1.0 Introduction

MEC 551 THERMAL
ENGINEERING
1.0 INTRODUCTION
IRNIE AZLIN ZAKARIA

03-55435242
T1-A14-12C
COURSE INFORMATION
Code : MEC551
Course : THERMAL ENGINEERING
Contact Hrs: 3 (L) & 1 (T) / weeks
Course Status : Core
MEC 551 Thermal Engineering

COURSE OUTLINE
1. Introduction 3 hrs
2. Conduction 7 hrs
3. Convection 6 hrs
4. Heat Exchangers 6 hrs
5. Combustion 6 hrs
6. Refrigeration Cycles 7 hrs
7. Air- conditoning Processes 7 hrs.

Syllabus Content
Contents Hours Details
Fundamental mechanism of heat transfer : Conduction,

convection and radiation
Thermodynamic and Heat Transfer Thermodynamic laws and engineering applications
1.0 3 Sustainable energy management : Conventional and
Energy and Sustainability
renewable energy
Fourier`s law of heat conduction

Thermal conductivity of materials
Thermal resistance circuits: Plane wall and cylindrical
geometries; Conduction with convection
Conduction 7 Solution of 2D temperature distribution using finite
2.0 difference techniques: internal and external nodes, heat
transfer rate across surfaces
Convection principles : Types of flow, factors affecting

the heat transfer coefficient, Reynolds numbers
Forced convection over exterior surface : horizontal
plates, spheres and cylinders in laminar and turbulent
3.0 Convection 6 flow ; Reynolds analogy; Nusselts number correlations
Free convection : bouyancy effect ; Rayleigh and
Grashoff numbers ; Nusselt numbers correlations
Syllabus Content
Contents Hours Details
Types of heat exchangers : Parallel flow, counter flow, cross flow,

shell and tube, plate
Heat transfer rate of heat exchanger : Overall heat transfer coefficient
4.0 Heat Exchanger 6 Log-mean-temperature difference method (LMTD) and correction
Effectiveness of NTU method
Heat exchanger design considerations
Heat pipes principles and application
Non-reacting mixtures : Molar, mass fractions ; volumetric analysis

The combustion triangle : fuels, oxygen and heat
Combustion equation : stoichiometric ; excess air, starved air, air fuel
5.0 Combustion 6 ratio
Application of first law to combustion processes and enthapy of
combustion
Reversed Carnot Cycle : Principle of ideal refrigeration and heat

pump cycles ; types of refrigerant ; problem for practical application
Vapour-Compression refrigeration cycle : Saturated vapor cycle;
6.0 Refrigeration Cycles 7 superheated vapour cycle; isentropic efficiency of compressor;
subcooling and flash chamber
Introduction to other refrigeration plant : Vapour absorption cycle and
micro (solid) cooling systems
Properties of air mixtures : Temperature and humidity control

Psychometric chart
7.0 Air-Conditioning Process 7 Basic processes of air conditioning : heating, cooling, humidification,
dehumidification, adiabatic mixing
Cooling tower : operation and application
COURSE OUTCOMES
Upon Completion of this course, students should be able to :
CO1 Describe the principles of heat transfer mechanisms,

combustion, refrigeration and air conditioning systems
[PO1, LO1]{C2}.
CO2 Establish relationship between theoretical and
practical aspects of heat transfer application [PO1,
LO1]{C3}.
CO3 Analyse principles of energy mechanisms to solve a
wide range of thermal engineering problems [PO3,
LO3, SS1]{C4, P4}.

ASSESSEMENT
Coursework 40%
Test 1 10%
Test 2 10%
Assignments / Quizzes 20%
Final Exam 60%
Test 1 11th October 2017 ( 2 ~ 4 pm) Wednesday

Test 2 29th November 2017 (2~4 pm) Wednesday
TEXT BOOKS
MEC551 Thermal Engineering, McGraw-

Hill, 2011
Y.A. Cengel,
Heat and Mass Transfer: A Practical
Approach, McGraw-Hill, 3rd Edition, 2007.

TEXT BOOKS
Y.A. Cengel and M.A. Boles

Thermodynamics: An Engineering
Approach, , McGraw-Hill, 6th Edition,
2007.

