Oliver Laji1

Nenad Mili2

THE POLICE PROFESSION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF FINANCIAL

INVESTIGATIONS

Abstract: The overall progress of society, as well as socially damaging phenomena which society
confronts in an institutional manner, is increasing and complicating the police apparatus.
However, in the context of dealing with activities aimed at gathering information and evidence
related to criminal offenses, including offenses in the sphere of organized crime and corruption,
and research trends of property acquired with those works, takes special attention to the role of
the Criminal Investigation Department, or its organizational units specialized in the fight
against organized crime, or other specialized bodies. The interactions of various factors within
the police service and outside, which find the origin of activity in the same mission, are a
potential source of disagreement, and it emphasizes the characteristics of the police profession,
and the associated subculture. This paper analyzes the general characteristics of the police
profession that can have repercussions on the efficiency of financial investigations and the
necessary conditions that favor their success, and processes which are police officers involved
in financial investigations exposed to, in order to improve efficiency. Also paper identifies other
circumstances, at the strategic and operational level, which can significantly affect the results
achieved in the investigation process.

Keywords: police profession, financial investigations, the characteristics of the police profession,
specialization, inter-agency cooperation.

INTRODUCTION

The police is, in organizational and functional way, a complex body which has wide spectrum of powers
grounded on bylaws and laws. In the context of dealing with activities aimed at collecting data and information
relating to criminal offenses, including offenses in the sphere of organized crime and corruption, as well as
confiscation of property derived from those crimes, the subject of this paper is primarily relevant Crime
Investigation Department (CID), or its organizational units that are specialized in the fight against organized
crime. In addition to this type of police service, as a key holder of financial investigation in most legal systems,
exceptional importance belongs to the specialized law enforcement bodies for the implementation of financial
investigations, which may be part of or outside of the CID, depending on the structure of subjects in the fight
against crime, which is different in particular jurisdictions.

Specialized police formation and organizational model are present in Serbia, representing on the
Financial Investigation Unit,3 the organizational unit within the Ministry of Interior, under whose jurisdiction is
implementation of this type of investigating. Specifically, JFI is an organizational part of the Service for
Combating Organized Crime,4 the organizational unit of the CID in the Ministry headquarters, in whose
jurisdiction is fight against this form of crime. The unit (SBPOK) is organized on a geographic basis. In addition
to the organizational unit JFI in the Headquarters of SBPOK, there are its branches in the regional centers. Other
police agencies, in terms of the said case studies, are important only as a source of information on criminal
activities which has gained significant financial gain and, possibly, in providing logistical support related to the
implementation of concrete actions (Banovi, Laji, 2008: 78).

Bellow will be used the term ''police'' meaning CID, while the compatible terms will be used for
specialized police units to combat organized crime and financial investigations. But before you look at the
detailed discussion of factors that may affect the quality of the investigation, we will deal with some general
questions related to members of the police profession and experience in this regard comes from comparative
policing practices.

1
Lecturer, The Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies, e-mail: oliver.lajic@kpa.edu.rs
2
Assistant, The Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies
3
Hereinafter referred to JFI
4
Hereinafter SBPOK
 ABOUT POLICE SUBCULTURES IN GENERAL

Members of the police profession, in the context of dealing with this type of work, are regarded as a
specific category. The manifestation of specific professional police subculture is strengthened by a sense of
social isolation, risk of job-specific powers and responsibilities, the need of mutual solidarity in the common
actions, an internal system of training and acquisition of professional knowledge in practice and the nature of
information used in their work (Milosavljevi, 1997: 587). Research the police culture, conducted in the sixties
and later, show some of its dominant characteristics, which are current and in the present time. Milosavljevi,
citing Reiner, states that these are (Milosavljevi, 1997: 588-589): (1) commitment to the mission, (2) cynicism,
(3) suspicion, (4) social isolation and solidarity, (5) conservatism, (6) machismo, (7) racial prejudice, and (8)
pragmatism. Dealing with any kind of police investigative activity, and consequently, dealing with financial
investigations, should be considered in light of the exhibited characteristics police subculture, as they certainly
affect inter-personal relations in the workplace and impact on the success of the activities undertaken.

