or more protection stages simul-
taneously receive the SPS signals >Exclusive activation and/or the SPC signals Exclusive activa-
tion, only the protection stage with the largest stage number is activated.
If the SPS signal >Activate all stages is activated, the exclusive stage activation is reset, that is, all
protection stages whose Mode parameters are set to on become active again.
After a normal device restart (reset), the statuses of the protection stages which were influenced by the SPS
signal >Exclusive activation or the SPC signal Exclusive activation are still maintained.
After an initial startup, the exclusive stage activation is reset.
EXAMPLE
Configured protection stages: Protection stages 1 to 8
Protection stages whose Mode parameters are set to on: Protection stages 1 to 8
Case 2:
Scenario: In the protection stage 2, the SPS signal >Exclusive activation or the SPC signal
Exclusive activation is activated.
Result: The protection stage 2 is activated, the stage 1 is deactivated, and stages 3 to 8 remain deacti-
vated.
Case 3:
Scenario: The SPS signal >Activate all stages is activated.
Result: The protection stages 1 to 8 are activated.
Case 4:
Scenario: In the protection stages 2 to 4, the SPS signal >Exclusive activation or the SPC signal
Exclusive activation is activated simultaneously.
Result: The protection stage 4 is activated and the other stages are deactivated.
Case 5:
Scenario: A normal device restart (reset) occurs.
Result: After the device restart, the protection stage 4 remains activated and the other stages remain
deactivated.
Parameter: Threshold
With the Threshold parameter, you define the underfrequency pickup value of the stage. The specific value
depends on the application and the total number of the stages applied in parallel.
6.44.5 Settings
Network decoupling
Load shedding
The function Rate of frequency change protection can be used in protection function groups containing a
3phase voltage measurement.
2 function block types are available:
df/dt rising
df/dt falling
The function Rate of frequency change protection is preconfigured by the manufacturer with 1 df/dt rising
stage and 1 df/dt falling stage. A maximum of 5 df/dt rising stages and 5 df/dt falling stages can operate simul-
taneously within the function. Both of the function block types are similar in structure.
Undervoltage check and df/dt calculation are general functionalities and take place on the function level. All
stages use these general functionalities.
[dwdfdt01-160113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
6.45.3.1 Description
Logic
The following figure represents the logic of undervoltage check and df/dt calculation. It applies to all types of
stages.
[lodfdtgf-160113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Measurand
This function uses the frequency calculated via the angle difference algorithm.
For more information, refer to chapter 6.42.3 Overfrequency-Protection Stage.
The frequency difference is calculated over a settable time interval (default setting: 5 periods).
The ratio between the frequency difference and the time difference reflects the frequency change which can
be positive or negative.
A stabilization counter works to avoid overfunction. This counter is increased if the set threshold value is
exceeded. If the value drops below the threshold value, the counter is reset immediately. The counter is set to
8 internally and is activated at each half system cycle.
Undervoltage Blocking
If the measuring voltage drops below the Minimum voltage, the Rate of frequency change protection is
blocked because precise frequency values cannot be calculated anymore.
Value Description
df/dt Calculated rate of frequency change
The default setting is a reasonable compromise between measuring accuracy and pickup time. For a non-
sensitive setting (high threshold value), you can set the parameter Measuring window to a smaller value.
6.45.4.1 Description
[lodfdtst-160113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
(1) For the stage type df/dt rising, the value df/dt rising is used.
Frequency Rising/Falling
The stage df/dt falling is used to detect frequency falling and the stage df/dt rising is used to detect
frequency rising.
You set the threshold value as an absolute value. You define the frequency-change direction via the selected
stage type.
Via the undervoltage blocking when the voltage drops below the Minimum voltage
Parameter: Threshold
Where:
frated Rated frequency
P Active power change
P = PConsumption - PGeneration
Srated Rated apparent power of the machines
H Inertia constant
EXAMPLE
frated = 50 Hz
H=3s
Case 1: P/Srated = 0.12
Case 2: P/Srated = 0.48
Case 1: df/dt = -1 Hz/s
Case 2: df/dt = -4 Hz/s
NOTE
i In case of power-system incidents, especially in case of transmission incidents and influence of voltage-
stabilizing measures via power-electronic components (reactive-power compensation through SVC), the
magnitude and the phase angle of the voltage can change. Sensitive settings can lead to overfunction.
Therefore, it is reasonable to block the Rate of Frequency Change Protection if other protection func-
tions, for example, residual voltage or negative-sequence voltage, pick up. To do this, use the blocking
input >Block stage and connect it via CFC.
6.45.4.3 Settings
The Phase-sequence reversal function enables correct execution of the protection of the device and supervi-
sion functions, independently of the phase sequence of the phases in a system or system section.
The phase sequence is set via parameters. You can select between the phase sequences ABC or ACB.
Binary inputs also provide the option of switching over the phase sequence with respect to the parameter
setting. For example, in pumped-storage hydropower plants with motor or motor/generator operation you
temporarily change the direction of rotation by changing over the phase sequence.
The phase sequence has an effect on calculation of the positive-sequence system and negative-sequence
system values and on calculation of phase-to-phase values. A phase-rotation reversal therefore has an effect
on all protection and supervision functions that use these values.
You can change the phase sequence in 2 ways via binary inputs.
Change over the phase sequence for the entire device.
In doing so, all 3-phase measuring points are switched over. All analog inputs are therefore affected (for
example current and voltage inputs simultaneously).
The Phase-sequence switchover function is integrated in the Power-system data. You will find the signals in
the DIGSI 5 project tree under Name of the device Settings. There you will find the parameter for setting
the phase sequence and the binary inputs via which you can influence a change in the phase sequence.
[dwphrein-240211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
General
The phase sequence of the system is set in the device via the Phase sequence parameter. You will find the
signals in the DIGSI 5 project tree under Name of the device Settings Power system General. There
are 3 methods to change the phase sequence for different operational requirements.
Changing the phase sequence via the setting parameter.
Note: With version V7.50 and higher, this setting parameter is a reset parameter. If the parameter is
changed and transmitted to the device, the device performs a startup. The parameter change affects
all 3-phase measuring points. If the device is in operation and if measurands are present at the
measuring points, perform a parameter change carefully since this affects all measuring points.
With the binary signal >Phs-rotation reversal, you change over the phase sequence of all meas-
uring points.
With the binary signal >Invert Phases, you change over the phase sequence per measuring point.
The Inverted phases parameter available for each measuring point is used to set which phases at the
measuring point must be swapped. The parameter can be found at each 3-phase measuring point.
The 2 binary-signal mechanisms are explained separately below.
[dwphrdrf-240211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The phase sequence of a system or a system section is defined when parameterizing via the Phase
sequence parameter. The setting parameter acts on all measuring points.
The operationally induced switchover between the phase sequence ABC and the phase sequence ACB is initi-
ated via the binary input >Phs-rotation reversal. This switches over the phase sequence simultane-
ously at all 3-phase measuring points.
The following image shows a logic diagram for determining the current phase assignment and switchover.
The indications shown on the right show the present phase sequence. If the phase sequence is set via the
Phase sequence parameter to ABC, activation of the binary input will result in a switchover to the phase
sequence ACB.
NOTE
i The switchover of the phase sequence is only authorized for a time at which no measured values are
pending. The switchover command must be present for at least 200 ms. The change of phase sequence is
only permissible when the machine is at standstill. If the current and voltage values of all 3-phase meas-
uring points are below 5 % of the rated variables, this is recognized as machine standstill.
A renewed machine standstill must be detected for a resetting of the phase sequence to the set preferred posi-
tion.
[dwphrpsys1-151013, 1, en_US]
[dwphrapp-240211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The example shows 2 differential protection devices (IED1 and IED2) and an impedance protection (IED3) with
the connected measuring points.
The phase sequence is insignificant for the differential protection of IED1, as the protected object is not
affected by the switchover option of the phase sequence.
The phase sequence is also relevant to the differential protection of IED2, as the protected object extends
beyond the switchover option.
The phase sequence is also relevant to the impedance protection (IED3). Depending on the switch position,
the voltage measured values 1 and the current measured values 3 have a different phase sequence.
The phase sequence of the system is set in the device via the Phase sequence parameter for generator
operation. The Inverted phases parameter is used to set which phase is swapped for the relevant meas-
uring point. The swap is communicated to the measuring point via the binary input signal >Invert Phases.
The changed phase sequence is then included for calculation of the measurands at the measuring point.
In accordance with Figure 6-466 the phase sequence is set to ABC. A is swapped with C in motor operation.
The Inverted phases parameter must be set to AC for the measuring points of current measured values 2
and current measured values 3. As a result, the phase assignment for the differential protection IED2 and the
impedance protection IED3 is correct. The positive-sequence and negative-sequence current is calculated
correctly.
The following logic diagram shows the principle for determining the present phase assignment and measured
variables with the example of currents.
The switchover of the phase sequence is only authorized for a time at which no measured values are pending
at the selected measuring points. The switchover command must be present for at least 200 ms. The change
of phase sequence is only implemented if the measurands at the measuring points that are to be switched are
under 5 % of the rated variables. If the currents of the measuring points of current measured values 2 and
current measured values 3 of the example fall below 5 % of their rated variables, the switchover is released
and the set phases are switched with active binary input.
[lophrgph-190517-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i If you change the setting value of the parameter Inverted phases, consider the following:
The device can take the new setting value only if the binary input signal >Invert Phases is not active.
6.46.5 Settings
The Instantaneous tripping at switch onto fault function serves for immediate tripping when switching onto
a fault.
The function does not have its own measurement and must be linked to another protection function with the
pickup (measurement).
The function Instantaneous tripping at switch onto fault can be used in all protection function groups.The
function is preconfigured with a stage. A maximum of 2 tripping stages can be operated simultaneously in the
function. The stages have an identical structure.
[dwstrsto-030211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[logisotf-170312-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-469 Logic Diagram of the Stage Instantaneous Tripping at Switch onto Fault
NOTE
i If a protection stage picks up and tripping is blocked by the Inrush-current detection function, the Instan-
taneous tripping at switch onto fault function does not pick up. In this case there is no fault recording
either.
Despite this, if a fault recording is necessary, you can activate it with the parameter (_:114) Start
flt.rec of the function Inrush-current detection function (see chapter 6.56 Inrush-Current Detection).
Parameter: Configuration
The Configuration parameter is used to define with which pickup of a protection function or protection
stage the Instantaneous tripping at switch onto fault function responds.
Normally, the pickups of protection functions and stages with high fault current are selected:
Overcurrent protection (phase and ground)
Directional time-overcurrent protection (phase and ground)
6.47.5 Settings
The Thermal overload protection, 3-phase advanced function (ANSI 49) is used to:
Protect the equipment (motors, generators, transformers, capacitors, overhead lines, and cables) against
thermal overloads
Monitor the thermal state of motors, generators, transformers, capacitors, overhead lines, and cables
The Thermal overload protection, 3-phase advanced function is used in protection function groups with
current measurement.
The function is preconfigured by the manufacturer with 1 Thermal overload protection, 3-phase
advanced stage.
The non-preconfigured function block Filter can optionally be applied to gain the RMS value used by the
Thermal overload protection, 3-phase advanced stage.
6.48.3.1 Description
The function block Filter can be used to adapt the RMS value for 2 means:
To gain harmonics in a defined way. Higher harmonics can stress the protected object thermally more
than lower harmonics. This is the case for reactors applied in AC filters. In addition, the amplitude attenu-
ation of higher frequencies due to the anti-aliasing filter of the device is automatically compensated by
the filter
To only compensate the amplitude attenuation of higher frequencies by the device (due to the anti-
aliasing filter)
The filter gain (amplitude response) is realized by a 9-order FIR filter.
Logic
[lo_TOLP_FilterStage, 1, en_US]
The FIR filter gains the 8-kHz sampled values according to the set filter coefficients. Afterwards the RMS value
is calculated. The symmetrical 9-order filter coefficients are set via the respective parameters h(0), h(1),
h(2), h(3) and h(4).
NOTE
i A FIR-filter configuration tool is provided as an auxiliary PC tool. With this PC tool, the coefficients h(0),
h(1), h(2), h(3), h(4) of the FIR filter are generated according to the required gain factors (amplitude
response). The tool can be obtained from the SIPROTEC download area. For more information about the
tool, refer to the tool help function.
The gained RMS value is delivered to the protection stages only when the function block Filter is instantiated
and the parameter Enable filter is set as yes . Otherwise, the normal RMS value is used.
You can find the parameter Rated current in the FB General of function groups where the Thermal over-
load protection, 3-phase - advanced function is used.
If the parameter Enable filter is set to no, the function values are shown as ---.
With the parameter Enable filter, you set whether the Filter is enabled.
Parameter Value Description
yes If gained RMS values should be used in one of the protection stages, set
parameter Enable filter = yes.
no If no gained RMS values are needed, set the parameter Enable filter =
no.
6.48.3.3 Settings
The Thermal overload protection 1-phase function (ANSI 49) is used to:
Protect the equipment (reactors or resistors in the neutral point of a transformer) from thermal overload
The Thermal overload protection 1-phase function is used in 1-phase protection function groups with
current measurement..
The Thermal overload protection, 1-phase function is steplessly preconfigured.
[dwtolp1p-270613-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Logic
[lotolp1p-250713-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Thermal Replica
The protection function calculates the overtemperature from the current flowing in the protected object (for
example, reactor or resistance in the transformer neutral point) on the basis of a thermal single-body model
according to the thermal differential equation with
[fodiffgl-310510-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[fonormie-310510-01.tif, 2, en_US]
At the same time, Irated, obj is the rated current of the protected object.
In a steady state, the solution to the thermal differential equation is an e-function whose asymptote repre-
sents the final overtemperature end. The time constant th determines the rise. After reaching an initial adjust-
able overtemperature threshold warn (Threshold thermal warn.), a warning indication is given.
If the overtemperature limit Off (tripping overtemperature) is exceeded, an operate indication is immediately
issued and the equipment disconnected from the power supply. This threshold is specified at 100 % and corre-
sponds to the final temperature set at a flowing permissible continuous current (Imax).
Figure 6-474 shows the temperature rise at different overload currents and the supervision thresholds.
[dwtempve-030211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-474 Temperature History for Different Overload Currents (K-factor = 1.1)
The current overtemperature can be obtained from the operational measured values. It is shown in percent.
An indication of 100 % means that the thermal threshold has been reached.
The analysis of the RMS value of the current over a broad frequency band also includes the harmonic compo-
nents. These harmonic components contribute to the temperature rise of the equipment.
Ambient Temperature
This function can take the ambient temperature into consideration The reference temperature of the thermal
model is 40 C. If the ambient temperature drops below the reference temperature, the thermal limit
increases. The equipment can be stressed more. If the ambient temperature is higher, the conditions change.
The Default temperature parameter can be used to fix or measure the ambient temperature. The
Minimal temperature parameter limits the coupled ambient temperature. If the measured ambient
temperature is lower than the minimum temperature, the minimum temperature is processed in the thermal
model.
The ambient temperature refers to the overtemperature of the protected object, which sets itself at the rated
current (parameter Temperature rise at Irated).
The measured ambient temperature is recorded by an external RTD unit (RTD = Resistance Temperature
Detector) and provided by the functions RTD unit Ether. or RTD unit serial of the function group Analog
units. When using the Temperature sensor parameter, the respective temperature sensor can be selected.
If the temperature measurement is disrupted, for example, due to an open circuit between the device and the
RTD unit, the device will report it. In this case, the process continues with either the temperature measured
last or the value set under the Default temperature parameter, whichever value is the highest.
Current Influence
The thermal replica based on the single-body model applies with limitations to high overcurrent situations
(short circuits). To avoid an overfunction of the overload protection, the thermal replica must be influenced
for overcurrents (exceeding llimit). You can select between 2 strategies for this:
Freezing of the thermal memory
Limitation of the input current for the thermal replica to the set current. The temperature rise is thereby
retarded at high currents.
Warning Thresholds
The thermal warning threshold issues a warning indication before the tripping threshold (tripping tempera-
ture) is reached. In this way, for example, a load can be reduced in sufficient time and a disconnection
avoided. At a normal K-factor of 1.1, a thermal memory value of 83 % sets in at continuously flowing rated
current.
Apart from the thermal warning threshold, the overload protection also has a current-warning threshold. This
current-warning threshold can signal an overload current in sufficient time before the overtemperature value
has reached the warning or tripping threshold.
Dropout of Tripping
Once the thermal memory has fallen below the setting value of the Dropout threshold operate, the trip
command is cancelled upon tripping. In contrast, the current-warning threshold and the thermal warning
threshold are reduced at a fixed dropout threshold (see technical data).
Blocking Closure
The signal Block close can be used to prevent closure of the protected object at a high thermal load. The
signal is set if the tripping overtemperature is exceeded, and cancelled if the temperature falls below the
dropout threshold.
Recommended setting value (_:101) Threshold current warning = 1.1 A for lrated = 1 A
Set the threshold to the maximum permissible continuous current (Imax, perm). This results in the same setting
value as for K-factor.
[fowarnsc-100810-01.tif, 2, en_US]
At a K-factor of 1.05, the thermal memory for rated current is 91% filled. Increase the Threshold
thermal warn. to 95%.
Parameter: K-factor
[fotolpkf-100810-01.tif, 2, en_US]
NOTE
i The thermally permissible continuous current for the protected object is known from relevant tables or
from the specifications of the manufacturer!
Siemens recommends using the default value as it is a typical value for many applications.
EXAMPLE
[fo_time_constance_11082015, 1, en_US]
[dwtime-dependent-110815-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
The Imax thermal parameter allows you to set the threshold current for the Behav. at I> Imax
therm. parameter. The selected current threshold of 2.5 Irated, obj is a practicable value.
NOTE
i For an application as a 1-phase overload protection, the ambient temperature measured via the tempera-
ture sensor is not taken into account. Therefore, the setting has no influence. You can keep the default
setting. If you take into account the temperature, note the following descriptions.
Set the overtemperature as the value that is the result if the equipment is continuously operated with the
rated current and at an ambient temperature of 40C. Here, the rated current refers to the protected object.
You can find the temperature value in the Technical data of the equipment or you can measure the value. If
you use a temperature sensor when measuring at the rated current, deduct the actual ambient temperature or
the coolant temperature from the measured value.
When selecting the setting value, you can also use the specified temperature class for orientation. Usually, you
will find the overtemperature expressed in Kelvin (K), which can be accepted as is. If the absolute temperature
is given, the ambient temperature must be deducted. As a rule, this is 40 C.
The overtemperature at maximum permissible current (max) and the Temperature rise at Irated
(rated,obj.) can be converted by using the following formula:
[fo_ueb_for_Irated, 3, en_US]
EXAMPLE:
Temperature class B for continuous operation: permissible overtemperature = 80 K
From this, a temperature for Irated of 120 C (80 K + 40 C) can be derived when using a measuring element for
the measurement.
Temperature class F as thermal limiting value: permissible overtemperature = 105 K.
From this, a maximum temperature of 155 C (105 K + 40 C) derives.
From these values, the magnitude of the K factor can also be derived.
[fo_bsp_kfaktor, 3, en_US]
If selecting a setting value of 1.1 for the K-factor, your selection can be considered as conservative.
Recommended setting value (_:114) Behav. at I> Imax therm. = current limiting
The Behav. at I> Imax therm. parameter is used to select the process by which the function reacts to
short-circuit currents. To prevent premature tripping of the overload protection at low time constants, high
preloading and high short-circuit currents, the thermal replica can be modified.
The default setting has been selected compatible with SIPROTEC 4 devices. If you wish to take further temper-
ature rise into consideration, the current limiting procedure is recommended.
Parameter Value Description
current limiting The input current is limited to the value set in the Imax thermal parameter. If
the measured current exceeds the set current value, the limited current value is
supplied to the thermal replica. An advisable current threshold is approx. 2 to
2.5 Irated, obj.
freeze therm. rep. If the input current exceeds the Imax thermal parameter, the thermal replica
will be frozen for the time the parameter is exceeded. This parameter value is
provided to enable compatibility with older products!
Under the following conditions, the Default temperature will be set as ambient temperature:
A temperature sensor for measuring the ambient temperature is not connected.
The temperature measurement is interrupted and the measured temperature value is less than the
Default temperature.
Siemens recommends using the default setting.
6.49.5 Settings
Transformers
In rotating machines, it also checks bearing temperatures for a limit violation.
The temperatures are measured at various locations of the protected object using temperature sensors (RTD =
Resistance Temperature Detector) and are sent to the device via one or more RTD units.
The Temperature supervision function receives its measured temperature values via the RTD unit Ether. or
RTD unit serial functions from the Analog units function group.
The Temperature supervision function can work in all protection function groups. A maximum of 48 tempera-
ture supervision locations can operate simultaneously in the Temperature supervision function function.
Each temperature supervision location has 2 threshold stages.
[dwstrtmp-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Logic
[lotmpsup-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The Temperature supervision location function block (Location FB) receives a measured temperature value
in C or F as an input variable delivered from the temperature sensor function blocks of the Analog units
function group. The Sensor number parameter is used to select the temperature sensor.
2 threshold value decisions can be performed for each measuring point. If the measured temperature value is
greater than or equal to the set threshold values, the stages generate a pickup indication independent of one
another and, after a set tripping time delay, an operate indication.
The indications from the supervision locations remain available for further processing.
NOTE
i The pickup of the stages does not result in fault logging. The operate indications of the stages do not go
into the trip logic of the device.
If you use an external RTD unit, connect the RTD unit via an interface (Ethernet or serial) to the SIPROTEC 5
device. Observe the setting notes for configuration of the interfaces in chapter Analog Transformer Function
Group Type under 5.10.7.3 Communication with an RTD Unit .
Temperature Unit
Temperature Unit To change the display and evaluation of measured temperature values from C to F, adapt
the DIGSI user default settings accordingly (see 5.10.7.5 Temperature Sensor).
6.50.5 Settings
The Hot-spot calculation function (ANSI 49H) protects the transformer against thermal destruction at
increased operating currents and monitors the thermal state of the turns.
The main use of this function is monitoring the temperature of the turns in the transformer. Continuously
monitoring the temperature at special points, the hot spots, is very important. An increased turn temperature
can have serious effects on the transformer.
The most frequent consequential damage of this is:
Reduction of the service life
Formation of gas bubbles that can result in insulation breakdown
Power factor
Transformer size
The Hot-spot calculation function can be used in every protection function group that has a 3-phase current
input. During the engineering phase, you can incorporate the function into the project using drag & drop from
the DISGI 5 function library.
The Hot-spot calculation function is continuous.
[dwhotspt-260213-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[lohotspt-300513-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The hotspot temperature of a transformer winding can be calculated according to IEC 60076-7 or
IEEE C57.91 2011. The following 3 variables, relevant for the protection function, are calculated:
Temperature at the hotspot in the protected object
Relative aging
Cooling Versions
Calculating the hotspot is dependent on the cooling method. Air cooling is always available and is differenti-
ated into 2 convection types:
AN (Air Natural): Artificial convection
AF (Air Forced): Forced-air convection (ventilation)
If a liquid coolant is also available, there are the following cooling versions:
ON (Oil Natural = convective oil flow): The coolant (oil) moves in the tank due to the temperature differ-
ences that occur. The cooling effect coming from natural convection is not very pronounced.
OF (Oil Forced = forced oil flow): The coolant (oil) moves in the tank because of an oil pump. The cooling
effect is, for this reason, greater than for ON.
OD (Oil Directed = directed oil flow): The coolant (oil) follows a directional route in the tank because of
an oil pump. As a result, the oil flow can be increased at points that are particularly temperature critical.
The cooling effect is particularly good for this reason, the temperature gradient is smallest.
Component of the temperature rise of the turn due to a sudden change in the transformer load
To calculate the temperature at the hotspot, the protection device needs the following information:
Data from the appropriate measuring point
Data on the current in the winding
The following 2 factors determine the temperature ratio between the hotspot and the oil temperature:
Change in the oil viscosity (flow behavior of the oil)
Change in the ohmic turn resistance (load-dependent)
h (t) = h1 (t) - h2 (t)
h1 (t) = h1(t-1) + dh1(t)
h2 (t) = h2(t-1) + dh2(t)
with
h1 (t) Temperature difference due to the turn resistance
h2 (t) Temperature difference due to the oil viscosity
[fohsalt8-300513-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fohsalt9-300513-01.tif, 1, en_US]
with
Hgr Insulation temperature gradient
K Load ratio I/IN (measured)
y Turn exponent
k21, k22 Constant of the thermal model
o Oil time constant
w Turn time constant
t Current calculation time point
t Calculation Interval
During this, the load ratio K is determined from the measured current of the side and the rated object current.
The rated current of the appropriate function group is used as the rated object current.
[fohsalt7-060313-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The following graphic shows an example for the behavior of the hotspot temperature during a load jam of 0
I/IN to 1 I/IN and a steady oil temperature of 70 C. All required settings correspond to the default values. The
results of the calculation methods according to IEC 60076-7 and IEEE C57.91 2011 are compared.
[dwhslsfk-170613-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fohsalt1-260213-01.tif, 1, en_US]
with
V Relative aging
h Temperature of the hotspot in C
The mean relative aging rate L results from forming the average over an observed time lapse from T1 to T2.
The time period between T1 and T2 is 1 min.
[fohsalt2-260213-01.tif, 1, en_US]
with
L Mean relative aging
T2 - T1 60 s
Results
The hotspot temperature is calculated for the associated function group of the protected object. The currents
of this function group and the measured coolant temperature at a selected temperature measuring point are
used for this. The rated object current of the appropriate function group is used as the rated current.
Hotspot Thresholds
There are 2 indication thresholds for the hotspot temperature: A warning threshold HST Warning
Threshold and an alarm threshold HST Alarm Threshold. There is also one adjustable threshold each for
warning Aging Warning Threshold and alarm Aging Alarm Threshold for the mean aging rate.
Emergency Start
If the transformer must be operated beyond the maximum permissible hotspot temperature for operational
reasons, the trip command can be blocked or a closure made possible by way of a binary input (>Emergency
start).
After the binary input signal >Emergency start drops out, it may be necessary for the blocking to stay in
effect because the hotspot temperature determined is still above the trip threshold. For this reason, the
protection function is equipped with an adjustable seal-in time (Emerg. start T overtravel) that starts
when the binary input signal drops and continues to suppress the trip command. Tripping by the hotspot
calculation is only possible again after this time has elapsed.
This binary input acts only on the alarm indication and the trip command, has no effect on fault logging and
does not reset the thermal image.
Blocking Closure
The signal Block close can be used to prevent closure of the protected object at a high thermal load. The
signal is set if the tripping temperature is exceeded, and cancelled if the temperature falls below the dropout
threshold.
You can read the current status at any time on the device under the functional measured value.
You can find the functional measured values for the Hotspot calculation under the following menu item of
the device:
Main menu Measurements Function Functional Measured Values Hotspot calculation
Parameter: Sensor
Using the Sensor settings, you specify which connected temperature measuring point is used for hot-spot
calculation. The sensor for measuring the top-oil temperature must be connected to this temperature meas-
uring point. If no temperature measuring equipment is connected, the Consistency failure parameter
is displayed.
IEC 60076-7
The following settings apply only for the calculation method according to the IEC 60076-7 standard.
If no specifications are available, those found in IEC 60076-7 may be used. You can find an excerpt from the
tables of this standard with the data relevant here in Table 6-19.
If no specifications are available, those found in IEEE C57.91 2011 may be used. You can find an excerpt from
the tables of this standard with the data relevant here in Table 6-19.
6.51.5 Settings
The Circuit-breaker failure protection function (ANSI 50BF) monitors the tripping of the associated circuit-
breaker (CB) and generates a backup trip signal if the circuit-breaker fails.
Starting with version V7.50, the previous function CB failure has been replaced with the new Circuit-breaker
failure protection with an adaptive algorithm Adaptive CB failure protection. In this way, you achieve a
faster, more reliable detection of the opening of the circuit breaker in the event of complex signal histories.
The 2 functions are identical, with the exception of a slightly increased processor load, in terms of setting
options, logic and indications. Siemens recommends using the adaptive circuit-breaker failure protection and
avoiding mixing the protection types in one device. You can find additional information on the processor load
in DIGSI for each device under Device information in the Resource consumption tab.
The function Circuit-breaker failure protection (CBFP) can be used in the Circuit-breaker function group.
[dwstrbfp-260213-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-481 shows the functionalities and the function control of the function.
The start is initiated by the device-internal protection function or by an external protection. Along with the
start, the current-flow criterion or the circuit-breaker auxiliary contact criterion is used to check whether the
circuit breaker is closed. If the circuit breaker is closed, the function picks up and starts the time delay. During
the time delay, the system checks continuously whether the circuit breaker has opened. If this is the case, the
function drops out. If the circuit breaker is not opened, the function trips upon expiration of the time delay.
The following description elaborates on the detailed functionality of the individual function blocks.
[losvsbfp-090712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The Circuit-breaker failure protection function is started by device-internal protection functions and/or exter-
nally (via a binary input or an interface, such as GOOSE). Figure 6-482 and Figure 6-483 show the function-
ality.
Internal Start
By default, each device-internal protection stage, that has to control the local circuit breaker, starts the circuit-
breaker failure protection. The function is started by the tripping of the protection stage. In the default setting,
the starting signal Internal start (see Figure 6-482) is held when the pickup signal has a falling edge or
the protection function has tripped. The Circuit-breaker failure protection function can in this case only drop
out if the circuit breaker is detected to be open. This is detected using the current flow or circuit-breaker auxil-
iary contact criterion. If necessary, the Circuit-breaker failure protection function can also drop out when the
pickup signal has a falling edge or the protection function trips (internal starting signal is not held).
Using routing, you can specify whether individual protection stages or protection functions are to be used as
the starting source or whether starting happens only externally.
The internal starting sources are routed in the protection function groups via the Circuit-breaker interaction
entry (for this, see 2.1 Function Embedding in the Device Figure 2-6).
[loanwint-160611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
External Start
The parameter Start via binary input is used to set whether the external start is initiated by a 1-
channel or 2-channel signal. The required routing of the input signals is compared with the setting. If a
routing is missing, an error message is generated. The Health signal changes to the state Warning.
[loanwext-030211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-483 Configuration of the External Start of the Circuit-Breaker Failure Protection Function
In 1-channel operation, the start is initiated with the binary input signal >Start only.
In 2-channel operation, the binary input signal >Release must also be activated to initiate the start. In the
default setting, the starting signal External start drops out immediately when the input signals have a
falling edge (see Figure 6-484). If necessary, the starting signal can be held. In this case the start remains
active when the binary input signals have a falling edge.
The input signals are monitored to avoid an unwanted pickup of the function.
If either of the signals >Start or >Release is active for more than the set supervision time of the corre-
sponding signal without the function picking up, an error in the binary input circuit is assumed. The corre-
sponding signal is blocked to exclude an external pickup of the function. An indication to this effect is output,
and the Health signal changes to the state Warning. The blocking is reset as soon as the binary input signal
drops out.
As long as the function or the device is in test mode. This allows to check the function without the super-
vision blocking the function.
If the >Start signal is active and no release signal is present after elapse of the settable supervision time for
the starting signal, the pickup is blocked and an indication to this effect is output. The Health signal changes
to the state Warning. The blocking is reset with the dropout of the starting signal.
The binary input signals only take effect if the binary inputs are activated for at least 10 ms (SW filter, see
Figure 6-484).
[logikext-070611-02.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-484 External Start of the Circuit-Breaker Failure Protection Function, Logic
Current-Flow Criterion
The current-flow criterion is the primary criterion for determining the circuit-breaker switch position. A circuit-
breaker pole is supposed to be closed, and the current-flow criterion fulfilled, as soon as one of the phase
currents exceeds the phase-current threshold value and a plausibility current exceeds the associated threshold
value at the same time. The plausibility current can be either a 2nd phase current (to compare with the phase-
current threshold value) or the zero-sequence or negative-sequence current (to compare with the sensitive
threshold value). The additional evaluation of the plausibility current increases the safety of the criterion.
In the case of ground faults, the sensitive threshold value can be dynamically applied to the phase currents as
well. The current-flow criterion is fulfilled when the currents exceed the sensitive threshold value. The phase-
current threshold value is then ineffective. The binary signal >Threshold sensitive is used for the switch-
over.
If you set the 3I0 criterion parameter to Direct release, you prevent the plausibility check of the
zero-sequence current. In this way, a pickup only by way of this current can be achieved. With the Threshold
3I0 dir. release parameter, you set the threshold value to be exceeded.
If you set the I2 criterion parameter to Direct release, you also switch off the plausibility check of
the negative-sequence current. With the Threshold I2 dir. release parameter, you set the threshold
value to be exceeded.
If you set the I2 criterion parameter to Direct release, plausibility is checked via the phase currents
with 1/3 * Threshold I2 dir. release.
The measuring algorithm is optimized for fast dropout when the value drops below the threshold value.
[lostrom1-030211-01.tif, 4, en_US]
[lokriter-140611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Pickup/Dropout
After the start, a check is performed whether the circuit breaker is closed. The current-flow criterion and the
circuit-breaker auxiliary contact criterion are available for this purpose.
Even if the circuit-breaker auxiliary contact criterion is permitted, preference is given to the fulfilled current-
flow criterion because the current-flow criterion is the most reliable criterion for detecting whether the circuit
breaker is closed. This means that the circuit breaker is deemed to be closed if it is closed according to the
current-flow criterion but at the same time open according to the circuit-breaker auxiliary contact criterion.
If no current is flowing at the start time, the function can only pick up on the basis of the circuit-breaker auxil-
iary contact criterion. For this purpose, the circuit-breaker auxiliary contacts must be permitted as criterion.
When the current begins to flow after the start, the function switches over to the current-flow criterion.
If the circuit breaker is detected as closed and the starting condition is present, the function picks up.
The pickup starts a time delay (see Delay/Tripping). While the delay is running, the system checks continuously
whether the circuit breaker has opened. In the default setting, the opening of the circuit breaker is checked on
the basis of the currently valid criterion, which is normally the current-flow criterion because it is preferred. If
until expiration of the time delay, no current flow above the set threshold values has been detected, the
circuit-breaker auxiliary contact criterion becomes effective.
The function has also a setting in which dropout is only possible if both criteria detect in parallel the circuit
breaker to be open (dropout with auxiliary contact and current-flow criterion).
In the default setting, the internal starting signal is held (see Figure 6-482 and Figure 6-484). This means that
dropout is controlled solely by the switch or the circuit-breaker auxiliary contact criterion. If dropout is also to
occur on the falling edge of the starting signal (that is, when the pickup signal has a falling edge or the protec-
tion function trips), holding of the start signal must be disabled.
[loanreg1-030211-01.tif, 4, en_US]
Delay/Tripping
In a first step, tripping at the local circuit breaker can be repeated. Tripping is repeated after expiration of the
settable delay T1. If the local CB was not yet tripped, for example, in the event of an external start of the
circuit-breaker failure protection, the trip logic of the circuit breaker itself is activated when the time delay T1
elapses.
Time delay T2 (backup tripping) can commence in parallel either with the start of time T1 or after expiration of
time T1.
If time delay T2 expires without a dropout of the function, a circuit-breaker failure is assumed and the backup
tripping signal Tripping T2 is output. If there is a protection interface in the device, if needed a transfer-trip
signal can be sent to the opposite end.
You can find detailed information in the chapter 3.5.3 Protection Interface and Protection Topology.
If the >CB defect input signal is valid, any repetition of the trip signal is suppressed, and the backup tripping
signal T2 is generated immediately (without delay). The binary input of the >CB defect input signal must be
activated for at least 20 ms before the signal becomes valid.
With help of the CB failure pole indication, you can determine the phase currents that are above the
threshold value at the tripping time T2.
The Minimum operate time parameter defines the minimum duration for tripping the function. In contrast
to other protection functions, the parameter is set within its own function. As a result, the setting is inde-
pendent of the identically named global parameter that is set in the Device settings.
[lo-bbp-verza-3ph.vsd, 5, en_US]
Figure 6-489 gives an overview of the functions involved in an external start of the CBFP function. In the case
of an internal start, there is no external protection device and the protection functionality is located in the
CBFP device.
[loextpol-021112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-489 Circuit-Breaker Failure Protection with External Start, Tripping Repetition and 3-Pole Tripping
(T2)
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
NOTE
i Siemens would like to point out that, with a hold signal, the CBFP generates a trip signal each time a
starting pulse is received and the current flow is high enough. Remember this particularly in the case of an
external start.
Recommended setting value (_:102) Threshold phase current = approx. 0.50 Isc,min
In order to ensure that the disconnection of the fault is promptly detected and the function can drop out
quickly, Siemens recommends setting both thresholds to half the minimum short-circuit current (Isc,min).
If depending on the neutral-point treatment and/or load conditions ground faults lead to relatively low
fault currents, a sensitive setting of the parameter Threshold sensitive must be selected according to
the rule (0.5 Isc,min). There can also be values which are noticeably below the rated or load current.
If you have set the Threshold phase current to be larger than the maximum load current, overfunction
due to a false start is impossible. To have a Circuit-breaker failure protection for smaller ground faults also
with this setting, you can set the 3I0 criterion to Direct release and set the Threshold 3I0 dir.
release to be correspondingly smaller than the Threshold phase current.
