Science Chapter 16 Booklet

Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Section One: Kinetic Theory

Vocabulary:
1) Kinetic theory: explanation of the behavior of molecules in matter; states that all
matter is made of constantly moving particles that collide without losing energy
2) Melting point: temperature at which a solid begins to liquefy
3) Heat of fusion: amount of energy required to change a substance from the solid
phase to the liquid phase
4) Boiling point: the temperature at which the pressure of the vapor in the liquid is
equal to the external pressure acting on the surface of the liquid
5) Heat of vaporization: amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point
to become a gas
6) Diffusion: spreading of particles throughout a given volume until they are
uniformly distributed
7) Plasma: matter consisting of positive and negatively charged particles
8) Thermal expansion: increase in the size of a substance when the temperature is
increased

Reading Check:
1) Thermal energy id the total energy of a materials particles.
2) Temperature is the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. That is how
they are related.
3) Heat of fusion is the amount of energy required to change a substance from the
solid phase to the liquid phase.
4) Liquids flow because they have more kinetic energy than solids.
5) The external pressure must equal the pressure of the vapor in the liquid.
6) At the first line the ice is melting at the second line the water is boiling or
vaporizing so the temperature remains constant.
7) Plasma is matter consisting of positively and negatively charge particles.
8) Two examples of amorphous solids are glass and plastics.

Picture Questions:
1) The liquid state of water is the water in the pot and the solid state is the ice cube
in the soup.
2) Evaporation occurs below the liquids boiling point and boiling occurs at the
liquids boiling point.
 3) The plasma phase is when something has positively and negatively charged
particles so the overall object is neutral.
4) Solid ice is less dense than liquid water so ice floats on water.

Section One Review:

1) List the three basic assumptions of the kinetic theory.

a) all matter is composed if small particles(atoms, molecules or ions)
b) these particles are in random, constant motion
c) these particles are colliding with each other and the walls of their
container

2) Describe the movement of the particles in solids, liquids, and gases.

a) Particles in a solid are packed together tightly and are constantly vibrating
in place.
b) Particles in a liquid are moving freely and have enough kinetic energy to
slip out of the ordered arrangement of a solid.
c) In gases, the particles are far apart and the attractive forces between the
particles are overcome. Gases have no definite volume or shape.

3) Describe the movement of the particles at the melting point of a substance.

A: The particles gain enough energy to slip out of their ordered arrangement.

4) Describe the movement of the particles at the boiling point of a substance.

A: Particles most have enough energy to equal the external pressure acting on the liquid.

5) Think Critically. Would the boiling point of water be higher or lower on the top of
a mountain peak? How would the boiling point be affected in a pressurized boiler
system? Explain.
A: The boiling point would be higher because the pressure acting on it would be higher
due to elevation. In a pressurized boiler system the boiling point would be lower because
there would be pressure helping the liquid boil.

6) Describe the energy changes that are occurring when water goes form -15 to 100
degrees Celsius.
A: Water increases temperature, then stalls form 5 to 40 kJ of heat, then increasingly
climbs, then stalling out again from 80 to 250 kJ of heat

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