ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly helped me in the

report on 4G Technology. It plunges me in exhilaration in taking privilege in expressing our
heartfelt gratitude to Mrs. DEEPTI MALHOTRA, Head of ECE department, Seth Jai
Prakash Mukand Lal Institute of Engineering and Technology, for providing every facility,
constant supervision. They have been a constant source of inspiration and motivation for hard
work. Through this column, it would be my utmost pleasure to express our warm thanks to them
for their encouragement, co-operation and consent without which I wont be able to complete my
Seminar. I am falling short of words for expressing our feelings of gratitude towards them for
extending their valuable guidance about market and support for literature, critical
reviews of the report and above all the moral
support.Inspirationandguidanceareinvaluableinallaspectoflife,especiallywhenitisacademic.Iackno
wledgemygratitudetoallthosewhohasgivenmetimelyhelpmeincompletingmy trainingreport.

I am highly thankful to Director of the company (TELECOMA PRIVATE LTD.) Mr. GAGAN
SINGH WALIA for allowing me to train and learn different aspects of WIRELESS
TECHNOLOGY and helping me during the course of training period.

Lastly, I would like to thank the almighty and my parents for their moral support.

BHAVYA MUKHI

I
 ABSTRACT

This study aims to apply 4G wireless network in the remote diagnosis of stoma complications for
the first time. Background: Remote diagnosis and nursing care for a variety of illnesses are
urgently needed in clinical settings. Objectives: Combining with relevant clinical manifestations,
an Android phone-based intelligent diagnosis system was designed to construct a universe, easy
access to exploitation and human-computer interaction database and exploitation environment
for applications and programs. Methods: Production rule and forward reasoning method were
utilized to design arborescence structures and logic reasoner associated with stoma
complications. Stoma physicians were responsible for delivering evaluation scores on patients
health status using analytic hierarchy process. The emphasis of this study is to exploit an
Android phone-based system for remote diagnosis of stoma, With the completion of this
training, I am now aware of the TELECOMMUNICATION and WILRELESS
TECHNOLOGIES. I have worked for eight complete weeks in my training. I have worked
almost as an engineer to the extent of my technical capabilities. Doing all these, I have acquired
a lot of knowledge about telecommunication and the signal propagation systems used to Design
anything we wish to make this world more creative and innovative.

I was the part of one of the most happening and demanding field of TELECOMMUNICATION
and spending eight weeks into it really proved very useful to me and I have gained a lot out of it :

1.I got the knowledge of basic things that works in telecommunication networks.
2.4G, short for fourth-generation wireless communication systems.
3.I also gained knowledge about marketed technologies such as LTE (Long Term
Evolution) and WiMAX.
4..OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) modulation and how it
actually works in a communication systems.

Finally, the main advantage of this training was that it has now enabled me to explore
myself in the field of communication system and networking.

II
 List Of Figures

S NO. NAME OF FIGURES PAGE NO.

1.1 4G World 2
1.2 Wireless Technology 3
1.3 Conclusions 5
1.4 OFDM Principles 7
1.5 MIMO 8
1.6 Smart Antennas 9
2.1 Transfer Rate 13
2.2 Challenges of 4G 14
2.3 Battery life 15
3.1 Broadband technology 18
4.1 WIMAX 21
4.2 Global Subscription by 25
technology
4.3 LTE 26
4.4 Application of 4G 30

III
 List of Tables

S NO. TABLE NAME PAGE NO.

2.1 Comparision of technology 12

4.1 Specifications of LTE 24

IV
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.

Chapter-1 Generation of technology 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Evolution of 4G technology 6

1.2.1 OFDMA 6

1.2.2 Implementation of MMO 8

1.2.3 Smart antenna enhancement 9

1.2.4 Software Defend Ratio 10

Chapter-2 Basics of 4G 11

2.1 4G Technology Features 11

2.1.1 Incorporable Speed 11

2.2 Advanced Security 12

2.3 Reliability and effectiveness of the 13

weather condition

2.4 Transfer rate 13

2.5 Wireless technology 13

2.6 Challenges of 4G 14

2.6.1 Security 14

2.6.2 Hand off delay 15

2.6.3 4G Supportive Devices 15

2.7 Implementing 4G in CEM 16

V
Chapter-3 Global Scenario 17

3.1 Working Groups of 4G Wireless 17

Technology

3.2 3GPP 18

3.3 3GPP2 19

CHAPTER-4 4G Technology Today 20

4.1 WIMAX 20

4.2 Demonstration of 4G Wireless 21

Technology

4.2.1 NTT DoCoMo 22

4.2.2 T Mobile and Nortel 22

Network

4.2.3 Nokia Siemens Network 23

4.3 4G Wireless Network 23

4.4 Future 27

4.5 Need to build 4G 28

4.6 Advantages of 4G 29

4.7 Disadvantages of 4G 29

4.8 Applications of 4G 30

4.8.1 Multimedia Software 30

4.8.2 VNC of 4G network 31

VI
VII
 CHAPTER - I

GENERATION OF TECHNOLOGY

1.1 Introduction

The First generation wireless mobile communication systems were introduced in early eighties
and second generations systems in the late 1980s were intended primarily for transmission of
voice. The initial systems used analog frequency modulation where as the second as well as the
subsequent mobile systems use digital communication techniques with time division
multiplexing (TDM), frequency division multiplexing (FDM) or the code division multiple
access (CDMA).