In light of the financial investigation, the most important previously numbered features (1, 3, 5 and 8),
will be briefly reviewed below. As a central category in the police culture appears sense of duty and conscience.
Work in the police is not an ordinary job, but something like the way of life (Milosavljevi, 1997: 588).
''Dedication'' to the mission, as it called Reiner, and commitment, are the required characteristics to be police
officers involved in financial investigations. These types of investigations, and any other activities related to
combating organized crime, are always a complex task, whose solution requires extra work. Therefore, the
officers on these and similar works dont have common work time. They work when its necessary, and this
type of distribution of working hours is not considered a burden rather than a necessity, while the job does not
approach the obligation arising from normative rules, but from belief.

In a survey of police practices related to financial investigations Levi and Osofsky record that, despite
the apparent work overload, none of the officers involved in this type of work are complained of working
conditions. Moreover, they were willing to assist their colleagues in the work of the criminal aspects of the case,
although in these times financial investigations were ''tapped'' into place (Levi, Osofsky, 1995: 38). The
aforementioned authors see this circumstance as a specific feature of the psychological profile of police officers,
who like to help in emergencies, which is the essence of their job. Also, point out the fact that police officers are
most concerned about the outcome of seizure of property, since they are the ones who have spent most time
searching for the suspects and their finances, which gives them the right to see the successful work done as a
tribute own involvement (Levi, Osofsky, 1995: 53).

Regarding other relevant characteristics of the police subculture may be said that he suspected a
character trait of every police officer, who instills in the mind-set from the basic police training, and then
develop through learning from their older colleagues and practical treatment. Descartes first four centuries, he
said cogito ergo sum, and the famous phrase, widely accepted in criminology, a work dedicated to the motto of
every police officer. In essence, this is useful feature of police officers, which may contribute to the recognition
of the whole spectrum of different characters in an environment that indicate illegal behavior in general, and the
possible flow of illegally obtained funds. However, if exaggerated, can bring more harm than good, given that
the suspect may turn into a paranoid behavior (Milosavljevi, 1997; 589).

Conservatism and pragmatism, as the characteristics that define the police subculture, have different
impacts on the practical effect in policing. Conservatism, understood as a reluctance or resistance to using new
techniques or technology, usually harmful, due to it leads to waste of resources and waste of time where it is not
necessary, by the lack of benefits that are consequences of automated searches or other benefits of information
technology. In the police, in general, there is a trend of resistance to the news in the technological development,
despite the obvious advantages it brings. According to the head of one Canadian police department, police
officers do not see the need to search the databases, since ''there will not be found suspects'' (Le Beuf, 2001: 15).
The fact is that some police officers see the work at the computer as a waste of time, and that younger police
officers usually have more inclination towards new technologies, but it would be wrong to generalize things in
this way, ''because some younger guys are afraid of technology, while older, with twenty-five years of service,
enjoy it'' (Le Beuf, 2001: 9). Conservatism can be reflected in the absence of proactive financial investigation,
which would aim to prepare in advance the financial profiles of ''targeted'' offenders. Levi and Osofsky, in this
regard, note that the police action oriented mainly reactive treatment (Levi, Osofsky, 1995: 39). Contrary to
2
conservatism, pragmatism as a general feature of police culture can be considered as a useful feature, because it
contributes focusing on the practical solutions that deliver immediate benefits and improvements.

DIVISION OF LABOR WITHIN THE POLICE ORGANIZATION SEEN IN THE CONTEXT OF

FINANCIAL INVESTIGATIONS

In the structure of the CID service there are different types of jobs, which is closely related to the
processes of specialization, which would be later a little more detail considered. Specialization is wanted since it
is so closely acquire professional knowledge and skills, which allow a shorter time commitment, to achieve
better results. It should be noted that the Police Services are constantly working under pressure of efficiency,
which is imposed externally, due to the influence of public opinion, which as the main cause for the expansion
of crime often see the lack of proper policing. The pressures come from within, because of the demands of the
highest police management, which go to the line of subordination to the base, and in furtherance of crime
prevention policy proclaimed by the top executive government. In doing so, priority is given to violent and
property crime, due to the perception of threat to the citizens is directly caused by the large number of crime
offenses belonging to the previously mentioned types of crime. It is therefore possible that the focus of the
police force not to be offenses to which they really should put the emphasis.