Past exam papers
Electronic Question Paper System (EQPS) :
http://eqps.ptar.uitm.edu.my:8080/eqps/
Heat Transfer
Heat
Form of energy that can be transferred from one system to another
as a result of a temperature difference.
The second law requires that heat

be transferred in the direction of
decreasing temperature.
The temperature difference is the driving force for heat transfer.

The rate of heat transfer in a certain direction depends on the
magnitude of the temperature gradient in that direction.
The larger the temperature gradient, the higher the rate of heat
transfer.

Thermodynamics & Heat transfer
Thermodynamics Heat transfer
Amount of heat transfer Determines the rate of

as a system undergo a energy transfer
process from one Deals with systems that lack
equilibrium state to thermal equilibrium (e.g.
another non-equilibrium
No indication about the phenomenon).
time
Deals with equilibrium
states and changes from
one system to another

Foundation Laws
1st Law Conservation of Energy Equation

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed during a
process
Can only change forms
Rate of energy transfer into a system equal the rate of

increase of energy in the system
2nd Law
Heat is transferred in the direction of
decreasing temperature.

1.0 Modes of Heat Transfer

MODEs OF HEAT TRANSFER
How is heat
transferred??
15
Heat Transfer
Heat transfer process happens everyday around

us

MODEs OF HEAT TRANSFER
Courtesy
to Pn
Rosnadiah
, FKM
Heat can be transferred from place to another place by

three PROCESSES or MODES.
i) CONDUCTION
ii) CONVECTION
iii) RADIATION
17
CONDUCTION
The transfer of energy from the more energetic

particle of substance to the adjacent less energetic
ones as a result of interactions between the
particles.
http://sheryltan789.blogspot.com
18
CONDUCTION IN SOLID
it is due to the combination of vibrations of the

molecules in a lattice and energy transport by free electron
19
CONDUCTION IN SOLID
www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning
20
CONDUCTION IN SOLID
21
CONDUCTION IN LIQUID & GASES
it is due to the collision and diffusion of the

molecules during their random motion
http://www.spaceflight.esa.i
nt/
22
HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISM : CONDUCTION
Fourier's law
The law of heat conduction, also known as
Fourier's law, states that the time rate of heat
transfer through a material is proportional to the
negative gradient in the temperature and to the
area, at right angles to that gradient, through
which the heat is flowing.
Rate of heat conduction

Area Temperature difference
Thickness
The rate of heat conduction

through a solid is directly
dT proportional to its thermal
Qcond kA (W) conductivity.
dx

23
Fourier's law
dT
Qcond kA (W)
dx

Q x ~ Rate of conduction in x direction W
dT C
~ Temperature gradient in the direction of heat flow
dx m

A ~ Cross sec tional area normal to the direction ofthe heat flow m2
W
k ~ Thermal conductivi ty of the material
m C
MEC 551 Thermal Engineering 24

WHAT IS THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, k ?
dT
Qcond kA (W) The thermal conductivity (k, W/(mC)) of a
dx material is defined as the rate of heat transfer
through a unit thickness of a material per unit area
per unit temperature difference.
The thermal conductivity of a material

is a measure of the ability of the
material to conduct heat.
Good
conductor
Good
insulator
The variation of the thermal conductivity of various solids, liquids, and gases
with temperature.
PROBLEM SOLVING CONDUCTION EXAMPLE 1
Let's calculate the rate of heat transfer

on a cold day through a rectangular
window that is 1.2 m wide and 1.8 m
high, has a thickness of 6.2 mm, a
coefficient of heat transfer of 0.27
W/m/C. The temperature inside the
high home is 21C and the temperature
outside the home is -4C.
= 2352 W
wide t
30
PROBLEM SOLVING CONDUCTION EXAMPLE 2
The inside and outside of the surface of a

window glass are at 20C and -5C
respectively. If the glass is 100 cm x 50

cm in size and 1.5 cm thick, with a 20C -5C
thermal conductivity of 0.78 W/(mC).
100 cm
x
Determine the heat loss through the 50 cm
glass over a period of 2 hours.
1.5 cm
HEAT TRANSFER HEAT TRANSFER
MECHANISM : CONVECTION
Convection is the transfer of heat by the motion of liquids and gases.
Convection in a gas occurs

because gas expands when
heated.
Convection occurs because
currents flow when hot gas rises
and cool gas sink.
MEC 551 Thermal
Convection in liquids also occurs Engineering
because of differences in
density.
32
Is the mode of energy

transfer between a solid
surface and the adjacent
liquid or gas that is in
motion.
Convection involves the
combined effects of
conduction and fluid
motion.
Convection = Conduction + Advection
(fluid motion)
33
http://sheryltan789.blogspot.com
In Boiling Water
www.sltechgroup.com/blog