The third generation wireless systems which are just getting introduced in the world markets
offer considerably higher data rates, and allow significant improvements over the 2G systems.
The 3G Wireless systems were proposed to provide voice and paging services to provide
interactive multimedia including teleconferencing and internet access and variety of other
services.

However, these systems offer wide area network (WAN) coverage of 384 kbps peak rate and
limited coverage for 2 Mbps. Hence providing broadband services would be one of the major
goals of the 4G Wireless systems.

A descendant to 2G and 3G aiming to provide the very high data transfer rates. This technology
can provide very speedy wireless internet access to not only stationary users but also to mobile
users.

This technology is expected to trounce the deficiencies of 3G technology in terms of speed and
quality. 4G can be best described in one word MAGIC, which stands for Mobile multimedia
Anytime Anywhere Global mobility support, integrated wireless and personalized services

1
 FIG.1.1 4G World

4G, short for fourth-generation wireless communication systems, has engaged the attention of
wireless operators, equipment makers (OEMs), investors, and industry watchers around the
world. 4G refers to the next generation of wireless technology that promises higher data rates and
expanded multimedia services. Since, at this point, 4G is more of an aspiration than a standard,
there is not an agreement yet on what should constitute 4G.

Since the ITU is a major force in the standardization of telecommunications technologies, its
worth looking at the ITUs performance goals for 4G:

2
 The framework for 4G systems should fuse elements of current cellular systems with
nomadic wireless-access systems and personal-area networks in a seamless layered
architecture that is transparent to the user.
Data rates of 100 Mbps for mobile applications and 1 Gbps for nomadic applications
should be achievable by the year 2010.
Worldwide common spectrum and open, global standardization should be pursued.

FIG.1.2 Wireless Technology

As another viewpoint, the Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) defines a 4G network as
one that operates on Internet technology, combines it with other applications and technologies
such as WiFi and WiMAX, and runs at speeds ranging from 100 Mbps (in cell-phone networks)
to 1 Gbps (in local WiFi networks). There is some debate among standards bodies and industry
watchers as to whether WiMAX is, or will become, a full-fledged 4G technology competitive
with 4G wireless.

The telecommunication companies like NTT Docomo from Japan and Sprint Nextel were also
deploying 4G wireless technologies from the early 2006 along with 3G mobile technologies. The

3
flexibility of 4G technologies to be used in combination with GSM and CDMA has provided it
an edge over other technologies. The reason is that the high broadband capability of 4G not only
increases data streaming for stationary users but also for mobile users.4G can be efficiently
combined with cellular technologies to make consistent use of smart phones. The digital cameras
attached in smart phones can be used to establish video blogs in scattered geographical regions.
This gives the manufactures the opportunity to produce more affordable user friendly 4G
compatible devices. Famous iPod is one such device that supports the working of video blogs.
Hence 4G is capable of providing new horizon of opportunity for both existing and startup
telephone companies.

Currently marketed technologies such as LTE (Long Term Evolution) and WiMAX have been
around for a few years and are being marketed as 4G whilst not meeting the requirements set by
the ITU. It was recently announced that these services could continue to be marketed as 4G as
they are precursors to the IMT-Advanced, 4G standard whilst also operating on the same basis of
technology; however, these should really be considered as "Pre-4G" or "3.9G" as they
technically do not offer the required data rates of (stationary) 1Gbps.

The ITU has recognized two standards that are planned to meet the 4G IMT-Advanced
requirements put forward by the two groups, 3GPP and IEEE. These are the LTE Advanced and
WirelessMAN-Advanced (WiMAX-Advanced) standards and will almost certainly abandon the
old spread system technology found in 3G systems for OFDMA and other equalization schemes,
use MIMO technology, channel-dependent scheduling and dynamic channel allocation all
technologies that are being found on new, modern wireless networking equipment.

Still 4G is not clearly defined or documented anywhere what are the basic requirements to build
4G wireless technology, like 3G is clearly defined in IMT-2000 (International Mobile
Telecommunications 2000). IMT-Advanced is the closest where some of the 4G requirements
can be found. For supporting high data rateand high mobilityin fast moving car
(60kilometers/hours) or fast moving trains (250 km/hr) and it is predicted that the new potential
wireless system will support 100 Mbps on mobility and 1 Gbps approximately on without
mobility at lower cost. This potential new wireless system could be developed by 2010. Its
characteristics should be like high degree of commonality of design worldwide to provide

4
backward compatibility, compatibility of services within IMT-Advanced and with the fixed
networks, high quality, and small terminal suitable for worldwide use, worldwide roaming
capability, capability to run high data rate multimedia applications within a wide range of
services and terminals.

