-36- CHAPTER -4- ANALYSIS OF STRESS AND STRAIN 4.1 General Definition of Stress. In general, external forces acting on a body may be classified as surface forces and body forees. A surface force is of the concentrated type when it acts at a point. It may also be distributed uniformly or nonuniforaly over a Finite area, Body forces. act on volumetric elements rather than surfaces, end are attributable to fields such as gravity and magnetsim. Internal force: are forees which hold together the particles forming the body. Suct forces are ‘causing the stress. Consider a body in equilibrium, subject to the system of forces shown in Figd.ta, An element of area a, located on an exterior or interior surface ‘is acted on by force AF as shown in Fig.1b. Let n, st and s1 constitute a set of orthogonal axes. The origin is placed’ at point p, with n normal and. se and s2 tangent to A Decomposition of a# into components parallel to n, st fand se as shown in FigA.te, leads to the following definitions of the normal Stress, and the shear stress, neon On" io BA (41) the values obtained in the limiting processes of Ean.4.1 differ from point to Point on the surface as AF varies. Also these components of stresses depend lepon the orientation of the plane on which the force av acts at yoint p. The complete description of stress at a point requires the specification of the stress fon all planes passing through the point of interest. 4.2. THE STRESS TENSOR Im order to enable the determination of the stresses on an infinite umber of planes passing through a point P, thus defining the stresses at that point, fone need only specify the stress components on three mutually perpendicular lanes passing through the point. ‘These three planes, perpendicular to the coordinate axes, contain three sides of an infinitesimsl parallelepiped as shown in Fig.4.2. Bach side is denoted by the name of the cuca!Be Fie 318-36- to it. For example, the plane parallel to the yz plane and perpendicular to the avis is called x plane. The y and 2 planes are perpendicular 0 y and z axes respectively, Athree dimensional state of stress is shown in the figure. Consider the stresses to be identical at point P and paint PU.and uniformly distributed fon each face, represented by a single vector acting at the centre of each face. "This veetor can be resolved into three components parallel to the x, y snd z axes. 'The component parallel to the axis and being normal to the plare will be denoted by , eg. the stress parallel to x axis and perpendicular to plane parallel to the yz plane will be called o, . On the same plane, parallel to yz plane, the components parallel to y and z axes are shear stress components and are denoted by x,, and x,, respectively (see Fig.4.2). The double subscript notation is interpreted as follows: the first subscript x indicates the plane on which the stresses are acting: the second subscript (y of 2) relates to the direction of the stresses itself. For example, x,, is the shear stress on the x lane in the y direction. The normal and shear’ stress components scting on the mutually perpendicular planes x, y and z are: O. + Tey + tee on x plane Cee ye ony plane C.. Te st, onz plane ‘These stress components can be assembled in the Following mattix form, wherein each sow sepreseats the givup of stiesses on a plane passing though PCxy.2) out] te ye (2p ‘The above array represents a tensor of second rank requiring two indices t0 identify its elements or components. A vector is a tensor of first rank; a scalar fs of zero rank. Referring to Fig4.2, we observe that both stresses labelled -,. tend to twist the element in a clockwise direction. It would be convenient, therefore, if a sign convention were adopted under which these stresses carried the same sien. Applying a convention relying solely upon the coordinate direction of the stresses would clearly not produce the desired result, inasmuch a5 the t,, stress acting on the upper surface is directed in the positive x direction, while ‘tj, Soting on the lower surface is directed in the negative x direction. ‘The following sign convention, which applied to both normal and shear stresses, is related to the deformational influence of a stress, and is based upon the relationship between the direction of an outward normal drawn to a particular surface, and the direction