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Entrance losses
Submerged discharge - K = 1
1
Gradual expansion (draft tube or diffuser, for example) - < 180 -
depends on angle of diffuser or cone - may be of the form:
hL =K
(V1 V2 )
2
2g
fittings and bends and elbows: type of valve, wide open or not,
angles in elbows etc.
When minor losses are included, total head loss = hf + Sum over
all minor losses
You can use the equation below (Franzini and Finnemore, Fluid
Mechanics) to solve for Q or D using the solver in your calculator
or in MS Excel or other spreadsheet.
L/D k s D 2.51 LD
+ 2 log 3.7 + 4Q =0
2 gD 4 hL gD hL
2 4
k k
8Q 2 8Q 2
Substitute the given values in the equation and solve using trial
and error or some other numerical routine.
Minor losses cause drop in EGL and HGL - see figures 10.14 and
10.15