Parameter: I2 criterion
If you have set the Threshold phase current to be larger than the maximum load current, overfunction
due to a false start is impossible. To have a Circuit-breaker failure protection function for smaller unbalanced
faults also with this setting, you can set the I2 criterion to Direct release and set the Threshold
3I0 dir. release to be correspondingly smaller than the Threshold phase current.
EXAMPLES
Applications which require you to permit the circuit-breaker auxiliary contact criterion:
Tripping of the high and low-voltage side CB on the transformer. If only one of the 2 CBs trips, there is no
more current flow.
Tripping of protection functions whose tripping decision is not based on current measurement in combi-
nation with voltage or frequency protection functions
Parameter: Dropout
Parameter: Retrip
If the minimum fault-clarification time has top priority, Siemens recommends setting the time to 0. This
setting causes initiation of the retrip immediately upon the start. The drawback is that a defect of the 1st
trip circuit is not detected.
With a small time delay of, for instance, 50 ms, the defect of the 1st trip circuit can be detected based on
the evaluation of the fault record.
With a long time delay which reliably ensures the dropout of the CBFP with the CB open, the rising edge
indication of the trip repeat Retrip T1 is a sure signal for a fault in the 1st trip circuit. The following
example shows how this time is determined.
EXAMPLE
Determining the T1 Time that Reliably Ensures the Dropout of the CBFP with the CB Open:
EXAMPLE
Determining the T2 Time that Reliably Ensures the Dropout of the CBFP with the CB Open:
If T1 and T2 are started in parallel, take into account the time T1 for the setting of T2.
EXAMPLE
! CAUTION
Do not set a time that is too short.
If you set a time that is too short, there is a danger (dropout of the function without the current-flow
criterion) that the device contacts will interrupt the control circuit. If this happens, the device
contacts will burn out.
Set a duration that is long enough to ensure that the circuit breaker reaches its final position open
reliably after a control operation.
6.52.5 Settings
The Circuit-breaker restrike protection function is used in the Circuit-breaker function group. A maximum
of 2 functions can operate simultaneously within the function group.
[lo_strrestrike_2014-03-05.vsd, 2, en_US]
The function logic is grouped into the parts shown in Figure 6-491. In the following chapter, these logic parts
are described in detail.
[lo_respro-210113-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
Plausibility Release
The function Circuit-breaker restrike protection issues a trip command to a superordinated circuit breaker,
usually the infeed circuit breaker of a busbar. Overfunction of this protection can cause extreme problems for
the whole application.
The logic of plausibility release strongly reduces the risk of a false start of the function by adding an extra
release criteria for a function start.
Each criterion can be switched on or off individually.
[lo_paus-210113-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-492 Logic Diagram for the Plausibility Release of the Circuit-Breaker Restrike Protection
When the parameter Plaus. via open/trip cmd is set to yes, the trip/open command is moni-
tored. The plausibility release is given if the trip/open command has been generated.
When the parameter Plaus. via binary input is set to yes, the >release signal is monitored.
The plausibility release is given if the >release signal has been received.
If one of the conditions is fulfilled, the plausibility release is given for 5 s. The 5-s timer ensures that the
release criterion and start condition relate to the same circuit-breaker opening/tripping process.
If all the 3 plausibility settings are set to no, the start/stop-monitoring logic considers the release as fulfilled.
For safety reasons, the input signal >release has a preset software filtering time of 20 ms.
Start/Stop Monitoring
Via the start/stop monitoring logic, the monitoring duration of the current signal regarding restriking is deter-
mined.
[lo_starstop-210113-01.vsd, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-493 Logic Diagram for Start/Stop Monitoring of the Circuit-Breaker Restrike Protection
On the other hand, a DC (Direct Current) component is suppressed. A DC component can occur after
switching off the circuit breaker.
Thus, the fundamental-component value is a good choice for a reliable restrike detection.
If any phase current exceeds the set current threshold value, the function picks up. The coming pickup indi-
cates the first restrike current pulse. With the pickup, the operate delay timers are started, see also the
following description Delay/Tripping, Page 1265.
[lo_pickdrop-210113-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-494 Logic Diagram for Measuring Value, Pickup/Dropout of the Circuit-Breaker Restrike Protection
If restriking occurs, the current signal drops below the current threshold if the time between restrike pulses is
long enough. In this case, the operate delay must not be reset. During the dropout delay, the pickup is
extended to ensure that the operate delay timers are not reset. However, if the dropout delay time expires (no
new current peak occurred), the function drops out and the operate delay timers are reset.
Delay/Tripping
In the first step, tripping of the local circuit breaker can be repeated. Tripping is repeated after expiration of
the settable delay T1. The retrip on the local circuit breaker is as a safety mechanism as well. In the event of a
wrong start and pickup, only the local circuit breaker is opened instead of the superordinated circuit breaker.
Time delay T2 (backup tripping) can start in parallel either with the start of time T1 or after expiration of time
T1.
If time delay T2 expires, circuit-breaker restriking takes place and the backup-tripping signal Trip T2 is
generated.
If the >CB defect input signal is valid, any repetition of the trip signal is suppressed and the backup-trip-
ping signal Trip T2 is generated immediately (without delay). For safety reasons, a default software filter
time of 20 ms is preset (configurable in DIGSI) for the binary input signal >CB defect.
The Minimum operate time parameter defines the minimum duration for the trip command of the func-
tion. In contrast to other protection functions, the parameter is set within its own function. As a result, the
setting is independent of the identically named comprehensive parameter that is set in the Device settings.
[lo_deltrip-030211-01.vsd, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-495 Logic Diagram for Delay/Tripping of the Circuit-Breaker Restrike Protection
NOTE
i When using release criteria, it must be ensured that the criteria are given under all the conditions where
the Circuit-breaker restrike protection shall be started. If you choose no release criteria, the release is
permanently given.
NOTE
i Opening the circuit breaker manually without using the device will not release the start of the Circuit-
breaker restrike protection.
NOTE
i Opening the circuit breaker by control or manually will not trigger the Circuit-breaker failure protection.
Consequently the Circuit-breaker restrike protection cannot be released either.
The input signals >Start , >release , and >Stop have a filtering time of 20 ms as default setting. If a
transient spurious signal to the binary inputs is expected due to the design of the external binary-input control
circuits and environmental conditions, the filtering time can be extended.
Parameter: Threshold
! CAUTION
Do not set a time that is too short.
If you set a time that is too short, there is a danger (dropout of the function without the current-flow
criterion) that the device contacts interrupt the control circuit. If this happens, the device contacts
burn out.
Set a duration that is long enough to ensure that the circuit breaker reliably reaches its final position
(open) after a control operation.
6.53.5 Settings
The Arc protection function can be added to function groups that provide current measured values.
The Arc protection function consists of the following blocks.
General
3 stages
[dw_structure_arcprot, 2, en_US]
[lo_fb0_arcprot, 2, en_US]
[lo_stage_arcprotection, 1, en_US]
TheArc protection function uses a locally connected optical arc sensor or an external trip initiation by other
devices in order to detect arcs.
NOTE
i Install the arc sensors inside the switchgear in such a way that they are not hidden behind other system
components!
Shadowing of the arc sensors must be avoided!
NOTE
i Once an optical sensor has detected an arc, you must replace the affected optical sensor!
Within the Arc protection function, you can use a fast current-flow criterion as an additional release criterion.
The parameters for the current-flow criterion can be found in the General block. For each stage, you can
select individually whether the current-flow criterion must be evaluated as well.
NOTE
i If using the current-flow criterion in addition to the light, prevent a potential overfunction caused by the
suddenly occurring light signal.
If you use the current-flow criterion, arcs are typically detected in 4 ms!
Self Monitoring
The Arc protection function uses a self-monitoring circuit. This circuit monitors the optical arc sensors and the
fiber-optic cables. The arc-protection module uses the fiber-optic cable to send a cyclic test signal (light) to the
arc sensors. If the channel is operating properly, the test signal is sent back to the arc protection module. If the
test signal is not returned to the arc protection module, the indication channel # Sensor failure is
generated.
If the self-monitoring function detects a fault, the indication Health is set to Alarm and the stage/function is
blocked.
Go to General under the function Arc protection and set the following parameters. The setting values apply
to all stages.
NOTE
i If you set the parameter CT connection = 3-phase, 2 primary CT for the 3-phase current meas-
uring point, the parameter Threshold 3I0> has no effect.
Parameter: Sensor
With the Threshold light parameter, you set the light sensitivity. If you set Threshold light to a
smaller value, the sensitivity increases. If you set Threshold light to a higher value, the sensitivity
decreases. If the sensors even pick up in case of a switching arc of the circuit breaker, set the Threshold
light parameter to a higher value.
Siemens recommends the default settings for point or line sensors.
Set the parameter Threshold light manually only if you have special default settings for light sensitivity.
Parameter: Channel
6.54.6 Settings
6.54.8 Application Example for Arc Protection with Point Sensors in Operating Mode:
Light Only
6.54.8.1 Description
Overview
The example describes the Arc protection function in a medium-voltage switchgear with one infeed and
2 feeders. The Arc protection function operates with the Operating mode = light only.
The following items are considered in the example below:
Positioning the optical point sensors in the switchgear
Connecting the optical point sensors to the protection devices in the feeders and the infeed
Number of necessary stages of the functions in the protection devices of the feeders and the infeed
Setting notes about the selected parameters in the stages of the function
The following figure shows the arrangement and the connection of the optical point sensors:
[dw_arcprot-light-only, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-499 Layout and Connection of the Optical Point Sensors (Operating Mode = Light only)
The optical point sensors in the cable-connection compartment of the feeders detect arcs in this compart-
ment. Install one optical point sensor in the cable-connection compartment of the feeders and connect it
to the protection device of the feeder. This allows for the selective clearing of arcs inside the cable-
connection compartment.
Due to the pressure waves that occur during the formation of an arc, partitions can deform and cause
undesirable light influences in adjacent compartments. This can result in a non-selective tripping.
If there is an arc in the circuit-breaker compartment and in the cable-connection compartment of the
infeed, the superordinate protection device must switch off.
NOTE
i If the Arc protection function operates in Operating mode = light only, the effects of external light
can result in non-selective tripping.
NOTE
i It must be considered that the number of arc protection modules connected to the device depends on the
hardware configuration of the device.
When using modular devices, a maximum of 15 sensors can be connected. If using non-modular devices, a
maximum of 6 sensors (3 sensors per module) can be connected.
General Notes
Connect one optical point sensor from the cable-connection compartment in feeder 1 to the protection
device in feeder 1. Arcs in the cable-connection compartment are cleared selectively by the circuit
breaker in feeder 1.
Connect one optical point sensor from the cable-connection compartment in feeder 2 to the protection
device in feeder 2. Arcs in the cable-connection are cleared selectively by the circuit breaker in feeder 2.
Connect optical point sensors from all busbar compartments and all circuit-breaker compartments of
feeders 1 and 2 to the protection device in the infeed. Arcs in these compartments are detected and
cleared by the device in the infeed.
The parameters in block General are not relevant since the Operating mode = light only.
6.54.9 Application Example for Arc Protection with Point Sensors in Operating Mode:
Light and Current
6.54.9.1 Description
Overview
The example describes the Arc protection function in a medium-voltage switchgear with one infeed and 2
feeders. The Arc protection function operates with the Operating mode = current and light. In the
example, all arcs are detected by the protection device in the infeed.
The following items are considered in the example:
Positioning the optical point sensors in the switchgear
Connecting the optical point sensors to the protection devices in the feeders and the infeed
Number of necessary stages of the functions in the protection devices of the feeders and the infeed
[dw_light-and-current, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-500 Layout and Connection of the Optical Point Sensors (Operating Mode = Current and Light)
Install the optical point sensors in the busbar compartment, the circuit-breaker compartment, and the
cable-connection compartment of the feeders as well as the busbar compartment of the infeed. Connect
the optical point sensors to the protection device in the infeed.
The protection device in the infeed clears all arcs in the busbar compartment, the circuit-breaker
compartment, and the cable-connection compartment of feeder 1 and 2. Furthermore, the protection
device clears arcs in the busbar compartment of the infeed.
If the optical point sensors in the busbar compartment, the circuit-breaker compartment, and the cable-
connection compartment of the feeders, or in the busbar compartment of the infeed detect an arc, the
protection device in the infeed evaluates the current as well.
If an arc occurs in the circuit-breaker compartment and in the cable-connection compartment of the
infeed, the superordinate protection device must trip.
NOTE
i If the Arc protection function operates with the Operating mode = current and light, the addi-
tional current-flow criterion prevents unwanted tripping caused by external light influences.
NOTE
i This application example requires the connection of several optical point sensors to a single protection
device. It must be considered that the number of arc-protection modules that are connected to the device
depends on the hardware configuration of the device.
When using modular devices, a maximum of 15 sensors can be connected. If you use non-modular devices,
a maximum of 6 sensors (3 sensors per module) can be connected.
General Notes
Connect the optical point sensors from the busbar compartment, the circuit-breaker compartment, and
the cable-connection compartment of feeders 1 and 2 to the protection device in the infeed. Arcs in the
busbar compartment, the circuit-breaker compartment and the cable-connection compartment of
feeders 1 and 2 are detected and cleared by the device in the infeed.
Connect an optical point sensor from the busbar compartment in the infeed to the protection device in
the infeed. Arcs in the busbar compartment of the infeed are cleared selectively by the circuit breaker in
the infeed.
6.54.10 Application Example for Arc Protection with Point Sensors via External Trip
Initiation
6.54.10.1 Description
Overview
The example describes the Arc protection function in a medium-voltage switchgear with one infeed and
2 feeders. The stages of the Arc protection function are triggered by External trip initiation.
Number of necessary stages of the functions in the protection devices of the feeders and the infeed
Setting notes about the selected parameters in the stages of the function
[dw_arcprot-extern-input, 3, en_US]
If the optical point sensors detect an arc in the busbar compartment or the circuit-breaker compartment
of the feeders, the Light detected indication is sent via binary inputs/outputs, a protection interface,
or IEC 61850 GOOSE to the protection device in the infeed. Then, the protection device in the infeed
evaluates the current as well. If the measured current exceeds the thresholds Threshold I> and/or
Threshold 3I0>, the protection device in the infeed switches off the malfunction.
You can find detailed information in chapter 6.54.10.2 Application and Setting Notes
Arcs in the cable-connection compartment of the feeders can also be switched off selectively by the
protection device of the affected feeder. To do this, the Current detected pickup indication from the
infeed unit must be sent to the appropriate protection device in the feeder.
If an arc occurs in the circuit-breaker compartment and in the cable-connection compartment of the
infeed, the superordinate protection device trips.
NOTE
i If the Arc protection function operates via the External trip initiation, only 3 optical point
sensors are required per feeder protection device in order to detect the arcs (only one arc-protection
module).
The number of GOOSE messages is not limited. Therefore, the number of feeders is not limited, and the
protection of complex systems is feasible.
General Notes:
Install the optical point sensors in the busbar compartment, the circuit-breaker compartment, and the
cable-connection compartment of the feeders and the infeed to the respective protection devices.
Arcs in the busbar compartment and the circuit-breaker compartment of the feeders must be switched
off by the protection device in the infeed. To do this, the protection devices in the feeder device must
send the indication Light detected to the infeed device. Use the binary inputs/outputs, a protection
interface, or IEC 61850 GOOSE.
The protection device in the infeed evaluates the current. If the measured current exceeds the
Threshold I> and/or Threshold 3I0> threshold values, the protection device in the infeed switches
off faults on the busbar and the circuit-breaker compartment of the feeders.
Connect the signals over 4 stages, using the external trip initiation or a CFC chart.
Arcs in the cable-connection compartment of the feeders are switched off locally. The protection device
in the infeed evaluates the current. If the measured current exceeds the threshold values Threshold
I> and/or Threshold 3I0>, the Current detected indication is sent to the protection devices in
the feeders. If, at the same time, an optical sensor in a cable-connection compartment detects light, the
protection device trips in the corresponding feeder.
Parameter: Channel =
Parameter: Channel =
Parameter: Channel =
Parameter: Channel =
Parameter: Channel =
6.54.10.3 Application and Setting Notes for Variant 2 (with Feedback to Feeder Protection Devices)
General Notes:
Connect the optical sensors in the busbar compartment, the CB compartment, and the cable-connection
compartment of the feeder 1 and 2 and the infeed to the respective protection devices.
Arcs in the busbar compartment and in the CB compartment of the feeders must be cleared by the
protection device in the infeed. To do this, the protection devices in the feeder must send the indication
Arc detected to the infeed device. Use the binary inputs/outputs, a protection interface, or IEC 61850
GOOSE.
Arcs in the cable-connection compartment of the feeder are cleared selectively. Here, the message Arc
detected is sent as well via binary inputs/outputs, a protection interface, or IEC 61850 GOOSE to the
protection device in the infeed.
The protection device in the infeed evaluates the current. If the measured current exceeds the threshold
values Threshold I> and/or Threshold 3I0>, the protection device in the infeed sends the pickup
indication of the stage back to the protection device in the affected feeder. The protection device in the
affected feeder clears the arc selectively.
Due to the pressure wave that occurs during an arc, partitions may deform and cause undesirable light
influences in adjacent compartments. This may result in a non-selective trip.
NOTE
i The External trip initiation function must be instantiated in the protection devices of the feeders.
Prevents an impermissible stress on the shaft assembly due to high mechanical stress as a result of an
abrupt active-power unloading
Prevents power swings of the power-plant unit with the electrical power system as a result of excessively
long fault-clearing times
Protects the stator winding from excessively long short-circuit current stress
The Power-plant disconnection protection function is used in the Generator stator protection function
group. It can also run in the 3-phase voltage-current function group.
You can copy the function during engineering into the appropriate function group.
The Power-plant disconnection protection function consists of 1 stage, which contains the necessary func-
tion blocks.
The function processes the 3-phase voltage of the main generator lead and the current of the Generator
stator function group. The following figure shows the basic structure of the function.
[dw_PPD_structure, 2, en_US]
NOTE
i The rotor angle, which is shown among the functional measured values in the Generator stator function
group, relates to the terminal voltage of the generator and is somewhat smaller.
The equations presented below show, in simplified form, basic relationships of the resulting stress.
[fo_powerplant_stress_01, 2, en_US]
[fo_powerplant_stress_02, 2, en_US]
with
Tmech Mechanical torque (turbine torque)
Tel Electric torque (air gap torque)
Mass moment of inertia of the shaft
L Angular velocity of the rotor
0 Synchronous angular velocity (constant: 0 = 2f)
tF Fault-clearing time
Rotor angle of the generator
0 Rotor angle before fault inception
The following figure schematically shows the effect of the sudden active-power jump.
[dw_PPD_rotor-angle, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-503 History of the Rotor Angle for Short Circuit near the Power Plant
As the electric torque changes, the angular velocity of the rotor changes linearly with the fault duration. The
rotor angle increases quadratically with the fault duration. The rotor angle at the time when the fault is
cleared has a considerable influence on the mechanical stress on the shaft assembly.
If the voltage does not collapse at the interconnection point, active power can still be output into the power
system during the fault. Thereby the change of electric torque is smaller and the stress on the shaft assembly
is lower. This means that a longer fault duration is permissible.
Power-plant disconnection avoids an impermissible stress on the shaft assembly. The evaluation of multiple
criteria ensures safe functionality:
Active-power change dP< Decisive criterion for determining the stress on the shaft assembly. A
multi-stage characteristic curve is possible tout = f(P).
The following figure shows the basic structure. You can find detailed information regarding the implementa-
tion under Logic of the Function, Page 1292 and in chapter 6.55.4 Application and Setting Notes.
[dw_PPD_power-plant-coupler, 2, en_US]
Infeed of an appropriate active power from the power-plant unit into the power system
The indication Trigger for dP1 calc. describes the calculation time, starting from which the active
power before fault inception, P1(tprior) is stored internally. In order to avoid an incorrect measurement during
transition processes, the active power is not measured at the time of the trigger; instead the value of approx.
2 cycles before the trigger time is used.
[lo_PPD_db_measurement, 2, en_US]
[lo_PPD_function, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-506 gives an overview of the implementation and the effect of the individual criteria. The measur-
ands are evaluated every 1/4 cycle so that the function can respond quickly to changes in the power and can
if necessary quickly fall back. The evaluation of the tracked voltage and current signals at the sampling
frequency ensures the high level of measuring accuracy over a wide frequency range.
The measured active power is evaluated solely in percent related to the generator apparent power. It is there-
fore always less than 100 % and the maximum value is determined under rated conditions by cos (power
factor). The percentage value for the phase currents is related to the generator rated current; the percentage
value for the phase-to-phase voltage is related to the generator rated voltage.
By using a multi-stage characteristic curve, you can assign a permissible tripping time to the maximum active-
power difference. You can define the number of stages from 2 to 5 and thus optimally adapt the function to
the system conditions. Longer tripping times are permitted for small active-power differences.
You can also select only 1 stage. Select between the stagewise operate curve or the defined time.
For a typical application for a power-plant unit, Siemens recommends the following basic settings. A setting
tailored to the power-plant unit, particularly regarding active-power difference and the permissible time delay,
is possible only with a power-system study with the specific plant parameter settings. Figure 6-507 and
Figure 6-508 show typical system configurations and also contain relevant technical data. Preferably load the
function into the Generator stator or Voltage-current, 3-phase function group.
[dw_PPD_connection-examples, 2, en_US]
Make the following settings in the Generator-stator function group. If calculating with per-unit values, these
settings are necessary for scaling the quantities.
NOTE
i Make sure that you set the correct generator data in the power-system data.
[dw_PPD_connection-example 2, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-508 Connection Example for the Voltage-Current 3-Phase Function Group
Make the following settings in the Voltage-current 3-phase function group. If calculating with per-unit
values, these settings are necessary for scaling the quantities.
NOTE
i Make sure that you set the correct generator data in the power-system data.
NOTE
i If the current transformer is grounded towards the generator (see Figure 6-508), set the parameter
Neutr.point in dir.of ref.obj to no. The parameter can be found in the DIGSI 5 project tree
under Name of the device Settings Power system Measuring point I 3-phase.
NOTE
i The default settings of the following thresholds are given in percent. In DIGSI 5, you can show the Percent
mode in the path Project Device Settings Device settings Edit mode. You can find more infor-
mation about the mode in chapter 3.9 General Notes for Setting the Threshold Value of Protection Func-
tions.
A typical cos value of 0.8 to 0.9 yields a percentage of 80 % to 90 % active power (reference power is the
apparent power). Therefore the setting value is more than half the maximum active power. Siemens recom-
mends a value of > 50 % (P1/Srated,Gen).
NOTE
i When determining the Threshold Vph-ph< parameter, note that the fault current leads to a voltage
drop across the generator transformer. You must additionally take into account the short-circuit impedance
of the transformer (in simplified form, the short-circuit voltage vsc) in this case.
Example
vsc = 14 %
I"3-phase = 3Irated,Gen
[fo_pickupInd.Time, 1, en_US]
[fo_op.DelayTime, 1, en_US]
With:
tpickup-ind. Pickup indication time
tfault Maximum permissible fault-clearing time
tpickup Pickup delay
tdropout Dropout delay
EXAMPLE
tfault = 140 ms
tpickup = 25 ms
tdropout = 20 ms
NOTE
i In DIGSI, set the active-power jump of the operate curve in the descending order.
The following table shows an example of a rough estimation of the operate curve setting.
NOTE
i Set the Threshold dP1< parameter to the smallest value of the characteristic curve.
6.55.5 Settings
NOTE
The function Inrush-current detection is not an individual protection function. In the connection process of a
transformer, it transmits a blocking signal to other protection functions. For this reason, the inrush-current
detection must be in the same function group as the functions that are to be blocked.
The following figure shows the embedding of the function. The setting parameter Blk. w. inrush curr.
detect. establishes the connection between inrush-current detection and the functions that are to be
blocked. If the parameter is set to yes, the connection is effective.
A jump detection or the threshold value exceeding of the functions to be blocked is used as trigger signal for
synchronization of the internal measurement methods.
The jump detection reacts to changes in the current. The threshold value exceeding is recognized due to an
internal pickup of the protection function that is to be blocked.
[dwirsh01-070611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The function Inrush-current detection analyzes the trigger signal of the jump detection or the threshold-
value violation of the function to be blocked in a start logic, and synchronizes the method of measurement. In
order to securely record the inrush processes, the function uses the Harmonic analysis method of measure-
ment and the CWA method (current wave shape analysis). Both methods work in parallel and link the results
through a logical OR.
If you wish to work with only one process, deactivate the other method by way of the parameters Blocking
with 2. harmonic or Blocking with CWA .
[loinru02-100611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Harmonic Analysis
For this method of measurement, the content of the 2nd harmonic and the fundamental component (1st
harmonic) are determined for each of the phase currents IA, IB, and IC and the quotient I2nd harm / I1st harm is
formed from this. If this quotient exceeds the set threshold value, a phase-selective signal is issued.
If 95 % of the set threshold value is exceeded, this leads to a pickup reset (dropout ratio = 0.95).
[loinru10-040912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwinru03-240211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The following figure shows the logic diagram of the CWA method.
From the present fundamental-component current (1st harmonic), the threshold value for identification of the
flat areas is derived via an internal factor.
[loinru05-240211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[loinru12-060912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i Make sure that at least one process is activated. Siemens recommends retaining the advised setting values.
Parameter: Crossblocking
6.56.5 Settings
The 3-phase power protection (P, Q) function (ANSI 32) is used to:
Detect whether the active or reactive power rises above or drops below a set threshold
Monitor agreed power limits and output warning indications
Detect both active and reactive power feedback in the power systems or on electric machines
Detect machines (motors, generators) running without load and output an indication to shut them down.
Be integrated into any automation solution, for example, to monitor very specific power limits (further
logical processing in CFC)
The 3-phase power protection (P, Q) function can be integrated in function groups, which provide measured
voltages and currents of the 3-phases for calculation of the power.
The 3-phase power protection (P,Q) function comes with one factory-set stage each for the active and the
reactive power. The following stages are preconfigured:
Power P>
Power Q>
Power P<
Power Q<
A maximum of 4 active power stages and 4 reactive power stages can be operated simultaneously in the func-
tion. The tripping stages have an identical structure.
Logic of a Stage
Figure 6-517 Logic Diagram of the Active Power Stage (Stage Type: Power P<)
Measured Value
The Measured value parameter is used to specify which measured power value is analyzed by the tripping
stage. Possible settings are positive seq. power and the phase-selective powers power of phase A,
power of phase B or power of phase C.
Pickup Characteristic
With the stage type you specify if the stage work as a greater stage (stage type: Power P>) or as a smaller
stage (stage type: Power P<).
The Threshold parameter is used to define the pickup threshold of the stage. The Tilt power charac-
teristic parameter is used to define the tilt of the pickup characteristic. The figure below shows the defini-
tion of the signs.
Pickup
The stage compares the selected power value with the set Threshold. Depending on the stage type (Power
P> or Power P<) being above or falling below the threshold value will lead to a pickup.
Dropout Delay
A delay can be set for the dropout when the measured value falls below the dropout threshold. The pickup is
maintained for the specified time. The time delay of the tripping (parameter Operate delay) continues to
run. Once the Operate delay has elapsed, the stage trips.
Logic of a Stage
Figure 6-519 Logic Diagram of the Reactive Power Stage (Stage Type: Power Q<)
Measured Value
The Measured value parameter is used to specify which measured power value is processed by the tripping
stage. Possible settings are positive seq. power and the phase-selective powers power of phase A,
power of phase B or power of phase C.
Pickup Characteristic
With the stage type you specify if the stage work as a greater stage (stage type: Power Q>) or as a smaller
stage (stage type: Power Q<).
The Threshold parameter is used to define the pickup threshold of the stage. The Tilt power charac-
teristic parameter is used to define the tilt of the pickup characteristic. The figure below shows the defini-
tion of the signs.
Pickup
The stage compares the selected power value with the set Threshold. Depending on the stage type (Power
Q> or Power Q<) being above or falling below the threshold value will lead to a pickup.
Dropout Delay
A delay can be set for the dropout when the measured value falls below the dropout threshold. The pickup is
maintained for the specified time. The time delay of the tripping (parameter Operate delay) continues to
run. Once the Operate delay has elapsed, the stage trips.
The setting of the function will be explained using an active/reactive power range as an example. If the appa-
rent power phasor is within the power range (in Figure 6-521 tripping zone defined by characteristics), an
alarm indication is generated. For this purpose, you have to make an AND operation of the stage indications of
the active and reactive power stage in CFC. The function used is 3-phase power measurement. Figure 6-521
shows the threshold values and the location of the characteristics in the PQ diagram.
Stage Type
In the following example, a drop of the active power below a threshold is to be monitored. In the 3-phase
circuit breaker (P, Q) function, work with the stage type Power P<.
Parameter: Threshold
NOTE
Switching from a positive dropout value to a negative dropout value or vice versa is not allowed. As a
result, DIGSI reports an inconsistency.
If you want to change the sign of the dropout value of a stage in an additional settings group, instan-
tiate a new stage and enable it. If the new stage should not be effective in another settings group,
disable the stage there.
Stage Type
In the example, the reactive power is to be monitored if it falls below the threshold. In the 3-phase circuit
breaker (P, Q) function, work with the stage type Power Q<.
Parameter: Threshold
NOTE
If you want to change the sign of the dropout value of a stage in an additional settings group, instan-
tiate a new stage and enable it. If the new stage should not be effective in another settings group,
disable the stage there.
6.57.8 Settings
The Reverse-power protection function comes factory-set with 1 stage. A maximum of 2 stages can be oper-
ated simultaneously within the function.
In all function groups, the function works with a 3-phase voltage and current interface. Depending on the
current transformer used, this is the Voltage/current 3-phase function group or the Generator stator func-
tion group.
6.58.3.1 Description
The angle error between voltage transformer and current transformer has a strong influence on the measuring
accuracy. With the parameter (_:2311:101) Angle correction , you can correct the angle error. The
following 2 methods are possible here:
Determine the angle error from the transformer test report data. Ask the transformer manufacturer for
these values when you order the transformer.
While the generator is connected to the power system, measure to determine the angle error (see
chapter 10.15.2 Primary Test).
The influence on the power-system voltage makes it very difficult to test high-power generators with a meas-
urement while the generator is connected to the power system. In this case, you must determine the angle
error from the transformer test report data (see chapter 6.58.3.2 Application and Setting Notes). Alternatively,
you can use instrument transformers with small angle errors. This is ensured with class 0.2 instrument trans-
formers (voltage and current). The following equation describes the influence of the angle error:
P = 3V1 I1 cos( V + V,F - ( I + I,F)) = 3V1 I1 cos( U - I + ( V,F - I,F))
The angle error to be corrected results as:
Corr = V,F - I,F
To rotate in the correct direction, the correction angle is considered with inverted sign inside the unit.
NOTE
i If you use class 0.2 instrument transformers on the primary side to avoid the influence of the angle, you
can connect a protection device with a protection current transformer without any problems.
Class 0.2 voltage transformers have a maximum admissible angle error of 10 min (0.17). The angle error
of a class 0.2 measuring current transformer at rated current is approximately 10 min, at 0.2 Irated = 15 min,
and at 0.05 Irated = 30 min.
Example
This example uses a class 0.2 voltage transformer with a rated burden of 45 VA. The following data was taken
from the measuring report.
The values resulting for the phases B and C are almost identical.
Furthermore, a termination with a rated burden (other measuring devices are still connected) is assumed so
that an angle error of +0.43 min (rated-voltage value) is used as the calculation variable.
A current transformer of type 5PR is used here. This current transformer features a gap that limits the rema-
nence to 10 %. However, this gap results in larger angle errors. The following tables show excerpts from the
test reports.
Since the positive-sequence system power is evaluated in the device, take the sign into account when you add
the angle errors per phase, and divide the result by 3.
The following value results in this example:
6.58.3.3 Settings
6.58.4.1 Description
Trip Command
To bridge brief power consumption during synchronization or during power swings caused by system inci-
dents, tripping (shutdown of the generator via reverse power) is delayed by a settable time (for example, 10
s).
A brief delay is enough when the quick-stop valve is closed. Couple the position of the quick-stop valve via the
binary input signal >Stop valve closed . When quick stop is tripped, the short Operate delay thus
becomes effective.
Parameter: Threshold
You can measure the reverse power of the turbo-generator set yourself in a primary test by using the protec-
tion function. Set the setting value P reverse, for example, to 0.5 times the value of the measured reverse
power. This power is shown additionally in the functional measured values in the Reverse-power protection
function (P1avg). For large machines with very small reverse power, you must use the angle-error correction
option of the current and voltage transformers.
NOTE
i In the current-input selection, you can select protection current transformers or instrument transformers
on the device side. Since the transformers are calibrated at the factory, there are hardly any differences
between the transformers for the Reverse-power protection function. You can thus always select device
inputs with a protection current transformer.
In contrast, a primary current transformer significantly influences the measuring accuracy via its angle
error. The angle error of a class 0.2 instrument transformer is significantly smaller than the angle error of a
class 5P protection current transformer. A separate function group is necessary for the connection to an
instrument transformer. Use a Voltage/current 3-phase function group and load the Reverse-power
protection function from the library.
Do not connect the Reverse-power protection function to a linear core-type transformer (for example, a
TPZ type), as these transformers have a large angle error (for example, approx. 180 min).
6.58.4.3 Settings
Select the correct voltage based on the switch position of the plant
If more than one voltage measuring points are connected to the same voltage interface of the function group,
use the Voltage measuring-point selection function block in the function group to select the correct voltage
based on the switch position of the plant.
The Voltage measuring-point selection is a common functionality for the function groups of the protected
objects.
The Voltage measuring-point selection function block realizes the selection of voltage measuring points by a
logic block chart. The logic block chart controls the input >MP-ID selection depending on the switch posi-
tions of disconnectors.
Example
Figure 6-525 shows an example of voltage measuring points selection for the function group Capacitor bank
in a double busbar application.
[dwbusbardouble.vsd, 2, en_US]
[scconnection, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-526 Connecting the Measuring Points with the Capacitor Bank Function Group
There are consistency checks that validate the connections of voltage measuring points to the function group:
The connection type must be identical for all measuring points connected to the same interface of the
function group.
The rated voltage (primary and secondary) must be identical for all measuring points connected to the
same interface.
If more than 1 measuring point is connected to one voltage interface, a function block must be added to
enable the selection of the voltage measuring points.
CFC Control
The voltage measuring point is selected by logic block chart on basis of the measuring point IDs. If more than
one measuring point is connected to the interface of the function group, instantiate the function block
Voltage measuring-point selection from the library in the corresponding function group.
In order to ensure the correct measuring-point connection for the function group, a logic block chart has to
define the actual valid IDs for the input >MP-ID selection of the function block.
The following logic block chart implementation is based on the example given in Figure 6-525.
If the Disconnector 1 (QB1) is closed and no matter what the position the Disconnector 2 (QB2) is, the value 2
is the output of CFC block mux_d_1 and transferred to the input >MP-ID selection. Then, the Meas.point
V-3ph with ID 2 is selected as the reference voltage. Similarly, the Meas.point V-3ph with ID 3 is selected as
the reference voltage if the Disconnector 1 (QB1) is not closed (open or in intermediate position) while
Disconnector 2 (QB2) is closed.
[SclocfcVP, 1, --_--]
Figure 6-527 Logic Block Chart: Voltage Selection Using Measuring Point ID
However, the disconnectors might be both open or in a transient state. In this case, the input IN3 of the block
bool_int_1 becomes true, the value 0 is used as the ID for voltage selection input ( >MP-ID selection). If
ID 0 is selected, then all voltage values of the respective function-group interface are set to 0 V immediately.
An alarm indication Selection invalid is issued and the indication Health is issued as OK. In case you
want to supply the function group with voltage values under the condition that both disconnectors are open
or in transient state from one or the other busbar, you can alter the CFC chart respectively.
NOTE
i An invalid measuring-point selection (ID < 0 or an ID of a unconnected measuring point) for input >MP-ID
selection results in the following:
The voltage measured values are displayed as failure.
The validity of the voltage measured values is set to invalid.
The Current-jump detection function is used in protection function groups based on current measurement. It
can be instantiated multiple times.
[dwstruki-111026-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Current-jump detection operates directly with the sampled values without numeric filtering. This provides very
short response times to sudden changes in the current. The method used is not sensitive to slow changes of
amplitude or frequency.
Using a configurable selection of measured values, you can select from 3 line currents or the residual current.
Current-jump detection is phase-selective for the line current A, B and C.
The difference from the previous sampled value of the first system cycle is calculated for each sampled value.
The rectified average is then determined for a system cycle from this differential signal i(t). The rectified
average for sinusoidal measurands is then converted to a RMS value I by subsequent multiplication by 1.11.
The resultant measurand I is then compared with the threshold value.
If the parameter (_:101) Threshold is exceeded, the output indication Jump is generated. If you have
selected the phase currents for measurement, the output indication data type used includes the separate
phase information. If you have selected the residual current for measurement, the output indication data type
used includes the NI information. If the current-jump detection responds (ILimit), the general information is
generated in the output indication in all cases.