34
CONVECTION
Forced
convection
Phase change
Free convection

35
HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISM : CONVECTION
Natural convection
if the fluid motion is

caused by buoyancy
forces that are induced by
density differences due to
the variation of
temperature in the fluid.
Forced convection
if the fluid is forced to flow over the surface by external means

such as a fan, pump, or the wind.
HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISM : CONVECTION
Newtons law of cooling
Temperature
Area contacting fluids (m2) difference (oC)
Heat flow Heat transfer coefficient (watts/m2oC)

Heat transfer from a hot surface to air by
(watts) convection.
Heat transfer coefficient (watts/m2oC)

Determined by experiment which
depends on ;
- the surface geometry
- the nature of fluid motion
- the properties of the fluid
- the bulk fluid velocity
PROBLEM SOLVING CONVECTION EXAMPLE 1
Atmospheric air at a
T=10C
temperature of 10C flows
with a velocity 5 m/s across a AIR V = 5 m/s
tube with an outer diameter h = 85 W/(m2C)
(OD) of 1 cm and a length of 5
cm. The surface is maintained
at 110C.
Determine the rate of heat
flow from the tube surface to 1 cm
atmospheric air if h is 85 5m
W/(m2C).
Tw=110C
HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISM : RADIATION
How does heat from the sun get to Earth?

What is electromagnetic radiation?

What is electromagnetic radiation???

Electromagnetic radiation is the flow of photons (light) through
space.
Radiation is heat transfer by

electromagnetic waves.
Thermal radiation is
electromagnetic waves (including
light) produced by objects because
of their temperature.
The higher the temperature of an
object, the more thermal radiation
it gives off.
All bodies at a temperature above

absolute zero emit thermal
radiation.
Radiation: Energy emitted by matter in
the form of electromagnetic waves
(result of the changes in the electronic
configurations of the atoms or
molecules).
Unlike conduction or convection, the

transfer of energy by radiation does not
require the presence of an intervening
medium. Energy transfer by radiation is
the fastest (speed of light) and suffers no
attenuation in a vacuum.
In heat transfer studies we are interested in thermal radiation, which
is the form of radiation emitted by bodies because of their
temperature.
Radiation - Emission
The idealized surface that emits radiation at this maximum rate is

called a blackbody.
The radiation emitted by all real surfaces is less than the

radiation emitted by a blackbody at the same temperature, and
is expressed as emissivity of the surface (0 1)
A measure of how closely the surface approximates a
blackbody
Radiation - Emission
Most objects are actually grey bodies not black bodies.
Eb E
Blackbody Greybody
The ratio of the total emissive power of a body to that of a

blackbody at the same temperature is defined as the
emissivity () of the body.
E
; 0 1
Eb
Radiation emitted by real surfaces

Stefan-Boltzmann Equation:
~ emissivity 0 1.0
~ Stefan Boltzmann constant

W
5.67 10 2 4
8
m K
T ~ absolute surface temperature K
Emissivity, : A measure of how closely a surface approximates a blackbody for

which = 1 of the surface 0 1.
What is perfect blackbody (emissivity, = 1) ?
A perfect blackbody is a surface that reflects nothing and emits pure

thermal radiation.
Therefore,
A blackbody is defined as a perfect emitter and absorber of
radiation.
At a specified temperature and wavelength, no surface can

emit more energy than a blackbody.
A blackbody absorbs all incident radiation energy uniformly in
all directions, regardless of wavelength and direction.