This phenomenon may reflect the awareness of police officers, and it can happen, something which
Levi and Osofsky perceive, that the majority of police officers engaged in investigation of financial transactions
is not satisfied with seeing the work by their colleagues, who believe that this is not ''true'' police work. Even
when top police management generally supports the financial investigation, the police are sometimes frustrated
by the lack of essential understanding of their work (Levi, Osofsky, 1995: 38). Police work should be fun,
challenging, exciting brain game, so, tracing the tracks through the papers cant be recognize as any standard
which exists in police work (Nelen, 2004: 527). In any case, to give an adequate response to the requirements
for accomplishing the goals of fighting crime, there should be establish separate, highly specialized
departments. This structure of the police organization is imposed as a necessity. It should be emphasized that
previous presented circumstances, however, are not the decisive factor that led to a process of specialization.
This is a general trend among the subjects of crime combating. However, the existence of a special police
department has its downsides, as it often disturbs the contacts between police officers, whether from traditional
or cultural reasons (Le Beuf, 2001: 14). Joint police work today is characteristic of small police units, in which
''everybody is doing everything'' and in such environments usually officers dont feel the tensions arising from
different perspectives on a common mission, or, sometimes, from less common and dishonorable motives, such
as vanity or personal animosity.

Given the fact that the financial investigation unit belonging to a special police and narrowly specialized
forms, it is common for them to follow all the negative phenomena that today stem from an informal ranking of
the police departments. High opinion of himself, which is usually attributed to members of specialized police
units, is opposed to the feeling of inferiority of others, ''minor'' police services. Also, there can be the rivalry
between individuals working in the same class, which is positioned high in the informal ranking of police
structures. On the other hand, one should bear in mind that financial investigations cant be initiated
spontaneously, and usually the first information about the property that was earned illegally derived just come
from services that provide traditional police work, investigation of crimes and collecting evidence. Therefore, it
is more than important that these subjects correctly perceive elements that indicate the existence of property
derived from crime and to inform the authorities, if financial investigations dont belong in their jurisdiction.
Previously mentioned animosities, combined with a lack of knowledge and/or interest, can impede financial
investigations. Therefore, it is necessary to look for a solution in the proper organization of resources by
managers in police departments of classical type, and the adequate training of its members about the
circumstances relevant for the recognition ''symptoms'' that indicate the existence of illegally acquired property
(in any form), and its further movement.

For the success of financial investigation is necessary, therefore, a strong relationship and good
coordination between the aforementioned subjects, as well as the start of the financial investigation immediately
upon getting information about crime, or obtained illegal profits. Many authors emphasize these facts and
indicate that investigation should be initiated promptly (Ili, Banovi, 2007: 312; Golobinek et al., 2006: 47),
and that only then they can give good results. Otherwise, if the suspects have enough time, it is certain that the
3
property they acquired illegally would change the form and owner, which would significantly obstruct and
perhaps stop further investigation, and the expected results are likely to fail. The necessity of start of financial
research at the initial stages is listed as a normative rule in the solutions of certain states. Thus, the legislation in
Germany provides that the financial investigation must be conducted at an early stage in cases of organized
crime, against the suspects and all persons who are recognized as helpers (Vettori, 2006: 63). The foregoing
circumstances underline the need for good cooperation among the investigators of classic type and financial
investigators. Due to said, the quality of coordination might be in direct proportionality to amount of later
success.