Dropout occurs with a dynamically increased threshold value (ILimit) in accordance with the logic in
Figure 6-529. Dynamic increase of the dropout threshold value achieves optimally short dropout times.
The output indication Pulse is formed with the configurable timer (_:102) Minimum pulse length. As
a consequence this output indication has a consistent minimum size. If you activate the binary input >Pulse
extension, you can prolong the pulse duration even further. If the binary input >Pulse extension has
been activated, the indication Pulse drops off when the configured time has elapsed and the falling edge of
the binary input is detected.
Logic
[lojumpii-271011-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Parameter: Threshold
Default setting (_:101) Threshold = 0.10 A for Irated = 1A or 0.50 A for Irated = 5 A
With the parameter Threshold, you set the threshold value for the measurand which, when exceeded,
generates the output indication Jump.
6.60.5 Settings
The Voltage-jump detection function is used in protection function groups based on voltage measurement. It
can be instantiated multiple times.
[dwstruku-011211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Voltage-jump detection operates directly with the sampled values without numeric filtering. This provides very
short response times to sudden changes in the voltage. The method used is not sensitive to slow changes of
amplitude or frequency.
By using a configurable selection of measured values, you can select from phase-to-ground voltages, phase-to-
phase voltages or the zero-sequence voltage. Voltage-jump detection is phase-selective.
The difference from the previous sampled value of 1 system cycle is calculated for each sampled value. The
rectified average is then determined for a system cycle from this differential signal v(t). The rectified
average for sinusoidal measurands is then converted to a RMS value V by subsequent multiplication by 1.11.
The resultant measurand V is then compared with the threshold value.
If the parameter (_:101) Threshold is exceeded, the output indication Jump is generated. If the measured
value is set to phase-to-phase, the sudden change in voltage is signaled selectively for the individual meas-
uring elements that have picked up (Jump VAB, Jump VBC or Jump VCA). If you have selected the phase-to-
phase or phase-to-ground voltages for measurement, the output indication data type used included the sepa-
rate phase information. If you have selected the zero-sequence voltage for measurement, the output indica-
tion data type used includes the N information. If the voltage-jump detection responds (VLimit), the general
information is generated in the output indication in all cases.
Dropout occurs with a dynamically increased threshold value ULimit in accordance with the information in
Figure 6-531. Dynamic increase of the dropout threshold value achieves optimally short dropout times.
A timing element is added to the indication Jump. The element generates a pulse from this. The length of this
pulse can be set using the parameter (_:102) Minimum pulse length. This gives the output indication
Pulse a reliable minimum size. If you activate the binary input >Pulse extension, you can prolong the
pulse duration even further. If the binary input >Pulse extension has been activated, the indication
Pulse drops off when the configured time has elapsed and the falling edge of the binary input is detected. If
the measured value is set to phase-to-phase, the pulse duration is signaled selectively for the individual meas-
uring elements that have picked up (Pulse VAB, Pulse VBC or Pulse VCA).
Logic
[lojumpuu-011211-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Parameter: Threshold
6.61.5 Settings
The Vector-jump protection function can be used in the following function groups:
Voltage-current 3-phase
Voltage 3-phase
Generator side
Generator stator
Transformer side
The Vector-jump protection function comes factory-set with a stage.
The following stages can operate simultaneously within the function:
1 stage
1 I1 < Release stage
[dw_VJP_Structure, 1, en_US]
6.62.3.1 Description
The following figure shows the situations after the load is switched off:
The terminal voltage V changes to V'.
An additional phase-angle jump occurs.
A phase-angle jump occurs with load loss and is the evaluation criterion for the Vector-jump protection func-
tion. If the phase-angle differential exceeds a set threshold, the generator circuit breaker or the circuit breaker
of the system switch opens. Therefore, the generator unit can be protected against unacceptable stress.
Vector Description
Vp Vector of the generator internal voltage (rotor voltage)
V Vector of the generator terminal voltage
V Vector of the voltage differential
V' Vector of the terminal voltage after the load shedding
V' Vector of the voltage differential after the load shedding
High measuring accuracy by using frequency-tracked measured values and evaluation of the positive-
sequence phasor
Blocking the function when the primary voltage is switched on or off as switching can lead to a phase-
angle jump
Logic
[lo_VJP_General, 1, en_US]
[lo_VJP_General_2, 1, en_US]
Phase-Angle Calculation
The phase-angle differential is calculated at different time intervals (t-T, t-2T, t-3T) from the vector of the posi-
tive-sequence voltage via a delta-interval measurement. With the current measured power frequency, the
measuring errors of the angle measurement caused by frequency deviations are compensated.
Range
If the measured frequency or voltage is below the set threshold, the Vector-jump protection is blocked.
The voltage and frequency bands have the following limits:
The threshold of the voltage band is configurable.
The frequency band ranges is fixed from frated - 3 Hz to frated + 3 Hz.
Measurand
The general functionality calculates the phase-angle displacement and sends it to the stage. is used
for comparison with the parameter Threshold . is displayed in the functional measured value and can
be routed in a fault record and displayed in the fault log.
The functional measured values of in HMI are displayed differently in the following situations:
If the Vector-jump protection function is inactive, the function value of is displayed as ---
If the Vector-jump protection function is active and has not picked up, the functional measured value of
is displayed as 0.0
If the Vector-jump protection function is active and has picked up, the functional measured value of
is displayed as a calculated value (for example, 12.0) and remains unchanged until the next pickup of
the Vector-jump protection function.
Parameter: T Block
6.62.3.3 Settings
6.62.4 Stage
6.62.4.1 Description
Logic
[lo_DeltaPhi_Stage, 1, en_US]
In the logic diagram, the I1 < Release stage is instantiated. You can find more information in chapter
6.62.5.1 Description.
If the I1 < Release stage is not instantiated, the AND operation has no influence. The Operate indication is
issued under the following conditions:
The parameter Operate & flt.rec. blocked is set to no.
The operate delay expires.
Measurand
The stage gets the measured value from the general functionality.
Pickup
The stage compares the value of the vector jump with the Threshold .
If the value of the Threshold is exceeded, the pickup delay starts.
The vector jump is stored in an RS flip-flop. Trippings can be delayed by the associated time delay.
Parameter: Threshold
Parameter: T Reset
6.62.4.3 Settings
6.62.5.1 Description
Logic
[lo_UndercurrentRelease_Stage, 1, en_US]
The I1 < Release stage is an optional stage and is used to reduce the risk of overfunction.
The indication Undercurrent release is an additional safety criterion to avoid an unexpected trip. It indi-
cates a load loss of the connected line to the system and the phase-angle criterion is released. If any load in
the network is switched on or off, an unexpected trip can occur.
If the I1 < Release stage is not instantiated, the stage works without current-flow criterion. You can find
more information in chapter 6.62.4.1 Description.
If the positive-sequence current falls below the parameter I< Threshold, the message Undercurrent
release is issued and is forwarded to the stage.
6.62.5.3 Settings
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Overview
The SIPROTEC 5 series of devices offers powerful command processing capability as well as additional func-
tions that are needed when serving as bay controllers for the substation automation technology or when
providing combi-protection. The object model for the devices is based on the IEC 61850 standard, making the
SIPROTEC 5 series of devices ideally suited for use in systems employing the IEC 61850 communication
protocol. In view of the function blocks necessary for the control functions, other logs are also used.
The concept of so-called controllables is based on the data model described in IEC 61850. Controllables are
objects that can be controlled, such as a switch with feedback. The model of a transformer tap changer , for
example, contains controllables. The controllables are identifiable by their last letter C of the data type (for
example, DPC = Double Point Controllable/Double Command with feedback or BSC = Binary-Controlled Step
Position Indication / transformer tap command with feedback ).
[sc_control, 1, en_US]
The trip, opening and the close commands are connected to the relays. For the trip command, a choice
between saved and unsaved output is possible. The position is connected with 2 binary inputs (double-point
indication). In addition, signals are available that display the current state of the switch (not selected, off, on,
intermediate position, disturbed position). These signals can be queried in CFC for example, in order to
build interlocking conditions.
Control Models
You can set the operating mode of the controllables by selecting the control model.
[dwsteuer-190912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The figure shows the control models (right) with the respective control mechanisms (center). The standard
control model for a switching command in an IEC 61850 compliant system is SBO with feedback monitoring
( SBO w. enh. security ). This control model is the default setting for newly created switching devices.
The following switching devices can be found in the DIGSI 5 library in the Circuit-breaker and Switching-
devices function groups (see the following images).
[sccbausw, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-2 Selecting the Circuit-Breaker Switching Device Using the DIGSI Circuit-Breaker Function Group
Menu
[scswausw, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-3 Selecting the Remaining Switching Devices Using the DIGSI Switching-Devices Menu
[dwbreake-220512-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The circuit breaker in DIGSI 5 is linked with the binary inputs that acquire the switch position via information
routing. The circuit breaker in DIGSI 5 is also linked with the binary outputs that issue the switching
commands.
The Circuit breaker switching device is available in 4 different types:
3-pole circuit breaker (control only)
This switching device contains the Control, Interlocking, and Circuit-breaker function blocks needed for
control. The standard situation for the control function is that the SIPROTEC 5 device switches all 3 poles
of the circuit breaker On or Off together. The Synchronization function can also be added.
NOTE
i When setting the parameters of a device, you will find 2 circuit-breaker types in the DIGSI 5 library:
- 3-pole circuit breaker or 1-pole circuit breaker, depending on the device type selected (3-pole or 1-pole
tripping)
- Circuit breaker (status only)
The setting values of the parameter can be found in the chapter 7.2.2.2 Application and Setting Notes.
Table 7-2 Setting Options of the Controllable Command with Feedback in the Control Function
Block of the Circuit Breaker.
36 First click Position and then click the Details button in the Properties window (below).
Table 7-3 Setting Options of the Controllable Position in the Circuit-Breaker Function Block (Chatter
Blocking)
Table 7-4 Additional Settings in the Device Settings having Effects on the Circuit Breaker
The inputs and outputs as well as the setting options of the Circuit-breaker and Control function blocks are
described in the next section (see 7.2.2.3 Connection Variants of the Circuit Breaker).
Interlocking
The Interlocking function block generates the releases for switchgear interlocking protection. The actual
interlocking conditions are deposited in CFC. For more information on this, see the overreaching chapter
7.4.1 Command Checks and Switchgear Interlocking Protection.
Circuit Breaker
The Circuit-breaker function block in the SIPROTEC 5 device represents the physical switch device. The task of
the circuit breaker is to replicate the switch position from the status of the binary inputs.
The following figure shows the logical inputs and outputs of the Circuit-breaker function block.
[dwfuncls-140212-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 7-5 Logical Inputs and Outputs of the Circuit-Breaker Function Blocks
Table 7-5 and Table 7-6 list the inputs and outputs with a description of their function and type. For inputs,
the effect of Quality = invalid on the value of the signal is described.
EXAMPLE
If the signal >Ready has the Quality = invalid, then the value is set to cleared. In problematic operating
states, the circuit breaker should signal that it is not ready for an Off-On-Off cycle.
If the quality of the input signal assumes the status Quality = invalid, then the standby status (EHealth) of the
Circuit-breaker function block is set to Warning.
Control
It is the task of the controls to execute command checks and establish communication between the command
source and the circuit breaker. Using the control settings, you specify how the commands are to be processed
(see also chapter 7.4.1 Command Checks and Switchgear Interlocking Protection).
Through the function SBO (Select Before Operate, reservation37), the switching device is reserved prior to the
actual switching operation, thus it remains locked for additional commands. Feedback monitoring provides
information about the initiator of the command while the command is in process, that means, informing
whether or not the command was implemented successfully. These 2 options can be selected individually in
the selection of the control model, so that 4 combinations in total are available (see the following table).
The control makes the following settings available (see next table).
Parameters Default Setting Possible Parameter Values
(_:4201:101) Control model SBO w. enh. direct w. normal secur.
security38 SBO w. normal secur.
direct w. enh. security
SBO w. enh. security
(_:4201:102) SBO time-out 30.00 s 0.01 s to 1800 s
(Increment: 0.01 s)
37 In the IEC 61850 standard, reservation is described as Select before Operate (SBO).
38 This default setting is the standard control model for a switching command in an IEC 61850-compliant system.
The following figure shows the logical inputs and outputs of the Control function block.
[dwsteue1-100611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-6 Logical Inputs and Outputs of the Control Function Block
In the information routing of DIGSI 5, you may select a function key as a possible command source. In addi-
tion, it is displayed here if the command is activated by CFC. The logging is routed here.
[dw3polls-070611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
1-Pole Triggering
[dw1polig-020211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scrang1pLS1p, 1, en_US]
You can select the contacts for On and Off as desired. They need not necessarily be next to one another. The
letter U represents an unlatched command. Alternatively, TL (latched tripping) can be selected.
1.5-Pole Triggering
[dw5polig-020211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scrang1pLS15p, 1, en_US]
2-Pole Triggering
[dw2polan-020211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scrang1pLS13p, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i The wiring of the Circuit-breaker function group with binary inputs and binary outputs occurs once per
device .
The control function in this type switches all 3 poles on or off simultaneously.
The protection functions can switch off 1-pole. The close command is always 3-pole. Optionally, only the open
poles are closed.
[dw1polls-020211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
For the circuit breaker with 1-pole triggering, triggering takes place via one relay per phase for the trip
command and via a 4th relay for the close command (see next figure).
[dw1panls-020211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scrang1pLS13pz, 1, en_US]
In the previous figure, the switch is connected 1-pole. The protection trip command is routed individually for
the 3 phases (Trip only pole A to Trip only pole C). The protection trip command is routed for the
3 phases (Trip/open cmd. 3-pole). The control will always switch off the 3 poles of the switch. In addi-
tion, the 3 U (Unsaved) allocations of the activation and trip command are set to 3-pole. This routing is also
used by protection functions that trip 3 poles. The close command is issued simultaneously for all 3 phases.
[dw_trip-command_between_1p-3p, 1, en_US]
[scrang1pLSHk, 1, en_US]
The meaning of abbreviations can be found in Table 7-8 and Table 7-9.
The indication Command active can also be routed to a binary output. This binary output is always active if
either an On or trip command is pending, or the switching device was selected by the command control.
7.2.2.4 Settings
NOTE
i In contrast to the Circuit-breaker switching device, the Disconnector switching device cannot contain any
additional functions because protection functions or synchronization can have no effect on the discon-
nector.
The following figure shows the structure of the Disconnector switching element:
[dwdiscon-190612-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The Disconnector switching device behaves like the Circuit-breaker switching device. The only difference is
the designation of the function block that the physical switch provides (disconnector instead of circuit
breaker). Blocking by protection is not provided in the analysis of the Control function block.
The Disconnector switching device is available in the DIGSI 5 library in 2 different variants:
Disconnector with 3-pole connection
The device switches all 3 poles of the disconnector on or off simultaneously.
The setting values of the parameter can be found in the chapter 7.2.3.2 Application and Setting Notes.
Table 7-11 Setting Options of the Controllable Command with Feedback in the Control Function
Block of the Circuit Breaker
Table 7-12 Setting Options of the Controllable Position in the Disconnector Function Block (Chatter
Blocking)
Table 7-13 Additional Settings in the Device Settings with effect on the Disconnector
The inputs and outputs as well as the setting options of the Disconnector switch function block are described
in the next chapter (see 7.2.3.3 Trigger Variants of the Disconnector). The Control function block is described
identically as the Circuit-breaker function block, with the exception that the command check blocking is avail-
able through protection only with the circuit breaker.
More information on this is can be found in chapter 7.2.2.2 Application and Setting Notes.
Interlocking
The Interlocking function block generates the releases for switchgear interlocking protection. The actual
interlocking conditions are deposited in CFC. For more information on this, see section Chapter
7.4.1 Command Checks and Switchgear Interlocking Protection.
Disconnector
The disconnector represents the physical switch in the SIPROTEC 5 device. The task of the disconnector is to
replicate the switch position from the status of the binary inputs.
The Disconnector function block is linked automatically via the information matrix with the binary inputs that
register the switch position and with the binary outputs that issue the switching commands.
The Disconnector function block makes the following settings available (see next table).
Parameters Default Setting Possible Parameter Values
(_:5401:101) Maximum output time 10.00 s 0.02 s to 1800 s
The Maximum output time specifies the duration (Increment: 0.01 s)
of the output pulse created by the switching
command.
(_:5401:102) Seal-in time 0.00 s 0 s to 60 s
If the target actuating position is not yet attained
although feedback has already been received, the
output time is extended by the Seal-in time. The
Seal-in time is relevant for equipment that sends
feedback before the switching operation is
completely performed. The Seal-in time is only
considered for control models with feedback moni-
toring.
(_:5401:103) Switching-device type disconnector switch-disconnector
The Switching-device type specifies the type of disconnector
the switching device. grounding switch
fast grounding switch
NOTE
i The parameter Switching-device type is effective only on the IEC 61850 interface. This parameter is
used to set the disconnector switching device type for communication via IEC 61850. It is a mandatory data
object in the IEC 61850 standard.
The following figure shows the logical inputs and outputs of the Disconnector function block.
[dwoutinp-150212-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 7-19 Logical Inputs and Outputs of the Disconnector Function Block
Table 7-14 and Table 7-15 list the inputs and outputs with a description of their function and type. For inputs,
the effect of Quality = invalid on the value of the signal is described.
If the quality of the input signal assumes the status Quality = invalid, then the standby status (Health) of the
Disconnector function block is set to Warning.
Control
It is the task of the controls to execute command checks and establish communication between the command
source and the disconnector. Using the control settings, you specify how the commands are to be processed
(see also chapter 7.4.1 Command Checks and Switchgear Interlocking Protection).
Through the function SBO (Select Before Operate, reservation39), the switching device is reserved prior to the
actual switching operation, thus it remains locked for additional commands. Feedback monitoring provides
information about the initiator of the command while the command is in process, that means, informing
whether or not the command was implemented successfully. These two options can be selected individually in
the selection of the control model, so that 4 combinations in total are available (see the following table).
The control makes the following settings available (see next table).
Parameters Default Setting Possible Parameter Values
(_:4201:101) Control model SBO w. enh. direct w. normal secur.
security40 SBO w. normal secur.
direct w. enh. security
SBO w. enh. security
(_:4201:102) SBO time-out 30.00 s -
(_:4201:103) Feedback monitoring time 10.00 s -
(_:4201:104) Check switching authority yes no
yes
advanced
(_:4201:105) Check if pos. is reached yes no
yes
(_:4201:106) Check double activat. blk. yes no
yes
1-Pole Triggering
[dw1ptren-030211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
39 In the IEC 61850 standard, Reservation is described as Select before Operate (SBO).
40 This default setting is the standard control model for a switching command in an IEC 61850-compliant system.
[scrangtrenn1p, 1, en_US]
You can select the contacts for On and Off as desired. They need not necessarily be next to one another.
1.5-Pole Triggering
[dw5polig-020211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scrangtrenn15p, 1, en_US]
2-Pole Triggering
[dw2polan-020211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scrangtrenn2p, 1, en_US]
7.2.3.4 Settings
Switching sequences may be running inside the device that switch the switchgear automatically in a prespeci-
fied sequence.
A switching sequence consists of a special function block Switching sequence (Swi. seq.) from the DIGSI 5
Library and the project-specific list of the switching commands that are generated in the CFC.
The function block Switching sequence is located in folder User-defined functions in the DIGSI 5 Library.
[scudeffb-150816-01, 1, en_US]
These function blocks can be used in the information matrix on the highest level (level of the function groups)
or in a user-defined function group.
One Switching sequence function block is used per switching sequence. The function block is the interface
for controlling and monitoring the condition of the CFC switching sequence. The task of the function block is
to verify the relative conditions for control commands, for example, switching authority, interlocking condi-
tions, etc. You can connect the signals of the function block with the CFC chart. They start and stop the
switching sequence and provide data about the status of the switching sequence (see Figure 7-27). The CFC
chart is used to activate the switching device that must be switched. The CFC blocks define, among other
things, the switching devices that must be switched.
[dwswseq1-110913-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
Input >Start during rising edge, for example, via binary input
Controllable Start for the start via a communication protocol, for example, IEC 61850, T103, or DNP
Controllable Cancel for the cancelation via a communication protocol, for example, IEC 61850, T103, or
DNP
On-Site Operation
If at least one Switching sequence function block is used in the device, a new Switching sequences entry is
shown in the first line of the Control menu. If this menu item is selected, an overview of all switching
sequences and the current status will be displayed (see Figure 7-28, example with 2 switching sequences).
You can start or cancel the switching sequences from this menu.
Figure 7-28
Overview of the Switching Sequences on the Device Display
The function block offers similar settings as the Control function block of a circuit breaker or disconnector (see
chapter 7.2.1 General Overview).
[scccs4pa-13112014_DE, 1, en_US]
Information
The Switching sequence function block provides the following data:
[scinfof1-13112014, 1, en_US]
In the Switching sequence function block, the interlocking is analog to the Interlocking function block and it
is possible to use it in the switching sequence:
>Enable start: Connection to interlocking conditions (CFC) for the start of the entire switching
sequence. Not in effect in the non-interlocked switching mode.
>Enable start (fixed): Non-revocable interlocking conditions for the start of the entire switching
sequence. In effect regardless of the switching mode.
If the time-out monitoring is activated (parameter Time-out monitoring), the process feedback must take
place via the inputs >Successful and >Failed. If the last switching command of the switching sequence
was executed successfully, the input >Successful usually is set. To do this, connect the feedback of the last
switching command from the CFC with this input of the function block during the device parameterization.
If a switching command fails, this feedback can be captured by the input >Failed. The active switching
sequence will be ended immediately and does not have to wait for a time-out.
The indication Execution signals the current state of the switching sequence. The events running,
canceled, failed, and successful are generated only while the time-out monitoring is activated. The
event Start Trigger is used to start the switching sequence in the CFC chart.
[dwbspunt-120913-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
The switching sequence C4 Off (Figure 7-32) should switch off feeder bay C4. The circuit breaker is opened;
followed by opening of one of the 2 busbar disconnectors.
[Scssc4as-110913-01, 1, en_US]
Command Execution
As described in section Starting and Canceling a Switching Sequence, Page 1378, the display page or the
Control menu can be used to start the switching sequence. The Start Trigger signal for indication
Execution is used to recognize the start and initiates the switching sequence by pickup of TRIG in the DPC-
DEF building block of circuit breaker QA1. Building blocks DPC-DEF and DPC-EXE are always used in pairs. The
DEF building block controls the type and nature of the command
VAL = Switching direction (0 = Off, 1 = On)
SELECT = Select switching device (2 = Select with a value suitable for the preset control model SBO w.
enh. security)
7.3.4 Settings
Before switching commands can be issued by the SIPROTEC 5 device, several steps are used to check the
command:
Switching mode (interlocked/non-interlocked)
Switching authority (local/DIGSI/station/remote)
Confirmation IDs
SIPROTEC 5 devices offer the ability to safeguard various operations with confirmation IDs. The following
confirmation IDs from the Safety menu apply to the control functions:
[scconf89-061016-01, 1, en_US]
! DANGER
If the switching mode = non-interlocked, the switchgear interlocking protection is shut off
Erroneous switching operations can lead to severe or fatal injuries.
Ensure manually that all checks have been implemented.
In addition, you can set the switching mode directly with a binary input or CFC. Use the General function
block (see next figure).
[scmoscha-260511-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The following table shows the effects of changing the switching mode to use command checks.
Switching Authority
The switching authority determines which command source is allowed. The following command sources are
possible:
Local:
A switching command from the local control (cause-of-error source Location) is possible only if the
switching authority is set to Local and the device is capable of local operation. Setting the switching
authority to Local is typically accomplished with key switch S5 (Local/Remote). In this case, commands
from all other sources are rejected. If the switching authority is set to Local, the setting cannot be
changed remotely.
DIGSI:
A switching command from DIGSI (connected via USB or Ethernet, cause-of-error source Maintenance) is
accepted only if the switching authority in the device is set to Remote. Once DIGSI has signed on the
device for command output, no commands from other command sources or a different DIGSI PC will be
executed.
Station:
This switching authority level can be activated via a parameter in the General function block. A switching
command from the station level (cause-of-error source Station or Automatic station) is accepted if the
switching authority is set to Remote and the controllable Station switching authority is set. This is
accomplished by a command from the substation automation technology. Switching commands from the
device or from outside the station (cause-of-error source Local, Remote or Automatic remote) are
rejected.
Full support of the this switching authority level is assured only when using the IEC 61850 protocol.
Remote:
This switching authority level stands from remote control directly from the network control center or (if
the switching authority level Station is not activated) generally for Remote control. The cause-of-error
source is Automatic remote. Commands from this level are accepted if the switching authority is set to
Remote and the controllable Station switching authority is not set. Switching commands from the
device or from the station (cause-of-error source Local, Station or Automatic station) are rejected.
[schoheit-260511-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-35 Display of Switching Authority and Switching Mode in Information Routing (in Function Block
General)
Sw. authority key/set and Sw.mode key/set indicate the current state of the key switch or parameter for
switching authority or switching mode and provide this information for further processing in the CFC. In the
CFC, for example, it is possible to set up an automatic routine to ensure that the switching authority is auto-
matically set to Local when the key switch is set to not interlocked.
The following table shows the dependency of the switching mode on the key-switch position and the
switching authority. In the case of switching commands from Remote, the information on whether a locked
or non-interlocked switching should take place is also sent. For this reason, the position of the key switch is
irrelevant for the switching mode in these cases. The information in the table assumes that, in the case of
remote switching commands or those from the station, the switching mode is interlocked in each case.
Table 7-18 Dependency of the Switching Mode on the Key Switch Position and Switching Authority
Switching Authority
Key Switch for Switching Local Remote Station
Mode
Interlocked Interlocked Interlocked Interlocked
Non-Interlocked Non-Interlocked Interlocked Interlocked
The signals shown in Figure 7-35 in DIGSI 5 information routing have the following relationship:
In terms of switching authority and switching mode, the respective key switch position serves as the
input signal and the input signals in the matrix.
The state of the switching authority and switching mode is indicated by corresponding output signals.
The Switching authority and Switching mode functions link the input signals and in this way establish
the output signals (see Figure 7-36 and Figure 7-37).
[dwhoheit-260511-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwmodsch-020513-01.tif, 1, en_US]
In the case of both functions, the input signals overwrite the state of the key switch. This allows external
inputs to also set the switching authority or switching mode, if desired (for instance, by querying an external
key switch).
The following additional settings are available for the switching authority:
Activation of Switching Authority Station (defined in IEC 61850 Edition 2):
If you would like to use this switching authority, set the check mark General/Control.
[scakthoh-161014, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-38 How to Activate the Station Switching Authority and to Enable Several Switching-Authority
Levels
Table 7-19 Effect on Switching Authority when Several Switching-Authority Levels Are Enabled with/
without Activation of the Station Switching Authority
No Signed on - - DIGSI
The following table shows the result of the switching-authority check, based on the set switching authority
and the cause of the command. This overview represents a simplified normal case (no multiple command
sources when using Station and Remote).
Table 7-21 Result Derived from the Combination of the Parameter Value Specific sw.auth. valid
for and the Level of the Command Source (Field Originator/orCat of the Switching
Command)
Multiple specific sw.auth. ensures the simultaneous validity of the various command sources.
The following table shows how to determine the resulting specific switching authority when activating
the command sources of Remote or Station. If this parameter is activated, all parameterized command
sources get permissible automatically (see last row in the table) and they cannot be deactivated via the
controllable Enable sw. auth. 1 to Enable sw. auth. 5. Otherwise, the enabled command
source with the lowest number has always the highest priority and prevails against the other numbers.
Table 7-22 Determining Switching Authority if Multiple Command Sources Are Available
Multiple Enable sw. Enable sw. Enable sw. Enable sw. Enable sw. Resulting
specific auth. 1 auth. 2 auth. 3 auth. 4 auth. 5 Specific
sw.auth. Switching
Authority
No on * * * * Switch. auth.
1
No off on * * * Switch. auth.
2
No off off on * * Switch. auth.
3
No off off off on * Switch. auth.
4
No off off off off on Switch. auth.
5
No off off off off off None
Yes on on on on on All
Figure 7-40 Display of Switching Authority and Switching Mode in the Information Routing (in Function
Block General), Example of 2 Activated Remote Switching Authorities
Individual Switching Authority and Switching Mode for the Switching Devices
In a standard case, the functionalities switching authority, switching mode, and specific switching authority as
described in the previous sections, are applicable to the entire bay unit and, therefore, are valid for all
switching devices that are controlled by this bay unit. In addition, you can configure an individual switching
authority and specific switching authority as well as individual switching modes for single switching devices.
Therefore, individual switching devices can accept various switching authorities and switching modes simulta-
neously.
This is offered for the following function groups and function blocks:
Circuit-breaker function group
Disconnector function group
Figure 7-41 Additional Parameters for Switching Authorities in the Parameters of a Switching Device
When activating the parameter Swi.dev. related sw.auth., an individual switching authority as well as
an individual switching mode for this switching device are configured. Additional signals are displayed in the
Control function block of the corresponding switching device.
Figure 7-42 Expanded Parameters for the Switching Authority in the Switching Device
Figure 7-43 Individually Modifiable Switching Authority and Switching Mode for Switching Devices
The new input signals that are displayed allow you to set the individual switching authority and switching
mode for the switching devices. For this switching device, these inputs overwrite the central switching
authority and the switching mode. The outputs Switching authority and Switching mode indicate the
states only for this switching device.
When activating Specific sw. authorities, an individual specific switching authority for this switching
device is configured. Additional parameters are displayed.
The functionality of the specific switching authority for the individual switching device and the significance of
the additional parameters is identical to the operating mode of the central specific switching authority. Addi-
tional signals are displayed in the Control function block.
Figure 7-45 Specific Switching Authority, Modifiable for each Switching Device
[scverrie-260912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
EXAMPLE
For interlocking
For the making direction of the circuit breaker QA in bay E01 (see the figure below), it is necessary to check
whether the disconnectors QB1, QB2, and QB9 are in the defined position, that is, either On or Off. Opening
the circuit breaker QA should be possible at any time.
The interlocking equations are: QA_On = ((QB1 = On) or (QB1 = Off)) and ((QB2 = On) or (QB2 = Off)) and
((QB9 = On) or (QB9 = Off)). There is no condition for opening.
[ScAbgang-270410-deDE-01, 1, en_US]
The CFC chart that is required to implement the interlocking equation is shown in the next figure.
[scverpla-270511-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Since the Disconnector function block provides the defined position On or Off, the exclusive OR gate XOR is
not necessary for interlocking. A simple OR suffices.
As can be seen in the CFC chart, the result of the check is connected to the >Release on signal in the
Interlocking function block in the Circuit breaker QA function group (see Figure 7-48).
EXAMPLE
[ScAnlage-270410-deDE-01, 1, en_US]
The circuit breaker QA in coupler bay = E02 will be considered next. As the multibay interlocking condition,
you must provide the bus-coupler circuit-breaker command block at the end:
If the 2 busbars in bay = E01 are connected, that is, if the 2 disconnectors QB1 and QB2 in bay =E01 are
closed, the circuit breaker QA in bay = E02 is not allowed to be switched off. Accordingly, bay = E01 in the CFC
of the device generates the indication Bus coupler closed from the positions of the switches QB1 and
QB2 and, using IEC 61850-GOOSE, transmits it to bay = E02 in the device. You must then store the following
interlocking condition in bay = E02:
QA_Off = NOT (= E01/Bus coupler closed)
In the CFC chart for the coupling device = E02, you must create the following CFC chart (see the figure below).
[scplanve-241013, 1, en_US]
[scdoppel-260912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scnotselected-090315_de, 1, en_US]
The signal is then queried in the CFC interlocking conditions for the associated switching devices and is used
to generate the release signal (for example, >Release on).
You can use the function block Ext. 1-of-N check in the Circuit breaker and Disconnector function groups. In
order to use the function, a control model with feedback monitoring must be configured in the circuit-
breaker control.
If the external 1-of-N check is instantiated, the output Release request prompts a central bay controller
before executing a switching command. This bay controller must permit the switching operation (see the
following figure). If the allocated switching devices were locked in another bay, the release is issued. Only
when the release was issued via the input >Release active is the allocation (Control model: SBO w.
enh. security) or the switching command (Control model: direct w. enh. security) executed
and confirmed. The central bay controller is parameterized to reject a 2nd switching request.
[dw_block-ext-setzen, 1, en_US]
Once the switch position has been reached, interlocking of the switching devices is canceled via the output
Release request. The switching command is completed and acknowledged with CMT (see the following
figure) only when interlocking termination has been acknowledged positively via the input >Release
active.
[dw_block-aufheben-1, 2, en_US]
The default setting for blocking by the protection function is therefore yes. If necessary, you can disable this
blocking. You can find the settings on the same page as the double-activation blocking (see Figure 7-51).
NOTE
i Remember, for instance, that pickup of the thermal overload protection can create a fault as well and thus
prevent switching commands.
NOTE
i Note that the command check Blocking by protection function is only available for controlling circuit
breakers, because in this case a unique relationship with protection functions has been configured. In
disconnectors, this relationship is not always unique, precisely with regard to the 1 1/2 circuit-breaker
layout, and it must be mapped for each system using CFC charts.
To carry out the command check Blocking by protection function for disconnectors, use the following
indications (if present) in your interlocking conditions:
Group indication: Pickup (Function group Transformer)
Circuit-breaker failure protection: Pickup (Circuit-breaker failure protection)
All commands in the sequence are logged. The command log contains:
Date and time
Name of the switching device (or function group)
Reason for the transmission (SEL = Selected, OPR = Operate, CMT = Command execution end, SPN =
Spontaneous)
EXAMPLE
The following example illustrates control of a circuit breaker QA1 for various cases.
Successful command output
Interrupted command
[scbbcon1-270313-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scbbcon2-270313-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scbbcon3-270313-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scbbcon4-270313-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scbbcon5-270313-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scbbcon7-270313-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scbbcon8-270313-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scbbcon9-270313-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scbbcon6-270313-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Depending on the transmission reason, the desired control value or the actual state value of the controllable
and the switching device can be contained in the log.
The following table shows the relationship.
Table 7-23 Relationship between the Reason for Transmission and the Value Logged
7.4.3 Settings
The Synchronization function (ANSI 25) checks whether the activation is permissible without a risk to the
stability of the system when interconnecting 2 parts of an electrical power system.
Typical applications are as follows:
The synchronization of a line and a busbar
The synchronization of 2 busbars via a cross-coupling
[dwsynfn1-270213-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Connection
You can find examples for the synchronization of line and busbar in the following 2 figures. Figure 7-68 shows
an example for the synchronization of 2 busbars via bus coupler.
The synchronization function uses 2 voltages to check the connecting conditions: a voltage of the reference
side 1 (V1) as well as a voltage to be used as a reference on side 2 (V2). The reference voltage of side 1 is
designated in the synchronization function as V141. This is always the voltage of the measuring point that is
connected to the Sync. voltage 1 interface of the Circuit-breaker function group. The voltage to be set as
reference is designated with V241. This is always the voltage of the measuring point that is connected to the
Sync. voltage 2 interface of the Circuit-breaker function group. The assignment of the measuring points to
the interfaces of the Circuit-breaker function group can be configured, see chapter 2.1 Function Embedding
in the Device.
The selection of the voltages used for the synchronization depends on the device connection to the primary
system:
Connection of the primary system via 4 voltage inputs and hence use of a 1-phase and a 3-phase meas-
uring point (Figure 7-66 and Figure 7-68):
The voltage connected to the 1-phase measuring point is definitive here. If. for example, this is the
phase-to-ground voltage VA, the voltage VA is also used by the other side of the 3-phase measuring point.
Connection of the primary system via 6 voltage inputs and hence use of two 3-phase measuring points
(Figure 7-67):
The phase-to-phase voltage VAB of both sides is always used for the test.
You can connect both the phase-to-ground voltages and the phase-to-phase voltages to the device. The
possible interface connections are listed in the Appendix.
41 Donot confuse the designations V1 and V2 with the numbering of the voltage inputs V1 to V4 (Figure 7-66) and V1 to V8
(Figure 7-67).
[dwsyns01-210912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-66 Synchronization of Line and Busbar, Connection via 4 Voltage Inputs
[dwsyns02-210912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-67 Synchronization of Line and Busbar, Connection via 6 Voltage Inputs
[dwsyns03-210912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-68 Synchronization of 2 Busbars via Cross-Coupling, Connection via 4 Voltage Inputs
[dwsynp04-100611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Only positive values are permissible for the setting parameters. Inequalities are used to characterize the
setting parameters uniquely. The representation is explained with the example of differential voltage. 2
setting values are necessary to allow unbalanced settings.
The inequality V2 > V1 yields a positive value for dV. The associated parameter is Max. voltage diff.
V2>V1. For the 2nd setting parameter Max. voltage diff. V2<V1, the inequality V2 < V1 applies. It
corresponds to a negative dV.