of the stress components on the same surface. Whenfe 0 » 5 faFs ae ea o Fig.44-39- both the outer normal and the stress component face in a positive direction relative to the coordinate axes, the stress is positive, When both the outer normal and the stress component face in a negative direction relative to the coordinate axes, the stress is positive. When the normal points in a positive wireetion while the stress points in a negative direction (or vice versa), the sitvess is negative. In accordance with this sign convention, tensile stresses are always positive and compressive stresses are always negative. Stear ruse %y« acting on the upper surface , for example, is pointed in the positive x Girection and the normal of this surface (upper surface) is also in the positive direction of y as seen in Fig.4.2, therefore, this stress component x, 6 positive, Fig.4.2 depicts © system of positive normal and shear stresses. 4.3 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM. In general, ‘the state of stress in a body varies from point to point. One of the fundamental problems in stress analysis is the determination of the state of stress at every point or at any desired point in a body. One of the important sets of equations used in the analyses of such problems deats with the conditions 19 be satisfied by the stress components when they vary from point to point. ‘These conditions will be established when the body (and, therefore part of ip is in equilibrium, The relationships established by applying the condition of equilibrium of statics is known as the differential equations of equilibrium, Which involve the derivatives of the stress componente Consider a thin clement of sides dx and dy (Fig.3), and assume that =: Oy» Tm nd Ty» are functions of x, y but do not vary throughout the thickness (are independent of 2) and that the other stress components are 2210 (a,~x.,~x,,= 0) Also assume that the x and y components of body forces per unit volume, Fx and Fy, are independent of z and that the component of body force Fa-0.This combination of stresses, satisfying the condition described, {s termed plane stress. Note that as the element is very small, for the sake of simplicity, the stress components may be considered to be distributed uniformly over each face. In the figure they are shown by a single vector, representing the mean values applied at the centre of each face. As we move from one point to another, as for example from the lower left comer to the upper right corner of the element, the stress components change {in values. For example, ¢, acting on the negative x face becomes o, » the positive x face. ‘The partial derivative is used because stresses are functions of x and y. Treating all the other components ¢,, +4, and ,, similarly, the state of stress shown in Fig.4.3 ig obtained.-4o~ Wetonsider now the ecultrium of an clement of unit thickness, taking moments oF forces about the tower left conan (2 acady)o*_ [20 ev, atm Jax Lay ees FF (Seatnay) 6 (_ Fax acay quieting te tole products Invoiving ax and dy, the above equation reduces Tay Tye (4.3) 1h ike eanncr, fe may bo chown thet Teoh and soe, arte shearing forces are therfore Characteried by subscripts that are SQRMUNACIvG and the stress ans’ le Symmetric. This symmetry means thc Se nang ae ot ie feces ‘mutually perpendicular planes From causa of forces in x diction we one in (0,-2.4 Jeo. +(e 2a Jee eyes Fatzayeo o.+ Fax )ay-onay. fot Fedy diem esate s Fetedy ‘Pon simpltication, tis equation becomes (Fee Jacayeo Amst & 9647 ts nonzero, the quency ip the parentheses must vanish, Seconeg, GxBresion ie wt te deste a fuilibrium of forces ny Steetion, ‘The x and y equations Gaultbrium Yield the folowing eifferereay equations of equilbriume Fie.a.3-41- ‘The differential equations of equilibrium for the case of three dimensional stress may be generalized from the above expressions as follows: a (450) is (450) 20, ten, toe See Geter Fano (ase) ‘im asmumber of particular sipplication, the weight of the member is the only body force. In such cases, taking the y axis as upward and designating by the mass density per unit volume of the member and g, the eavitaionl acceleration, P.sFasOand £ ,--pg in equations (4.4) and (4.5). EXAMPLE.4| : Determine whether the following stress fields are possible within an elastic st ,yctural