FIG.1.3 Conclusions

5
1.2 Evolution of 4G Technology :

In order to make smooth transition from 3G to 4G the mobile communication companies are
promoting Super 3G/LTE. The companies are upgrading 3G Technology by initializing the
introduction of High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) service, which increases the
downlink data rate of packet services, and by finalizing specifications for High Speed Uplink
Packet Access (HSUPA), which enhances uplink speed. HSDPA and HSUPA cover area by 3-4
times relative to W-CDMA and by providing the high transmission rate with low cost per bit
transmission. The main objective of the Super 3G is to construct simple, low cost system by
removing the complexity from wireless network and mobile handsets. The 3G provides packet
and voice services separately where as Super 3G is based on ALL-IP network covering both
packet and voice services. As from diagram we can infer that by the 2010 we would be able to
achieve the 1 Gbps in motion at low speed and 100 Mbps at high speed. On December 25, 2006,
NTT DOCOMObecame the first in the world to achieve a packet signal speed of 5 Gbpsin an
outdoor test in a low-speed environment (10 km/h). The test was undertaken to demonstrate the
expected maximum transmission speed in an actual cell environment, taking into account
interference from peripheral cells.

We are steadily approaching towards 4G wireless technologies by upgrading the current

3Gtechnology by increasing the data rate speed and by reducing the cost of transmission which is
the main objective of 4G wireless technology.

There are some key components for the successful deployment of the 4G wireless technology.

1.2.1 OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) modulation

Multipath phenomena in CDMA can tolerate long delay but it does not capture the entire energy,
only fraction of the energy of the multipath signal because of limited no. of capability of taking
the signal. In OFDM as from the below figure it can be understand the long guard band interval
is long enough to absorb all inter-symbols-interference.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) not only provides clear advantages for
physical layer performance, but also a framework for improving layer 2 performance by

6
proposing an additional degree of freedom. Using ODFM, it is possible to exploit the time
domain, the space domain, the frequency domain and even the code domain to optimize radio
channel

FIG.1.4 OFDM Principles

It ensures very robust transmission in multi-path environments with reduced receiver complexity.

In OFDM, a data stream is split into Nc parallel lower data streams (a few kHz) that are
modulated on separate subcarriers. The split the signal is called orthogonal subcarrierand these
subcarriers are modulated by Inverse Discrete Fourier Transformation (IDFT)and hence it does not
affect the signals on multipath effects. The long guard bandis inserted between each OFDM
symbol to absorb all inter signal symbols interference. This significantly improves the physical
layer performance. The OFDM signal is also compatible with other enhancement technologies
like smart antennas and MIMO. Multiple access technology (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access; OFDMA) can also be used for modulation of OFDM. In this case, each OFDM
signal symbol can transmit information to/from several users using a different set of subcarriers
(subchannels). This not only provides additional flexibility for resource allocation (increasing the
capacity), but also enables cross-layer optimization of radio link usage.

7
1.2.2 Implementation of MIMO (multiple inputs, multiple outputs)

In order to improve the communication performance between sender and receiver, the multiple
antennas are used at both transmitter and receiver end. MIMO multiplex the signals from the
multiple transmitting antennas as it is suitable for OFDM because time symbols can be processed
independently after OFDM waveform is correctly designed for the channel. This aspects of
OFDM reduces the complexity while transmission and makes processing simple. The signal
transmitted by m antennas and signal received by n antennas and the processing of the received
signal may produce significant performance improvement such as range, quality of receivedsignal
and spectrum efficiency. Hence MIMO is more efficient when many multiple path signals are
received. The gain in spectrum efficiency is directly related to the minimum number of antennas
in the link. The MIMO enables significant increase in the data throughput and link range with
additional bandwidth or transmit power. It achieves this by higher spectral efficiency more bits
per second per hertz of bandwidth) and link reliability or diversity (reduced fading). Because of
these properties MIMO has become current theme of wireless research.

FIG.1.5 MIMO

8
1.2.3 Smart antenna enhancements

The main purpose of the radio communication depends on the advancements of the antennas
which refer to smart or intelligent antennas. In early 90s, in order to meet growing data rate
needs of the data communication, many transmission techniques were proposed such as spatial
multiplexing which increases the bandwidth conservation and power efficiency. Spatial
multiplexingprovides the multiple deployment of antennas at the transmitting and receiving end
and then independent streams of data can be transmitted as requested by the user can be
transmitted simultaneously from the all transmitting antennas. Thus increasing the throughput
into multiple folds with minimum number of the transmitting and receiving antennas.