The procedure is the same for the differential frequency and differential phase angle.
7.5.4.1 Description
Functional sequence for issuing the closing release (see chapter 7.5.6 Sequence of Functions)
[losyn001-100611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Stage Control
The normal stage control is used for a synchronization stage (see Figure 7-70).
Note the following special features:
As soon as there is a synchronization function available in the device, the measured values are calculated
and displayed. One stage must be activated for calculating all Delta settings. It is not necessary to start
the stage for this purpose.
If all synchronization stages are deactivated within the function, closure via the control will no longer be
possible, as none of the stages can generate an closing release. If the synchronization function is deleted,
the circuit breaker is no longer regarded as subject to compulsory synchronization. In this case, it is
possible to activate via the control without synchronization.
If more than one synchronization stage is switched on, then the >Selection signal must be active for
exactly one stage, so that it can be activated via the controls.
You can block the entire synchronization stage via the binary signal >Block stage. A started process is
completed and the entire stage reset after blocking. The stage must be restarted to initiate a new switching
procedure. The blocking only affects the test process for the closing conditions. The measured values are still
calculated and displayed.
Operating Range
[losyn002-160311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The operating range of the synchronization function is defined by the configurable voltage limits Min.
operating limit Vmin and Max. operat. limit Vmax as well as by the specified frequency band
frated 4 Hz.
If one or both voltages are outside the permitted operating range when the measurement is started or a
voltage leaves the range, this is displayed via corresponding indications Frequency f1 > fmax,
Frequency f1 < fmin, Voltage V1 > Vmax, Voltage V1 < Vmin etc. The closing conditions are
then not checked.
Supervision
The supervisions listed below are executed in a function-specific manner. If one of the monitors picks up, the
Health goes to alarm. The stage is indicated as Inactive. A closing release or direct close command is not
possible in this case.
For consistency of settings of specific parameters
Definite threshold-value settings are checked after a parameter change. If there is an inconsistency, the
error message Setting error is set.
For multiple selection of the stage at the start time of the synchronization
If there is a simultaneous selection of multiple closed synchronization stages at the start time, the error
message Multiple selection is set.
Measuring-Voltage Failure
If a voltage-transformer fault (measuring-voltage failure) is recorded via the binary input signal >Open of one
of the voltage-measuring points, then the closing commands of the synchronization stage are no longer
tested. In other words, a release of the closure based on the measurement is no longer possible. The readiness
of the stage turns to warning. Direct close command is still possible.
The device-internal supervision function measuring-voltage failure detection (Fuse Failure Monitor) does not
have any effect on the synchronization stage.
EXAMPLE:
The 1-phase measuring point connected with Sync-voltage 1 records the phase-to-phase voltage VAB. The 1-
phase measuring point connected with Sync-voltage 2 records VA. In this case the phase angle between VAB
and VA takes into consideration the delta variable during calculation..
This automation guarantees that several voltage sources can be switched between during running operation,
each of which records different voltages.
Stage-Type Selection
The following 2 types of stage are available:
Stage Type Application
Synchrocheck stage Select this type of stage to issue, for example, an additional release
during an manual reclosing for safety reasons.
With this type, the variables V, f and are checked before
connecting the 2 parts of the power system.
Synchronous/asynchronous stage Select this type of stage if it is necessary to differentiate between
synchronous and asynchronous systems, depending on the switch posi-
tion.
If galvanically coupled systems are switched in parallel, synchronous
systems are present. A typical characteristic for synchronous systems is
equality of frequency (f 0). In this state, the conditions and V
are checked.
If the systems are galvanically isolated, asynchronous systems can be
present. At the same time, compliance with the voltage difference V
and frequency difference f conditions is checked. The time of the
direct close command is calculated taking into account the angle differ-
ence and the closing time of the circuit breaker. The time of the
direct close command is calculated so that the voltages are equal at the
moment of pole contact of the circuit breaker (V 0, 0).
NOTE
i All voltages connected according to the parameterized measuring-point connection type are subjected to
the appropriate Vmin/Vmax test. Therefore, connected phase-to-ground voltages are multiplied by 3 as
the threshold values with reference to the rated voltage (phase-to-phase voltage) must be set.
[lohyster-010415-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
If the Synchronization function is started within the hysteresis, no switching is performed as a result of the
minimum and maximum operating limit (parameters Min. operating limit Vmin and Max. operat.
limit Vmax). If the Synchronization function is started within the voltage operating range and the voltage
exceeds the minimum or maximum operating limit during the synchronization process, selecting can occur in
the area of the hysteresis.
[losynae1-160311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If there is a power transformer between the voltage transformers of the circuit breaker to be synchronized,
you then have to correct the phase-angle rotation for a vector group deviating from 0. Figure 7-72 shows such
an application. The Angle adjust. (transform.) parameter is used to save the phase-angle rotation.
The vector group of the transformer is defined by the upper voltage side to the lower voltage side. If the refer-
ence voltage transformer V1 is connected on the upper voltage side of the transformer (as in Figure 7-72),
enter the phase-angle rotation directly according to the vector group. A vector-group figure of 5, for example,
means an angular rotation of 5 30o = 150o. Set this value for the Angle adjust. (transform.) param-
eter.
If the voltage connection V1 is on the lower voltage side due to the system, you then have to apply the exten-
sion angle with 360o. A transformer with vector group 5 yields an angular adjustment of 360o
(5 30o) = 210o
2. Correction of phase-angle errors: You can correct a phase-angle error between the voltage transformers in
increments. Ascertain a possible correction value during commissioning.
7.5.4.3 Settings
Dynamic measuring-point switching provides the capability to connect the voltages used in the Synchro-
check function to various measuring points. In this way, for example, it is possible to use the correct voltage
on the basis of the switch position on the switching devices. If more than 1 measuring point is connected to V
sync1 or V sync2, you must create the V sync select. function block in the Circuit-breaker function
group.
Selection of the desired voltage measuring points (V sync1 and V sync2) for the Circuit-breaker function
group is controlled via Continuous Function Chart.
Example
Figure 7-73 shows an example of a Synchrocheck in a breaker-and-a-half arrangement. If circuit breaker QA2
is to be closed, the reference voltages must be selected from several possible measuring points. This selection
of measuring points is dependent on the switch positions of all circuit breakers and disconnectors.
[dwdynmsu-140212-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Each synchronization function requires 2 comparison voltages. For the circuit breaker QA2 located in the
middle, there are 2 options for each side (Vsync1 and Vsync2). The selection of synchronization voltages for each
side depends on the position of the circuit breaker and the disconnectors.
For circuit breakers QA1 and QA3, the busbar voltage (Vsync1) is available for one side, and 3 voltages (Vsync2)
are available for the other side.
[scdynms2-211212-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-74 Connecting the Measuring Points with the Circuit-Breaker Function Group
There are consistency checks that validate the connections of voltage measuring points to the function group:
The connection type must be identical for all measuring points connected to the same interface.
It is not permitted to route a measuring point to the function group using the option VN.
The rated voltage (primary and secondary) must be identical for all measuring points connected to the
same interface.
If more than 1 measuring point is connected to 1 voltage interface, a function block must be expanded to
enable selection of the synchronization voltage.
CFC Control
The voltages are selected by CFC logic on the basis of the measuring point IDs. If more than one measuring
point is connected to interfaces Vsync1 or Vsync2 of the Circuit-breaker function group, the V sync select.
function block has to be removed from the library in the Circuit-breaker function group. A CFC logic (see
following example) has to define IDs for the V sync1 or V sync2 inputs of this function block in order to
ensure the correct measuring point connection for the Synchrocheck function.
[scdynmsx-160212-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If no measuring point can be selected because of the switch or disconnector positions, the ID0 is used. If ID0 is
selected, the indication (_:2311:304) Blocked no V selected is set. The synchrocheck is blocked. If
you have activated the parameter (_:5071:108) Direct close command, unsynchronized switching is
still possible.
[losynf01-100611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Start
The synchronization stage must be started to check the closing conditions. The synchronization stage can be
started device-internally by the controller or externally, via binary input signals (see section 7.5.13 Interaction
with Control and External Triggering ).
At the start, the system checks whether there is a multiple selection by the synchronization stage (see section
Monitoring in chapter 7.5.4.1 Description). If this is the case, the process is terminated. After a successful
start, the indication In progress is cleared and the supervision time for the maximum duration of the
synchronization process (parameter Max.durat. sync.process is started. The system also checks
whether the voltages and frequencies are in the operating range (see section 7.5.4.1 Description). If this is not
the case, the closing conditions are not checked.
signaled. An adjustable supervision time is started after the closure conditions are fulfilled (parameter CB
make time). If the conditions remain valid until expiry of the time, the function gives the release for closure
after expiry of the time.
Blocking Closure
You can use the input signal >Block close command to block the release signal for the closure (signal
Release close cmd.) as well as the closure itself. The measurement continues to operate during the
blocking. If the blocking is revoked and the release conditions are still fulfilled, the release is given for closure.
7.5.7.1 Description
[losynche-160311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
With this operating mode, the values V, f, and are checked before connecting the 2 parts of the elec-
trical power system. The indication All sync. conditio. OK signals that the setting values (conditions)
have been reached and that the release for closure has been given (see Checking the Closing Conditions,
Closure in chapter 7.5.6 Sequence of Functions).
Every fulfilled condition is signaled individually via the indications Voltage difference OK, Frequency
diff. OK, and Angle difference OK.
If a condition is not fulfilled, detailed information on why the condition is not fulfilled is provided via indica-
tions. If the differential voltage is outside the setting limits, for example, the indication V dif.too
large(V2<V1) is issued. The indication indirectly contains information that the voltage V2 has to be
increased for a successful synchronization.
With the Expanded delta-f options stage type configured and an activated (_:140) Limit dfdiff/dt
for sync. op parameter, the frequency difference rate of change is also checked. If the permissible
frequency change rate (parameter (_:141) Max. value dfdiff/dt syn) is exceeded, the indication
(_:329) dfdiff/dt too large is issued.
7.5.7.3 Settings
7.5.8.1 Description
A distinction according to synchronous and asynchronous systems can be made with this type of stage.
If galvanically coupled systems are switched in parallel, synchronous systems are present. A typical character-
istic for synchronous systems is equality of frequency (f 0). If the frequency difference falls below the
setting value of the f-threshold ASYN<->SYN parameter, synchronous systems are to be assumed. If the
frequency difference exceeds the setting value of the f-threshold ASYN<->SYN parameter, asynchronous
systems are to be assumed. This status occurs in galvanically isolated systems, for example.
Both states have their own operating mode with its own closing conditions. Both operating modes can be
switched on and off separately (parameter Sync. operating mode and Async. operating mode). The
following combinations result from this:
Sync. operating mode Async. operating Functionality
mode
on on If the frequency difference is below the threshold
value set f-threshold ASYN<->SYN the oper-
ating mode synchronous is active. In other cases,
the operating mode asynchronous is active.
off on Regardless of the frequency difference and the
threshold value f-threshold ASYN<->SYN the
operating mode is exclusively active asynchro-
nously.
on off If the frequency difference is below the threshold
value set f-threshold ASYN<->SYN, the oper-
ating mode synchronous is active. In other cases,
the stage is inactive, i.e. a switching release
cannot be issued.
off off Both operating modes are deactivated. No activa-
tion release can be be given via these operating
modes either.
[losynsyn-100611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The frequency difference is very low in the synchronous systems operating mode. It is below the threshold
value f-threshold ASYN<->SYN. The status is signaled via the State f-synchronous indication.
The parameters V and are checked for issuing an activation release (see Figure 7-79). The indication All
sync. conditio. OK signals that both setting values (conditions) are reached. If the conditions remain
fulfilled over the set time delay (parameter Delay close command), the release for closing is given (see
also chapter 7.5.7.1 Description).
Every condition fulfilled is signaled individually via the indications Voltage difference OK and Angle
difference OK.
If a condition is not fulfilled, detailed information on why the condition is not fulfilled is provided via indica-
tions. If the differential voltage is outside the setting limits, for example, the indication V dif.too
large(V2<V1) is issued. The indication indirectly contains information that the voltage V2 has to be
increased for a successful synchronization.
With the Expanded delta-f options stage type configured and an activated (_:142) Limit dfdiff/dt
for asyn. op parameter, the frequency difference rate of change is also checked. If the permissible
frequency change rate (parameter (_:143) Max. value dfdiff/dt asyn) is exceeded, the indication
(_:329) dfdiff/dt too large is generated.
[losynzus-110211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[losynasy-210912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
In this operating mode, compliance with the voltage difference V and frequency difference f conditions is
checked. The function calculates the time point of the close command taking into account the angular differ-
ence and the closing time of the circuit breaker. This is calculated so that the voltage phasors are equal at
the moment of pole contact by the circuit breaker (V 0, 0).
[losynarb-080211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-81 Operating Range Under Synchronous and Asynchronous Conditions for Voltage (V) and
Frequency (f)
Parameter for asynchronous operation: Max. voltage diff. of voltage and frequency
Parameter for synchronous operation: Maximum voltage diff. of voltage and angle
This parameter is used to set the frequency difference for switching over between synchronous and asynchro-
nous operation.
Siemens recommends using the default setting of 0.01 Hz.
7.5.8.3 Settings
7.5.9.1 Description
With this stage type, a distinction by synchronous and asynchronous systems can be made.
Additionally, the stage provides the balancing commands for adjustment of the voltage and frequency (speed)
to the target conditions. The stage is used for automatic synchronization of generators. The stage has the
functionality of a 1-channel parallel switching function.
If galvanically coupled systems are switched in parallel, synchronous systems are present. A typical feature for
synchronous systems is equality of frequency (f 0). If the frequency difference falls below the setting value
of the f-threshold ASYN<->SYN parameter, synchronous systems are to be assumed. If the frequency
difference exceeds the setting value of the f-threshold ASYN<->SYN parameter, asynchronous systems
are to be assumed. This status occurs in galvanically separated systems, for example.
Both states have their own operating mode with own closing conditions. You can switch both operating
modes on and off separately (parameters Sync. operating mode and Async. operating mode). The
following combinations result from this:
Sync. operating mode Async. operating Functionality
mode
on on If the frequency difference is below the set
threshold value f-threshold ASYN<->SYN, the
synchronous operating mode is active. In other
cases, the asynchronous operating mode is active.
off on Regardless of the frequency difference and the
threshold value f-threshold ASYN<->SYN, the
asynchronous operating mode is exclusively
active.
on off If the frequency difference is below the set
threshold value f-threshold ASYN<->SYN, the
synchronous operating mode is active. In other
cases, the stage is inactive, that is, a switching
release cannot be issued.
off off Both operating modes are deactivated. No closure
release can be given via these operating modes
either.
[losynsyn_adj_comm, 1, en_US]
The frequency difference is very low in the synchronous systems operating mode. It is below the threshold
value f-threshold ASYN<->SYN. The status is signaled via the State f-synchronous indication.
The parameters V and are checked for issuing a closure release (see Figure 7-83). The indication All
sync. conditio. OK signals that both setting values (conditions) are reached. If the conditions remain
fulfilled over the set time delay (parameter Delay close command), the release for closing is issued (see
also chapter 7.5.7.1 Description).
Every fulfilled condition is signaled individually via the indications Voltage difference OK and Angle
difference OK .
If a condition is not fulfilled, detailed information on why the condition is not fulfilled is provided via indica-
tions. If, for example, the differential voltage is outside the setting limits, the indication V dif.too
large(V2>V1) is issued. The indication indirectly contains information that the voltage V2 must be
increased for successful synchronization.
If the Expanded delta-f options stage type is configured and the parameter (_:142) Limit dfdiff/dt
for asyn. op is activated, the rate of change of the differential frequency is also checked. If the permissible
frequency change rate (parameter (_:143) Max. value dfdiff/dt asyn) is exceeded, the indication
(_:329) dfdiff/dt too large is generated.
[losynzus_adj_comm, 1, en_US]
[losynasy_adj_comm, 1, en_US]
In this operating mode, compliance with the voltage difference V and frequency difference f conditions is
checked. The function calculates the time of the close command taking into account the angle difference
and the closing time of the circuit breaker. This is calculated in such a way that the voltage phasors are equal
at the moment of closing the circuit-breaker poles (U 0, 0).
[losynarb_adj_comm, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-85 Operating Range Under Synchronous and Asynchronous Conditions for Voltage (V) and
Frequency (f)
[fo_voltage-adujsting-command, 1, en_US]
with:
dVMeasured value Measured differential voltage
dV per second Parameter for default speed of set point value change
The following figure shows the effect of the functionality. When the voltage range limits fall short by approxi-
mately 1/8 of the voltage range, the stage no longer issues any voltage balancing commands.
[dw_build_voltage-adjusting-com, 1, en_US]
[fo_frequency-adujsting-command, 1, en_US]
with:
dfMeasured value Measured differential frequency
f set point for Parameter for default set point value for the frequency balancing
balancing commands
df/dt of the controller Parameter for default speed of set point value change
[dw_build_frequency-adjusting-com, 1, en_US]
If the speed (frequency) was adjusted in such a way that the differential frequency df is 0, the voltage
phasors of V1 and V2 are practically standing still. This can result in an angle difference that does not allow
any switching. A certain frequency difference is required for safe switching. A kick pulse is emitted to attain
this state. With the parameter Release for the kick pulse, you can control the generation of a kick
pulse. A kick pulse is only emitted if the frequency difference falls below the setting value for the parameter
f-threshold ASYN<->SYN. You can find the parameter f-threshold ASYN<->SYN in the entry block
Synchr. op.mode. The actuating time of the kick pulse is defined with the parameter f for the kick
pulse. The following equation applies:
[fo_frequency-adujsting-command_01, 1, en_US]
with:
tfact Pulse duration
f for the kick pulse Parameter for default set point value for the kick pulse
df/dt of the controller Parameter for adapting the balancing commands to the controller
The following figure shows the overall effect of the balancing commands:
[dw_kick-pulse_freq-adj-com, 1, en_US]
[sc_FBadjcomm, 1, en_US]
Delete the stages of the synchronization function that are not used.
NOTE
i Ensure that the transformer connections available in the specific application are routed to the correct meas-
uring point!
You can find the routing in the DIGSI 5 project tree under Function-group connections Connect meas-
uring points to function group.
Route the system-side transformer connections in the FG Circuit breaker to the input V Sync 1.
Route the generator-side transformer connections in the FG Circuit breaker to the input V Sync 2.
The following figures show possible connection variants for the voltage transformers:
[dw_dim_two_3ph-voltage-trans, 1, en_US]
[dw_dim_3ph_and_1ph-voltage-trans, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-91 Connection of a 3-Phase and a 1-Phase Voltage Transformer (Phase-to-Phase Voltage)
[dw_dim_two_1ph-voltage-trans, 1, en_US]
If you have routed the voltage transformers to the measuring points, set the corresponding transformer data
in the System data.
In the FG Circuit breaker, under General, set the rated voltage that is used as a reference for percentage-
value scaling.
Siemens recommends routing the functional measured values into the fault record in addition to the logical
signals. Route at least the functional measured values (_:2311:300) dV, (_:2311:301) df, and (_:
2311:302) d into the fault record. This allows you to document the commissioning and subsequently the
quality of synchronization.
The asynchronous operating mode defines the automatic synchronization of generators. For this reason, the
parameters for this operating mode are described in the following sections.
You can find the basic parameters in the setting sheet for the Syn./Asy.bal. stage in the General block. The
default settings for the parameters are typical values. You can use the default settings if the transformer has a
secondary rated voltage of 100 V.
[sc_FB0_adj_comm, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-93 General Block for Syn./Asy.Bal. Stage in the DIGSI Setting Sheet
If you want to switch the generator to a dead busbar (black start), Siemens recommends keeping the default
values and controlling the release via the binary input signal (_:506) >Op. mode 'V1<V2>'.
The preset voltage ranges V1 < 5 V (dead busbar) and V2 > 80 V (live generator) are tested only once the
binary input signal (_:506) >Op. mode 'V1<V2>' is active. Siemens recommends this procedure.
If you set the parameter (_:105) Close cmd. at V1< & V2> = yes, on the other hand, the voltage
ranges are tested automatically once synchronization has started. The condition V1 < 5 V is met if the voltage
is really 0 V or in case of an interruption.
In case of an interruption, the current voltage state of the busbar is unknown and there is a risk of wrong
synchronization. In this case, you can increase safety with the following measures:
The operational crew deliberately releases synchronization.
Alternatively, you can control release via a redundant 2nd channel. If V1 < 5 V (dead busbar), the binary
input signal (_:506) >Op. mode 'V1<V2>' is active.
[sc_FB_spglos_sch, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-94 De-en.gized Switch. Block for Syn./Asy.Bal. Stage in the DIGSI Setting Sheet
NOTE
i In the black-start application, a 3-phase voltage connection provides the advantage that all voltages are
monitored. This increases the safety of this application.
Parameter for Asynchronous Operation: Maximum Differential Values for Voltage and Frequency
(_:135) T pause V
(_:136) Smoothing
(_:137) (V/Vrated)/(f/frated)
[fo_voltage-adujsting-command, 1, en_US]
with:
dVMeasured value Measured differential voltage
dV per second Parameter for specifying the speed of set point value change
EXAMPLE:
The following values apply to the example:
Measured differential voltage dV = 4 V
Parameter setting value dV per second = 2 V/s
Use the following equation to estimate the duration of the balancing pulse:
[fo_du-dt_2v-s, 1, en_US]
The calculated duration of the setting pulse is 2 s. The setting value of the parameter (_:133) T V pulse
max limits the maximum duration of the setting pulse to 1 s. In this case, the value of 1 s applies.
Parameter: T pause V
Parameter: Smoothing
[dw_characteristic-adjusting-com, 1, en_US]
Parameter: (V/Vrated)/(f/frated)
EXAMPLE:
[fo_v-rated_the_generator, 1, en_US]
T f pulse max
T pause f
Smoothing
Stabilization
[fo_frequency-adujsting-command, 1, en_US]
with:
dfMeasured value Measured differential frequency
f set point for Parameter for specifying the set point value for the frequency balancing
balancing commands
df/dt of the controller Parameter for specifying the speed of set point value change
Parameter: T pause f
EXAMPLE:
Use the following equation to calculate the duration of the balancing pulse:
[fo_df-dt_1hz-s, 1, en_US]
Parameter: Smoothing
EXAMPLE:
The set frequency band in the example is df = 0.1 Hz.
At this threshold, the period duration is as follows:
[fo_Tdf, 1, en_US]
The rule of three may be used to estimate the minimum dead time as follows:
360 = 10 s
120 = tmin
[fo_frequenzband, 1, en_US]
Set the parameter T close without balancing to a higher value, as in a practical case, the current
differential frequency is less than 0.1 Hz (for example, set point value 0.04 s).
At a differential frequency of 0.04 Hz, a 360 rotation takes 25 s and this leads to a minimum dead time of
approximately 8 s.
The example shows that the default setting of 5.00 s is a practicable value.
[fo_frequency-adujsting-command_02, 1, en_US]
If the controller does not respond to this brief pulse (tfact < t pulse min), the minimum pulse T f pulse
min applies.
Parameter: Stabilization
7.5.9.3 Settings
When configuring the Expanded delta-f options function block, you can expand the synchronization checks
to include the following aspects:
Limitation of the frequency change rate
With this option, you can define additional upper limits for the rate of permissible requency difference
change. The release checks for both stage types take these additional upper limits into consideration.
Both activation (parameters (_:140) Limit dfdiff/dt for sync. op and (_:142) Limit
dfdiff/dt for asyn. op) and the upper limits (parameters (_:141) Max. value dfdiff/dt
syn and (_:143) Max. value dfdiff/dt asyn) for the frequency change rate are adjustable
selectively for synchronous and asynchronous conditions. Both stage types consider the frequency
change rate when issuing the release for switching and indicate when the rate is exceeded.
If you also activate the option to compensate for low-frequency oscillations (parameter (_:150)
Suppr. frequ. oscillations), the frequency change rate is stabilized in the presence of such oscil-
lations. Stabilization is in effect for asynchronous as well as synchronous operating modes.
[dwsynfre-101013-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-96 Example: Frequency Difference between the Constant Frequency f1 and the Sinusoidal
Oscillating Frequency f2
With this option active, the range of function measured values is expanded by the smoothed frequency.
Release of switching in synchronous networks occurs after one second at the earliest. This time is needed
to smooth the frequency measured values.
The actual frequency can be larger or smaller than the smoothed value at any instant. The Max. diff.
"f threshold" parameter makes it possible to limit the increase in instantaneous frequency value in
relation to the respective frequency threshold value.
7.5.11.1 Description
If at least one of 2 parts of an electrical power system is de-energized, the parts of the electrical power system
can be connected together via the following operating modes.
If the measured voltage is less than the threshold V1, V2 without voltage, the zero potential of the part
of the electrical power system is detected. In this case, all phases are compared to the parameter V1, V2
without voltage. The energized side must be in the defined operating range with respect to voltage and
frequency (see chapter 7.5.4.1 Description) and all phases must exceed the threshold V1, V2 with
voltage.
The following additional closing conditions can be selected, which are then applied next to the closing condi-
tions for the synchronism:
Settings Description
Close cmd. at V1> & V2< Closing release under the condition that the part V1 of the power
system is energized and the part of the electrical power system
U2 is de-energized.
Close cmd. at V1< & V2> Closing release under the condition that the part V1 of the power
system is de-energized and the part of the electrical power
system U2 is energized.
Close cmd. at V1< & V2< Closing release provided mains adapters V 1 and V2 are de-ener-
gized.
Each of these conditions can be made effective individually via parameters or binary input. You can also set
parameters for combinations, for example a release for closure, if Close cmd. at V1> & V2< or Close
cmd. at V1< & V2> has been fulfilled.
[losyn003-160311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The indications Cond. V1>V2< fulfilled, Cond. V1<V2> fulfilled and Cond. V1<V2<
fulfilled indicate that the relevant conditions are fulfilled.
You can use the Supervision time parameter to set a supervision time for which the closing conditions
must at least be fulfilled with de-energized connection, before closing is allowed.
NOTE
i For reasons of safety, the releases have been deactivated in the default setting and are therefore at no.
Even if you wish to apply one of these operating modes, Siemens recommends leaving the setting at no for
reasons of safety. Set the operating mode only dynamically via the assigned binary input signal (for
example >Operating mode 'U1>U2<') (see also Figure 7-97). This prevents one of these operating
modes from being incorrectly activated statically thereby resulting in an incorrect switching.
Settings Description
no No release for closing is possible via this operating mode.
yes If part V1of the power system is de-energized and part V2 of the power
system is energized, the release for closure is given upon starting the
synchronization stage after the supervision time has passed.
The setting depends on the operational requirements. Note the above
information.
Settings Description
no No release for closing is possible via this operating mode.
yes If part V1of the power system is energized and part V2 of the power
system is de-energized, the release for closure is given upon starting the
synchronization stage after the supervision time has passed.
The setting depends on the operational requirements. Note the above
information.
Settings Description
no No release for closing is possible via this operating mode.
yes If the parts V1 and V2 of the power system are de-energized, the release
for closure is given upon starting the synchronization stage after the
supervision time has passed.
The setting depends on the operational requirements. Note the above
information.
The setting value indicates the voltage below which a part of the power system (feeder or busbar) can be
regarded as deactivated with certainty.
Siemens recommends a setting value of approx. 5 % of the rated voltage for this. All voltages connected
according to the parameterized measuring-point connection type are subjected to the appropriate Vmin/Vmax
test.
NOTE
i For safety reasons, Siemens recommends leaving the setting atno. If a direct close command is necessary,
Siemens recommends only using this operating mode dynamically via the binary input signal >Op. mode
'dir.cls.cmd' (see also Figure 7-99). This prevents this operating mode from being incorrectly acti-
vated statically thereby resulting in an incorrect switching.
You can activate the operating mode direct close command statically via the Direct close command
parameter or dynamically with the binary input signal >Op. mode 'dir.cls.cmd' (see Figure 7-98).
[losyndir-140611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The operating mode Direct close command function initiates a closure release without any testing upon start
of the synchronization stage. The closure occurs immediately.
The combination Direct close command with other operating modes is not recommended, as the other oper-
ating data is bypassed.
If the synchronization function is defective (standby of the sync stage = alarm or warning), a direct close
command is executed or not executed, depending on the type of fault (see also supervisions in chapter
7.5.4.1 Description).
With Control
The control and synchronization function are always located in a function group Circuit breaker. The control
and also the synchronization function always operate with the circuit breaker, which is linked to the function
group Circuit breaker.
As soon as the synchronization function is in the function group Circuit breaker, the circuit breaker is subject
to compulsory synchronization. If all synchronization stages are deactivated, the circuit breaker cannot be acti-
vated via the control, as no release can be generated for the closure. The circuit breaker is no longer subject to
compulsory synchronization after deletion of the synchronization function. Closure without synchronization is
then possible via the control.
If closure is to be synchronized via the control, the control automatically generates an internal signal which
starts the synchronization function. The functional sequence is described in chapter 7.5.6 Sequence of Func-
tions. After fulfilling all closing conditions, the synchronization sends a release signal to the control, which
closes the circuit breaker and then stops and synchronization function.
[losynaw1-310111-01.tif, 1, en_US]
State-controlled, via the signal >Start / stop syn.proc. (see also chapter 7.5.6 Sequence of Func-
tions).
The start is followed by the functional sequence (see chapter 7.5.6 Sequence of Functions). If the conditions
are fulfilled, the output signal Release close cmd. is issued. The switched object QAx of the function
group Circuit breaker is not closed. The output signal Release close cmd. must be explicitly assigned to
the binary output in order to close the circuit breaker.
[losynaw3-160311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
7.5.14.1 Description
The purpose of the External synchronization function is to control an external synchronization device.
[dw_ctrl_ext_sync_device, 1, en_US]
The bay controller in bay x should switch the circuit breaker in bay x in synchrony. The synchronization check
is carried out in the central paralleling device 7VE6. In addition to the paralleling device, another central bay
controller ensures the switching of the correct measuring voltages and the routing of the CB close command
from the 7VE6 to the correct circuit breaker in bay x. The bay controller x provides the information to the
central bay controller via IEC61850-GOOSE.
The External synchronization is designed as a function block which can be used in the Circuit-breaker func-
tion group. The additional External synchronization function block integrates the external synchronization
into command processing, so that the corresponding feedback can be forwarded to the command source.
If a circuit-breaker close command with a synchronization requirement is present, the external synchroniza-
tion device is started. After successfully checking the synchronization conditions, the close command is issued
from the external synchronization device to the circuit breaker. If a circuit-breaker close command without
synchronization requirement is present, the circuit-breaker close command is issued directly from the Circuit-
breaker function group to the circuit breaker. Also, each circuit-breaker trip command is issued directly to the
circuit breaker.
In case of a failure of the external synchronization device, you can also close the circuit breaker directly
without considering the synchronization conditions.
[dwextsyn-02, 1, en_US]
[scextsyn-041116-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-103 Instantiating the External Synchronization Function Block in the Circuit-Breaker Function
Group
It is not possible to jointly instantiate the External synchronization function block with the 25 synchroniza-
tion function in the same Circuit-breaker function group.
Parameter: Mode
7.5.14.3 Settings
7.5.15 Settings
The User-defined function block [control] allows the switching-authority check of a control command and
the check of whether the circuit breaker has reached the position for user-defined controllables.
The User-defined function block [control] is located in the folder User-defined functions in the DIGSI 5
Library.
You can instantiate the user-defined function blocks on the top level (in parallel to other function groups) as
well as within function groups and functions.
The task of the function block is to check the switching authority. For control commands, the function block
checks whether the switching direction is the same as the current switch position. You can instantiate every
user-defined signal (for example, SPS, DPC, INC) in the function block and route the corresponding indications
(see following figure).
[scbenutz, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-104 Information Routing with Inserted User-Defined Function Block [Control]: Process Indications
and Some Individual Indications
The function block contains the parameters (_:104) Check switching authority, (_:105) Check
if pos. is reached, and (_:150) Check swi.auth. for Mode. The parameter settings Check
switching authority and Check if pos. is reached affect all controllables instantiated in the
function block. Other signal types are not affected by these parameters and objects.
On the other hand, the parameter setting Check swi.auth. for Mode affects the controllable Mode
(controllable) of the function block.
[scfbudct, 1, en_US]
7.6.4 Settings
If you want to process a parameter in a CFC chart and this parameter is to be changeable during runtime using
DIGSI or HMI, you can use the function blocks CFC chart of Boolean parameters, the CFC chart of integer
parameters and the CFC chart of floating-point parameters. Instantiate the appropriate function block
depending on the parameter value needed (logical, integer, or floating point). In this way, the current value of
the parameter can then be used in the CFC chart at runtime.
You can find the CFC-chart parameters Chrt sett.Bool , Chart setting Int , and Chrt sett.real
in the DIGSI library in the User-defined functions folder. Drag and drop the desired function block into a func-
tion group or a function. Set the appropriate parameter value of the function block in DIGSI using the param-
eter editor or via HMI under the Settings menu item. You can then use the parameter as an input signal in CFC
charts.
NOTE
i The user-defined function groups and the user-defined functions can be used to group the CFC-chart
parameters. You can rename for the function block and change the parameter value in the DIGSI Informa-
tion routing matrix to suit your specific application.
[sccfcparam, 1, en_US]
You can use the parameter Chrt sett.Bool in a CFC chart as an input signal with a Boolean value. This
input value can then be changed during the runtime of the CFC chart.
7.7.4 Settings
With the device control function, you can change a transformer tap by moving it higher or lower and monitor
the proper execution of the adjusting commands.
The function has built-in comprehensive options for measuring the tap changer position as well as supervision
functions. The supervision functions are used to check the voltage and supply information about the tap posi-
tion for adaptive matching of the transformer differential protection.
[sc_tssdig, 1, en_US]
The central element is the Controllable Position of type BSC (Binary Controlled Step Position Information,
based on IEC 61850). You connect this Controllable in the matrix to the desired number of binary inputs that
indicate the current tap position.
You can find more information in chapter 7.8.2 Application and Setting Notes.
The Position Controllable also contains parameters. If you wish to change the settings, you must select the
Controllable in the DIGSI information matrix and change the settings by way of the Properties dialog. The taps
are controlled via the commands Higher command and Lower command, each of which must be connected
to one binary output.
Example
The following 2 figures show a CFC chart as an example for transformer tap control with the routing of the
function keys for stepping up or stepping down.
[schilocd-280316-01, 2, en_US]
To use the function keys, you create 2 user-defined single-point indications (SPS). These are used for the func-
tion keys (for example, <F1>, Higher function key and <F2>, Lower function key) and as the input signals for
the appropriate CFC blocks. In addition, you must use the controllable Cmd. with feedback for the CFC
chart.
You can select the control direction using the following values at the Val input of the BSC_DEF block.
1 means step up
0 means step down
[scbivctv-280715-01, 3, en_US]
Using this simple CFC chart, pressing the function keys to step up or down incrementally can be displayed.
Adjusting-Command Monitoring
Adjusting-ommand monitoring is used for checking the proper operation of the tap-changer mechanism. The
Tap changer function calculates the next logical tap position as a result of the higher/lower command. The
time of position detection is determined as a function of the availability of the motor sliding contact. After
resetting the active motor sliding contact, the Tap changer function reads the new tap position value. If the
value for the calculated tap position could not be received within the parameterized time Motor supervi-
sion time, the error message Position failure is issued.
The following position errors of the tap changer are considered during this:
Invalid tap position: The tap position is outside the predefined range of minimum value and maximum
value
Adjusting command in the wrong direction (for example, if a higher tap was commanded and the tap
changer responds with a lower position and vice versa)
No operation of the tap changer (for example, if the tap-changer motor is defective or the position indi-
cation is not functioning)
Illogical tap-change operation (for example, if no logical tap position following the previous position is
indicated)
The value of 0 during an unexpected interruption of the auxiliary voltage represents a special case. An invalid
tap-changer position without a corresponding adjusting command is signaled only as an invalid tap position in
the Position controllable.
[lotcmoue-090713-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Supervision Behavior
Depending on the setting of the Supervision behavior parameter, the function reaches a health state of
Alarm or Warning. You can set the Supervision behavior parameter to off, alarm block, or
warning.
In the alarm block mode, the function is set to the health state Alarm. All tap-changer commands are
blocked.
In the warning mode, the function is set to the health state Warning. Executing tap-changer commands is
still possible.
You can reset the health state of alarm block or warning manually using the controllable Reset
errors (Main menu Device functions Reset functions Tap changer). As an alternative to this, you can
also switch off the supervision function and then switch it on again.
Operating Meter
The device counts the number of successfully completed adjusting commands with the Op.ct. switching
cycle metered value. The meter and memory levels are protected against an auxiliary-voltage failure. The
switching cycle metered value can be preconfigured to 0 or to any other starting value.
You can access the statistical values via the operation panel on the device (measured values/statistics), via
DIGSI, or using various communication protocols.