SPECIALIZATION OF POLICE OFFICERS IN THE FINANCIAL INVESTIGATIONS, INTER-

AGENCY COOPERATION AND SOME PRACTICAL PROBLEMS

The essential difference, which leads to the separation procedures of criminal and financial
investigations, in fact, products practical consequences in other areas related to the implementation of activities
aimed at exploring different elements of the crime. It can be said that diversity of procedures directly affect the
need for specialized subjects that deal with financial research. Given the fact that the criminal and financial
investigations are aimed on completely different circumstances, it is certain that the possession of knowledge
and skills necessary for clarifying the circumstances of offenses relating to the determination of guilt and
circumstances related to the personality of the offender will not necessarily provide guarantees that the financial
aspects of this offences and other criminal acts will be performed correctly. These factors necessarily affect the
desired profile of a police officer who appears in the function of financial investigators. While the investigation
of ''classical'' circumstances of the offense required a standard criminal-forensic knowledge and skills, the
investigation of the proceeds of crime requires a different type of specialized knowledge, which are primarily
based on economic and accounting disciplines.

Normative-legal framework of financial investigations mainly determines the police authorities or

government agencies as the primary subject of their implementation, which are independent in their work, or
under control of a public prosecutor. It is therefore very important that these authorities, if pleading to the
success of investigative activities, must have experienced and competent staff, with profiles of professionals
who possess an adequate level of appropriate professional knowledge and skills. Bowles and colleagues report
that criminals are becoming more effective in hiding the assets, which represents a major challenge for law
enforcement. Therefore, if these authorities want to efficiently use the opportunity to get the illegal assets, as a
corrective standard of criminal sanctions, it is necessary to simultaneously work on the development of forensic
and accounting capacity (Bowles, Faure, Garoupa, 2000: 547).

In foreign literature authors usually mention the so-called ''Multi-agency cooperation'', which includes
the joint participation of several state institutions and agencies in the fight against organized crime in all its
segments, which includes work related to investigation financial flows of money earned from criminal activities.
Bell, in this sense, makes comparison with the engagement appropriate experts by criminal organizations. If the
drug cartels, as stated, use business managers trained in the best colleges, then the crime investigation
authorities must act in the same way, so that they can determine the origin of illegally acquired assets (Bell,
2000: 20). The author points to the need to carefully determine the level and types of expertise needed to
implement quality financial investigations, and promotes the thesis according to which a multidisciplinary team
of police officers, customs officers, tax and trade inspectors, as well as experts in accounting professions,
information technology specialists and prosecutors, are the right solution for appropriate investigative actions.
Manning also points to the cooperation of subjects of crime investigation experts, with the accounting
profession, during the implementation of financial investigations, and states that it has become very clear and
obvious that it rarely came to the failure of criminal cases in which the aforementioned subjects acted as a team
(Manning, 2005: VII).

Should be noted that the phenomena of organized crime and terrorism, in which context are most often
mentioned the financial investigations, almost always involve action on the territory of several countries.
Consequently, multi-agency approach brings new perspectives, materialized in various forms of cross-border
cooperation. Schneider and Hurst stated that last few years reached almost universal consensus on the need to
adopt a coordinated approach to engagement state security, with the joint efforts of government agencies of
different countries, including the subjects of crime investigation, legislative, administrative, military and
4
national security organs (Schneider, Hurst, 2005: 2008: 360). This cooperation proved to be necessary, because
doing criminal acts in the field of organized crime and terrorism often includes action in more than one
jurisdiction, concurrent with the obvious limitations of national resources aimed at combating these phenomena.

However, in addition to perceived necessity of joint ventures and advantages of multi-agency approach,
the available papers identified the problems that stand as obstacles to the realization of this concept. Le Beuf
stated that old habits adopted during basic training are difficult to change, and sarcastic remark that it seems less
important ''to start a crusade against organized crime,'' rather than force the police departments to cooperate (Le
Beuf, 2001: 9). More than a decade and a half ago Levi and Osofsky also noticed that the proactive cooperation
among agencies can become a source of criticism (Levi, Osofsky, 1995: 41). Schneider and Hurst thoroughly
analyzed the problems of cooperation of various government agencies in fighting organized crime. Their work,
titled ''Obstacles to an integrated, joint forces approach to organized crime enforcement,'' is a recent study that
identified a number of problems that occur as a obstruction in the work, both in terms of obstacles to its start,
and prevent its full efficiency in systems where it is established (Schneider, Hurst, 2008). The aforementioned
authors imply a number of factors that affect the poor cooperation between agencies, such as the permanent
limitations of their territorial jurisdiction, different levels of power, rivalry,5 policing based primarily on
statistical data, as well as inadequate communication and information exchange among relevant factors
(Schneider, Hurst, 2008: 360). On the other hand, the typical problems faced by joint teams are refusal to active
participation by individual agencies, or their formal participation without the active contribution, elitism,
inadequate exchange of information between the actors and the conflicts arising from inconsistent powers and
tasks defined by the agencies (Schneider, Hurst, 2008: 361).