FIG.1.6 Smart Antennas

9
There are two types of smart antennas which are switched beam smart antennas and adaptive
array smart antennas. Switched beam systems have several available fixed beam patterns which
help in making decisions as to which beam to access at any given point of time based on the
requirements of the system. While adaptive arrays allow the antenna to steer the beam to any
direction of interest while simultaneously nulling interfering signals. The reliability in
transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can be improved by using more antennas at
the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called transmit or receive diversity. Both
transmit/receive diversity and transmit spatial multiplexing are categorized into the space-time
coding techniques, which does not necessarily require the channel knowledge at the time of
transmitting the signals. The other category is closed-loop multiple antenna technologies which
use the channel knowledge at the transmitter.

1.2.4 SDR (Software-Defined Radio)

A basic SDR produces a radio that is capable of receiving and transmitting a different form of
radio protocol (sometimes referred to as a waveform) as per the needs just by running
differentsoftware. A SDR will allow to increase network capacity at specific time (e.g. during a
sports event) and the operator can reconfigure its network by adding several modems at a given
Base Transceiver Station (BTS). SDR will allow reconfigure network structure as per the needs.
At the present SDR implementation is done by the infrastructure which develops multi-band,
multi-standard base stations and terminals. SDR can be a powerful aid for manufacturer by
providing multi-standard, multi-band equipment with reduced development effortand
coststhrough simultaneous multi-channel processing. Software radios have significant utility for
the military and cell phone services, both of which must serve a wide variety of changing radio
protocolsin real time. In the long term, software-defined radio is expected by its proponents to
become the dominant technologyin radio communications.

10
 CHAPTER II

BASICS Of 4G

2.1 4G Technology Features

o Support for interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and other broadband
services

o IP based mobile system

o High speed, high capacity, and low cost per bit

o Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services

o Seamless switching, and a variety of Quality of Service driven services

o Better scheduling and call admission control techniques

o Ad hoc and multi hop networks (the strict delay requirements of voice make multi hop network
service a difficult problem)

o Better spectral efficiency

o Seamless network of multiple protocols and air interfaces (since 4G will be all ]IP, look for
4G systems to be compatible with all common network technologies, including802.11,
WCDMA, Blue tooth, and Hyper LAN).

o An infrastructure to handle pre existing 3G systems along with other wireless technologies,
some of which are currently under development.

2.1.1 Incomparable Speed

The majority of internet users choose a particular ISP over another because of the speed it offers.
Even though Ive used some slow and frustrating internet connections before Ive also used a lot
of superfast internet connections and Im a great fan of the 3G technology. With all Ive read so
far the 4G mobile internet technology will be at least 10 times faster than the 3G mobile internet
technology and that alone is enough speed than any individual will need.

11
 TABLE.2.1Comparision of technologies

2.2 Advanced Security

One thing about most forms of broadband internet technology despite their great speed is their
security weakness. A lot of them have one or two features that make them highly vulnerable and
even though the 4G internet technology is not perfect when it comes to security it has been
designed in a way that makes it cover the weakness of other technologies.

If youre an internet user concerned a lot about security, with 4G, you really have no need to
worry.

12
2.3 Reliability and Effectiveness Irrespective of the Weather Condition

The final thing I love the most about the 4G mobile internet technology is how reliable it is and
also the fact that it isnt affected by the weather. It can be really frustrating to be enjoying your
broadband internet connection only to start experiencing problems due to harsh weather
conditions. The 4G technology addresses all these and it wont in any way be affected by the
weather.

2.4 Transfer Rate

One of the things that changes from each generation of computers to the next is the speed at
which they can transfer and process data. For instance, a third generation computer and computer
network could transfer data up to 2 megabits per second. Fourth generation computers improved
on that speed, with the ability to transfer data at up to 100 megabits per second. This higher
bandwidth sets these two generations apart from previous ones, which could barely transfer data
fast enough for streaming video.

FIG.2.1 Transfer Rate

2.5 Wireless Technology

3G and 4G computers and computer networks are some of the first to offer truly wireless
capabilities. Wireless Internet works off of radio signals, the same kind used by cell phones. 3G
computers have the ability to use and receive these wireless signals and thus you can make calls
over a 3G computer or you can use wireless Internet. 4G computers and their networks take this

13
further, adding power to the amount of data that can be transferred and the additional reception
that 4G systems can provide.

2.6 Challenges of 4G

FIG.2.2 Challenges if 4G

2.6.1 Security

The first step in analyzing cellular wireless security is to identify the security objectives. The
goals that the security policy and corresponding technology should achieve are to ensure that
information generated by or relating to a user is adequately protected against misuse or
misappropriation. It is to be ensured that the level of protection afforded to users and providers
of services is considered to be better than that provided in contemporary fixed and mobile
networks. Further, it is to be seen that the implementation of security features and mechanisms
can be extended and enhanced as required by new threats and services.

14
2.6.2 Hand off Delay

Handoff delay poses another important QoS-related issue in 4G wireless networks. During the
handoff process, the user may experience a significant drop in QoS that will affect the
performance of both upper-layer protocols and applications. Deploying a priority-based
algorithm and using location-aware adaptive applications can reduce both handoff delay and QoS
variability. When there is a potential for considerable variation between senders and receivers
device capabilities, deploying a receiver-specific filter in part of the network close to the source
can effectively reduce the amount of traffic and processing, perhaps satisfying other users QoS
needs.