[scstuslt-100713-01.tif, 2, en_US]
NOTE
i If run positions, this means internal tap changer positions without voltage changes, are available, the
following must be observed:
If these tap changer positions contain a suffix a and c or + and -, and additional switching pulses are not
required, adjust the parameter for the feedback and motor supervision time to the actual motor runtime
when passing through a run position. Siemens recommends parameterization with capturing of the motor
sliding contact.
status only
Default setting (_:116) Highest tap changer pos. = Lowest voltage tap
With the Highest tap changer pos. parameter, you specify whether the lowest or highest voltage is
present at the highest tap changer position.
[scdeegts-170216-01, 1, en_US]
BCD
table
BCD signed
gray
A selection of tap-coding types is described in greater detail using examples in the following text.
Example
BI1 BI2 BI3 BI4 BI5 BI6
Tap changer X X X X
Meaning Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Moving
contact
Tap = 1 1 0 0
With 3 binary inputs, a maximum of 23 -1 = 7 tap positions can be mapped in binary code. If all routed binary
inputs indicate 0, this is interpreted as a connection error and is reported by Position --- or -64 with quality
invalid. The representation of transformer taps should start with the metered value 3. You must configure the
information properties as follows for the example:
Tap-coding type: binary
Number of tap positions: 7
Number of bits f. tap code: 4
Tap-display offset: 2
Moving contact (highest binary input): Yes
The 3 binary inputs must be numbered sequentially, for example, BI 1, BI 2, BI 3, and BI 4 for the moving
contact.
Example
BI1 BI2 BI3 BI4 BI5 BI6 BI7
Tap changer X X X X X X X
Meaning BCD 1 BCD 2 BCD 4 BCD 8 BCD 10 BCD 20 Moving
contact
Tap = 21 1 0 0 0 0 1
With 6 binary inputs, a maximum of 39 tap positions can be mapped with the tap-coding type of BCD. This
results in the number of tap positions from 1 to 39. If all routed binary inputs indicate 0, this is detected as tap
0. The 7 binary inputs must be numbered sequentially, for example, BI 1, BI 2, BI 3, BI 4, BI 5, BI 6, and BI 7 for
the moving contact.
Tap-coding type: BCD
Number of tap positions: 39
Number of bits f. tap code: 7
Tap-display offset: 0
Moving contact (highest binary input): Yes
[sccotabi-111016-01, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i If the binary inputs used for encoding are all inactive, this indicates an invalid tap position (regardless of
the display offset). For an invalid tap position, the display shows the position --- or -64 with quality invalid,
exception BCD signed, see Routing of the Binary Inputs (Tap-Coding Type BCD signed), Page 1487.
Enter the encoding for the tap in the Encoding column in the Code table. Enter the value according to the
number system previously selected. Select the desired number of taps and number of bits for tap coding. Taps
with the same encoding and taps with 0 coding are not permitted.
Table 7-27 Routing of the Binary Inputs (Tap-Coding Type BCD signed)
Example
BI1 BI2 BI3 BI4 BI5 BI6
Tap changer X X X
Meaning BCD 1 BCD 2 Sign
Tap = 1 1 0 1
Using 3 binary inputs, a maximum of 7 tap positions can be mapped with the tap coding type of BCD signed.
This yields the number of tap positions from -3 to 3. If all routed binary inputs indicate 0, this is recognized as
tap 0. The 3 binary inputs must be numbered sequentially.
Tap-coding type: BCD signed
Number of tap positions: 7
Number of bits f. tap code: 3
Tap-display offset: 0
Moving contact (highest binary input): No
[sc_trass7, 1, en_US]
The settings listed here can only be reached and changed by way of the Properties dialog of the Position
Controllable.
Addr. Parameter C Range of Values Default Setting
General Information
- Minimum value Calculated -
- Maximum value Calculated -
- Tap-display offset 63 to +63 0
- Number of bits f. tap code 2 to 32 4
- Number of tap positions 2 to 63 15
- Tap-coding type binary binary
1-of-n
BCD
table
BCD signed
gray
Software filter
- Software filter time 0 ms to 86400000 ms 500 ms
NOTE
i You can find more detailed information on the process monitor in chapter 5.5.4 Process Monitor (FG Line).
7.8.4 Settings
The transformer voltage controller functionality (ANSI 90V) is used to control power transformers (two-
winding transformers, three-winding transformers, grid coupling transformers) and auto transformers using a
motor-operated tap changer. The function provides automatic voltage control within a specified voltage range
on the secondary side of the transformers or, as an alternative, at a remote load point (Z compensation or R/X
compensation) in the network. In order to compensate for the voltage variations in the meshed system, use
the LDC-Z procedure (Z compensation). For voltage drops on the line, use the LDC-XandR procedure (R/X
compensation).
The control principle is based on the fact that a higher or lower command to the tap changer, as a function of
the voltage change (V) per tap, causes a voltage increase or decrease.
The voltage control operates on a tap-for-tap basis and compares the measured actual voltage (Vact) to the
specified target voltage (Vtarget). If the voltage difference is greater than the set bandwidth (B), a higher or
lower command is sent to the tap changer once the set time delay (T1) has elapsed. Specifying the time delay
(T1) depends on the set controller response (inverse or linear), to avoid unnecessary adjusting commands
during brief voltage deviations from the target value and for coordination with other automatic voltage
controllers in the system.
The voltage controller function also monitors the currents on the upper-voltage side and the low-voltage side
of the transformer to block the controller during impermissible operating states (overcurrent/undercurrent/
undervoltage). The voltage controller function also has limiting values that, in special operating cases,
suppress higher commands in the case of overvoltage and lower commands in the case of undervoltage.
The Two-winding transformer voltage controller, Three-winding transformer voltage controller, and Grid
coupling transformer voltage controller function groups consist of 5 function blocks. Depending on the
application, the function groups are preconfigured in the relevant application template by the manufacturer or
can be copied into the corresponding device project during engineering.
The following figure shows, for example, the functional scope of the Two-winding transformer voltage
controller function group.
[dwvolctl-060913-01.vsd, 2, en_US]
The functions General (GAPC), Tap changer (YLTC), and Voltage controller (ATCC) are logical node points in
IEC 61850-8-1.
The tap changer (YLTC) is the interface between the voltage controller (ATCC) and the motor-operated tap
changer of the transformer (OLTC). This means that the voltage controller (ATCC) sends higher and lower
commands to the tap changer. This tap changer issues command pulses to the motor-operated tap changer of
the transformer (OLTC). The tap changer (YLTC) measures the tap positions and monitors the action of the
motor-operated tap changer (OLTC).
Three-winding transformer:
2 x voltage, 3-phase
2 x current, 3-phase (optional)
[dwvocnti-060913-01.vsd, 2, en_US]
You can find the information and function measured values of the voltage controller in the DIGSI routing
matrix.
If the load is increased in an electricity-supply system, the voltage is reduced and vice versa. The power trans-
formers are usually equipped with transformer tap changers (OLTC) so as to keep the power-system voltage at
a constant level.
As a result, the transformer ratio is changed in predefined steps. Changes to the transformer taps cause the
voltage to change.
The Voltage control function is intended to control transformers with motor-operated transformer tap
changers.
This function is designed to control the following:
For two-winding transformers (2W): the voltage on the secondary circuit of the power transformer
For three-winding transformers (3W): the voltage of the secondary winding 1 or winding 2
For grid coupling transformers (GC): voltage of winding 1 or winding 2, selectively depending on the
power direction
Control operation is based on a step-by-step principle. To move the tap changer one position higher or lower,
a single control pulse is issued to the motor-drive mechanism of the tap changer. The length of the control
pulse can be set over a large range so as to handle the different types of tap-changer drives. The control pulse
is issued if the measured voltage deviates from the set reference value by more than the preset voltage range
for more than a given time period.
The voltage can be controlled at the voltage measuring point or at the load point in the electrical power
system. In this case, the load-point voltage is calculated on the basis of the measured load current and the
known impedance between the voltage measuring point and the load point.
The following figures show possible configurations of the voltage controller for two-winding transformers
with and without current measurement.
[dwkonlst-060913.vsd, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-117 Voltage-Controller Constellation for Two-Winding Transformers with Current Measurement for
Load Compensation at the End of the Line
[dwkonlsK-060913.vsd, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-118 Voltage-Controller Constellation for Two-Winding Transformers without Current Measurement
Three-Winding Transformers
Three-winding transformers are special power transformers that have 2 separate windings on the secondary
circuit and typically supply 2 different busbars. The voltage levels on the secondary circuit of the power trans-
formers can either be the same or different. In addition to designs with 2 tap changers on the secondary
circuits, in most cases, three-winding transformers are equipped with only one tap changer or on-load tap
changer on the primary side. It is therefore necessary to feed both voltages of the secondary windings to the
voltage measuring inputs (V1, V2) and to specify one of them, depending on the busbar situation, to the
voltage controller as the control variable.
The voltages of side 1 and 2 of the three-winding transformer are simultaneously monitored. In the process,
the voltage to be controlled can be automatically selected via the load current of both sides or by using one
parameter. This parameter is the settings group switching via binary input, protocol, or function keys. The
uncontrolled voltage can be monitored in parallel to ensure that it remains within the defined voltage limits.
If a current measuring point is assigned to a function group, the voltage to be controlled can be automatically
selected dependent on the load.
For automatic on-load tap changing, the voltage of the transformer side into which the larger load current
flows is controlled. The respective uncontrolled voltage is monitored for undervoltage and overvoltage.
In contrast to overvoltage on the controlled side, for overvoltage on the uncontrolled side, the higher impulse
is blocked and no fast step down to a lower tap occurs. In case of undervoltage on the uncontrolled side, the
lower adjusting commands are blocked if this behavior is activated for undervoltage supervision.
[dw_V-constell-3wind-with-imeas.vsd, 2, en_US]
Figure 7-119 Voltage-Controller Constellation for Three-Winding Transformers with Current Measurement
for Load Compensation at the End of the Line
[dw_V-constell-3wind-without-imeas-091014.vsd, 2, en_US]
Figure 7-120 Voltage-Controller Constellation for Three-Winding Transformers without Current Measure-
ment
[dw_V-constell-2wind-coupl-transf.vsd, 1, en_US]
Tap Changer
The Tap changer function issues the adjusting commands to the on-load tap changer and receives the corre-
sponding feedback. The function of the tap changer inside the voltage controller corresponds to that of the
separate tap changer. The higher and lower adjusting commands are generated by the voltage controller. The
Check switching authority, Control model, SBO time-out and Feedback monitoring time
parameters are set only in the voltage controller.
You can find more information in chapter 7.9.4 Application and Setting Notes Voltage Controllers.
Voltage Controller
The Voltage controller function controls the voltage within the bandwidth and within the set voltage limits.
Using the Mode parameter, you can turn the voltage controller on or off or set it for test mode.
With the Number of target voltage parameter, you can specify up to 4 target voltages. You can only
activate one of these target voltages at a time using function key, communication, or a binary input. Use the
Set point mode active parameter to specify a valid target voltage via a communication network.
If the voltage controller is switched off, adjusting commands cannot be given to the tap changer in automatic
operation or in manual operation. The set on-site or remote switching authority is independent of this.
You can set the controller operating mode using the Operating mode parameter or the Operating mode
command to automatic operation or manual operation. In automatic operation, the voltage is controlled auto-
matically in accordance with the set parameters.
[lovoltco-060913-01.vsd, 3, en_US]
1) Manual operation
2) Automatic operation
3) Controllable
4) Command
In accordance with the IEC 61850 standard, DOI LTCBlk (Block automatic operation command), automatic
control can be blocked with a command.
The voltage controller measures the actual voltage (Vact) and compares it to the target voltage (Vtarget). If
the difference between the measured voltage (control deviation D) is greater than the set bandwidth (B), a
higher or lower command is sent to the tap changer once the set time delay (T1) has elapsed.
You can change the settings for control during operation with the settings group switching.
You can switchover the settings groups via the following alternatives:
Via the on-site operation panel directly on the device
Via an online DIGSI connection to the device
Via a communication connection to substation automation technology (IEC 60870-5-103, IEC 61850)
You can find more information in chapter 3.10.1 Settings-Group Switching.
Control Deviation
The control deviation is calculated from the present actual voltage and the target voltage in relation to the
rated voltage.
[fokonisk-211013, 2, en_US]
D = Control deviation
Bandwidth
To minimize the number of switching operations by the tap changer, a permitted bandwidth is defined. If the
actual voltage is within the bandwidth, no adjusting control commands are issued to the tap changer. If the
actual voltage exceeds the defined bandwidth, an adjusting command is issued after the set time delay T1
delay. If the actual voltage returns to the voltage range of the bandwidth before T1 delay elapses, no
adjusting control command is issued.
If the actual voltage returns to the voltage range of the bandwidth within the time delay T1, the running time
delay T1 continues to count down, starting at the already elapsed time. If the actual voltage returns again to
the set bandwidth while the time is counting down, the time delay T1 is started at the remaining time. In this
way, the time delay is reduced in the event of frequent violations of the lower limit of the bandwidth.
[dwistspn-060913-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
[dw_istgro-130215, 1, en_US]
[dwistgro-060913-01.vsd, 2, en_US]
[losnlruk-090913-01.vsd, 2, en_US]
[lofktueb-090913-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
Line Compensation
When using line compensation, the voltage drop of a phase that is connected to a transformer can be
included. In this case, 2 processes are available:
Z compensation (LDC-Z)
X and R compensation (LDC-XandR)
NOTE
i Line compensation is only active if power is flowing in the direction of the line.
Z Compensation (LDC-Z)
Z compensation allows you to include the voltage drop of a line connected to the transformer. You can switch
Z compensation on or off. If cos is roughly constant, you can use Z compensation. Setting the parameters
requires the calculation of the voltage increase (Target voltage rising) taking into consideration the
load current (Max load current).
The parameter Target voltage rising represents the voltage drop across the line as a % under rated
load.
You can find more information and the calculation in chapter 7.9.4 Application and Setting Notes Voltage
Controllers.
In case of active Z compensation, you must limit the maximum permitted voltage increase in relation to the
target voltage to avoid too high voltage at the transformer. To do this, set the parameter Max load
current. In addition, the parameter Vmax threshold is active. If the actual voltage exceeds this threshold
value, no more higher adjusting commands are issued.
[dwregchr-090913-01.vsd, 3, en_US]
[dw-line-drop-kompensation-250214-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
If the X and R compensation is active, you must limit the maximum permitted voltage increase in relation to
the target voltage in order to avoid a voltage at the transformer that is too high. To do this, set the parameter
Vmax threshold. If the actual voltage exceeds this threshold value, no more higher adjusting commands
are issued.
Limiting Values
The limiting values cause no higher or lower adjusting commands to be given to the tap changer in the event
of an upper limit violation (Vmax threshold) or lower limit violation (Vmin threshold). In this way,
changing taps under abnormal voltage conditions and changing taps in the incorrect direction (for example, in
the event of wiring errors) is prevented.
The lower and upper tap changer limits are included in the limiting values. The parameters Lower tap-
position limit and Higher tap-position limit cause an additional restriction of the control range.
Blockings
The blockings prevent tap positions under abnormal network conditions. The following blocking functions are
available:
Undervoltage
Overcurrent, load current
Undercurrent
[loblokir-090913-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
If assignment of the tap changer for the transformer side is available, the current of the upper-voltage side is
also monitored and the differential-protection pickup automatically blocks the voltage controller.
The functional measured values V max and V min can be reset with the input indication >Reset min./max..
For the two-winding transformer, you can find the measured values under the following menu items of the
device:
Main menu Measurements Voltage control 2w 90V V.contr.2w
Main menu Measurements Voltage control 2w Statistics 90V V.contr.2w
The functional measured values Vmax 1, Vmax 2, Vmin 1 and Vmin 2 can be reset with the input indication
>Reset min./max..
For the three-winding transformer, you can find the measured values under the following menu items of the
device:
Main menu Measurements Voltage control 3w 90V V.contr.3w
Main menu Measurements Voltage control 3w Statistics 90V V.contr.3w
The functional measured values Vmax 1, Vmax 2, Vmin 1 and Vmin 2 can be reset with the input indication
>Reset min./max..
For the grid coupling transformer, you can find the measured values under the following menu items of the
device:
Main menu Measurements Voltage control gc 90V V.contr.gc
Main menu Measurements Voltage control gc Statistics 90V V.contr.gc
Table 7-28 Possible Fundamental Values for the Voltage Controller Function Group
Table 7-29 Possible Power Measured Values of the Voltage Controller Function Group
Winding 1
Parameter: Rated current
Default setting (_:2311:101) Rated current= 1000.00 A
Parameter: Rated voltage
Default setting (_:2311:103) Rated voltage = 400.00 kV
Winding 2
Parameter: Rated current
Default setting (_:2311:102) Rated current= 1000.00 A
Tap Changer
The parameters of the tap changer inside the voltage controller correspond to those of the tap changer in
chapter 7.8.2 Application and Setting Notes.
For the tap changer inside the voltage controller, the parameters for the control model are copies of those
from the voltage controller. This concerns the parameters:
Checking the switching authority
Control model
SBO42 Time-out
Feedback.monitor.time
Voltage Controller
Parameter: Mode
Default setting (_:14011:1) Mode = on
With the Mode parameter, you switch the voltage controller in on, off, or in test operation.
Parameter: Operating mode
Default setting (_:14011:101) Operating mode = Manual
With the Operating mode parameter, you specify whether the controller is operating in Auto mode or in
Manual.
42 In the IEC 61850 standard, reservation is known as Select Before Operate (SBO).
Controlling
Parameter: Check switching authority
Default setting (_:107) Check switching authority = yes
With the Check switching authority parameter, you specify whether the switching authority (On-site,
Remote) is checked during an adjusting command.
Parameter: Control model
Default setting (_:109) Control model = SBO w. enh. security
This parameter Control model specifies the control model according to IEC 61850-7-2 that corresponds to
the behavior of the data (SBO Select Before Operate).
You can select one of the following settings:
direct w. normal secur.
SBO w. normal secur.
NOTE
i Keep in mind that the parameter Number of target voltage cannot be influenced by way of the
settings group switching.
You can specify the target voltages (1 to 4) in primary, secondary, or in percent.
For the activation of the target voltage 1 to 4 via a binary input, you need a CFC chart.
NOTE
i Keep in mind that the parameter Number of target voltage cannot be influenced by way of the
settings group switching.
You can specify the target voltages (1 W1/2 to 4 W1/2) in primary, secondary, or in percent.
For the activation of the target voltage 1 to 4 via a binary input, you need a CFC chart.
NOTE
i Keep in mind that the parameter Number of target voltage cannot be influenced by way of the
settings group switching.
You can specify the target voltages (1 W1/2 to 4 W1/2) in primary, secondary, or in percent.
For the activation of the target voltage 1 to 4 via a binary input, you need a CFC chart.
NOTE
i When calculating the Bandwidth B, keep the maximum accepted voltage deviation in the electrical power
system and the tap voltage of the tap changer on the secondary side of the transformer in mind. Select the
bandwidths so that it is not passed through within an increment.
On the secondary side, the increment Vsec is not linear. The largest Vmax,sec in an increment results with the
increment to the highest stage (smallest ratio) and with maximum power-system voltage on the primary side.
[fobdnvrz-150816, 1, en_US]
If the control deviation and the bandwidth are thus correlated, this results in a minimal bandwidth that is to be
set:
[fospnvrz-150816, 1, en_US]
Parameter: T1 characteristic
Default setting (_:114) T1 characteristic = Linear
Parameter: T1 delay
Default setting (_:115) T1 delay = 40 s
You can adjust the control action so that the smallest number of adjusting commands possible is necessary. To
do this, using T1 characteristic, you set the control response and, using T1 delay, you set a time
delay.
In the Linear setting (linear control response), the control response is independent of the voltage deviation.
A constant time delay applies here.
In the Inverse setting (inverse control response), the time delay is a function of the voltage deviation refer-
enced to Target voltage 1. The greater the control deviation, the faster the control response. The control
quality improves, but the switching frequency increases. The effective time delay results from:
[fovrzzet-211013, 2, en_US]
T1 Parameter T1 delay
[fokonisk-211013, 2, en_US]
D = Control deviation
[dwrglchr-160913-01.vsd, 2, en_US]
With this parameter, you specify the time delay of the fast step down mode. If the actual voltage is greater
than the value of the limit for the fast step down mode (_:122), the fast step-down mode is activated. A fast
step down mode is not activated if the voltage limit is exceeded for only a brief period within the time delay.
Parameter: Fast step up
Default setting (_:118) Fast step up = off
Parameter: Fast step up limit
Default setting (_:119) Fast step up limit = 6.0 %
Parameter: Fast step up T delay
Default setting (_:120) Fast step up T delay = 2.0 s
With this parameter, you specify the time delay of the fast step up mode. If the actual voltage is less than the
value of the limit for the fast step up mode (_:119), the fast step up mode is activated. A fast step up mode is
not activated if the voltage limit drops below for only a brief period within the time delay.
Parameter: Function monitoring
Default setting (_:124) Function monitoring = 15 min
You can delay the pickup of the function monitor. With the setting Function monitoring = 0 min, the
function monitor is switched off.
[foschlst-211013, 2, en_US]
With the setting of the parameter Max load current, you can prevent the voltage at the transformer from
becoming too high in the event of extraordinarily high load current. If the load current exceeds the set value,
no additional load-current compensation is calculated.
For setting the parameter Line drop compensation = LDC-XandR, consider the following parameter:
Parameter: R line
Default setting (_:14011:153) R line = 0.0
With the R line parameter, you to set the ohmic resistance of the line.
Parameter: X line
Default setting (_:14011:154) X line = 0.0
With the X line parameter, you set the reactance for the line to be protected.
In order to determine the voltage drop by the line, entering the parameter R line and X line is necessary
for the procedure Line drop compensation = LDC-XandR. If the primary values are known and you
would like to set the secondary values, use the following formula for the calculation
[fo-I-V-Ratio-250214, 1, en_US]
Line Compensation for the Three-Winding Transformer and Grid Coupling Transformer
Parameter: Line drop compensation
Default setting (_:125) Line drop compensation = off
For setting the parameter Line drop compensation = LDC-Z, consider the following parameter:
Parameter: Target voltage rising w1
Default setting (_:126) Target voltage rising w1 = 4.0%
Parameter: Target voltage rising w2
Default setting (_:147) Target voltage rising w2 = 4.0%
Parameter: Max load current
Default setting (_:127) Max load current = 100.0 %
For setting the parameter Line drop compensation = LDC-XandR, consider the following parameter:
Parameter: R line w1
Default setting (_:153) R line w1 = 0.0
Parameter: R line w2
Default setting (_:155) R line w2 = 0.0
Parameter: X line w1
Default setting (_:154) X line w1 = 0.0
Parameter: X line w2
Default setting (_:156) X line w2 = 0.0
7.9.5 Settings
Two-Winding Transformer
Three-Winding Transformer
Two-Winding Transformer
Three-Winding Transformer
8.1 Overview
SIPROTEC 5 devices are equipped with an extensive and integrated supervision concept. Continuous supervi-
sion:
Ensures the availability of the technology used
Avoids subfunction and overfunction of the device
SIPROTEC 5 devices are freely configurable. A load model is integrated in DIGSI 5. The load model prevents you
from overloading the device with an excessively large application.
The load model shows the device utilization and the response times for device functions. If it determines that
an application created is likely to overload the device, DIGSI prevents the application from being loaded into
the device.
In this rare case, you must then reduce the application in order to be able to load it into the device.
The load model can be found in the DIGSI 5 project tree under Name of the device Device information. In
the operating range, select the Resource consumption setting sheet. The following figure shows an example
of the view of the load model in DIGSI 5:
[sclastmo-141210-01, 1, en_US]
A green total display for the processor response time indicates that the device is not overloaded by the present
application. On the other hand, if you see a red exclamation mark, the planned application is overloading the
device.
The list below the total display shows the individual functional areas. These areas combine functions with the
same real-time requirements in groups. A green display in front of an area (see Figure 8-1) indicates that the
response times of the functions grouped in this area can be maintained. A red exclamation point indicates that
functions may have longer response times than are specified in the Technical data for the device. In such a
case, loading of the application into the device is blocked.
The following table provides an overview of the functional areas and the most important influencing quanti-
ties on device utilization:
Functional Brief Description Change in Load
Area
CFC event-trig- CFC charts that must be Adding or removing CFC charts in the fast event-triggered
gered, fast processed especially fast (for process range
example, to invoke interlock- Create CFC chart
ings between protection func- Delete CFC chart
tions) Change the process range in the properties of the CFC
chart
Add to or remove from CFC charts in the fast event-trig-
gered process area
If the load model displays a warning, bear in mind the following general instructions:
The areas named in the table are listed in descending order of real time requirements. If a warning appears to
the effect that the guaranteed response times may be exceeded in an area, you may be able to return to the
permitted area by taking the following measures:
Reduce the functional scope in the marked area (red exclamation mark)
Reduce the functional scope in another area with higher real time requirements
When you have reduced the application, check the display in resource consumption! If a function or state has
been switched off, it will continue to represent a load for the area. If you do not need the function or stage,
delete it rather than switching it off.
Use the general Circuit breaker function group only in the following cases:
Interaction with a protection-function group is essential.
That is, operate indications of protection functions cause the circuit breaker assigned to the Circuit
breaker function group to be switched off.
You want to use functions such as the automatic reclosing function or circuit-breaker failure protection in
the Circuit breaker function group.
If a circuit breaker is only to be modeled for control purposes, use the Circuit breaker [state only] function
group.
When you order a SIPROTEC 5 device, you are also ordering a function-points account for use of additional
functions.
The following figure illustrates consumption of function points in the current application with respect to the
existing function-points account.
[scfpunkt-141210-01, 1, en_US]
The remaining white bar shows the function points that have not yet been used up by your configuration. The
number of function points available in a device depends on the device purchase order (position 20 of the
product code). You can also order function points subsequently, and so increase the function-points account
for the device.
NOTE
i Find out the function-points requirement for the desired application before ordering the device. For this,
you can use the device configurator.
All CFC function blocks can be assigned to all the task levels. There are no device-specific function blocks. If
enough ticks are available, all CFC charts can be created in the same task level. A tick is the measure of the
performance requirement of CFC blocks.
The number of available ticks for each task is calculated depending on the created device configuration. This
calculation is based on the previously described load model. In this process, it is recommended to create all
selected functions and objects first followed by configuration of the CFC charts so that a realistic information
about the remaining system capacitance for CFC charts is available. Significantly exceeding the typical
response time is prevented by the load model by limiting the number of CFC function blocks in the corre-
sponding task level via the number of ticks available.
The typical response times for CFC tasks are listed in the Technical Data.
The following figure shows an example of the CFC chart capacitances in DIGSI calculated by the load model.
The ticks available for each task are shown here. The green bars represent the ticks used in the task levels. You
reach this dialog with the following call: Device Device information Resource consumption.
[sc-cfc-statistic, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i The fast-event-triggered CFC charts have the highest priority and are processed before all other tasks. At
this level, a considerable smaller number of ticks are available than at all other tasks. It is recommended to
configure only very-high-priority logic functions at this task and to configure the other logic functions in
any other level.
NOTE
i Empty CFC charts also consume system resources. Empty charts that are not required any more should be
deleted.
8.3.1 Overview
The secondary circuits establish a connection to the power system from the point of view of the device. The
measuring-input circuit (currents, voltages) as well as the command circuits to the circuit breakers are moni-
tored for the correct function of the device. The connection to the station battery is ensured with the supervi-
sion of the external auxiliary voltage. The secondary system has the following supervision systems:
Measuring circuits (voltage):
Measuring-voltage failure
Voltage-transformer circuit breaker
Voltage balance
Voltage sum
Current sum
Saturation detection
Trip circuits
The following protection functions are automatically blocked in the case of a measuring-voltage failure:
Distance protection
Directional negative-sequence protection
[dwstrffm-210113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[lozusamm-100611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Each subfunction creates its own monitoring indication. The function summarizes these indications via the
group indication Alarm.
The response to the detection of a measuring-voltage failure is explained in the specific protection-function
descriptions.
Logic
[looppode-200812-05.tif, 2, en_US]
The criterion for detection of an unbalanced measuring-voltage failure is the voltage unbalance. This unbal-
ance is determined based on the ratio between negative and positive-sequence voltage. If the threshold value
is violated and the monitoring is released and not blocked, the monitoring picks up (see Figure 8-6). The indi-
cation Asym.fail.-inst.alarm is output.
The monitoring is released as soon as a certain minimum voltage is exceeded. This prevents a spurious
response in the presence of low voltage measurands or a measurand of 0 (for example, circuit breaker open).
Instantaneous monitoring also requires the presence of a minimum current. This prevents a spurious instanta-
neous pick up of the monitoring in the presence of a weak infeed (current < 10 % of rated current) combined
with a power-system incident.
If the voltage unbalance is blocked by unbalanced faults in the primary system, the supervision is blocked. The
device detects an unbalanced fault based on the ratio between negative-sequence and positive-sequence
current. In the event of 1-pole automatic reclosing, the supervision is blocked.
Delay/Seal-In
In the presence of a weak infeed (current < 10 % of rated current), certain protection functions require more
time for detection of a system incident. For this purpose, the monitoring can be delayed using the
Asym.fail. - time delay parameter.
If a system incident is detected during the time delay, the supervision drops off. This is because the function
assumes that the unbalance - and consequently the pickup of the supervision - is due to the system incident.
After the time delay has elapsed, it definitely assumes a measuring-voltage failure. The monitoring seals in
and the Asym.fail.-alarm indication is output. The dropout does not happen until the voltage unbalance
has disappeared after a seal-in time of 10 s. In the presence of 3-pole close-in faults outside the protection
zone, this seal-in time prevents the monitoring from dropping off too quickly and thus releasing the protection
functions.
The sealing-in function can be deactivated using the Asym.fail.-DO on netw.flt. parameter. As soon
as a system incident is detected, the monitoring drops off instantaneously.
Logic
[losymmet-190912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i If a voltage-transformer circuit breaker is installed in the secondary circuit of the voltage transformers, its
position is communicated to the device via a binary input (see chapter 8.3.4.1 Overview of Functions).
Logic
[lozuscha-100611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Switching onto a 3-phase measuring-voltage failure is detected if the following criteria are fulfilled simultane-
ously:
All 3 phase-to-ground voltages have dropped below the threshold value 3ph.fail. - VA,VB,VC <.
The circuit breaker is detected to be in closed position. The detection takes place either via the phase
currents or via the 1-pole closed signal, which is generated via the circuit-breaker auxiliary contacts.
You can find more detailed information in chapter 5.5.4.6 Circuit-Breaker Condition for the Protected
Object.
A voltage jump such as in a 3-phase measuring-voltage failure with closed circuit breaker (see
chapter8.3.2.4 3-Phase Measuring-Voltage Failure ) does not occur in the case of switching to a 3-phase
measuring-voltage failure. If the monitoring is not blocked, the time delay SO 3ph.fail. - time delay
is started. After the time has elapsed, the indication SO 3ph.failure-alarm is displayed. A dropout of the
monitoring is only possible by a recovery of the voltage.
The supervision is blocked as soon as a pickup of a protection function is detected within a protection function
group and the time delay of the supervision has not yet elapsed.
This subfunction also covers the situation of a low load with 3-phase measuring-voltage failure and closed
circuit breaker, because the circuit-breaker condition is also determined from the circuit-breaker auxiliary
contacts. The subfunction for detecting a 3-phase measuring-voltage failure (see chapter 8.3.2.4 3-Phase
Measuring-Voltage Failure ) is not released in this situation, for example, because the current flow is too low.
This subfunction can be switched on or off separately using the Switch-on 3ph. failure parameter.
The 3ph.fail. - phs.curr.release parameter is used to define the phase current threshold above
which the monitoring is released.
Siemens recommends using the default setting.
If the device incorporates the Distance protection function, this value must be set to less than or equal to the
release current of the distance protection.
You can find more information in section Distance protection 6.14.2.1 Overview of Functions .
Recommended setting value (_:103) 3ph.fail. - phs.curr. jump = 0.1 A for Irated = 1 A or
0.5 A for Irated = 5 A
The 3ph.fail. - phs.curr. jump parameter is used to set the differential current between the present
current phasor and the stored phasor (from the previous period). If the value is exceeded, the function detects
a system incident and blocks the monitoring.
Siemens recommends using the default setting.
NOTE
i Adapt the SO 3ph.fail. - time delay parameter to the inherent time of protection functions which
are intended to block the monitoring function.
Note that with parameter values 0 s blocking of the monitoring function via a protection stimulation will
not be possible any more.
8.3.2.7 Settings
signaling voltage fails, the associated binary signals are marked as invalid and a Signaling-voltage malfunc-
tion indication is issued.
Several signaling-voltage supervision groups can be created in one SIPROTEC device. Each of these groups
monitors an adjustable area with binary inputs.
[dwivsstr-060214-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
[sc_ivslib, 1, en_US]
Following the instantiation of the function group in the DIGSI project tree, it appears in the information
routing of DIGSI (see the following figure). The status indications of the supervision groups can be routed
here, for example, to existing binary outputs and/or logs.
[sc_ivsrou, 1, en_US]
Set the binary input used for signaling-voltage supervision within one input/output module using the setting
option (see the following figure). This binary input monitors the presence of the signaling voltage. If the
signaling voltage fails, this sets the quality attribute for all other binary inputs of the parameterized input/
output module to invalid. The signal status of each of these binary inputs is frozen with its last valid value
prior to the occurrence of the fault. The quality attribute of the binary inputs for other input/output modules
are not taken into consideration by this.
If the signaling voltage again exceeds the binary threshold, the quality attribute of the binary inputs is reset to
valid.
[sc_ivsgrp, 1, en_US]
NOTE
You can also combine binary inputs across modules in one Supervision group function block, and define any
binary input within this group for the supervision of the signaling voltage. For this purpose, place a check
mark at the parameter (_:102) Enable variable group when configuring the supervision group. This
extends the parameter menu by the sections Start supervision group and End supervision group (see the
following figure).
[sc_gruppe_de, 1, en_US]
There, for example, you are able to combine 1 to n different binary inputs into one supervision group. When
doing so, the binary inputs on the input/output modules assignable to a supervision group must be related
logically. With 3 input/output modules, for example, this allows only consecutive binary inputs to be grouped
on the modules 1+2 or 2+3, but no binary inputs on modules 1+3. The binary inputs used for supervision can
be located on any input/output module within the group defined in this manner.
If you have to monitor several binary inputs that, for example, work with different signaling voltages from
different sources, then you can also instantiate and configure several Supervision group function blocks
within the Signaling-voltage supervision function group accordingly.
Within different supervision groups, only those consecutive binary inputs that are not already assigned to
another supervision group can be grouped. The overlapping of binary inputs in different supervision groups is
not permitted.
Example: There are 4 input/output modules. Binary inputs of input/output module 1+2 are already combined
in supervision group 1. The 2 last binary inputs on module 2 are not included in the grouping. Thus, only these
2 binary inputs not used in the supervision group 1 of the input/output module 2 as well as, where applicable,
further consecutive binary inputs of input/output modules 3+4 can be combined in supervision group 2.
Error parameters are displayed to you by inconsistency indications in DIGSI.
Parameter Binary input is used to define the lowest binary input for the first I/O module (see (_:106)
I/O module ID) that you want to assign to a supervision group.
8.3.3.5 Settings
The tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker has an impact on the quality of the recorded measured-
value data (see chapter 3.3 Processing Quality Attributes).
The following protection functions are automatically blocked in cases of the tripping of the voltage-trans-
former circuit breaker:
Distance protection
Directional negative-sequence protection
[dwmcbstr-040211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
When the voltage-transformer circuit breaker drops out, the device must block the distance protection imme-
diately to prevent an unwanted tripping of the distance protection due to the absence of the measuring
voltage while the load current is flowing.
The blocking must be faster than the 1st stage of the distance protection. This requires an extremely short
response time of the miniature circuit breaker ( 4 ms at 50 Hz, 3 ms at 60 Hz rated frequency). If the circuit-
breaker auxiliary contact does not fulfill this requirement, you have to set the response time accordingly.
8.3.4.5 Settings
[dwstrusy-300913, 2, en_US]
[lokenuns-040211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Logic
[lospasym-100611-01.tif, 3, en_US]
The Threshold min/max parameter is the criterion by which a phase-to-phase voltage unbalance is meas-
ured. The device calculates the ratio between the minimum (Vmin) and the maximum (Vmax) phase-to-phase
voltage.
Enter the lower limit of the maximum phase-to-phase voltage (Vmax) with the parameter Release
threshold. This specifies the lower limit of the operating range of this function.
Operate delay
If it falls below the balance factor Threshold min/max and at the same time the maximum phase-to-phase
voltage exceeds the Release threshold, the Operate delay begins. If both conditions persist during
this time, the indication Failure is generated.
A protection pickup
The pickup signal of a protection function blocks the Failure indication.
8.3.5.5 Settings
NOTE
i For the Voltage-sum supervision, the externally generated residual voltage must be connected to the 4th
voltage measuring input.
For the Voltage-sum supervision to work correctly, the Matching ratio Vph / VN parameter must be
set accordingly.
[dwstrvss-100611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[lokenvss-100611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Logic
[lovssumm-140611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The device measures the phase-to-ground voltage and the ground voltage of the lines to be protected. The
sum of the 4 voltages must be 0.