It seems that basically most of the previously mentioned problems arise from the lack of mutual trust
between members of different agencies. Practical research has shown that close cooperation and personal
knowledge of the Financial Investigation Unit with members of the CID save time and energy of the financial
investigators. Specifically, in cases of good inter-agency cooperation financial investigators dont feel the need
to participate in the search warrant and other activities carried out by CID, thinking that the job will be well
done without their participation. Contrary, when a search is performed by the organizational unit to which
financial investigators dont have close cooperation, they join her (Levi, Osofsky, 1995: 61).

The solution of many of these problems could be found in changing and harmonizing the basic training
to real needs, as it was previously indicated that the habits are hard to change. It should, also, actively and for a
long time to work on getting closer views of rival agencies and the strengthening of mutual cooperation,
primarily by their leadership. It is certain that the status quo over time will not bring any improvement in inter-
agency cooperation, because left to themselves, with the lack of systemic incentives, things usually tend from
bad to worse. If its wanted to achieve progress in this respect, undoubtedly it should be followed by action of
responsible managers. The most suitable form to overcome the practical problems that affect the inter-agency
cooperation is exactly a system of specialized training, through which it can be acted in the desired direction. Of
course, this system is not omnipotent, and it should be considered and the other factors, such as environmental
effects and the usual way of work. Otherwise, the training itself would be a waste of time, personnel and
material resources.

OTHER FACTORS RELATED TO POLICE OFFICERS OF IMPORTANCE FOR SUCCESSFUL

IMPLEMENTATION OF FINANCIAL INVESTIGATION

Good cooperation among the subjects of criminal and financial investigations, starting financial
investigations immediately after getting information about the crime and the assets obtained, and specialization
of investigative subjects are only basic elements needed of success in financial investigations, and in addition it
is necessary to effect a number of other factors to identify illegally acquired assets and took measures for their
seizure. Most of these factors are directly or indirectly related to police officers who are financial investigators.
Knowledge of regulations and the ability of their applications usually are assumed at the active participants of

5 The aforementioned authors, citing sources from the U.S., state that long-term rivalry and minimal exchange of information between
national security and investigative agencies were main reasons why the U.S. authorities did not detect, predict and prevent terrorist
attacks of 11. September 2001 (Schneider, Hurst, 2008: 374).

5
the financial investigation, but voluntary is the key factor that can significantly affect the success of the
investigation team to achieve the expected results. It is therefore desirable that the general interest, presented in
the normative framework, is consistent with the prevailing beliefs of investigative subjects, i.e. it is essential
that these entities have a high level of belief in the purpose and validity of what they do. Nelen emphasizes the
strong connection between these elements and shows the results of numerous studies that have been recognized
element of will as a crucial (Nelen, 2004: 527). As stated by the author, the implementation of new legislation is
predetermined to failure if the general interests are incompatible with the interests and beliefs of law
enforcement services and interest of individual officials.

Despite all, the realization of all these assumptions, per se, does not always guarantee that the
investigated funds would be taken in any case. There are numbers of objective circumstances that may be
barriers in that way. At least, finally decision this process is entrusted to independent judicial instances.
Monitoring the flow of crime acquired property is hard work that can be followed by a number of frustrations.
Researchers who have studied investigative process, particularly its practical aspects, were able to note the lack
of systemic incentives for improving the implementation of financial investigations, even in those jurisdictions
where such option is an integral part of the legal system for nearly two decades. Commenting on one such study,
Levi and Osofsky concluded that any benefits gained by the staff engaged in financial investigations downward
to a feeling of satisfaction that police and prosecutors have obtained (a) due to the well completed work against
crafty ''opponent'' and / or (b) due to causing stress temporarily disabled smugglers or traffickers because
removal of their ''working capital'' (Levi, Osofsky, 1995: VI).