47
Whenever radiant energy is incident upon any surface, part may be:
Absorbed (a)
Reflected () Reflected
Incident
Transmitted (t) radiation radiation
Absorption
Transmitted radiation
48
Absorptivity a;
The fraction of the radiation energy incident on a

surface that is absorbed by the surface.
Both and of a surface depend on the
temperature and the wavelength of the radiation.
49
A blackbody absorbs the entire radiation incident on it (a = 1).
Kirchhoffs law: The emissivity and the absorptivity of a surface at a given

temperature and wavelength are equal.
50
When a surface is completely enclosed by a much larger (or black)
surface at temperature Tsurr separated by a gas (such as air) that does
not intervene with radiation, the net rate of radiation heat transfer
between these two surfaces is given by
51
PROBLEM SOLVING RADIATION EXAMPLE 1
A ball dissipating a total of 200 W of power and emissivity of 0.9 is

placed in a vacuum chamber. The ball is to be cooled by radiation
alone and the outer surface temperature of the ball is 60C,
determine the temperature of surrounding surfaces if diameter of
the ball is 30 cm.
ball
vacuum
52
PROBLEM SOLVING RADIATION EXAMPLE 2
A horizontal pipe, with a 50 mm

outside diameter, is maintained
at a temperature of 50C in a T2=20C
large room where the air and wall
temperature are kept at 20C.
The surface emissivity of the steel
pipe may be taken as 0.8.
Calculate the heat loss by

50 mm
radiation per unit length.
L
T1=50C
= 0.853
COMBINATION OF ALL MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER
In the real problem, the heat transfer involved more than one
mechanism
54
PROBLEM SOLVING : COMBINATION OF ALL MODES
OF HEAT TRANSFER
Air blows (at 20C) over carbon steel [k=43

W/(m2C] hot plate which is 0.5 m x 0.75 m
and 20 mm thick maintained at 250C. The
convection heat transfer coefficient is 25
W/(m2C) and the heat loss from the plate
surface by radiation is 300 W.
(a) Calculate the heat transfer.
(b) The inside plate temperature.
55

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MEC 551 THERMAL

IRNIE AZLIN ZAKARIA

MEC 551 Thermal Engineering

MEC 551 Thermal Engineering

Fundamental mechanism of heat transfer : Conduction,

Fourier`s law of heat conduction

Convection principles : Types of flow, factors affecting

Types of heat exchangers : Parallel flow, counter flow, cross flow,

Non-reacting mixtures : Molar, mass fractions ; volumetric analysis

Reversed Carnot Cycle : Principle of ideal refrigeration and heat

Properties of air mixtures : Temperature and humidity control

Upon Completion of this course, students should be able to :

CO1 Describe the principles of heat transfer mechanisms,

MEC 551 Thermal Engineering

Final Exam 60%

Test 1 11th October 2017 ( 2 ~ 4 pm) Wednesday

MEC551 Thermal Engineering, McGraw-

MEC 551 Thermal Engineering

Y.A. Cengel and M.A. Boles

MEC 551 Thermal Engineering

Electronic Question Paper System (EQPS) :

The second law requires that heat

The temperature difference is the driving force for heat transfer.

MEC 551 Thermal Engineering

Thermodynamics Heat transfer

Amount of heat transfer Determines the rate of

MEC 551 Thermal Engineering

1st Law Conservation of Energy Equation

Rate of energy transfer into a system equal the rate of

MEC 551 Thermal Engineering

MEC 551 Thermal Engineering

Heat transfer process happens everyday around

MEC 551 Thermal Engineering

Heat can be transferred from place to another place by

The transfer of energy from the more energetic

it is due to the combination of vibrations of the

it is due to the collision and diffusion of the

Rate of heat conduction

The rate of heat conduction

MEC 551 Thermal Engineering

MEC 551 Thermal Engineering 24

The thermal conductivity of a material

Let's calculate the rate of heat transfer

The inside and outside of the surface of a

Convection is the transfer of heat by the motion of liquids and gases.

Convection in a gas occurs

Is the mode of energy

MEC 551 Thermal Engineering

MEC 551 Thermal Engineering

if the fluid motion is

if the fluid is forced to flow over the surface by external means

Newtons law of cooling

Heat flow Heat transfer coefficient (watts/m2oC)

Heat transfer coefficient (watts/m2oC)

How does heat from the sun get to Earth?

What is electromagnetic radiation?

What is electromagnetic radiation???

Radiation is heat transfer by

All bodies at a temperature above

Unlike conduction or convection, the

The idealized surface that emits radiation at this maximum rate is

The radiation emitted by all real surfaces is less than the

Most objects are actually grey bodies not black bodies.

The ratio of the total emissive power of a body to that of a