2.6.34G supportive devices showing less Battery Backup

In 4G supportive Devices due to presence of large number of Transmitters & Receivers, the
battery of the device runs off quite quickly. With technological developments the devices are
getting smaller in size due to Large Scale Integration and micro architecture. Hence in 4G
devices if we want to enhance the battery life by designing a much powerful Li-on Battery ,then
the backup would increase no doubt but also the size o the device would increase i.e. not highly
recommended.

FIG.2.3Battrey Life

15
2.7 Implemeting 4G in a Cost Effective Manner

Embedding broadband in all types of consumer devices is a goal of 4G. To achieve the vision, of
cost effective application of 4G ITU defines access layers of network such as Fixed (i.e.,DSL,
cable, fiber) fixed wireline networks, Personal (i.e., Bluetooth, UWB) cars, cell phones
,Hot-spot (i.e., Wi-Fi/802.11) , Cellular (i.e.,UMTS, WiMAX) highly-mobile users.These
include higher speeds and more advanced network integration and enablement for service
offerings. In terms of 4G Network cost and affordability, there are a number of issues to consider
that reflect some degree of risk. Developing a successful 4G Network platform is a positive step
towards the creation of a wireless and broadband environment that possesses rapid transmission
speeds, data integrity modules, and other related events that encourage users to take additional
risks in promoting successful utilization of these 4G tools

16
 CHAPTER-III

GLOBAL SCENARIO

3.1 Working groups on 4G wireless technology:

There are many groups who work together for the enhancement of the cellular technology. There
are 3 groups who are working for deployment of 4G wireless technology.

4.1 3GPP (The Third Generation Partnership Project) 4.2 3GPP2 (The Third Generation
Partnership Project 2)

4.3 WiMAX

17
3.2 3GPP (The 3rd Generation Partnership Project)

FIG.3.1 Broadband technologies

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is body which is formed by collaborating the
groups of the telecommunications associations to develop upcoming a globally applicable third
generation (3G) mobile phone specification within the scope of International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 project of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). 3GPP
standardization major focus is on Radio, Core Network and Service architecture. 3GPP is
working to upgrade the mobile communicationby increasing the data rate and reducing the cost.

18
As from the figure above it states that 3GPP focus on mobile communication since 2007 and
3GPP is working in that direction which will lead to enter in the 4G technology by the 2011.

3.33GPP2 (The 3rd Generation Partnership Project):

Again there is another working group on mobile communication is called the Third Generation
Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) is formed by collaborating third generation
(3G)telecommunications specifications-setting project comprising North American and Asian
interests developing global specifications for ANSI/TIA/EIA-41. Cellular Radio
telecommunication Intersystem Operations network evolution to 3G and global specifications for
the radio transmission technologies (RTTs) supported by ANSI/TIA/EIA-41. 3GPP2 is the
standardization group focuses on CDMA 2000 which includes the set of 3G standard based on
earlier 2G CDMA technology.

19
 CHAPTER-IV

4G TECHNOLOGY TODAY

4.1 WiMAX

As we can see in the above figure that WiMAX is using the some of the major key component of
4G technology which is defined in IMT-Advance. WiMAX is using the OFDM modulation
technique for transmission of the signals but other features of the 4G technology such as MIMO,
smart antennas capabilities and IP mobility which are not available in the WiMAX. As it is
shown in figure in the WiMAX section in 2008 Mobile WiMAX is using SISO and 60-65% of
SIMO with frequency spectrum of the10MHz. And in 2009 WiMAX will be using SIMO/MIMO
and data rate of 23/46 Mbps in downlink and data rate of 12 Mbps in uplink with frequency
spectrum of 10 MHz In 2011 WiMAX will be able to achieve the 100 Mbps with high mobility
which is defined in the IMT Advance. In 2011 WiMAX will fully enter into 4G technology
because it is expected that the WiMAX will using all the major key component of the 4G
technology. At present WiMAX is one of the potential candidate for the 4G technology. WiMAX
has served as a catalyst for 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) and 3GPP2 to
accelerate their next round of innovation, adopting OFDM modulation and implementing MIMO
and other smart antennatechnologies with high mobility. Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 camps have
clearly defined their paths toward 4G. Mobile WiMAX was being commercialized in 2007 and It
had been expected that the WiMAX will have several advantages, including throughput, cost,
time-to-market. It does seem to have a time-to-market advantage over LTE (Long Term
Evolution) and UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband). However, the first generation of mobile
WiMAX technologies without MIMO enhancements will not be able to deliver significantly
higher throughputas compare to 3.5G technologies such as HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink
Packet Access), which has already been deployed commercially. WiMAX vendor had predicted
the cost advantages of the WiMAX. Mobile company sprint claims that Mobile WiMAX will
deliver a cost-per-bit performance of 10 times EVDO (Evolution-Data Optimized). The spectral

20
efficiency of WiMAX is better but the coverage area of the WiMAX is smaller, possibly at only
half to one-quarter the cell radius of an equivalent HSPA (High-Speed Packet Access) cell.

