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1. INTRODUCTION
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
Step 4.Perform Gama correction human perception of brightness, under common illumination
conditions (not pitch black nor blindingly bright), follows an
Step5. Perform Contrast stretching approximate power function (note: no relation to the Gamma
function), with greater sensitivity to relative differences
Step 6.Reconstruction of image by combining output between darker tones than between lighter ones, consistent
with the Stevens' power law for brightness perception. If
Step 7.Compare result i.e. to compare old document with
images are not gamma-encoded, they allocate too many bits
restored document
or too much bandwidth to highlights that humans cannot
Step 8.Exit from the menu differentiate, and too few bits or too little bandwidth to
shadow values that humans are sensitive to and would
3.1 Load data require more bits/bandwidth to maintain the same visual
quality. Gamma encoding of floating-point images is not
In load data module an image document is loaded required (and may be counterproductive), because the
for restoration. floating-point format already provides a piecewise linear
Image is loaded my interactive method by accessing approximation of a logarithmic curve.
only images from the directory
Once the loading of an image is completed then Although gamma encoding was developed originally to
Done loading image message is displayed on the compensate for the inputoutput characteristic of cathode
screen ray tube (CRT) displays, that is not its main purpose or
advantage in modern systems. In CRT displays, the light
3.2 Extract background intensity varies nonlinearly with the electron-gun voltage.
Altering the input signal by gamma compression can cancel
When the image is loaded then red component, this nonlinearity, such that the output picture has the
green component and blue component of the image intended luminance. However, the gamma characteristics of
are taken for both background and foreground. the display device do not play a factor in the gamma
To get only background for processing, background encoding of images and videothey need gamma encoding
is subtracted from foreground and all subtracted to maximize the visual quality of the signal, regardless of the
image are added. gamma characteristics of the display device. The similarity of
Now the process is to change background. Mean and CRT physics to the inverse of gamma encoding needed for
mode operation is performed and values are video transmission was a combination of luck and
extracted. engineering, which simplified the electronics in early
A new background is constructed using extracted television sets.
values, eliminating all uneven background colors.
3.5 Contrast stretching
3.3 Extract foreground
Contrast stretching is a common technique, and
When the image is loaded then red component, can be quite effective if utilized properly. In the field of
green component and blue component of the image medical imaging or scanned documents, an x-ray camera that
are taken for both background and foreground. consists of an array of x-ray detectors creates what are
To get only foreground for processing, background known as digital radiographs, or digital x-ray images. The
is subtracted from foreground. detectors accumulate charge (which manifests itself as a
larger pixel intensity) proportional to the amount of x-ray
Now the process is to get the normalized denoised
illumination they receive, which depends on the quality of
image. And the original image is binarized using
the x-ray beam and the object being imaged. A high-density
ostus method.
object means less x-rays pass through the object to
eventually reach the detectors (hence the beam is said to be
3.4 Gamma correction attenuated), which results in such higher density areas
appearing darker is a common technique, and can be quite
Gamma correction, or often simply gamma, is the effective if utilized properly. In the field of medical imaging,
name of a nonlinear operation used to encode and an x-ray camera that consists of an array of x-ray detectors
decode luminance or tristimulus values in video or still creates what are known as digital radiographs, or digital x-
image systems. Gamma correction is, in the simplest cases, ray images. The detectors accumulate charge (which
defined by the following power-law expression: manifests itself as a larger pixel intensity) proportional to
the amount of x-ray illumination they receive, which
depends on the quality of the x-ray beam and the object
..(i) being imaged. A high-density object means less x-rays pass
Gamma correction of images is used to optimize the usage of through the object to eventually reach the detectors (hence
bits when encoding an image, or bandwidth used to the beam is said to be attenuated), which results in such
transport an image, by taking advantage of the non-linear higher density areas appearing darker.
manner in which humans perceive light and color. The
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1995
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
3.6 Reconstruction For bi-level thresholding, Otsu verified that the optimal
threshold t* is chosen so that the between-class variance B is
Processed background and foreground image is maximized; that is,
taken,
Then both of them are clubbed together to form a
reconstructed or restored image.
The pixels are divided into 2 classes, C1 with gray levels [1,
...,t] and C2 with gray levels [t+1, ... ,L].The probability
distribution for the two classes is:
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Using Discriminate Analysis, Otsu defined the between-class
variance of the thresholded image as
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1996
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
5.1.3 Gama correction and contrast stretching [4] J. Wang and C. L. Tan, Non-rigid registration and
restoration of double-sided historical manuscripts, 11th
International Conference On Document Analysis and
Recognition, pp. 1374 1378, Beijing, 2011.
BIOGRAPHIES
REFERENCES
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1997