Threshold
If the calculated fault voltage (VF) exceeds the Threshold, the parameter Operate delay triggers the indi-
cation Failure.
The device calculates the fault voltage (VF) with the formula:
VF = |VA+ VB + VC + Vph/VN VN |, where Vph/VN forms the Matching ratio Vph / VN parameter.
The Matching ratio Vph / VN parameter takes into account the differing transformation ratios between
the residual voltage input and the phase-voltage inputs.
You can find more information in this respect in chapter 8.3.6.1 Overview of Functions ).
Operate delay
When the threshold value for the Operate delay is exceeded, the indication Failure is generated.
A protection pickup
The pickup signal of a protection function blocks the Failure indication.
Parameter: Threshold
8.3.6.5 Settings
[dwstrvrs-060611-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Logic
[lovrsymm-100611-01.tif, 3, en_US]
The phase rotation is important for protection functions which process phase, loop, and directional informa-
tion. You can set the phase sequence with the Phase sequence parameter in the function block General of
the power-system data (see chapter 6.1 Power-System Data).
To supervise the phase rotation, the device compares the measured phase sequence with the set phase
sequence. For abnormal phase sequences, the indication Failure is generated.
The connection of the voltages to the device does not depend on the selected phase sequence. The connec-
tion diagrams are shown in chapter A Appendix.
Release Condition
The supervision of the voltage phase rotation is carried out when all measured phase-to-phase voltages are
greater than 40 V.
Operate delay
When the device detects an inverted phase-rotation direction for the duration of the Operate delay, the
indication Failure is generated.
8.3.7.5 Settings
[dwstrsym-060611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[losymmke-040211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Logic
[locbsymm-100611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The Threshold min/max parameter is the criterion by which unbalance in the phase currents is measured.
The device calculates the ratio between the minimum (Imin) and the maximum (Imax) phase current.
Enter the lower limit of the maximum phase current (Imax) with the parameter Release threshold. This
specifies the lower limit of the operating range of this function.
Operate delay
If it falls below the balance factor Threshold min/max and at the same time the maximum phase current
exceeds the Release threshold, the tripping delay begins. If both conditions persist during this time, the
indication Failure is generated.
A protection pickup
The pickup signal of a protection function blocks the indication Failure.
Recommended setting value (_:101) Release threshold = 0.5 A for Irated = 1 A or 2.5
A for Irated = 5 A
The Release threshold parameter is used to set the lower limit of the maximum phase current (Imax).
8.3.8.5 Settings
NOTE
i For current-sum supervision, the ground current of the line to be protected must be connected to the 4th
current measurement input (IN).
[dwstrcss-300913, 2, en_US]
[lokensum-300311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Logic
[locssumm-140611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[foglchki-040211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Threshold
The Threshold parameter is the lower limit of the operating range of the Current-sum supervision func-
tion.
Operate delay
When the calculated fault current (IF) exceeds the calculated fault current limit (IFmax), the Operate delay
starts. If the threshold-value violation persists for that time, the Failure indication is generated.
A protection pickup
The pickup signal of a protection function blocks the indication Failure.
Parameter: Threshold
Recommended setting value (_:102) Threshold = 0.1 A for Irated = 1 A or 0.5 A for Irated = 5 A
The Threshold parameter is used to set the maximum phase current (Imax).
8.3.9.5 Settings
[dwstrcrs-040211-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Logic
[locrsymm-100611-01.tif, 3, en_US]
The phase rotation is important for protection functions which process phase, loop, and directional informa-
tion. You can set the phase sequence with the Phase sequence parameter in the function block General of
the power-system data (see chapter 6.1 Power-System Data).
To supervise the phase rotation, the device compares the measured phase sequence with the set phase
sequence. For abnormal phase sequences, the indication Failure is generated.
The connection of the currents to the device does not depend on the selected phase sequence. The connec-
tion diagrams are shown in the chapter A Appendix.
Release Condition
The supervision of the current phase rotation is carried out when all measured phase currents are greater than
0.5 Irated.
Operate delay
When the device detects an inverted phase sequence for the duration of the Operate delay, the indication
Failure is generated.
8.3.10.5 Settings
The Saturation detection function is located in the Power-system data of each 3-phase current measuring
point.
The Saturat. det. block is visible in the measuring point Current 3-phase only if the I-DIFF fast 2
stage is instantiated in the Line differential protection function or if the S-DIFF fast 2 stage is instanti-
ated in the Stub-differential protection function.
where:
kCT Minimum current factor
n Effective accuracy limiting factor
[fo_saet n, 1, en_US]
where:
n Rated overcurrent factor
Srated Rated burden of the current transformers [VA]
Si Inherent burden of the current transformers [VA]
S' Actually connected burden (protection device + secondary lines)
The minimum current factor kCT establishes the relationship between the different classes of conventional
primary current transformers and the expected minimum current that can result in saturation of the trans-
former.
Closed iron core transformers such as X, P, PX, PS, and TPS are combined in the current-transformer class
TPX. These transformers have a large amount of remanence and a large secondary time constant.
Conventional current transformers with an anti-remanence gap such as the TPY and the PR limit the
maximum possible remanence to 10%. The minimum expected current that can result in saturation of the
transformer is greater for this current-transformer class.
Due to its linear characteristic curve, the current-transformer class of the linear transformers TPZ transforms
the alternating-current component of the primary current very well. The direct-current component of the
current is greatly reduced. Depending on the connected burden, saturation occurs just below the operational
overcurrent.
The following table shows the minimum current factor kCT for the different current-transformer classes:
8.3.11.5 Settings
[dwtcsueb-010313-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwtcs2be-110611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
CR Command relay
CB Circuit breaker (closed)
CB coil Circuit-breaker coil
AuxCon1 Circuit-breaker auxiliary contact (closed when CB is closed)
AuxCon2 Circuit-breaker auxiliary contact (open when CB is closed)
V-Ctrl Control voltage (tripping voltage)
V-BI1 Input voltage for binary input 1
V-BI2 Input voltage for binary input 2
Supervision with 2 binary inputs identifies disruptions in the trip circuit and the outage of the control voltage.
It also monitors the reaction of the circuit breaker by way of the position of the circuit-breaker auxiliary
contacts.
Depending on the switch position of the command relay and circuit breaker, the binary inputs are either acti-
vated (H) or not (L). If both binary inputs are not activated, there is a fault. The fault may be a interruption or a
short circuit in the trip circuit, an outage of the battery voltage or a fault in the mechanics of the circuit
breaker. With intact trip circuits, this state will occur only briefly while the command relay is closed and the
circuit breaker has not yet been opened.
No Command CB AuxCon1 AuxCon2 BI 1 BI 2 Dynamic State Static State
. Relay
(CR)
1 Open ON Closed Open H L Normal operation with closed circuit
breaker
2 Open OFF Open Closed H H Normal operation with open circuit
breaker
3 Closed ON Closed Open L L Transmission or fault Fault
4 Closed OFF Open Closed L H CR successfully activated the circuit
breaker
With the Alarm delay parameter, you can set the time delay. After fixing the fault in the trip circuit, the
failure indication will automatically expire after the same time.
If the binary input signals >Trip relay or >CB auxiliary contact are not routed on the binary inputs
of the device, then the Input sig. not routed indication is generated and the Trip-circuit supervision
function is not in effect.
The following figure shows the logic diagram of the trip-circuit supervision with 2 binary inputs.
[lotcs2be-260912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwtcs1be-110611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
CR Command relay
CB Circuit breaker (closed)
CB coil Circuit-breaker coil
AuxCon1 Circuit-breaker auxiliary contact (closed when CB is closed)
AuxCon2 Circuit-breaker auxiliary contact (open when CB is closed)
V-Ctrl Control voltage (tripping voltage)
V-BI Input voltage for binary input
R Equivalent resistance
The supervision with 1 binary input identifies disruptions in the trip circuit and the failure of the control
voltage.
In normal operation, the binary input is activated with the command relay open and the trip circuit intact (H).
The supervision circuit is closed with the equivalent resistance R or with the auxiliary contact AuxCon1 of the
closed circuit breaker. The binary input is not activated while the command relay is closed (L). If the binary
input is not activated for a prolonged time, there is a disruption in the trip circuit or the control voltage has
failed.
No Command CB AuxCon1 AuxCon2 BI Dynamic State Static State
. Relay
1 Open ON Closed Open H Normal operation with closed circuit breaker
2 Open OFF Open Closed H Normal operation with open circuit breaker
3 Closed ON Closed Open L Transmission or fault Fault
4 Closed OFF Open Closed L CR successfully activated the circuit breaker
Use the parameter Blk.by trip/open cmd from to set the conditions under which the trip-circuit super-
vision is blocked. The following conditions can cause a blocking of the trip-circuit supervision function:
The Trip/open cmd. of the circuit breaker is activated.
[lotcs1be-260912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Equivalent Resistance R
The equivalent resistance R must be dimensioned such that the circuit-breaker coil is no longer activated when
the circuit breaker is open. Simultaneously, the binary input must still be activated when the command relay is
open.
In order to ensure the minimum voltage for activating the binary input, Rmax results in:
[fofr1b02-090330-01.tif, 1, en_US]
So that the circuit-breaker coil does not remain activated, Rmin results in:
[fofr1b03-090330-01.tif, 1, en_US]
You can calculate the optimal value for the equivalent resistance R from the 2 values Rmin and Rmax:
[fofr1b01-090330-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The following applies for the power consumption of the equivalent resistance R:
[fofr1b04-090330-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Recommended setting value (_:100) Alarm delay = 2 s (Trip-circuit supervision with 2 binary
inputs)
Recommended setting value (_:100) Alarm delay = 300 s (Trip-circuit supervision with 1 binary
input)
With the parameter Alarm delay, you can set the time for the delayed output of the indication Trip-
circuit failure.
For Trip-circuit supervision with 2 binary inputs, you set the Alarm delay parameter so that the short-
term transient states do not cause the function to activate.
For the Trip-circuit supervision with 1 binary input, you set the Alarm delay so that the longest duration
of a trip command is bridged without fail. This ensures that the indication is emitted only if the trip circuit is
actually interrupted.
8.3.12.6 Settings
8.4.1 Overview
The correct state of the device hardware is a requirement for the correct functioning of the device. The failure
or erroneous function of a hardware component leads to device malfunctions.
The following modules of the device hardware are monitored:
Base module
Expansion modules
USB interface
Battery voltage
NOTE
i If the error has not be rectified after 3 unsuccessful attempts, the system automatically recognizes it as a
severe device malfunction. The device goes permanently out of operation into a secure state (fallback
mode).
Fatal device errors with outage of central components: The device goes permanently out of operation
into a secure state (fallback mode).
Such errors are, for example:
Memory error (flash) in the base module
CPU/Controller/FPGA error in the base module
Detection of failures in the device-internal measuring circuits (for example, analog-digital converter)
Blocking of protection and control functions that process the measured values from this current meas-
uring point (for example, differential protection). This avoids an overfunction of the device.
The supervision principle is based on fast current sum supervision with connection of the neutral-point current
to the 4th current measurement input. In order to ensure that even the fast tripping stages of the protection
functions can be blocked in time before a spurious pickup, the fast current measurement is based on instanta-
neous values.
For Analog-digital converter supervision, the neutral-point current of the line to be protected must be
connected to the 4th current measuring input (IN). The 4th current measuring input must be routed via the
current-transformer neutral point (IN neutral point) (see next figure).
[tileite2-070211-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 8-33 Connection to a 3-Phase Current Transformer and Measured Zero-Sequence Current (Current
in Common Return Path)
NOTE
i The analog channel supervision via fast current sum is only available when the 4th current input is a
protection-class current transformer. In the DIGSI 5 project tree, under Device Measuring-point
routing, set the connection type 3-phase + IN for the current measuring point.
[dwschstr-040211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[lokenisu-240413-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 8-35 Characteristic Curve of the Supervision of the Device-Internal Analog-Digital Converters
Logic
[losumsch-240413-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 8-36 Logic Diagram of the Supervision of the Device-Internal Analog-Digital Converters
When the output signal A/D converter monit. is active, certain protection functions are blocked to avoid
failures (see 11.69 Analog Channel Supervision via Fast Current Sum ).
NOTE
Threshold Value
The threshold value is the lower limit of the operating range of the Supervision of the device-internal
analog-digital converters function.
The threshold value is fixed to 10 % of the device rated current.
The slope of characteristic 2 is fixed to 0.95. The base point of the slope of characteristic 2 is fixed to 10.
Failures which can partially be corrected by a restart of the device. The device goes briefly out of
operation.
Such errors are, for example:
Device startup with faulty new parameter set. The old parameter set is still present.
Overloading of the processor
Program-sequence error
Fatal firmware error. The device goes permanently out of operation into a secure state (fallback mode).
Such errors are, for example:
Device startup with faulty new parameter set. No usable parameter set is present.
Device startup with version error
CFC-runtime error
Supervision
With the supervision of the communication connections, every communication port is monitored selectively.
Failures are detected and indicated via the operational log. The device remains in operation!
Each port additionally is equipped with a separate communication log, with which details of the failures
(for example, error rate) are displayed.
Disturbed time-synchronization signals can lead to an automatic change of the source of time synchroni-
zation.
Normally, you can correct communication failures by checking the external connections or by replacing the
affected communication modules. In chapter to 8.8.4 Defect Severity 3, you will find the detailed description,
in tabular form, of the error responses. Corresponding corrective measures can also be found there.
8.8.1 Overview
When device errors occur and the corresponding supervision functions pick up, this is displayed on the device
and also indicated. Device errors can lead to corruption of data and signals. These data and signals are marked
and tagged as invalid, so that affected functions automatically go into a secure state. If the supervision func-
tions pick up, this will lead to defined error responses.
Error Responses
Fallback Mode
Group-Warning Indication Group Warning
Defect severity 1 faults allow the continued safe operation of the device. Defect severity 1 faults are indicated.
The device remains in operation.
When the supervision functions pick up, corrupted data and signals are marked as invalid. In this way, the
affected functions can go into a secure state. Whether functions are blocked is decided in the appropriate
function itself. For more detailed information, refer to the function descriptions.
Live status contact Remains activated
Red error LED Is not activated
Log
For every device fault, a corresponding supervision indication is generated. The device records these indica-
tions with a real-time stamp in the operational log. In this way they are available for further analyses. If super-
visions in the communication interfaces area of the device pick up, there is a separate communication log
available for each port. Extended diagnostic indications and measured values are available there. The device-
diagnosis log contains expanded fault descriptions. There you also receive recommendations of corresponding
corrective measures for each detected device error.
There is further information on handling the logs in chapter 3.1 Indications.
[lo_warning_indication, 1, en_US]
Overview of Errors
43 The indications are not prerouted in the CFC chart. The indications must be added to by the user in the CFC chart!
Faults of defect severity 2 are fatal device faults that lead to an immediate restart of the device (reset).
This occurs when the device data is corrupted (for example, RAM memory), if a restart prevents restoration of
data consistency. The device goes briefly out of operation, a failure is avoided.
Life contact Is terminated during the restart
Red error LED Is activated during the restart
NOTE
i If the fault of defect severity 2 has not be been removed after 3 unsuccessful restarts (reset), the fault is
automatically assigned to defect severity 3. The device will automatically turn to the fallback mode.
Log
For every device error with a subsequent restart (reset), only the restart can be detected in the operational log.
The actual supervision indication is entered in the device-diagnosis log at the point in time of the fault detec-
tion and before the restart. These indications are recorded with a real-time stamp and are thus available for
later analyses. The device-diagnosis log contains expanded fault descriptions. There you also receive recom-
mendations of corresponding corrective measures for each detected device error.
You can find further information on handling the logs in chapter 3.
Overview of Errors
Faults of defect severity 3 are fatal device faults that lead to device immediately going into the fallback mode.
The signal (_:301) Device status goes to the Alarm state. The Warning state is not supported for this
signal.
Fatal device errors are errors that cannot be resolved by a restart of the device. In this case, contact the
Customer Support Center. The device goes permanently out of operation, a failure is avoided. In the fallback
mode, minimal operation of the device via the on-site operation panel and DIGSI is possible. In this way, for
example, you can still read out information from the device-diagnosis log.
Life contact Is terminated in the fallback mode
Red error LED Is activated in the fallback mode
Log
For every device error that immediately leads to entry into the fallback mode, entries from supervision
messages and from the signal (_:301) Device status into the operational log are not possible. The
actual supervision indication is entered in the device-diagnosis log at the point in time of the fault detection,
that is, before entry into the fallback mode. These indications are recorded with a real-time stamp and are thus
available for later analyses. The device-diagnosis log contains expanded fault descriptions. There, you are
offered recommendations of corresponding corrective measures for each detected device error.
You can find further information on handling the logs in chapter 3.
Overview of Errors
Errors of defect severity 4 are not device failures in the classical meaning. These errors do not affect the device
hardware and are not detected or reported by internal device supervision functions. The condition of the
defect severity 4 the group alarm is set user-specifically by the binary input signal (_:503) >Group
alarm. If the binary input signal is reset, the device is no longer in the Group alarm condition and all func-
tions return to the normal operating state.
If the group alarm is generated, the device reacts as follows:
The group indication (_:300) Group alarm is generated and recorded in the operational log.
The life contact is terminated.
The device remains in operation, does not carry out any restart (reset), and does not switch to the safe
condition (Fallback mode).
The signals managed internally are marked with the invalid quality attribute. Signals managed inter-
nally are, for example, measured values, binary input and output signals, GOOSE and CFC signals.
In the delivery condition, every device has the CFC chart Process mode inactive, that initiates the Group
alarm (see chapter 8.9 Group Indications).
Life contact Is terminated in case of Group alarm
Red error LED Is initiated in case of Group alarm
Log
The group indication (_:300) Group alarm is recorded in the operational log. Depending on the cause of
the initiation, further information can be found in the operational log.
You can find further information on handling the logs in chapter 3.
[scgrwarn-010313-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 8-38 Group Monitoring Indication in the DIGSI 5 Information Routing Matrix
The group-warning indication (_:301) Group warning is prerouted to an LED of the base module.
[dwomverf-010212-01.tif, 1, en_US]
For the display, the measured values of a SIPROTEC 5 device are summed up in the following groups:
Operational measured values
Fundamental and symmetrical components
Statistic Values
[dwomvstr-110912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The Operational measured values and Fundamental components measured value groups can be inserted
from the DIGSI 5 library into the 3-phase voltage and Voltage/current 3-phase function groups.
Details regarding the individual measured value groups can be found in the tables in the following chapters.
[dwomvls1-250211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
(also compare (_:8881:116) Neutr.point in dir.of ref.obj parameter of the measuring point
current, 3-phase). It is, however, possible, to set the "forward" direction for the protection functions and the
positive direction for the powers, etc., differently, for example, such that the active power import (from the
line to the busbar) is displayed positively. Then set the option P, Q sign in the affected function groups on
the reversed parameter. With the parameter not reversed (default setting), the positive direction for
the powers, etc., corresponds with the "forward" direction for the protection functions.
The affected values are given in detail in the Chapters 9.3 Operational Measured Values - 9.10 Statistical
Values of the Primary System.
Active power
Apparent power
Reactive power
n Harmonic order
n The angle difference between the voltage and current of the nth harmonic
Power factor
Table 9-1 Operational Measured Values of the Voltage/Current 3-Phase Function Group
NOTE
i With the P, Q sign parameter in the function block General of the respective function group, the sign of
the following measured values can be inverted (see chapter 5.5 Function-Group Type Line in the
subchapter 5.5.2 Structure of the Function Group, section on the Inversion of Output-Related Measured
and Statistical Values):
Active power (total): P total
Active power (phase-related): PA, PB, PC
Fundamental Components
Symmetrical Components
A Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) measures the phasor values of current and voltage. These values get a high
precision time stamp and together with the values of power frequency, power frequency change rate and
optional binary data that are also time stamped are transmitted to a central analysis station. The standardized
transmission protocol IEEEC 37.118 is used to do this.
The PMU function group is activated by selecting the protocol IEEE C37.118PMU on an Ethernet module
(electrical or optical). The PMU obtains the measured values from the measuring points and the precise time
from time synchronization. The time-stamped synchrophasors for current and voltage are formed from this
and transferred together with additional values via the communication module to a server (PDC, Phasor Data
Concentrator).
[dwstrpmu-250613-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The synchrophasors, sent from the PMU in a continuous data stream to a PDC, are provided with time stamps
and thus are comparable with the measured values of other PMUs. The power frequency, the power frequency
change rate and optional binary information are also transmitted as time-stamped measured values. There-
fore, you receive an overview of the transient processes in a distributed energy transfer system, for example
network fluctuations and compensating processes.
The following table shows the differences between the PMU measured values and the remaining measured
values of the device.
The following figure shows the structure of such a Wide Area Monitoring System. The data delivered from the
PMUs on the PDC are transmitted via the Inter-Control Center Communications Protocol (ICCP) according to
DIN EN 60870-6 to the network control center.
[dwstrwam-120124-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The phasor-measurement units each have 2 communication interfaces: an Ethernet module for synchrophasor
communication via IEEE C37.118 and another module for communication with the substation automation
technology, for example, through the IEC 61850 protocol.
The central evaluation system, e.g. SIGUARD PDP Phasor Data Processor, receives the data, files, archives them
and graphically displays them on a User Interface. In this system, a self-checking function may also be
performed, for example, on undamped power swings. The further distribution of information to other PDCs or
to a control station is done here.
To maintain the required maximum errors (TVE) required in the standard IEEE C37.118, the time tolerance
relative to the UTC time reference (UTC = Universal Time Coordinated) may be maximum 10 s. Therefore, the
device must be directly synchronized with a GPS precise time signal for the correct function of the PMU.
Phasors
A phasor u(t) = Uejt can be displayed as a phasor that moves counterclockwise in the complex plane at the
angular frequency . Therefore, the voltage function u(t) = Re{u(t)} is obtained as a projection of the phasor
u(t) on the real axis.
[dwgeopdc-061011-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwutcphi-260112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 9-6 Determination of Phase Angle of Measuring Signal Xm Relative to the Cosine Function
The number of phasors that are transmitted per second is configurable. The transmission rate is defined
according to IEEE C37.118 as the reporting rate. The reporting rate defines the number of phasors that are
transmitted per second. Extremely precise time synchronization is essential so that phasor measurement can
be carried out to enable phasors from different sites to be compared.
Reporting Rate
You use the configurable reporting rate (parameter (_:10621:102) Reporting rate) to specify the
number of telegrams that are compiled and sent to the PDC per second. It is adjustable, depending on the
rated frequency, and applies to all currents and voltages of the relevant PMU function group. If several PMU
function groups are created on the device, these can work with different reporting rates.
[dwklatve-120124-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fo_utcphi-111011-01.tif, 1, --_--]
where:
Xr(n) = Real part of measured signal
Binary information
The current and voltage channels transferred from a PMU function group are selected through the Function
group connections editor in DIGSI 5. The frequency and frequency change rate are determined once per
PMU. In this case, only the current and voltage channels selected via the Function group connections editor
for this PMU are taken into consideration. You may route the binary information in the information routing
matrix of DIGSI 5.
The channel used for specifying the frequency is selected dynamically during the device runtime. Each
channel is checked for the presence of a signal in the following order:
1st 3-phase voltage measuring points
2nd 1-phase voltage measuring points
3rd 3-phase current measuring points
4th 1-phase current measuring points
The 1st measuring point found with a valid signal is used for specifying the frequency in the PMU function
group.
In the case of 3-phase measuring points, the positive-sequence system can also be transmitted instead of
3 individual synchrophasors. This setting can be made via the parameter (_:10621:103) Only positive
sequence.
PMU communication according to standard IEEE C37.118 is a client-server communication format in which the
PDC (Phasor Data Concentrator) functions as both the client and the server.
Once the PDC has been successfully connected to the device PMU and the PMU configuration data has been
queried, the PDC initiates transmission of the synchrophasor data by sending a close command to the PMU. If
you use the method of spontaneous transmission via UDP, data output starts immediately after the device
boots without a close command to the PMU.
In addition to the phasors, the channel names of the routed measuring points and the binary information are
transferred. Per default, these are automatically generated by the respective PMU function groups.
Where applicable, you can also edit the channel names of the measuring point and assign a designation of its
own for this purpose. For more information, see chapter 9.5.6 Parameterizing the PMU with DIGSI. The names
for the binary information carried out are however, generally automatically generated by the respective PMU
function group and cannot be edited.
As an example, the names (generated) for measuring points or binary information may be as follows:
Name Displayed in the DIGSI Function Depending on the Connection Type, Name Transferred to the
Group Connections PDC (in case it cannot be assigned automatically)
Measuring point U-3ph 1[ID 1] MP-V3ph VAB ID01
MP-V3ph VBC ID01
MP-V3ph VCA ID01
MP-V3ph VA ID01
MP-V3ph VB ID01
MP-V3ph VC ID01
MP-V3ph V1 ID01
Name Displayed in the DIGSI Function Depending on the Connection Type, Name Transferred to the
Group Connections PDC (in case it cannot be assigned automatically)
Measuring point I-3ph 1[ID 2] MP-I3ph IA ID02
MP-I3ph IB ID02
MP-I3ph IC ID02
MP-I3ph I1 ID02
Measuring point I-1ph 1[ID 3] MP-I1ph ID03
Measuring point U-1ph 1[ID 4] MP-V1ph ID03
Data is transmitted continuously from the PMU to the PDC at the configured reporting rate. The transmission is
terminated by a corresponding trip command from the PDC or when the connection between the PDC and the
PMU is interrupted.
Communication between the PMU and the PDC can be passed via TCP or UDP protocols.
The following ports are used for data transmission:
TCP: Port 4712
UDP: Port 4713
The ports must be configured on the PDC.
If you are using the UDP protocol for communication between the PMU and the PDC, you can set either
command mode or asynchronous response mode as the communication mode. In asynchronous
response mode, data can be transmitted continuously to preset PDC destination addresses in IEEE C37.118
format without a PDC having to request transmission of the synchrophasor data via a close command to the
PMU.
Up to 3 different PDCs can be connected to one device PMU at the same time. The IP addresses of the
maximum 3 PDCs are set in the PMU function group. If 4 device PMUs are configured, this enables support for
up to 12 PDCs.
You configure and parameterize the Phasor Measurement Unit with DIGSI. After a device has been added in a
DIGSI project, one or more communication modules that support synchrophasors can be configured as PMUs.
The device module supports a maximum of 2 communication modules that can be configured as PMUs. If
more than 2 PMUs are needed, the device must be expanded with a CB202 plug-in module assembly (expan-
sion module), which can accommodate 2 more communication modules.
The following communication modules support synchrophasors:
ETH-BA-2EL (2 x Ethernet electric, RJ45)
ETH-BB-2FO ( 2 x Ethernet optical, 2 km, LC duplex)
These modules are then freely assignable to ports E, F, N, or P of the device, see Figure 9-8. You can view the
selected port in the (_:10621:104) Port. This parameter is automatically managed by DIGSI and cannot
be changed.
[sccommod-140213-01.tif, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i Port M of the CB202 plug-in module assembly is used to accommodate measuring-transducer modules and
cannot be used for the installation of communication modules.
Addressing
You must configure the respective Ethernet address (IP address, subnet mask, etc.) for each communication
module in DIGSI. This is done in the DIGSI General settings properties dialog of the communication module in
item Ethernet addresses and so forms the IP address for the respective PMU.
[scethern-210415, 1, en_US]
In the DIGSI properties dialog for channel 1, select the synchrophasor protocol, see the following figure.
[scprotoc-210415, 1, en_US]
After you have selected the synchrophasor protocol for the communication module, an advanced settings
dialog for PMU-specific configuration opens, see the following figure.
[scwildcard_de, 1, en_US]
You configure the specific settings for the communication protocol in the top section of this settings dialog. In
the bottom section, you specify the corresponding PMU-specific settings.
In order to permit a better configuration of larger wide-area supervision systems, changes have been imple-
mented in the IEEE C37.118 communication configuration that permit a flexible IP configuration without the
loss of safety aspects in the systems administered.
Configurable placeholders are permitted for each PDC/IP address with the TCP PMU transmission protocol in
general and with UDP in the Communication mode commanded operation. These placeholders allow you
to define a range of IP addresses where they are accepted within these accesses. The purpose of this is to
permit each individual device or system access within the respective system without limits with regard to their
hierarchy level. Therefore, with regard to security aspects, the limitation to individual IP addresses is elimi-
nated. You are thus allowed to configure complete sections of IP addresses in each PMU and, as a result, very
flexible when making changes to the configuration of the entire system, for example. The placeholder char-
acter must follow consecutively at the bit level, starting with the bit with the lowest value.
If a PDC attempts to establish a connection to the device, the PDC IP addresses and corresponding place-
holders are checked in the same order as they had been configured (IP address PDC1, IP address PDC2,
IP address PDC3). Running through the list is stopped with the first match of the IP address, placeholder and
requested IP address range and the connection is built-up. If there are no matches, the attempt to connect is
rejected.
If you have configured IP address 0.0.0.0 and the placeholder 255.255.255.255, every IP address received is
accepted as valid. This could be of use in the course of commissioning measures.
NOTE
i You must have configured at least 1 IP address in order to establish a connection between the device and
PDC.
If you use the asynchronous data transmission method, set the PMU transfer parameter to UDP and the
Communication mode parameter to Spontaneous operation. The PMU data are then sent cyclically via
UDP to each PDC/IP address permanently configured in DIGSI. You may not configure placeholders for PDC/IP-
address ranges in this communication mode.
Data output starts immediately after the device has booted. In this way, no starting signal from the PDC is
necessary to start data transmission.
[sc_spontan_pmu, 1, en_US]
The configuration dataset is transmitted 1x per minute. With the Reporting Rate parameter, you set the
number of cyclic repetitions of the data packages. As UDP is a connectionless protocol, a preconfigured desti-
nation device with its PDC/IP address is not required to be physically present and/or connected. This allows
uninterrupted provision of the data without bidirectional communication.
NOTE
i If you have not configured valid PDC/IP addresses and still activate option for spontaneous data transmis-
sion, no cyclic data telegrams are sent.
NOTE
i It is possible to configure IP addresses for various PDCs that are not in the same subnetwork as the COM
module. Such configurations are considered valid and may be loaded into the device. However, if the
device transmits spontaneous data and configuration packages to these IP addresses, the PDC with the
deviating subnetwork destination address cannot be reached.
EXAMPLE
COM-Module Address Configuration
IP address: 192.168.100.1
Measuring-Point Assignment
After adding measuring points to the device, you can assign these measuring points to each configured PMU.
Figure 9-13 shows an example expansion of the device configuration by 2 additional input/output modules.
You connect the current and voltage inputs of these I/O modules to measuring points via the DIGSI routing
matrix, see example in Figure 9-14.
[scaddios-140213-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scroutin-210415, 1, en_US]
Figure 9-14 Assignment of the Current and Voltage Inputs of the Added Input/Output Modules on Meas-
uring Points
The maximum numbers of measuring points that can be routed for one PMU are:
2 x 3-phase voltage measuring points
2 x 3-phase current measuring points
[scfgconn-210415, 1, en_US]
Figure 9-15 Connecting Measuring Points to the Configured PMU Function Groups
When these setting steps have been completed, the PMUs are fully configured. The PMU is a function group
that functions independently of all the other function groups instantiated in the device.
The device load, however, is dependent on:
Number of PMUs
Performance class (where Class M generates the greater load)
[scPMUnam_de, 1, en_US]
Figure 9-16 Options for Editing the Names of the Individual Phasors
NOTE
i You can only rename each individual phasor when you set the parameter Positive-sequence system
only to No in the functional settings. Otherwise you will only be offered one single phasor for each 3-
phase measuring point for renaming.
[scpmubif-210415, 1, en_US]
Routing Indications
The routable indication ChannelLive of the PMU log
raises when the PMU is connected to the PDC
clears when the connection to the PDC is interrupted.
[scparami-260912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
You can also change the PMU settings directly on the device. To do this, select the desired PMU instance on
the device display. By selecting menu item Settings you then access the editable setting values (see
Figure 9-19). Note that the parameter Port cannot be changed, because this corresponds to the physical slot
position of the communication module in question.
[scdevpmu-210415, 1, en_US]
Figure 9-19 Changing the PMU Setting Values via the Device Display
You can also change the communication settings in the same way. To do this, select the corresponding
communication port in the Communication menu on the device display. From the Channel 1 menu item, you
can then access the detailed setting options for the IP or PMU communication settings (see Figure 9-20).
[sccompmu, 1, en_US]
Figure 9-20 Changing the Communication Setting Values Via the Device Display
Time Synchronization
In order to ensure the time accuracy of the PMU, you must select IRIG-B as protocol for the GPS clock, see the
following figure. With other settings, the PMU function function group indicates that it is not time synchron-
ized.
To detect a lack of synchronization quickly, also set the waiting time for the failure indication of the loss of
time synchronization to the smallest possible value, thus to 1 s.
Parameter: Mode
NOTE
i Different setting values are shown or hidden, depending on the rated frequency set.
Parameter: Class
Parameter: Port
This parameter cannot be set because the Port results from the physical position where the corresponding
communication module is inserted.
9.5.9 Settings
Synchronization time for establishing the date of commencement updating information, for example, at
the top of the hour (hh:00) or at one of the other times (hh:15, hh:30, hh:45).
(Parameter: Average synchroniz. time )
Average values are formed through the following measurands:
Operational measured values except for phase-related ratings
Amounts of the symmetrical components
You reset the average value formation via the
Binary input >Reset average value
DIGSI
NOTE
i With the P, Q sign parameter in the function block General, the sign of the following measured values
of the respective function group can be inverted (see Chapter 9.2 Structure of the Function Structure of the
Function, section Inversion of Output-Related Measured and Statistical Values):
Active power (total): P total
Reactive power (total): Q total
The average value formation functionality is not preconfigured with the devices in the function group. If you
use the functionality, you must load it from the library into the respective function group.
The following settings listed for the calculation of the average values can be set with DIGSI and at the device.
You find the setting parameters in DIGSI in the project tree under Settings > Device settings.
NOTE
The following examples explain how to set parameters and to make a change.
A new average value is formed every 30 min, at hh:15 (15 min after the top of the hour) and hh:45 (15 min
before the top of the hour). All measured values obtained during the last 60 min are used for average value
formation.
If these settings are changed to 11:03:25, for instance, the average values are first reset and "---" appears in
the display. The 1st average value is then formed at 12:15:00.
In this example, the Average synchroniz. time = hh:45 acts as described above for = hh:15.
A new average value is formed every 60 min at hh:15 (15 min after the top of the hour). All measured values
obtained during the last 60 min are used for average value formation.
If these settings are changed to 11:03:25, for instance, the average values are first reset and "---" appears in
the display. The 1st average value is then formed at 12:15:00.
A new average value is formed every 10 min at hh:00, hh:10, hh:20, hh:30, hh:40, hh:50. All measured
values obtained during the last 5 min are used to form the average value.
If these settings are changed to 11:03:25, for instance, the average values are first reset and "---" appears in
the display. The 1st average value is then formed at 11:10:00.
Minimum and maximum values can be formed based on different measured or calculated measurands:
Operational measured values
Symmetrical components
Selected values
You can set which measurand will be used. The measurands for the minimum/maximum formation are loaded
from DIGSI.
Calculation and resetting of the minimum and maximum values are controlled through settings. The settings
describe the following points:
Memories of the minimum/maximum values are reset to 0 cyclically or not at all.
(Setting Min/Max cyclic reset )
Point in time when the memories of the minimum/maximum values are reset to 0.
(Setting Min/Max reset each and setting Min/Max reset minute )
Point in time at which the cyclical reset procedure of the minimum/maximum values begins (after the
parameterization)
(Setting Min/Max days until start )
The following figure shows the effect of the settings.
[dwminmax-100611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Average values
The minimum and maximum values are reset on a regular basis or via the
Binary input >Reset min/max
DIGSI
NOTE
i With the P, Q sign parameter in the function block General, the sign of the following measured values
of the respective function group can be inverted (see Chapter 9.2 Structure of the Function Structure of the
Function, section Inversion of Output-Related Measured and Statistical Values):
Minimum/maximum values of the active and reactive power:
Min:Ptotal, Max:Ptotal, Min:Qtotal, Max:Qtotal
Minimum/maximum values of the average values of the active and reactive power:
AverageMin:Ptotal, AverageMax:Ptotal, AverageMin:Qtotal, AverageMax:Qtotal
The minimum/maximum values functionality is not preconfigured. If you want to use the functionality, you
must load it from the library into the respective function group.
The following settings listed for the calculation of the minimum/maximum values can be set with DIGSI or at
the device. You find the setting parameters in DIGSI in the project tree under Settings > Device settings.
The device continually determines the values for the active and reactive energy from the power-measured
values. It calculates the exported and imported electrical energy. The calculation (summation over time)
begins immediately after the device startup. You can read the present energy values on the device display or
through DIGSI, delete the energy value (set to 0), or set it to any initial value. After input, the energy-value
calculation will continue with the new setting values.