Over period of time WiMAX will improve by increasing throughputand lower cost, but 3GPP
and 3GPP2 technologies are also evolving to support higher throughput, lower latency and better
economics by leveraging MIMO and other smart antenna technologies, wider spectrum bands
and eventually OFDM modulation. 3GPP and 3GPP2 are still getting stronger support from
technology companies, and they are already being integrated into laptops and other embedded
devices.

FIG.4.1 WIMAX

4.2 Demonstration of 4G wireless technology

There are companies who have successfully tested and implemented the 4G technology. The
companies are NTT DoCoMo, Mobile and Nortel Networks, and Nokia Siemens Networks.

21
4.2.1 NTT DoCoMo

NTT DoCoMo after successful experimentation in February 2007 announced the completion of a
4G trial where they achieved a maximum packet transmission rate of approximately 5Gbps in the
downlink using 100MHz frequency bandwidth to a mobile station moving at 10km/h. Fourth
generation (4G) technology implementation is in the laboratory now and also in the field trials in
certain areas of the world. Some people define the 4G goal as increasing data transfer rates to
100Mb/sec. Recently, NTT DoCoMo, the Japanese telecommunications giant and Japan's largest
wireless carrier, has claimed to achieve a maximum packet transmission rate of approximately
5Gb/sec in a downlink transmission. The transmission used a 100MHz channel bandwidth and
the target receiving device was a mobile device moving at 10km/hour. Since the maximum
transmission rates closest to commercialization today are approaching 10Mb/sec.

4.2.2 T-Mobile and Nortel Networks

Mobile operator T-Mobile and Nortel Networks after successfully testing a new high-speed
wireless technology, designed to make mobile connections as fast as fixed fiber links. A
connection was maintained while driving in a car in range of three cell sites on a highway in
Bonn, Germany at an average speed of 67 kmph. The experiment achieved data rates of up to
170 Mbit/s for downloads and up to 50 Mbit/s for uploads, the operator said, about three times
faster than the new high-speed broadband technology VDSL it is currently rolling out across the
country. If the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) technology proved promising in more everyday
situations, the Bonn-based company would consider upgrading its network with it, said Philipp
Humm, head of T-Mobile Germany. A decision would be made within six months. There is
increasing urgency for fourth-generation (4G) wireless networks, where growing demand for
mobile data is driven by such tools as smart phones and embedded laptops.Canadas Nortel
Networks has said it sees LTE as the most likely upgrade path for about 80 percent of the
worlds existing mobile phone providers, with others going for WiMAX.

22
4.2.3 Nokia Siemens Networks

Nokia Siemens Network announced after testing that achieved theoretical data rates of up to 173
megabits per second, LTE is in something of a race to market with mobile WiMAX, which only
promises around 70Mbps but has a significant head start. The fastest currently available mobile
broadband, HSDPA, offers around 7.2Mbps.

Both LTE and mobile WiMAX use the OFDM modulation scheme and multiple-input multiple-
output (MIMO) technology, which is based on the use of multiple antennae. Mobile WiMAXs
recent inclusion to the 3GPP family of standards has raised the possibility of both technologies
becoming part of what will be known as 4G.

In its announcement, Nokia Siemens Networks said it had completed the worlds first multiuser
field trial of LTE in an urban environment. The trial, which was in Berlin, utilized 20MHz of
bandwidth in the 2.6GHz spectrum, which is set for a hotly contested auction in the U.K. next
year. The trialconfirmed that LTE performance requirements can be met using 3GPP
standardized technologies and it realized data rates of more than 100Mbps over distances of
several hundred meters, while maintaining excellent throughput at the edge of typical urban
mobile radio cells, the companys statement read. Calling the trial an important initial proof of
concept for LTE, Nokia Siemens Networks chief technology officer, Stephan Scholz, said that
LTE would further the companys goal of connecting 5 billion users by 2015, due to LTEs
efficient use of spectrum.

4.3 4G Wireless Standards:

Recently the FCC endorsed long term evolution (LTE) as the required standard for any
government participating in the budding nationwide interoperable public safety wireless
network. In 2007, the FCC issued a single license for all public safety agencies to jointly operate
such a network within 12 MHz of spectrum in the upper 700 MHz band.

The license is held by the Public Safety Spectrum Trust, a nonprofit formed to lobby for the
regulatory victories necessary to make the national network a reality. The FCC usually avoids
mandating standards, but it made an exception in this case. The National Broadband Plan the

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FCC submitted to Congress in 2010 mandated that the public safety network be interoperable,
and FCC officials said interoperability wouldnt be realistic without a single standard. LTE is
popularly referred to as a 4G standard, although it doesnt actually meet the speed requirements
for 4G, which are 100 Mbps for both downloads and uploads, according to the FCCs Public
Safety and Homeland Security Bureau.