In the same study, the authors note several assumptions or circumstances, which would undoubtedly
contribute to the achievement of successful financial investigations, as well as increasing the volume of
proceeds of crime. In presenting the circumstances that could improve the process of financial investigation they
talk about the measures and actions of different entities (Levi, Osofsky, 1995: IX), which, although the authors
do not, can be classified into two categories. Specifically, these are assumptions which include different levels
at which they should be operationalized, from strategic to operational. In the first group belong the following
conditions: (a) constant communication between policy makers and political elites, the legislature and the
entities responsible for law implementation and (b) to consider the idea of financial support to the Financial
Investigation Unit and other stakeholders in the fight against crime by the portion of the confiscated assets
derived from crime. The group of assumptions that have the potential to improve the operating efficiency level
of financial investigations could be classified: (1) constant communication between the competent prosecutors,
courts and relevant police units, (2) standardization of police of material (documentation) that represents the
outcome of the financial investigation, which would make much easier the job of prosecutors, judges and
lawyers, then (3) training of police personnel in the field of financial investigations, and, finally, (4) to avoid
brain drain, especially an experienced and competent staff from the Financial Investigation Unit. Under the
circumstances enumerated can be noted and one that does not contribute directly to strengthening capacity in
financial investigations, but the contribution to the analysis and evaluation of their performance, which may
indirectly affect their quality or indicate a need for certain changes, both in the regulations, so and in the
practical treatment. Such an assumption would be mark the adoption of uniform statistical criteria relating to
financial investigations, which is one of the basic fundamentals for any remotely serious analysis of work
subjects involved in their implementation.

CONCLUSION

Investigating subjects play a significantly role in the implementation of financial investigations. When
talking about the confiscation of proceeds of crime, these subjects in most jurisdictions come from the ranks of
specialized police services. Previously exposed general characteristics of the police subculture, and the effects
produced by formal or informal ranking of police departments, necessarily reflects to the quality of
interpersonal relationships, and thus the cooperation of police departments ''classic'' type with departments
specializing in financial investigations. This cooperation is extremely important, because in some cases it is
more than important that the ''classic'' investigators correctly detect elements that indicate the existence of
property derived from crime and to inform the specialized agencies responsible for financial investigations.
Previously mentioned animosities, combined with a lack of knowledge and/or interest, can impede in that sense,
so, it is necessary to look for a solution in the proper organization of resources by managers in police
departments of classical type, and the adequate training of its members about the circumstances relevant for the
6
recognition ''symptoms'' that indicate the existence of illegally acquired property (in any form), and its further
movement. On the other hand, it is necessary to relax the relations between general and specialized services and
law enforcement officials, and to indicate that these are different methods of fight against the same evil, which
is the primary task of management in those subjects. An important contribution in this area can provide
employees trough building and strengthening interpersonal relationships among members of these traditional
and specialized departments, which greatly facilitate future cooperation.

Good cooperation among the subjects of criminal and financial investigations, starting financial
investigations immediately after getting information about the crime and the assets obtained, and specialization
of investigative subjects are only basic elements needed of success in financial investigations. Besides these, it
is possible to identify a number of objective or subjective factors, which may affect the success of the
implementation of financial investigations, which are mentioned in the paper. Special attention, especially in the
context of societies with underdeveloped institutions and the questionable the rule of law, deserves will factor.
Specifically, knowledge of regulations and the ability of their applications are usually assumed at the active
participants of the financial investigation, but the aforementioned factor emerges as a key element that can
significantly affect on the success of the research team, and indeed on the expected results. It is therefore
desirable that the general interest, presented in the normative framework, is consistent with the prevailing
beliefs of research subjects, i.e. it is essential that these entities have a high degree of belief in the purpose and
validity of what they do. Otherwise the results will be absent, and the regulatory framework will appear as an
empty form, without meaning and content.

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