Energy values can be transferred to a control center through an interface. The energy values are converted
into energy metered values. Here the following applies:
[foomverg-020311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Through the settings, you set how the metered values are processed. The setting parameters apply for all
energy metered values of the device, and do not have a function-group specific effect. You determine the
following points:
Parameter Energy restore time
Hour-related point in time; at this point in time, the device will provide a metered value at the communi-
cation interface for transmission. After this, it will be transferred in accordance with the selected log.
Note: If the parameter is activated through a time setting, the parameter Energy restore interval
will be deactivated automatically.
In compliance with IEC 61850, when individually measured values are missing, the quality of the energy-
metered values changes to the state Questionable.
This quality state is retained until a new meter content is specified for the energy value by:
- Confirmation of the current meter content via Set
- Setting a new counter status
- Resetting the counter status to 0
NOTE
i With the P, Q sign parameter in the function block General, the sign of the following measured values
of the respective function group can be inverted (see chapter 9.2 Structure of the Function, section on the
Inversion of Output-Related Measured and Statistical Values):
Active energy, output: Wp+
Active energy, input: Wp-
The set parameters apply for all electricity meters of the device. You find the setting parameters in DIGSI in the
project tree under Settings > Device settings.
Note: If the parameter is activated through a time setting, the parameter Energy restore time is not in
effect and will be deactivated automatically.
Note: If the parameter is activated through a time setting, the parameter Energy restore interval is
not in effect and will be deactivated automatically.
Note: When the parameter is activated, the following setting values are possible for the parameter (_:111)
Energy restore interval: 1 min; 2 min; 3 min; 4 min; 5 min; 6 min; 10 min; 12 min; 15 min; 20 min;
30 min; 60 min.
You route these logical signals in the DIGSI routing matrix. Open the function group, for example, Line, where
you created the energy value. There, under the tab Measured values you will find the tab Energy, 3-phase.
In this tab, you will find the logical signals in addition to the measured values.
NOTE
i You can define additional metered values through DIGSI for user-specific applications.
Use pulse meters; then you can define the respective metered values through DIGSI and set parameters for
them analogously to the energy values. You can read out the metered values on the display of the device or
via DIGSI.
Through settings, you can individually set how each pulse-metered value is processed:
Parameter Restore time
Hour-related point in time when the device will provide a metered value at the communication interface
for transmission. After this, the transfer takes place in accordance with the selected protocol.
Note: If the parameter is activated through a time setting, the parameter Restore interval will
automatically be deactivated.
[scomvimp-010313-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The functionality Pulse-metered values is not preconfigured. If you want to use the functionality, you must
load it from the library into the respective function group.
The parameters can be set individually for every pulse counter. You will find the setting parameters in DIGSI in
the project tree under Parameter > Function group
For pulse-metered values, the following described settings and binary inputs are available.
Note: If the parameter is activated through a time setting, the parameter Restore interval is not in effect
and will be deactivated automatically.
Note: If the parameter is activated through a time setting, the parameter Restore time is not in effect and
will be deactivated automatically.
The factor is used for adaptation to larger units (for instance, 1000 for kWh). It is adjustable in powers of ten
(1, 10, 100, 1000, etc.). The following figure shows the signals that can be arranged in the DIGSI information
matrix. Open the function group where you created the pulse-metered value, for example, Line 1. There, you
will find the function area Pulse-metered value. Here you will also find the logical signals next to the
metered value. Select the metered value and enter the settings under Properties.
[scimpzwe-260912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Sum of the primary breaking currents, separately for each breaker pole
Measuring transducers with an input rated at 20 mA can be used in the devices. 4 such inputs are available as
module ANAI-CA-4EL, which can be plugged into a communication module slot (for instance, port E or F). Up
to 4 such modules can be plugged in. Typically, slowly changing process variable such as temperature or gas
pressure are recorded with such 20-mA measured values and reported to the substation automation tech-
nology.
The measuring-transducer blocks are embedded in the Analog units function group and contain input and
output channels that are configurable independently of each other.
[dwstrumu-050313-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The 20-mA inputs typically transmit a value which represents a physical quantity such as a temperature or a
pressure. Therefore, the device must contain a characteristic curve that assigns the physical quantity to the
20-mA value. If the parameter Range active is not activated (no x in the check box), the function operates
over the range -24 mA to +24 mA. The setting of the range for the scaled value goes from a usable range of
-20 mA to +20 mA. The following figure shows an example.
[dwklbsp1-120124-01.tif, 1, en_US]
In this example, the measured value -20 mA means a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius and the measured
value 20 mA a temperature of 100 degrees Celsius. Thus, Unit = C and Conversion factor = 100 are
entered. The resolution (decimal place) of the temperature value can be chosen; for a decimal place, select
Resolution = 0.1.
[sctransd-210415, 1, en_US]
If a value smaller than -24 mA or larger than +24 mA is applied to the measuring-transducer input, the meas-
ured value is marked as invalid. If the parameter Range active is activated, the 2 additional parameters
Upper limit and Lower limit appear. Both limiting values indicate the input currents in mA, for which
the value set by the Conversion factor (Upper limit) and the value 0 (Lower limit) of the calcu-
lated measurand are valid (see following figure).
[dwklbsp2-120124-01.tif, 1, en_US]
In this example, Range active is selected. The Upper limit is at 15 mA, the Lower limit is at 5 mA
and the Conversion factor remains at 100. The total results in a characteristic curve as shown in the
following figure, taking into account all possible valid measured values from -24 mA to +24 mA. The param-
eter Upper limit - Sensor is the calculated measured value if the input current corresponds to the value
in the Upper limit setting. The parameter Lower limit - Sensor is the calculated measured value if
the input current corresponds to the value in the Lower limit setting.
[dwklges2-120124-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[sctrans2-210415, 1, en_US]
Each measuring transducer makes available the scaled measured value in the information matrix (these are
the temperature values in the examples) and the original current measured value in mA for further processing.
The measuring-transducer values can be displayed in the display image and processed with CFC charts.
Parameter: Unit
Parameter: Resolution
Parameter: Upper limit, Lower limit, Upper limit - Sensor and Lower limit - Sensor
9.11.5 Settings
Sends a warning signal when the wear of a circuit breaker reaches a specified degree
The Circuit-breaker wear monitoring function can be used in the Circuit-breaker function group.
The function offers 4 independent operating stages with different measuring methods:
Ix-method stage
Sum of tripping current powers
2P-method stage
2 points method for calculating the remaining switching cycles
I2t-method stage
Sum of all squared fault-current integrals
[DwCBWear, 2, en_US]
9.12.3.1 Description
Logic
As the wear on the circuit breaker depends on the current amplitude and duration of the actual switching
action, including arc deletion, determination of the start and end criteria is important. The following general
functionality provides starting and further timing information to the different stages (methods).
The general functionality operates phase-selectively. The following figure shows the logic of the functionality
across stages.
[LoCBWear, 3, en_US]
Figure 9-32 Logic Diagram of the Functionality Across Stages of the Circuit-Breaker Wear Monitoring Func-
tion
Binary input signal >Start calculation is initiated, for example, from external.
[DwCBTime, 2, en_US]
In order to prevent an incorrect calculation in case of a circuit-breaker failure, the parameter Current
thresh. CB open is used to verify whether the current actually returns to 0 after 2 additional cycles. Funda-
mental components are used for comparing the threshold values. When the current criterion fulfills the
requirement of the phase-selective logic release, the calculation and evaluation of the respective methods are
initiated.
9.12.3.3 Settings
9.12.4.1 Description
[LoCBWIxS, 3, en_US]
[LoCBWIxF, 1, en_US]
[FoCBWIxA-301012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Where:
x Parameter exponent
q No. of circuit-breaker switching cycle
Tripping/opening current of phase A to the power of x in the qth circuit-
breaker operation
Rated normal current to the power of x
The phase-selective Ix value is available as statistical value. You can reset or preset the statistics according to
the specific application.
To simplify the interpretation of the sum of the tripping current powers, the values are set in relation to the
exponentiated rated normal current Irated of the circuit-breaker (see also Setting notes).
Parameter: Exponent
You use the Exponent parameter to specify the exponent for the Ix method.
A typical value is the default setting of 2. However, due to practical experiences with individual circuit
breakers, slightly different values may be requested.
Parameter: Threshold
9.12.4.3 Settings
9.12.5.1 Description
[LoCBW2PS, 2, en_US]
mined by the maximum number of switching cycles at rated short-circuit breaking current Isc. The 4 associated
values can be configured with the parameters Rated normal current, Switching cycles at Ir,
Rated short-circ.cur. Isc, and Switching cycles at Isc.
[DwCBWOpC, 1, en_US]
As shown in the preceding figure, a double-logarithmic diagram, the straight line between P1 and P2 can be
expressed by the following exponential function:
[FoCBW2P1-301012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Where:
Itrip Tripping/opening current
Irated Rated normal current
m Slope coefficient
b Switching cycles at rated normal current
n Number of switching cycles
The general line equation for the double-logarithmic representation can be derived from the exponential func-
tion and leads to the coefficients b and m.
NOTE
i Since a slope coefficient of m < -4 is technically irrelevant, but could theoretically be the result of incorrect
settings, the slope coefficient is limited to -4. If a coefficient is smaller than -4, the exponential function in
the switching-cycles diagram is deactivated. The maximum number of switching cycles with Isc is used
instead as the calculation result for the current number of switching cycles, as the dashed line with m =
-4.48 shows in following figure.
[DwCBWSlo, 1, en_US]
If the 2P-method stage receives the logic release signal, the current number of used up switching cycles (in
relation to the number of switching cycles at rated normal current) is calculated based on the determined trip-
ping current. This value is subtracted from the the remaining lifetime (switching cycles). The remaining life-
time is available as statistic value. For better understanding, refer to the example below.
You can reset or preset the statistical values according to the specific application. The reset operation changes
the statistic values to 0, and not to their default values of 10 000.
The statistic value of the residual switching cycles is calculated according to the following formula:
[FoCBW2P2-301012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Where:
i No. of latest circuit-breaker switching cycle
Endur.i Residual switching cycles with rated normal current, after the ith
switching cycle
nrated Overall permissible switching cycles at rated normal current
ntrip Overall permissible switching cycles at tripping current Itrip
nrated/ntrip Lost switching cycles referring to rated normal current
EXAMPLE
For calculating the residual switching cycles of a circuit breaker, the following is assumed:
P1 (2.5 kA, 10 000)
P2 (50.0 kA, 50)
The circuit breaker has made 100 opening operations with rated normal current, 2 tripping operations with
rated short-circuit breaking current, and 3 tripping operations with 10 kA tripping current. Then, the residual
switching cycles with rated normal current are:
[FoCBW2P3-301012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
There are still 9465 possible break operations at rated normal current.
Parameter: Threshold
Example
Here is an example that shows you how to set the Threshold parameter. Assuming a circuit breaker with the
same technical data as provided in the example for residual switching cycles, 50 breaking operations with
rated short-circuit breaking current are permitted.
A warning signal should be issued when the number of possible breaking operations with rated short-circuit
breaking current is less than 3. For that condition, you set the Threshold value based on the following calcu-
lation:
[FoCBW2P4-301012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
9.12.5.3 Settings
9.12.6.1 Description
[LoCBWI2t, 1, en_US]
selectively. The integrals are referred to the squared rated normal current of the circuit breaker as shown in
the following formula, with phase A as example.
[FoCBWI2T-301012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Where:
Irated Rated normal current
iA(t) Sampled measured current value of phase A
The calculated squared tripping current integrals are added to the existing statistic values.You can reset or
preset the statistic value according to the specific application.
Parameter: Threshold
9.12.6.3 Settings
9.12.7.1 Description
[Lo_sup-cb-make-time, 1, en_US]
Operating Mode
The stage for the supervision of the circuit-breaker make time calculates the time between the circuit-breaker
closing command and the point in time when the current from at least one phase exceeds the
Oper.current threshold. If this threshold has not been exceeded after 2.5 times the value of the param-
eter CB make time, the measurement is canceled and the output value Make time is set to 0 and marked
with the quality invalid.
If at least one phase of the current has exceeded the parameter Oper.current threshold or the param-
eter Current thresh. CB open at the time of the circuit-breaker closing command, the measurement is
canceled and the output value Make time is marked with the quality invalid.
You can define 2 independent thresholds for the supervision of the measured make time. When these thresh-
olds are exceeded, the corresponding outputs Warning 1 and Warning 2 are activated for 100 ms. These
can be routed in the log.
9.12.7.3 Settings
! DANGER
Hazardous voltages.
Noncompliance with the following measures can lead to death, serious physical injury or significant
material damage.
Only qualified individuals who are familiar with and follow the safety regulations and precautionary
measures may perform checks.
! CAUTION
Exercise caution when operating the device without a battery on a battery charging device.
Noncompliance with the following measure can cause impermissibly high voltages and, as a result,
destruction of the device.
Do not operate devices on a battery charging device without a battery connected (you will find
limiting values in the Technical Data).
Switch off the circuit breaker for the supply auxiliary voltage and the measuring voltage.
Measure all current and voltage transformer supply cables according to system and connection diagram:
Check the connections of all sets of 3-phase current transformers to the device inputs. Are they
connected correctly and do they match the configuration (measuring point assignment)?
Check the connections of all sets of 1-phase current transformers to the device inputs. Are they
connected correctly and do they match the configuration?
Check whether the grounding of the current transformer is correct. Grounding in the direction of the
protected object is preferred.
Check whether the polarity of the current transformer connections is identical in each set of trans-
formers.
Check whether the phase allocation of all sets of 3-phase current transformers is correct.
Check whether the polarity of all sets of 1-phase current transformers is correct (if used).
Check whether the grounding of the voltage transformer is correct (if used).
Check whether the polarity of the voltage transformer connections is identical and correct (if used).
Check whether the phase allocation of the voltage transformer is correct (if used).
If the test switch for the secondary test of the device is used, check its functions.
NOTE
i Ensure that the current transformer secondary connection cables are automatically short-circuited in the
setting Test.
Loop the ammeter into the supply line for auxiliary voltage and select a range from 2.5 A to 5 A.
Switch on the circuit breaker for the supply auxiliary voltage.
Check the voltage level and polarity on the device terminals or the connection modules.
The current consumption must correspond to the quiescent power consumption of the device. A short swing
of the phasor is uncritical and displays the charging current inrush to the storage capacities.
Switch off the circuit breaker for the supply auxiliary voltage.
Remove the ammeter and restore the normal auxiliary voltage connection.
Switch on the voltage-transformer circuit breaker (if used).
Check the direction of the rotating field at the device terminals.
Switch off the circuit breaker for the transformer voltage and supply auxiliary voltage.
Check the trip lines to the circuit breakers.
Check the control lines from and to other devices.
Check the signaling wires.
Switch on the circuit breaker for the transformer voltage and supply auxiliary voltage again.
Secondary tests can never replace the primary tests described in the following 10.3.2 Primary Tests , because
they cannot include connection faults.
Secondary tests are used to check the following:
Checking the setting values
Proper response of the protection function
Engineering (for example, routing the respective logic signals, display images with measured values,
logics in CFC, and much more)
If you want to perform secondary tests, observe the following instructions.
NOTE
i For tests with secondary test equipment, ensure that no other measurands are connected and the trip
commands to the circuit breakers are open; otherwise, the circuit breaker could be activated.
Perform the tests with the current setting values for the device. If these values are not (yet) present, check
with the default values.
NOTE
i The measuring accuracy to be achieved depends on the electrical data of the used test sources. The accura-
cies stated in the Technical Data can be expected only if the reference conditions stipulated in VDE 0435/
part 303 and IEC 60255 are ensured and precision instruments are used. The specified tolerances refer to
the default data for the protected objects. If the rated current of the protected object in relation to the
current transformer's rated current deviates considerably from the device's rated current, you must assume
higher response tolerances.
For differential protection, you can check each side separately. This corresponds to the simulation of a fault
supplied from one side. If a side has several measuring points, the measuring inputs not included in the test
carry no current. The pickup value is tested by slowly increasing the test current.
NOTE
i Tests of currents via quadruple device-rated current (or a maximum of 20 A) lead to an overload of the
input circuits and may be performed only briefly. You can find more information in chapter 11.2 Trans-
former Differential Protection. Interrupt testing to allow cool-down!
The set pickup values refer to symmetrical 3-phase current in the case of 3-phase protected objects.
If you are testing parameters set during operation, you must ensure that the setting value for the differential
protection refers to the rated current of the protected object. The rated current is the primary current that
results formally from:
[fonennsl-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
For a winding with voltage control, the calculated voltage applies in accordance with 6.2.4 Application and
Setting Notes.
For transformers, the actual pickup values for 1-phase or 2-phase testing also depend on the vector group of
the transformer. For 1-phase testing, the pickup values also depend on the treatment of the winding neutral
point and the processing of the neutral point current.
To obtain the actual pickup value, multiply the setting value by a vector-group factor kSG according to the
following formula:
[foscgrfa-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The following table shows this factor kSG as a function of the vector group and the type of fault for 3-phase
transformers.
Table 10-1 Correction Factor kSG for the Vector Group (SG) and Fault Type
Example:
3-phase transformer Srated = 57 MVA
Vector group Yd5
High voltage Vrated = 110 kV
Current transformer 300 A/1 A
Undervoltage Vrated = 25 kV
Current transformer 1500 A/1 A
[foobersp-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Here the rated current of the winding = rated current of current transformer. Thus, for a 3-phase or 2-phase
test, the pickup value corresponds to the setting value threshold value of the device (kSG = 1 for reference
winding) with reference to the device rated current. For the threshold value the designation IDIFF> is used.
For a 1-phase test with residual current elimination, 1.5 times the value is to be expected as a pickup value.
The following applies to undervoltage:
[fountrsp-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
For the secondary test of this winding, the theoretical pickup value refers to device's rated value.
[fothanwt-041016-01, 1, en_US]
Due to the odd vector-group numbers, the following pickup values apply (see Table 10-1):
3-phase kSG = 1
[fo3phasw-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fo2phasw-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
1-phase kSG = 3
[fo1phasw-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If secondary test equipment is connected to the device, remove it and switch the test switch to the operating
position.
NOTE
! DANGER
Dead components hazardous due to capacitive coupling of other system parts!
Failure to comply with the safety notes, can result in death, severe injury or considerable material
damage.
Primary tests may be performed only on dead and grounded system parts!
Preferably, perform a undervoltage test on network transformers and asynchronous machines in which
the protected object insulated from the line is supplied with current by a test source for low voltage. This
symmetrical test source produces the test current via a loadable 2-pole cross connector externally incor-
porated to the protection range or via the motor neutral point. The test current source is connected in
transformers on the upper-voltage side, the 2-pole cross connector on the low-voltage side.
[dwprfnsq-120202-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 10-1 Test Setup With Low-Voltage Source Example of Transformer and Motor
For generator transformers and synchronous machines, perform the tests for short-circuits, with the
machine itself serving as test current source. The test current is produced briefly by means of a loadable
2-pole cross connector incorporated externally to the protection range, with generator's rated current.
[dwprfgen-120202-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 10-2 Test Setup in Power System with Generator as Voltage Source Example
NOTE
i These tests cannot replace a visual check of the correct current transformer connections. Completed checks
of the system connections are therefore a prerequisite.
The SIPROTEC 5 device makes operational measured values available. With these operational measured values,
quick commissioning without external instrumentation is possible.
The following procedure is intended for 3-phase protected objects, namely, for measuring point 1 against
measuring point 2. For transformers, it is assumed that side 1 is the upper-voltage side of the transformer. The
remaining possible current circuits are tested analogously.
Switch the test current on, or bring the generator to rated speed and excite it to test current. Acquisition
of measured values in the SIPROTEC 5 device must not cause pick up. If a failure indication is present, you
can see in the logs what causes come into question.
In the case of indications from balance supervisions, the primary system may actually be unbalanced. If
this is a normal operating condition, then set the corresponding supervision function to be less sensitive.
The rotating field is clockwise (phase sequence: A, B, C). If the line has a phase sequence A, C, B, you
must account for this when setting the power-system data. Incorrect direction of rotation is indicated.
Check the phase assignment of the measurands and correct the affected measuring point after switching
off. Then repeat the measurement.
Protected Object
Generator/Motor/ Transformer with vector-group numbers44
Phase Angle short line 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AM2 180 180 150 120 90 60 30 0 330 300 270 240 210
BM2 60 60 30 0 330 300 270 240 210 180 150 120 90
CM2 300 300 270 240 210 180 150 120 90 60 30 0 330
If the angles are not correct, there are polarity faults or a phase inversion in the connection of measuring
point 2 or the other side to be tested at the tested measuring point.
If deviations are present in individual phases, a polarity fault is present in the connection of these phase
currents or an acyclic phase inversion is present.
If all angles deviate by the same amount, there is a cyclic inversion of all 3 phases or an incorrect vector
group in transformers. In the last case, check the vector-group adaptation. Also pay attention to the
assignment of the measuring points to the sides and the assignment of the sides to the protected object.
If all angles differ by 180, the polarity of a set of current transformers for the second measuring point is
not correct. You can fix this by testing and correcting the corresponding parameters of the substation
configuration.
If you presume a connection fault:
Switch off the test source and the protected object. Ground the protected object or shut down the gener-
ator.
Check and correct the connections and test setup.
Check the settings for the corresponding current transformer data.
Repeat the measurement and check the angle.
Repeat all tests previously described until all measuring points for the main protected object are included in a
test at least once.
44 If the upper-voltage side is defined as side 1, the angles are valid. Otherwise, 360 minus the stated angle is valid.
The differential and restraint currents refer to the rated current of the protected object. Observe this when
comparing the test currents. For more than 2 sides, the rated current of the protected object equals the
highest rated current of all sides of the protected object.
Read out the differential and restraint currents under Measured values.
The differential currents IDiffA:, IDiffB:, IDiffC: must be low, at least one order of magnitude less than
the test currents flowing through. Ideally, they are 0.
The restraint currents IStabA:, IStabB:, IStabC: correspond to the test current flowing through.
If differential currents occur on the order of magnitude of the restraint currents, there is a polarity
reversal in the current transformer or current transformers on one side. Again check the polarity and
correct it after short-circuiting all 6 current transformers. If you have made changes to current trans-
formers, repeat the angle test.
If substantial differential currents occur that are approximately the same in all phases, a faulty adapta-
tion of the measurands is present. Faults in the vector-group adaptation in transformers are already
discovered in the winding test. Check the settings of the device relevant for current adaptation. These are
the data of the protected object:
Finally, switch off the test source and the protected object or shut down the generator.
If parameter settings have been changed for the tests, reset them to the values necessary for operation.
NOTE
i Ensure that you perform the intended tests for each current path.
NOTE
! DANGER
Dead components hazardous due to capacitive coupling of other system parts!
Failure to comply with the safety notes, can result in death, severe injury or considerable material
damage.
Primary tests may be performed only on dead and grounded system parts!
[dwnsmsdt-120202-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 10-3 Measurement of Residual Current on a Star-Delta Transformer - Without Neutral-Point Current
Measurement
[dwnmsdtm-120202-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwnmssta-120202-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwnmspta-120202-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwnmzzwk-120202-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwnmdrwk-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 10-8 Residual-Current Measurement on a Delta Winding with Artificial Neutral Point in the Protec-
tion Range
[dwnmgelr-120202-01.tif, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i The following tests cannot replace a visual check of the correct current transformer connections. The
completed checks are a prerequisite.
All phase currents of the tested measuring point correspond to approx. 1/3 of the test current.
Phase currents and residual current on the untested measuring point are approx. 0 on transformers.
The current of the 1-phase current input to the extent included in the measurement corresponds to
the test current.
Deviations can only occur with the 1-phase measuring input (if measured), since connection faults in the
phase currents were already recognized in the symmetric test.
In the case of deviations:
Switch off the test source and the protected object. Ground the protected object or shut down the gener-
ator.
Check the assignment of the additional measuring input currently being tested.
Check the parameters for the compensation.
Check and correct the connections and test setup.
Repeat the measurement and check the amounts again.
[fomatnse-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fomznel2-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fomansko-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fomansk2-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If there is a polarity reversal on the current transformer at the neutral point, a value that corresponds to 2/3 of
the test current (3I0) results for the differential and restraint current per phase. The following matrices illus-
trate the situation.
[fomzvrpo-061112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fomzvrp2-061112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Secondary tests can never replace the primary tests described in the following 10.4.2 Primary Tests, because
they cannot include connection faults. They are used to check the setting values, the proper reaction of the
protection function, the engineering (for example, routing of the corresponding logical signals, display images
with measured values, logics in the CFC, etc.) If you want to perform secondary tests, observe the following
instructions.
NOTE
i For tests with secondary test equipment, make sure that no other measurands are connected and the trip
commands to the circuit breakers are interrupted; otherwise, the circuit breaker could be activated.
Perform the tests with the current setting values for the device. If these values are not (yet) available, check
with the default values.
NOTE
i The measuring accuracy to be achieved depends on the electrical data of the used test sources. The accura-
cies stated in the Technical Data can be expected only if the reference conditions stipulated in VDE 0435/
part 303 and in IEC 60255 are ensured and if precision instruments are used. The specified tolerances refer
to the default data for the protected objects. If the protected-object rated current that refers to the rated
current of the current transformer deviates considerably from the device rated current, you must expect
higher response tolerances.
For differential protection, you can check each side separately. This corresponds to the simulation of a fault
supplied from one side. If a side has several measuring points, the measuring inputs not included in the test
carry no current. The pickup value is tested by slowly increasing the test current.
NOTE
i Tests of currents greater than 4 times the device-rated current (or a maximum of 20 A) lead to an overload
of the input circuits and may be performed only briefly. You can find further information in the Technical
Data. Interrupt testing to allow cool-down!
The set pickup values refer to the symmetrical 3-phase current in the case of 3-phase protected objects.
If you are testing parameters set during operation, you must note that the setting value for the differential
protection refers to the rated current of the protected object. The rated current is the primary current that
results formally from:
[fonennsl-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If you wish to check the characteristic curve, Siemens recommends using the standard testing programs of
digital test equipment. For the manual checking of points on the characteristic curve, feed in a current
flowing through which corresponds to a current value on the stabilization axis. Then change the phase angle
of the test current on one side until the necessary differential current is reached. Check a value above and
below the point on the characteristic curve which is to be tested with a tolerance of 5 %.
Restricted primary testing is possible for generator protection applications. A wiring fault in the connection to
the system could be a possible cause of the fault. With the system at a standstill, you can apply a test current
of approx. 10 % to 20 % of the rated current directly to the current-transformer terminals and to the
connected current transformer by means of a primary testing equipment. Simulate a load (current flowing
through). The differential current must be 0 and the restraint current is the current which is fed in.
To prevent overfunction on initial switch-on, for example due to the incorrect installation of a transformer,
Siemens recommends switching the differential protection to test mode. The protection function operates,
but does not issue a trip command. Check the differential and the restraint current with the protection meas-
ured values in the fault log. The differential current must be 0 and the restraint current must correspond to
the actually flowing generator current.
If the differential protection is functioning correctly, switch the protection function ON.
NOTE
i If the differential protection is disabled (for example, function in test mode), an overcurrent protection
must be active as short-circuit protection (without delay and set via the starting current).
Secondary tests can never replace the primary tests described in the following 10.5.2 Primary Tests, because
they cannot include connection faults. They are used to control the setting values, the proper reaction of the
protection function, engineering (for example, routing of the appropriate logical signals, display images with
measured values, logics in the CFC, etc.). If you want to perform secondary tests, observe the following
instructions.
NOTE
i For tests with secondary test equipment, ensure that no other measurands are connected and the trip
commands to the circuit breakers are open, otherwise the circuit breakers could be activated.
Perform the tests with the current setting values for the device. If these values are not (yet) present, check
with the default values.
NOTE
i The measuring accuracy to be attained depends on the electrical data of the test sources. The accuracies
stated in the Technical Data can be expected only if the reference conditions stipulated in VDE 0435/
part 303 and IEC 60255 are ensured and precision instruments are used. The stated tolerances refer to the
default data for the protected objects. If the rated current of the protected object in relation to the rated
current of the current transformer deviates considerably from the rated current of the device, you must
assume higher response tolerances.
For differential protection, you can check each side separately. This corresponds to the simulation of a fault
supplied from one side. If a side has several measuring points, the measuring inputs not included in the test
carry no current. The pickup value is tested by increasing the test current slowly.
NOTE
i Tests of currents exceeding quadruple device rated current (or a maximum of 20 A) lead to an overload of
the input circuits and may be performed only briefly. You can find further information in the Technical
Data. Interrupt testing to allow cool-down!
The set pickup values refer to symmetrical 3-phase current in the case of 3-phase protected objects.
If you are testing parameters set during operation, you must ensure that the setting value for the differential
protection refers to the rated current of the protected object. The rated current is the primary current that
results formally from:
[fonennsl-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If you wish to check the characteristic curve, Siemens recommends the use of the standard testing programs
of digital test equipment. For the manual checking of points on the characteristic curve, feed in a through
current which corresponds to a current value on the stabilization axis. Then change the phase angle of the test
current on one side, so that the necessary differential current is achieved. Check a value with a tolerance of
5 % above and below the point on the characteristic curve which is to be tested.
Restricted primary testing is possible for motor protection applications. A wiring fault in the connection to the
system could be a possible cause of the fault. With the system at a standstill, you can apply a test current of
approx. 10 % to 20 % of the rated current directly to the transformer terminals and connected transformer by
means of a primary testing device. Simulate a load (through current). The differential current must be zero
and the restraint current is the current which is fed in.
To rule out overfunction on initial switch-on, for example, due to the incorrect installation of a transformer,
Siemens recommends switching the differential protection to test mode. The protection function operates,
but does not issue a trip command. With the protection measured values in the fault log, check the differential
and the restraint current. The differential current must be 0 and the restraint current must correspond to the
actual motor current.
If the differential protection is functioning correctly, switch the protection function ON.
NOTE
i If the differential protection is disabled (for example, function in test mode), an overcurrent protection
must be active as short-circuit protection (without delay and set via the starting current).
On the device, under Settings General Test support (_:151) Oper.bin.outp. under
test
For both test modes, all indications are marked with a test bit.
Via the binary inputs >Test local device on and >Test local device off
The indications Ctrl:Test local device or BI: Test local device show in which way the test was
switched on. If a device test was initiated by DIGSI or via the communication interface, then the indication(_:
2311:307) Ctrl:Test local device is issued.
If the test is activated, the local differential protection function operates in test mode. This is signaled via the
indications Test local device act. as well as Behavior (I-DIFF test) and Behavior (I-DIFF fast test).
The differential protection functions in the other devices become inactive and report this state with the indica-
tions Inactive and Test remote device.
You can activate the operating mode manually in the following way:
DIGSI: Online access Interface Device Device information
On-site operation panel: Main menu Device functions Line 1 Line differential protection
With a test switch, you can activate the binary inputs and switch over the current inputs of the protection
device to a current generator.
The following diagrams show potential variants on how to control binary inputs.
[loextta1-121210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 10-11 External Push-Button Wiring for Controlling the Test of the Local Device
If a control switch is used, route the binary input >Test local device on as H (active with
voltage) and the binary input >Test local device off as L (active without voltage).
[loextta2-121210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 10-12 External Switch Wiring for Controlling the Test of the Local Device
Via the binary inputs >Test all devices on and >Test all devices offl:
The indications Ctrl: Test all devices or BI: Test all devices show in which way the test was
started. If the test is activated, the differential protection function in all devices operates in test mode. This is
signaled via the indications Test all devices activ and Behavior (I-DIFF test) and Behavior (I-DIFF
fast test). In this state, the differential protection may be tested.
NOTE
i The test of all devices cannot be set and will be rejected if the local differential protection functions are
already logged off.
You can activate the operating mode manually in the following way:
DIGSI: Online access Interface Device Device information
On-site operation panel: Main menu Device functions Line 1 Line differential protection
The following diagrams show possible variants of activation of the test-operation type through control of
binary inputs.
[loextta3-100611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 10-14 External Push-Button Wiring for Controlling the Test of All Devices
If a control switch is used, route the binary input >Test all devices on as H (active with
voltage) and the binary input >Test all devices off as L (active without voltage).
[loextta4-121210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 10-15 External Switch Wiring for Controlling the Test of All Devices
[dwueidif-191113-01, 1, en_US]
To ensure reliable operation of the line differential protection, the operating point must be located inside the
working area and clearly below the tripping lines.
If the differential current monitoring function is tripped or the operating point lies within the tripping area,
proceed as follows:
Check the pickup value for stage I-DIFF.
Check the polarity of the current transformer.
Verify that the differential current is generated by the primary system. Did you consider the charging
current? It will be depicted as a permanent differential current.
If these were not the causes of the differential current, the differential current can be generated by asyn-
chronous communication networks. Such asynchronicity can be created by coupling larger communica-
tion networks.
Another cause of the differential current could be unbalances in the runtimes for the protection commu-
nication that have always existed but not been noticed. This means that the transmission times for the
protection data back and forth are different, as a result of which the measured values received cannot be
synchronized perfectly. Hence, a differential current that might activate the operate function during
increased current flow will be calculated.
EXAMPLE:
The following line formation is protected by the line differential protection with 3 devices.
Figure 10-17 Differential Protection with 3 Devices for a Line with a Feeder
In the example, the feeder is to be decommissioned for maintenance or modification work. Device 3 should
therefore also be switched off. Without additional measures, the line differential protection will no longer
function and will send an indication that it is ineffective.
For this use case, the Line differential protection function must be logged off in device 3. The Line differen-
tial protection in device 3 can only be logged off if no current is flowing through the feeder. During the log-off
process, device 3 checks whether the circuit breaker 3 is really open. If the Line differential protection is
logged off in device 3, this is saved in the remaining devices 1 and 2 and Kirchhoff's current law will then be
calculated only with the currents of the devices 1 and 2.
If device 3 is successfully logged off, you can switch it off. The logoff of device 3 is saved in the remaining
devices after it is switched off. If you switch device 3 back on, log on to the device combination again.
NOTE
i Before logging off, you must switch off the feeder protected by the local line differential protection.
Via the binary inputs, general: >Function logoff on (_:2311:507) or >Function logoff off
(_:2311:508)
The following conditions must be fulfilled before the function is logged off:
The current flow at the circuit breaker must be stopped. You must switch off the feeder protected by the
local line differential protection.
The locally measured current of the logged-off line end no longer flows into the sum of the currents. The
function then only sums up the currents from the line ends that have not been logged off.
The circuit-breaker position recognition in the Circuit-breaker function group (CB) provides the circuit-
breaker condition via the internal signal CB state protected obj..
If a protected object is supplied via 2 circuit breakers (CBs), for example, in case of a breaker-and-a-half
layout, then the CB state of the protected object must be determined with both circuit breakers. In this
case, the Circuit-breaker condition for the protected object function block performs the connection of
the individual CB conditions.
If one of the following 2 conditions is met, the CB state protected obj. internal signal is in the
Open state:
All connected circuit breakers signal the Open state.
The >Disconnector open input is active.
You can find more detailed information in chapter 5.5.4.6 Circuit-Breaker Condition for the Protected
Object.
Monitoring the communication topology in the device combination is only important if more than 2
devices are communicating via the protection interface. A function can only be logged off if this does not
disturb the communication between the remaining devices in the device combination.
The logged-off local line differential protection can also be activated for test purposes (see 10.6 Functional
Test of the Line Differential Protection). This has no influence or impact on the running protection interface
communication.
The following diagrams show potential variants on how to control binary inputs. If you would like to use push-
buttons, switch on these push-buttons as shown in the following figure. With the push-button Key2, you log
off the function using; with the push-button Key1, you log the function on again.
[loexttx3-140311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 10-19 External Push-Button Wiring for Logging off the Local Line Differential Protection
If a control switch is used, route the binary input >Function logoff on as H (active with voltage)
and the binary input >Function logoff off as L (active without voltage). If the switch S is
closed, the function is logged off.
[loextsx4-020412-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 10-20 External Switch Wiring for Logging off the Local Line Differential Protection
Indications
The logged-off function reports the status (Function logged off) and the cause of the logoff.
If you have logged off the function via binary inputs, the indication Logged off via BI is issued.
If you have logged off the function via on-site operation, DIGSI 5, or the protection interface, the indication
Logged off via control is issued.
Checking stability with an external fault is possible by feeding in a current, if no bushing-type trans-
formers are present on the transformer. The Figure 10-21 shows test proposal. A trip may not occur.
[dwhighct-170712-01.tif, 3, en_US]
If a generator step-up transformer is protected, the generator can be used as test source. During a shutdown,
an external 1-phase short circuit is built in. After this, the generator is excited and a minimum current is
supplied. This minimum current lies under the permissible negative-sequence current. Set the restricted
ground-fault protection to the lower setting value. If the test current must be greater due to system condi-
tions, the test takes place briefly (only a few seconds). Reestablish the original states after the test (primary
plant, protection setting).
With smaller primary transformer rated currents, the test can take place by means of external supply (400 V
method). Set the protection to the minimum threshold value.
Q is positive if the inductive reactive power flows in the line or protected object.
Q is negative if the inductive reactive power flows to the busbar or out of the protected object.