TABLE.4.1 Specifications of LTE

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While LTE generates 100 Mbps for downloads, it only facilitates 50 Mbps for uploads.
Nevertheless, the FCC views LTE as being close enough to 4G to make significant
improvements for public safety. Of the 12 MHz the FCC designated for public safety, 10 MHz
can be used for broadband. Harlin McEwen, chairman of the Public Safety Spectrum Trust, said
endorsing LTE made sense because a large portion of the 700 MHz band was already occupied
by AT&T and Verizon, which are deploying LTE networks.

An obstacle to deploying the network still remains, however. The bulk of public safety officials
insist their current allotment of 10 MHz of broadband spectrum is not enough to give public
safety the coverage it needs.

FIG.4.2 Global Subscription by Technology

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They say theyll have enough spectrum if Congress gives them an additional 10 MHz of
spectrum called the D Block, which is set to be auctioned to private providers. McEwen and
others are lobbying Congress aggressively for the D Block, but caution that if Congress gives the
D Block to public safety, it must include a funding stream to pay for local network equipment.

McEwen said giving the D Block to public safety wouldnt make sense without that funding
because insufficient state and local tax revenue exists to pay for the local networks. President
Barack Obama recently voiced his support for giving the D Block and equipment funding to
public safety.

FIG.4.3 LTE

Bills for making that a reality have been proposed in both houses of Congress, but it remains to
be seen how deficit hawks in the House of Representatives will react. Auctioning the D Block to
private providers would generate between $2 billion to $3 billion for the U.S. Treasury
Department, according to some estimates.

McEwen says the approaching 10-year anniversary of 9/11 could give public safety lobbyists an
advantage. Politicians, McEwen said, would not want to face voters at that time saying they
hadnt accomplished an interoperable public safety communications plan ready for deployment.

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4.4 FUTURE

We do have are good reasons for 4G development and a variety of current and evolving
technologies to make 4G a reality. Highlighting the primary drivers for 4G wireless systems are
cost, speed, flexibility, and universal access. Both service providers and users want to reduce the
cost of wireless systems and the cost of wireless services. The less expensive the cost of the
system, the more people who will want to own it.

The high bandwidth requirements of upcoming streaming video necessitates a change in the
business model the service providers usefrom the dedicated channel per user model to one of a
shared-use, as-packets-are-needed model. This will most likely be the model service providers
use when 4G systems are commonplace (if not before).

Increased speed is a critical requirement for 4G communications systems. Data-rate increases of

10-50X over 3G systems will place streaming audio and video access into the hands of
consumers who, with each wireless generation, demand a much richer set of wireless-system
features. Power control will be critical since some services (such as streaming video) require
much more power than do others (such as voice).

4G's flexibility will allow the integration of several different LAN and WAN technologies. This
will let the user apply one 4G appliance, most likely a cell-phone/PDA hybrid, for many
different taskstelephony, Internet access, gaming, real-time information, and personal
networking control, to name a few.

A 4G appliance would be as important in home-networking applications as it would as a device

to communicate with family, friends, and co-workers.

Finally, a 4G wireless phone would give a user the capability of global roaming and accessthe
ability to use a cell phone anywhere worldwide. At this point, the 4G wireless system would
truly go into a "one size fits all" category, having a feature set that meets the needs of just about
everyone.

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4.5 What is needed to Build 4G Networks of Future?

A number of spectrum allocation decisions, spectrum standardization decisions, spectrumavailability decisions,

technology innovations, component development, signal processing andswitching enhancements and inter-vendor
cooperation have to take place before the vision of 4Gwill materialize. We think that 3G experiences - good or bad,
technological or business - will beuseful in guiding the industry in this effort. We are bringing to the attention of
professionals intelecommunications industry following issues and problems that must be analyzed and
resolved:* Lower Price Points Only Slightly Higher than Alternatives - The business visionariesshould do some
economic modeling before they start 4G hype on the same lines as 3G hype.They should understand that 4G data
applications like streaming video must compete with verylow cost wireline applications.

The users would pay only a delta premium (not a multiple) formost wireless
applications.* More Coordination Among Spectrum Regulators Around the World - Spectrumregulation bodies
must get involved in guiding the researchers by indicating which frequencyband might be used for 4G. FCC in
USA must cooperate more actively with International bodieslike ITU and perhaps modify its hands-off policy in
guiding the industry. When public interest,national security interest and economic interest (inter-industry a la TV
versusTelecommunications) are at stake, leadership must come from regulators.

At appropriate time,industry builds its own self-regulation

mechanisms.* More Academic Research: Universities must spend more effort in solving fundamentalproblems in
radio communications (especially multiband and wideband radios, intelligentantennas and signal processing.*

Standardization of wireless networks in terms of modulation techniques, switchingschemes.

A Voice-independent Business Justification Thinking: Business development andtechnology executives should

not bias their business models by using voice channels aseconomic determinant for data applications. Voice has a
built-in demand limit - data applicationsdo not.