If the power measured values have a different sign than expected, then the power flow is opposite the
current-direction definition. This can be the case, for example, at the opposite end of the undervoltage side of
a transformer . The current-transformer neutral point then points in the direction of the protected object (for
example transformer).
If the values are not as expected, it may be due to a polarity reversal at the voltage connection.
As a final step, switch off the system.
10.10.1 Overview
If the CT and VT connections are in the way that the ground quantities (3I0 and V0) are calculated by the
device from the phase quantities, then, no additional directional test is required. Testing according to
10.9 Direction Test of the Phase Quantities (Current and Voltage Connection) is sufficient.
If the ground current IN or the ground voltage VN is directly measured via a device input (usually I4 or V4), the
correct polarity of the ground current and the ground voltage path must be checked.
! DANGER
Live system parts! Capacitive coupled voltages on dead parts!
Noncompliance with the following measures can lead to death, serious physical injury, or consider-
able material damage.
Primary measures may be performed only on dead and grounded system parts.
Primary Test
The primary test is used for the evaluation of the correct polarity of the transformer connections for the deter-
mination of the ground-fault direction.
To generate a zero-sequence voltage V0, the e-n winding of one phase in the voltage-transformer set (for
example, phase A) is bypassed, see Figure 10-22. If no connection on the en windings of the voltage trans-
former is provided, the corresponding phase is disconnected on the secondary side, see Figure 10-23. Only the
current of the transformer in the phase of which the voltage is missing is transferred via the current circuit. If
the line carries resistive-inductive load, the protection is subject to the same conditions as existing during a
ground fault in line direction.
For directional testing, the Directional ground-fault protection function (67N) is configured and at least one
stage is switched on. The pickup threshold of the stage must be below the load current of the line. If not, the
binary input signal (_:2311:501) >Test of direction can be activated to lower the threshold tempo-
rarily for testing means without changing the respective parameter.
After switching the line on and off again, you can check the pickup signal of the directional protection stage in
the fault log. A forward information must be logged. If no pickup information is logged at all, the 3I0 or U0
threshold is not exceeded.
If a wrong direction is logged, one of the following conditions may have occurred:
The direction of the load flow is from the line towards the busbar.
The ground-current connection is incorrect.
NOTE
i Siemens recommends not to change parameter settings for the test. However, if parameters were changed
for this test, they must be returned to their original state after completing the test!
[ConnPolarit1_diagram, 1, en_US]
Figure 10-22 Polarity Testing, Example with Current Transformers Configured in a Holmgreen-Connection
and VTs with Broken-Delta Connection
[ConnPolarit2_201507, 1, en_US]
Figure 10-23 Polarity Testing, Example with Current Transformers Configured in a Holmgreen-Connection
and VTs with Star Connection
Primary Test
The primary test is used for the evaluation of the correct polarity of the transformer connections for the deter-
mination of the ground-fault direction.
For directional testing, the Directional sensitive ground-fault detection function (67Ns) is configured and a
directional stage is switched on. For example, the directional 3I0> stage with cos or sin measurement.
The most reliable test is the one with a primary ground fault. Proceed as follows:
Isolate the line and ground it on both sides; on the farthest line end it must remain open during the
entire test.
Place a 1-phase ground fault bridge on the line. For overhead lines, this can be done at an arbitrary loca-
tion, in any case behind the current transformer (as seen from the busbar of the feeder to be tested). For
cables, the grounding is done on the farthest end (sealing end).
Remove the protective grounding from the line.
Switch on the circuit breaker on the line to be tested.
Check direction indicator (LED if routed).
Check the indication (_:302) Ground fault in the ground-fault log or fault log with regard to its
direction. The indication (_:302) Ground fault forward must be logged as direction information.
If backward is determined as the direction, either with the current connections or the voltage connec-
tions, there is an inversion in the neutral path. For the display unknown, the ground current is probably
too low.
Switch the line off and ground it.
This completes the test.
[scprotec, 1, en_US]
Proper communication of the devices among each other can be supervised during operation.
Check the connections for each protection interface in DIGSI 5.
If a connection is successfully established, the Status of topo recog. field shows the indication valid in DIGSI
5 (see Figure 10-24).
If 2 devices are parameterized incorrectly, the Status of topo recog. field shows the indication invalid (see
Figure 10-24).
In Figure 10-25 there is no protection-data communication between device 1 and device 2, that is, the protec-
tion interfaces 1 and 2 of device 1 do not receive data. The transmission of protection data is interrupted and
differential protection is ineffective. One reason for this can be a remote control with DIGSI via the protection
interface. In this case, the protection connection is interrupted and the connection is used exclusively for
DIGSI.
[scprotco-061210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
In the case of protection interfaces of type 1 and type 2, the complex phasors of the voltage and current meas-
uring point are exchanged between devices of one communication topology in order to be able to carry out a
directional test during commissioning, for example. DIGSI 5 depicts this in the form of a phasor diagram. You
can only route the measuring point to the protection interface. For 1 1/2 circuit-breaker layouts, a measuring
point can therefore be transferred and checked optionally. You can also check and test the 2nd measuring
point by rerouting. Furthermore, communication with DIGSI 5 can take place via the protection interface to
other devices of the constellation. For this purpose, the protection-interface connection is interrupted and
DIGSI 5 uses this connection for communication with the remote device.
After completing the remote connection by DIGSI 5, the system switches back over to protection commu-
nication.
NOTE
i While performing the secondary test, ensure that the data of the protected object refer to the protection
function.
This means that a mismatch between the voltage transformer and the protected object will be corrected auto-
matically. For instance, when applying the secondary rated voltage and the rated frequency, this must not
result in a V/f value of 1.
The mismatch of the voltage transformer must be taken into consideration when selecting the test voltage.
Multiply the secondary test voltage with the following 'k' factor.
[fokfakuf-070513-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Example
Vrated,obj = 110 kV; Vrated, transf. = 100 kV
It follows from the above that k = 1.1. For example, when verifying the nominal conditions if the secondary
rated voltage is 100 V, a voltage of 1.1 * 100 V = 110 V must be supplied. The measured value of the function
Measured value V/f must display 1.0000.
NOTE
i When checking the dependent stage, ensure it is associated with a thermal replica. When repeating a test,
always reset the replica, using the binary input indication >Reset therm. replica(_:13951:501).
Primary Test
The plausibility check between instantaneous overexcitation and the displayed operational measured value is
used to verify the functionality of overexcitation.
Instantaneous overexcitation is a result of the following function:
[fomoweuf-070513-01.tif, 1, en_US]
where:
V Instantaneous voltage
Vrated Primary rated voltage of the protected object
f Instantaneous frequency in f
frated Rated frequency
The primary test current is 1.5 * 483 A = 724.5 A. This results in a secondary current of 724.5 A *1A/750A =
0.966 A. A secondary current of 0.966 A must therefore be supplied.
Calculate the operate time with the following formula. Enter only primary variables here.
Set Iprevious load = 0. The setting parameters reveal the K-factor (for example, 1.1) and the Thermal
time constant (for example, 600 s or 10 min).
Test from the cold state.
[foauslpr-190309-01.tif, 2, en_US]
At a current of 0.966 A supplied on the secondary side, the protection function must trip after 463 s.
[foauslpr-190309-02.tif, 2, en_US]
NOTE
i Owing to the relatively large time constants in practice, the tests are carried out with significantly reduced
time constants. Reset the original setting value after completing the tests.
NOTE
i For the secondary test of the Hotspot calculation function, note that all setting parameters refer to the
primary variables of the protected object. The protection device considers the current transformer ratio
from the power-system data and adapts the data to the device-rated variables. Take this behavior into
account for the test.
Reset the thermal memory before you repeat the test. This is possible, for instance, via the binary input
indication >Reset thermal replica. If you change the settings of the function or switch it off, the
thermal image is also reset.
Check the calculated hotspot temperature at a load current of 1.5 I/Irated, Obj.
Once the oil or turn time constant has expired, the hotspot temperature comes from the measured oil temper-
ature and the temperature difference between the hotspot and the top-oil temperature.
Example
If the measured oil temperature is a uniform 70 C, a temperature differential results between the hotspot and
the top-oil temperature of:
IEC 60076-7
H,V (t) = KYHgr
Y = 1.6
Hgr = 22
K = 1.6
NOTE
i Owing to the relatively large time constants in practice, the tests are carried out with significantly reduced
time constants. Reset the original setting value after completing the test.
When performing the secondary test, note that the setting value for the reverse power refers to the machine
variables. Due to the mismatching of the current transformer, you must check with reduced currents. You can
deduce the reduction from the ratio Irated, generator/ Irated, CT. Check the reverse-power protection at rated voltage.
If the voltage transformer is not adjusted to the rated generator voltage, correct the secondary voltage, too.
Use the following ratio:
Vrated, generator/Vrated, VT
For measurements on the protection current transformers and with sensitive setting of the reverse-power
protection, Siemens recommends determining the reverse power and the angle-correction values. Regardless
of the generator excitation, that is regardless of the reactive power Q, the reverse power P as a pure active
power is constant. The resulting characteristic curve is a straight line that runs parallel to the Q axis. Due to
possible angle errors of current transformers and voltage transformers, the protection device does not
measure a constant active power. The current flowing at this time, which can be assumed as being propor-
tional to the reactive power, has a substantial influence.
The deviations are determined with 3 measurements and the correcting quantity corr is determined from the
results.
To calculate the correction angle, enter the active power and reactive power measured with the device in the
following table.
Use the functional measured values P1avg and Q1avg (type averaged).
! CAUTION
Be careful if you operate the turbine without a certain minimum steam flow (cooling effect).
Operating the turbine without a certain minimum steam flow (cooling effect) can overheat the
turbine blades!
The consumption of reverse power for a turbo-generator set is only allowed for a short time!
! CAUTION
If the generator is underexcited, there is the risk of an out-of-step condition!
Non-observance of the following measures can result in minor personal injury or material damage.
The following measures prevent the risk of an out-of-step condition.
Regulate the driving power to 0 by closing the control valves. The generator draws its reverse power from
the electrical power system.
Change the excitation until the reactive power Q = 0. As a control measurement, read the active power P0
and the reactive power Q0 with the sign, and enter the values in Table 10-3.
Increase the excitation slowly until reaching approx. 30 % of the rated apparent power of the generator
(overexcited).
Read the reverse power P1 with the sign (negative) and the reactive power Q1 with the sign (positive) in
the functional measured values and note these 2 values in the values table.
Reduce the excitation slowly until reaching approx. 30 % of the rated apparent power of the generator
(underexcited).
Read the reverse power P2 with the sign (negative) and the reactive power Q2 with the sign (negative) in
the functional measured values and note these 2 values in the values table.
Run the generator again at no-load excitation and select the desired operating state.
With the measured value pairs (P1, Q1 and P2, Q2), calculate the correction angle corr with the following
formula:
NOTE
i Insert the power values with the signs that you read previously!
Enter this angle corr with the same sign as the new correction angle (parameter (_:2311:101) Angle
correction ):
Setting value (_:2311:101) Angle correction = corr
You can determine the pickup value of the reverse-power protection from the measured values P1 and
P2.
Use the following formula: Ppickup = (P1+P2)/4
Set the value as pickup value: Parameter (_:991:3) Threshold = Ppickup
To check the efficiency of the reverse-power protection on the basis of the indications, use the parameter
(_:991:1) Mode to switch the reverse-power protection to test .
Proceed as follows:
Start the generator and synchronize it with the power system.
Close the control valves.
From the functional measured value, take the reverse power that was measured by the protection device
as the active power. Use 50 % of the functional measured value as setting value for the reverse-power
protection.
Increase the driving power up to normal operation.
Check the quick-stop criterion.
Proceed as follows:
NOTE
i Make sure that the binary input >Stop valve closed is properly routed. The quick-stop criterion (the
pressure-operated switch or the limit switch on the quick-stop valve) must control this binary input.
NOTE
i Always keep the local conditions, the station plans, and protection plans in mind.
NOTE
i Siemens recommends isolating the circuit breaker of the tested feeder at both ends before starting the
tests. Line disconnector switches and busbar disconnector switches must be open so that the circuit
breaker can be operated without risk.
General Precautions
! CAUTION
Tests on the local circuit breaker of the feeder cause a trip command to the output to the adjacent (busbar)
circuit breakers.
Noncompliance with the following measure can result in minor personal injury or physical damage.
In a first step, interrupt the trip commands to the adjacent (busbar) circuit breakers, for example, by
disconnection of the corresponding control voltages.
For testing the circuit-breaker failure protection, it must be ensured that the protection (external protection
device or device-internal protection functions) cannot operate the circuit breaker. The corresponding trip
command must be interrupted.
Although the following list does not claim to be complete, it can also contain points, which have to be ignored
in the current application.
Test Modes
The device and the function can be switched to test mode. These test modes support the test of the function
in different ways:
Test Modes Explanation
Device in test mode This operating mode is relevant for the following tests:
1. Approach of current thresholds in the case of an
external start: Supervision of the binary input signals in
the case of an external start is disabled. This setting allows
a static activation of the starting signals in order to
approach the current threshold.
2. Check whether the issued trip commands actuate the
corresponding circuit breakers, because the device
contacts are also actuated in the device test mode.
CBFP function in test mode (device is NOT in test This operating mode is important for function tests in
mode) which the generated operate indications are NOT
supposed to actuate the binary outputs.
NOTE
i When the function or device is in test mode, all indications are given a test bit.
NOTE
i In the mode Device in test mode, the operate indications generated by the function operate the binary
outputs.
Start by Trip Command from the External Protection without Current Flow
If start is possible without current flow: (see Start by trip command from the external protection).
Termination
All temporary measures taken for testing must be undone, such as special switch positions, interrupted
trip commands, changes to setting values, or individually switched off protection functions.
NOTE
i If the circuit-breaker auxiliary contacts are not connected, a circuit breaker that has been opened can be
permanently closed.
The following test program is available for you to carry out the circuit-breaker test.
No. Test Program
1 3-phase open/closed cycle
[dwcbch01-240217, 1, en_US]
[dwzecbc3p2-030217, 2, en_US]
Test Procedure
The following conditions must be satisfied before the circuit-breaker test can start:
If a circuit-breaker auxiliary contact signals the position of the breaker pole to the device via the binary
inputs of the signal Position, the test cycle is not initiated unless the circuit breaker is closed.
If the circuit-breaker auxiliary contact has not been routed, you must ensure that the circuit breaker is
closed.
The circuit breaker must be ready for an open-closed-open or only-open cycle (indication >Ready).
A protection function must not have been picked up in the circuit-breaker protection function group
responsible for the circuit breaker.
[scCBTest3p, 1, en_US]
Figure 10-30 shows the progression over time of an open-close cycle. If you activated the (_:6151:102)
Trip only option, the close command will not be executed and the dead time will not be taken into
account.
If a circuit-breaker auxiliary contact is connected, the function waits for the indication circuit breaker Posi-
tion = open after the trip command is generated. When the indication Position = open is received, the
close command is transmitted after a dead time (parameter (_:6151:101) Dead time) for an open-close
cycle. If the feedback from the circuit-breaker positions is not received within the maximum transmission time
(Dead time + 2 Output time + 5 s), the circuit-breaker test is aborted and considered to be failed. The
proper functioning of the circuit breaker is monitored via the feedback on the circuit-breaker positions.
[dwcbch03-300913, 1, en_US]
Use the (_:6151:103) Consider current criterion parameter to ensure the circuit-breaker test is
only carried out when the current flowing through the circuit breaker does not exceed a specific current
threshold (parameter (_:6151:104) Current threshold). Otherwise, the circuit-breaker test is not
started.
If the current-flowcriterion is deactivated, the current threshold is not evaluated. The circuit-breaker test
is performed irrespective of the current-flow level through the circuit breaker.
NOTE
i The circuit-breaker test does not perform a synchrocheck even if the synchrocheck has been configured in
the protection-function groups for circuit breakers. This can cause stability problems in the system during a
3-pole interruption. Therefore, a 3-pole circuit-breaker test should be very short, or not performed at all
under load.
Via DIGSI
Via control commands, which you can also connect in the CFC
The following figure illustrates operation of the circuit-breaker test in DIGSI.
[sccb_3pol, 1, en_US]
Select the function in the project tree on the left in the online access.
Start the desired test program in the upper portion of the working area.
The corresponding feedback is displayed in the bottom portion of the working area. Additional informa-
tion about the behavior of other functions while the circuit-breaker test is being performed can be read in
the operational log.
Harmonic Analysis
Superimpose on the fundamental-component current a test current of double frequency (2nd harmonic)
and test the pickup behavior with this.
Cause a threshold value excess (internal pickup) for one of the protection functions that you want to
block.
- or -
Apply a test current with a load current as lead (current step).
The inrush current detection creates a blocking signal.
CWA Process
Create a test current that has flat ranges of a minimum width of 3 ms simultaneously in all 3 phase
currents.
The inrush current detection creates a blocking signal.
The fundamental compoment of the zero-sequence voltage V0 exceeds the threshold (_:13021:103)
V0> threshold value.
The following 2 methods are available for testing of the signal (_:13021:302) Ground fault:
Replaying real transient ground-fault recordings to the device
Using secondary test equipment which allows to simulate transients ground faults
However, the setting of parameter (_:13021:103) V0> threshold value cannot be tested precisely
with the mentioned 2 methods, since this test requires a static V0. An easy way to test the setting is described
in the following.
Secondary Test
This test must be carried out by injecting static secondary quantities. The test equipment needs to be config-
ured in a way that it generates zero-sequence current 3I0 and zero-sequence voltage V0, which are injected to
the SIPROTEC 5 device. By carrying out a shot, for example, a status change from zero-sequence values of 0 A
and 0 V to the values not equal to zero, a transient is generated. The signal (_:13021:302) Ground
fault is issued as long as the static zero-sequence voltage of the 2nd state is greater than the set threshold.
As amplitude for the secondary 3I0, 100 mA is a suitable value. In this test, the directional result contained in
the signal (_:13021:302) Ground fault is not defined and relevant, since the task is to test the setting
of parameter (_:13021:103) V0> threshold value only.
For testing the threshold, shots must be carried out with a static V0 slightly below the threshold and slightly
above the threshold, for example, to 98 % and 102 % of the threshold value or to a threshold value of -0.2 V
and +0.2 V (the greater absolute deviation of the threshold value must be selected) .
Consider that the V0 threshold is defined according to the definition of the symmetrical components. A full
neutral-point displacement voltage VN of 100 V causes V0 = 57.7 V.
Example
2 Binary Inputs
Make sure that the binary inputs used are isolated.
1 Binary Input
Make sure that, in the circuit of the 2nd circuit-breaker auxiliary contact, an equivalent resistance R is
connected.
Observe the dimensioning notes under the section Equivalent resistance R.
[scsyn001-170510-01.tif, 1, en_US]
2. The arrangement in Figure 10-33 is suitable for measuring the circuit-breaker operating time with external
timer. Set the timer to the range 1 s or a tripping of 1 ms.
Connect the circuit breaker manually. The timer is started simultaneously by this. After the poles of the circuit
breaker close, the voltage VLine appears. The timer is then stopped.
If the timer is not stopped owing to an unfavorable closing moment, repeat the attempt.
Siemens recommends calculating the average value from several (3 to 5) successful switching attempts.
NOTE
i Add the command output time of the protected device to measured time. This exclusively depends in good
approximation on the binary output used for the close command. You can find the switching times for the
different binary outputs in the Technical data. Set the total time with the parameter CB make time.
Round off to the next lower adjustable value. Proceed in the same way for all other synchronization stages
used.
[dwsynae6-080211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
b) As secondary test
Establish a synchronous state by applying synchronous voltage values at both measuring points.
Check the functional measured values within the synchronization function:
The delta values must be 0.
Check the voltages V1 and V2 for plausible values in comparison with the operational measured values
for the voltage.
Check the frequencies f1 and f2 for plausible values in comparison with the operational measured
value for the frequency.
Start the synchronization stage, for example, externally with binary input signal or via the integrated
controller. You can use a synchroscope to trigger the start at synchronism, that is, at 12 hours. The dura-
tion until the close command then corresponds to a cycle with the duration 1/f. At a frequency differ-
ence of 0.1 Hz, the duration is thus 10 s.
Insofar as permissible, perform this attempt several time for oversynchronous switching and subsynchro-
nous switching.
The switching performance can be checked with an external recorder or the integrated fault recording
function. You have to start the fault recording explicitly.
You can repeat the blind switching attempts at the limits of the permissible voltage difference.
Current Inputs
All current, voltage, and power data are specified as RMS values.
Rated frequency frated 50 Hz, 60 Hz
Protection-class current trans- Rated current Irated Measuring range of Measuring range of the
formers the modular devices non-modular devices
5A 0 A to 500 A 0 A to 250 A
1A 0 A to 100 A 0 A to 50 A
Instrument transformers 5A 0 A to 8 A 0 A to 8 A
1A 0 A to 1.6 A 0 A to 1.6 A
Power consumption per current Approx. 0.1 VA
circuit at rated current
Thermal rating 500 A for 1 s
(protection and instrument trans- 150 A for 10 s
formers) 20 A continuously
25 A for 3 min
30 A for 2 min
Dynamic load-carrying capacity 1250 A one half wave
Voltage Input
All current, voltage, and power data are specified as RMS values.
Rated frequency frated 50 Hz, 60 Hz
Input and output modules IO202, IO208, IO211, IO214 IO215
Measuring range 0 V to 200 V 0 V to 7.07 V
Input impedance < 0.1 VA < 0.01 VA
Thermal rating 230 V continuously 20 V continuously
Insulation class SELV (Safety Extra Low Voltage) (according to IEC 60255-27)
Connector type 8-pin multiple contact strip
Differential current input channels 4
Measuring range DC -24 mA to +24 mA
Fault < 0.5 % of the measuring range
Input impedance 140
Conversion principle Delta-sigma (16 bit)
Permissible potential difference DC 20 V
between channels
Galvanic separation from ground/ DC 700 V
housing
Permissible overload DC 100 mA continuously
Measurement repetition 200 ms
Number of transceivers 3
Fiber type Polymer Optical Fiber (POF) 1 mm
Receiver
Maximum -10 dBm 2 dBm
Minimum -40 dBm 2 dBm
Spectrum 400 nm to 1100 nm
Attenuation In the case of plastic optical fibers, you can expect a path attenuation of
0.2 dB/m Additional attenuation comes from the plug and sensor head.
Optical budget 1 Minimal 25 dB
Analog sampling rate 16 kHz
ADC type 10-bit successive approximation
Transmitter
Type LED
Wavelength = 650 nm
Transmit power Minimum 0 dBm
Maximum 2 dBm
Numerical aperture 0.5 2
Signal rate connection test 1 pulse per second
Pulse duration connection test 11 s
Comment:
1 All values in combination with sensors approved by Siemens.
2 Numerical aperture (NA = sin (launch angle))
NOTE
i Current and voltage must not be connected to a measuring-transducer input at the same time; only either
current or voltage may be connected. Due to EMC, no line may be connected to an input that is not used
(current or voltage).
Use shielded cables.
45 The IO210 has 4 high-speed measuring-transducer inputs. They can be used either as a voltage or current input.
46 The IO212 has 8 high-speed measuring-transducer inputs. They can be used either as a voltage or current input.
Temperature Inputs
47 The IO210 has 4 high-speed measuring-transducer inputs. They can be used either as a voltage or current input.
48 The IO212 has 8 high-speed measuring-transducer inputs. They can be used either as a voltage or current input.
49 Fortime-critical applications with low-active signals, consider the specified dropout times. If necessary, provide for active discharge of
the binary input (for example, a resistor in parallel to the binary input or using a change-over contact).
Masses
Device Size
Weight of the Modular Devices
Type of construction 1/3 1/2 2/3 5/6 1/1
Flush-mounting device 4.4 kg 7.2 kg 9.9 kg 12.7 kg 15.5 kg
Surface-mounted device with inte- 7.4 kg 11.7 kg 15.9 kg 20.2 kg 24.5 kg
grated on-site operation panel
Surface-mounted device with 4.7 kg 7.8 kg 10.8 kg 13.9 kg 17.0 kg
detached on-site operation panel
Size Weight
Detached on-site operation panel 1/3 1.9 kg
Detached on-site operation panel 1/6 1.1 kg
Device Size
Weight of the Non-Modular Devices 7xx82
Type of construction 1/3
Flush-mounting device 3.6 kg
Bracket for non-modular surface- 1.9 kg
mounted variant
Type of Construction (Maximum Dimensions) Width over all x Height over all x Depth 50 (in
Inches)
Flush-mounting device 150 mm x 268 mm x 229 mm (5.91 x 10.55 x 9.02)
Surface-mounted device with integrated on-site oper- 150 mm x 314 mm x 337 mm (5.91 x 12.36 x 13.27)
ation panel
Surface-mounted device with detached on-site opera- 150 mm x 314 mm x 230 mm (5.91 x 12.36 x 9.06)
tion panel
Type of Width over all x Height over all x Depth 51 (in Inches)
Construction
(Maximum
Dimensions)
Type of construc- 1/3 1/2 2/3 5/6 1/1
tion
Flush-mounting 150 mm x 225 mm x 300 mm x 375 mm x 450 mm x
device 268 mm x 268 mm x 268 mm x 268 mm x 268 mm x
229 mm (5.91 x 229 mm (8.86 x 229 mm(11.81 x 229 mm (14.76 229 mm (17.72
10.55 x 9.02) 10.55 x 9.02) 10.55 x 9.02) x 10.55 x 9.02) x 10.55 x 9.02)
Surface- 150 mm x 225 mm x 300 mm x 375 mm x 450 mm x
mounted device 314 mm x 314 mm x 314 mm x 314 mm x 314 mm x
with integrated 337 mm (5.91 x 337 mm (8.86 x 337 mm (11.81 337 mm (14.76 337 mm (17.72
on-site operation 12.36 x 13.27) 12.36 x 13.27) x 12.36 x 13.27) x 12.36 x 13.27) x 12.36 x 13.27)
panel
Surface- 150 mm x 225 mm x 300 mm x 375 mm x 450 mm x
mounted device 314 mm x 314 mm x 314 mm x 314 mm x 314 mm x
with detached 230 mm (5.91 x 230 mm (8.86 x 230 mm (11.81 230 mm (14.76 230 mm (17.72
on-site operation 12.36 x 9.06) 12.36 x 9.06) x 12.36 x 9.06) x 12.36 x 9.06) x 12.36 x 9.06)
panel
Minimum Bending Radii of the Connecting Cables Between the On-Site Operation Panel and the Base Module
Fiber-optic cable R = 50 mm
Pay attention to the length of the cable protection
sleeve, which you must also include in calculations.
D-Sub cable R = 50 mm (minimum bending radius)
UL Note
Type of Line Current Terminal Voltage Terminal with Voltage Terminal with
Spring-Loaded Terminals Screw Connection
Stranded wires with ring- 2.7 Nm No ring-type lug No ring-type lug
type lug
Stranded wires with boot- 2.7 Nm 1.0 Nm 0.6 Nm
lace ferrules or pin-type
lugs
Solid conductor, bare 2.0 Nm 1.0 Nm
(2 mm2)
NOTE
53 The provided plug-in label must be used for expansion modules with LEDs.
Operate curve
Threshold value I/Irated,obj 0.05 to 2.00 Increments of 0.01
Slope 1 0.00 to 0.80 Increments of 0.01
Intersection 1 Irest I/Irated,obj 0.00 to 5.00 Increments of 0.01
Slope 2 0.25 to 0.95 Increments of 0.01
Intersection 2 Irest I/Irated,obj 1.00 to 20.00 Increments of 0.01
Startup detection
Startup detection threshold value I/Irated,obj 0.1 to 2.0 Increments of 0.1
Characteristic curve increase 1.0 to 5.0 Increments of 0.1
factor
Maximum starting time 0.1 s to 180.0 s Increments of 0.1 s
DC-component detection
Characteristic curve increase 1.0 to 5.0 Increments of 0.1
factor DC
Inrush-current detection
2nd harmonic content 10 % to 45 % Increments of 1 %
Crossblk. time 2nd har. 0.00 s to 200.00 s or Increments of 0.01 s
Overexcitation blocking
3rd harmonic content 10 % to 80 % Increments of 1 %
Crossblk. time 3rd har. 0.00 s to 200.00 s or Increments of 0.01 s
5th harmonic content 10 % to 80 % Increments of 1 %
Crossblk. time 5th har. 0.00 s to 200.00 s or Increments of 0.01 s
Idiff limit 3rd, 5th harm. I/Irated,obj 0.5 to 20.0 Increments of 0.1
Detection of external faults
Add-on stabilization threshold I/Irated,obj 1.00 to 20.00 Increments of 0.01
value
Add-on stabilization time 0.00 s to 5.00 s or Increments of 0.01 s
Crossblk. time additional stabili- 0.00 s to 2.00 s or Increments of 0.01 s
zation
Operate curve See Figure 11-1
I-DIFF Fast
I-DIFF Unrestrained
Response Tolerance
Time Delays
[dwdifaus-030912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Operating Times
Frequency tracking 10 Hz to 80 Hz
[sctrdffq-030414-01, 2, en_US]
Dropout Ratio
Dropout
The greater dropout differential (= | pickup value dropout value |) of the following 2 criteria
applies:
Dropout differential derived from the parameter Dropout ratio
If this parameter is not available, a dropout ratio of 95 % applies for overcurrent and of 105 % for undercur-
rent functionality.
Minimum absolute dropout differential
Protection-class current transformer 15 mA sec. (Irated = 1 A) or
75 mA sec. (Irated = 5 A)
Instrument current transformer 0.5 mA sec. (Irated = 1 A) or
2.5 mA sec. (Irated = 5 A)
Times
7UT82/7UT85/7UT86/7UT87
Frequency 50 Hz 60 Hz
Operate time Operate time
55 Thespecified setting limit can be dynamically further limited, depending on the transformer adaptation factor, (for this refer to chapter
6.4.4 Application and Setting Notes).
[dwausken-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 11-3 Restricted Ground-Fault Protection Operate Curve depending on the Phase Angle between lI0*
and II0** at |II0*| = |II0**| (180 = External fault)
Operate Curve
Threshold value I/Irated,obj 0.05 to 2.00 Increments of 0.01
Slope 1 0.00 to 0.80 Increments of 0.01
Intersection 1 Irest I/Irated,obj 0.00 to 5.00 Increments of 0.01
Slope 2 0.25 to 0.95 Increments of 0.01
Intersection 2 Irest I/Irated,obj 1.00 to 20.00 Increments of 0.01
Startup detection
Startup detection threshold value I/Irated,obj 0.1 to 2.0 Increments of 0.1
Characteristic curve increase factor 1.0 to 5.0 Increments of 0.1
Maximum starting time 0.1 s to 180.0 s Increments of 0.1 s
DC-component detection
Characteristic curve increase factor DC 1.0 to 5.0 Increments of 0.1
Detection of External Faults
Add-on stabilization threshold I/Irated,obj 1.00 to 20.00 Increments of 0.01
value
Add-on stabilization time 0.00 s to 5.00 s or Increments of 0.01 s
Crossblk. time additional stabilization 0.00 s to 2.00 s or Increments of 0.01 s
Operate curve See figure
I-DIFF Fast
I-DIFF Unrestrained
Response Tolerance
For preset characteristic curve parameters; for 2 sides with 1 measuring point each
I-DIFF stage and characteristic curve 2 % of the setting value
I-DIFF fast stage 2 % of the setting value
Time Delays
[dwdifaus-030912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Operating Times
Frequency tracking 10 Hz to 80 Hz
[scmodffq-010316-01, 1, en_US]
Operate curve
Threshold value I/Irated,obj 0.05 to 2.00 Increments of 0.01
Slope 1 0.00 to 0.80 Increments of 0.01
Intersection 1 Irest I/Irated,obj 0.00 to 5.00 Increments of 0.01
Slope 2 0.25 to 0.95 Increments of 0.01
Intersection 2 Irest I/Irated,obj 1.00 to 20.00 Increments of 0.01
Startup detection
Startup detection threshold value I/Irated,obj 0.1 to 2.0 Increments of 0.1
Characteristic curve increase factor 1.0 to 5.0 Increments of 0.1
Maximum starting time 0.1 s to 180.0 s Increments of 0.1 s
DC-component detection
Characteristic curve increase factor DC 1.0 to 5.0 Increments of 0.1
Detection of external faults
Add-on stabilization threshold I/Irated,obj 1.00 to 20.00 Increments of 0.01
value
Add-on stabilization time 0.00 s to 5.00 s or Increments of 0.01 s
Crossblk. time additional stabilization 0.00 s to 2.00 s or Increments of 0.01 s
Operate curve See diagram Figure 11-6
I-DIFF Fast
I-DIFF Unrestrained
Response Tolerance
For preset characteristic curve parameters; for 2 sides with 1 measuring point each
I-DIFF stage and characteristic curve 2 % of the setting value
I-DIFF fast stage 2 % of the setting value
Time Delays
[dwdifaus-030912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Operating Times
Frequency tracking 10 Hz to 80 Hz
[scmodffq-010316-01, 1, en_US]
When using up to 3 line ends 5 % of setting value or 1 % of Irated for each line end
When using up to 6 line ends 10 % of setting value or 1 % of Irated for each line end
Operating Times
The tripping times depend on the number of line ends, the communication speed, and the configured output
contacts. The following data assume a transmission rate of at least 512 kbit/s.
Tripping Time of the I-DIFF Stage
When using 2 line ends Minimum (50 Hz/60 Hz) 26 ms/23 ms + OOT58
Typical (50 Hz/60 Hz) 28 ms/25 ms + OOT
When using 3 line ends Minimum (50 Hz/60 Hz) 26 ms/23 ms + OOT
Typical (50 Hz/60 Hz) 30 ms/27 ms + OOT
When using 6 line ends Minimum (50 Hz/60 Hz) 31 ms/27 ms + OOT
Typical (50 Hz/60 Hz) 37 ms/34 ms + OOT
58 OOT (Output Operating Time): Additional time delay of the output medium used, for example, 5 ms with fast relays
Time Delays
Self-Stabilization
Operating Times
The reported tripping times assume the issuance of commands via high-speed relays (type HS).
Tripping Times of the S-DIFF Stage
Minimum (50 Hz/60 Hz) 26 ms/23 ms + OOT59
Typical (50 Hz/60 Hz) 28 ms/25 ms + OOT
Dropout Times of the S-DIFF Stage
Typical 34 ms to 49 ms + OOT
Time Delays
Self-Stabilization
59 OOT (Output Operating Time): Additional time delay of the output medium used, for example, 5 ms with fast relays
Dropout
The greater dropout differential (= | pickup value dropout value |) of the following 2 criteria
applies:
Dropout differential derived from the parameter Dropout ratio
If this parameter is not available, a dropout ratio of 95 % applies for overcurrent and of 105 % for undercur-
rent functionality.
Minimum absolute dropout differential
Protection-class current transformer 15 mA sec. (Irated = 1 A) or
75 mA sec. (Irated = 5 A)
Instrument current transformer 0.5 mA sec. (Irated = 1 A) or
2.5 mA sec. (Irated = 5 A)
Times
60 OOT (Output Operating Time): additional delay of the output medium used, for example 5 ms with fast relays
Tolerances
Threshold For current transformer type protection 0.030 A to 35.000 A Increments of 0.001 A
value 3I0> and Irated = 1 A
interm.
For current transformer type protection 0.15 A to 175.00 A Increments of 0.01 A
and Irated = 5 A
For IN transformer For Iph-rated = 1 A 0.001 A to 35.000 A Increments of 0.001 A
type sensitive and For I
ph-rated = 5 A 0.001 A to 175.000 A Increments of 0.001 A
IN-rated = 1 A
For IN transformer For Iph-rated = 1 A 0.005 A to 35.000 A Increments of 0.001 A
type sensitive and For I
ph-rated = 5 A 0.005 A to 175.000 A Increments of 0.001 A
IN-rated = 5 A
Number of pickups until intermittent ground fault 2 to 10 Increments of 1
Pickup extension time 0.00 s to 10.00 s Increments of 0.01 s
Sum of extended pickup times 0.00 s to 100.00 s Increments of 0.01 s
Reset time 1.00 s to 600.00 s Increments of 0.01 s
Dropout
The greater dropout differential (= | pickup value dropout value |) of the following 2 criteria
applies:
Dropout differential derived from the parameter Dropout ratio
If this parameter is not available, a dropout ratio of 95 % applies for overcurrent and of 105 % for undercur-
rent functionality.
Minimum absolute dropout differential
Protection-class current transformer 15 mA sec. (Irated = 1 A) or
75 mA sec. (Irated = 5 A)
Instrument current transformer 0.5 mA sec. (Irated = 1 A) or
2.5 mA sec. (Irated = 5 A)
Times
61 OOT (Output Operating Time): additional delay of the output medium used, for example 5 ms with fast relays
Tolerances
11.10.1 General
Setting Values
Times
Tolerances
62 OOT (Output Operating Time): additional delay of the output medium used, for example 5 ms with fast relays
63 Transient ground-fault stage is inactive
64 Transient ground-fault stage is inactive