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4.6 ADVANTAGES

1. Support for interactive multimedia voice, streaming video, internet & other broadband
services.

2. IP based mobile system.

3. High speed, high capacity & low cost per bit.

4. Global access, service portability & scalable mobile services.

5. Better scheduling and call admission control technique.

6. Ad-hoc & multi-hop network.

7. Better spectral efficiency.

8. Seamless network of multiple protocols & air interfaces.

4.7 DISADVANTAGES
1. Expensive .

2. Battery uses are more hard to implement.

3. Need complicated hardware.

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4.8 Applications of 4G

FIG.4.3 Applications of 4G

4.8.1 Multimode Software Application

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4G technology has an unique application of accessing several wireless networks. It is capable of
high level of customization at the user-level end. This feature integrates the infrastructure of all
available networks and steadily it will be easier for users to access services and applications
regardless of the environment. One can easily access different mobile and wireless networks
simultaneously. Multimode software is a software that allows the user device to adapt itself to
various wireless interfaces networks in order to provide constant net access with high data
(packet based) rate. All the networks will be compatible once the switch is completed,
eliminating roaming and areas where only one type of phone is supported. Once the voice and
data networks are superposed there will suddenly be millions of new devices on the network
cloud. This will require either reconstruction of the address space for the entire Internet or using
different address spaces for the existing wireless networks. The multimode device architecture
may improve call completion and expand effective coverage area.

4.8.2 Video Network Coding for 4G Wireless networks

High Definition (HD) demand is increasing day by day more than that of the bandwidth support
available. Network Coding allows to reduce the required number of packets to complete a
transmission over noisy or unreliable networks compared non coded version, hence increasing
throughput. Network coding offers exciting possibilities for the efficient transmission of video
over wireless and bottleneck networks . By sending combinations of packets and considering
traffic as algebraic information not just bits, 4G network is ideally suited to Network Coding i.e.
they are resources, need to serve a variety of different devices and femto cells connected to
WIFI. However, it is also noted that the complexities that Network Coding can face in decoding
nodes can accelerate the capabilities of embedded systems. This problem can be discarded by use
of codes defined on small Galois Fields (GF). Thus, it is inferred that Network Coding could be
doing peer to peer high definition video streaming and also thereby can be incorporated into
more consumer-oriented devices. In the next section, the proposed strategy for Video Centric
Network Coding has been briefly portrayed.

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Abbreviations

(Alphabetically Arranged)

3GGP : The Third Generation Partnership Project

3GGP2: The Third Generation Partnership Project2

EVDO: Evolution-Data Optimized

HSPA: High-Speed Packet Access

IMT: International Mobile Telecommunications

ITU: International Telecommunication Union

LTE: Long Term Evolution

MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output

OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

SDR: Software Defined Radio

UMB: Ultra Mobile Broad Band

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 CHAPTER-V

Conclusion

There has been constant development in the cellular as we have seen in 2G technology to 3G
technology which includes GSM, GPRS, EDGE, CDMA, CDMA200, HSPDA, WiMAX etc. 2G
only supports the voice communicate and 2.5G supports voice and data communication and 3G
supports voice and data communication but at higher rate as compare to the 2.5G. But today
there is high demand of multimedia applications like online video, video conferencing. And there
is need of better quality of service (QoS) and device mobility from one network to network at
high speed. There is strong need of technology better than 3G.

A 4G technology which is an upgraded version of 3G technology, will be introduced in the

market by 2011 which will meet the needs which were not found in the 3G technology while
maintaining its backward compatibility. As we have seen in the working group of 4G technology
namely 3GGP, 3GGP2 and WiMAXtechnologies will continue to evolve and enhanceits
capability, with a clear roadmap of reaching 1 Gbps inmotion at low speed and 100 Mbps at high
speed at lower cost. The successful demonstration of the 4G technology has been done by the
companies such as NTT DoCoMo, Mobile and Nortel Networks, and Nokia Siemens Networks.

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 CHAPTER-VI

Reference

4G The What, Why and When- The worldwide adoption and growth of wireless are the
fastest technological achievements in history- Tellabs. www.tellabs.com/solutions/
mobilebackhaul

Future and Challenges of 4G Wireless Technology by Nikita Rawat, December-2012

Video-centric Network Coding Strategies for 4G Wireless Networks: An Overview* by

Marie-Jos Montpetit and Muriel Mdard , MIT Research Laboratory for Electronics.

The 4G Technology V/S other G Technologies by Shipra Gupta, SupriyaShakya, Dept Of

CSE, R.K.G.I.T.W,UP.

Analysis of SIP-based mobility management in 4G wireless networks by Nilanjan

Banerjee*, Wei Wu, KalyanBasu, Sajal K. Das, Center for Research in Wireless Mobility
and Networking (CReWMaN), Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The
University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0015, USA

Generations of Mobile Wireless Technology: A Survey MuditRatanaBhalla, Dept. of

Computer Science & Applications, Dr.H.S.Gour Central University, Sagar(M.P.)

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35