member: Sees xy? [-2x2y2 xy? | [evere. cpX- 6) co [eee ny} |? Leak ery eae ip . “the os are constant, and it is assumed thet the tody forces ate neslisible. Trany of these stress fields is not possible; determine the boty forces that ‘would make it possible. SOLUTION: (@)- The elements of the matrix represent the following stress components in two dimension Opn eiX eas Gy CET Eas Tay" Tye CoX~ CY ‘the partial derivative of these stress components are ope e. SHe substituting these derivatives into the equilibrium equations 44, we aet 20, 8tey cp i FEE eee e-ern0 Oey Bey ~ Fee Fe+ 7-0) te is clear that the result of the equilibrium equation in y drection i not fonubte, ‘The body force Fr must be @)ko make it possible,-42- 44 TWO DIMENSIONAL STRESS AT A POINT, A.cwo dimensional state of stress exists when the stresses and body forces fre independent of one of the coordinate, say 2, Such a state is described by ‘Ewo normal stresses, say a and gy ONE shear stress, say x., , and two body forces Fs and Fx. Two dimensional. prablema.are of two classes: plane stress and plane’strain. In the case of plane ptreas, the stresses 7,, +; and ¥,, ad the body force Fs are assumed to be ger, In the case of plane strain. which will be considered in a later section, ry and v,, and the body foro Fi are assumed to be zero, but , does nat vanish, and can be determised from stresses ty, and typ Weshall now determine the equations for transformation (needed to cetermine the stresses act on any plane) of the stress components ¢.. 0, and tq at ‘any point of a body represented by an infinitesimal element, see Fig4.4. ‘The ‘components of stresses and body force act in z direction is taken ro be zero, Consider an infinitesimal element wedge cut from the loaded body as shown in Fig4.4. It is required to determine the stresses «,, and x,,,.. which refer to axes x’, y! making an angle 9 wish axes x, y as shown in the figure. Let side BC be normal to the x axis. Nate thet in accordance with the sign convention, #,, and x, 8f@ positive stresses. I the area of side BCis taken ‘35 unity, then the area of sides ABand AC are coso and sind. respectively. Equilibrium of forces in the x and y directions requires that Te 4,6080+%,,91n0 (4.6) Ty = t 4008048, 8108 (4.60) where Ts and Ty (t acting on the side BC in the x and y directions respectively, “The norma} and shear stresses on the ® plane (BC plane) are obtained by projecting ‘Tx and Ty in the x‘ and y! directions: O)"T,c080+T,sind (a) tyyeeTye088-T sino It is clear that of/+ vi)" 78eT3, By Substituting equation 4.6 into equation a, we get ©," 0,cos"8+0,sin*0+2r,, sin8casd @) = t.y(c0n*8~ sin?0)+(a,~4,)sin@cosd-Q- Fie.a.4.- 44~ ‘The stress ,, can be obtained by substituting +n/2 for @ in the expression for ©, By using the trigonometric identities cos?o= 2¢1 + c08: sin?0=2(1- cos cos8= Sein2 s0s"8=3(1 +0828), sin*@=3(1-cos20), sindcosd= tsin20 the transformation equations for stress’ can be written as follows: (0, 6,)+2(a,~0,)00820+t,,8in20 taza) (cn 2o}¢e,-6,)eoe20-1, 21020 carey care) Ly275(4.79,)8in20+,,c0820 Sn eee ‘The foregoing expressions permit the computation of stresses acting. on all possible planes BC provided that the stress components on a set of orthogonal {aces are: known. 45 Polar Representation of Stress (Stress Trajectories) Consider for example the possible states of stress corresponding to 9.714 MPa, ,-4 MPa nad t,,=10 MPa. Substituting these values, into Ean.47 and permitting © to vary from 0° to 960° yields the data upon which ‘thecurves shown in Fig.4.S are based. The plots shown, called stress trajectories, fare polar representations: o,, ve 0 (Fig4.Sa) and r,.,, vs 0 (Fig4.St). Itvis: observed that the direction of each maximum shear stress bisect the angle, between the maximumand minimumnormal stresses. Note that the normal stress 's either @ maximumor a minimumon planes at 0-01.06" an @-91,68"= 90", © Tespectively, for which the shearing stress is zero. These conclusions are valid for any two dimensional (or three dimensional) state of stress.In order (0 get the stress o,, is occurred, the necessary concition ao,,/a ation of xy’ at which the maximumar minimum is applied 10 equation 4.73, yielding =(a,-0,)0in20+2¢,,con20-0 (@ «sy Where 8, is the angle © of orientation of axes xy’ with respect to xy axes. Inasmuch as twu2e-tancn= 20) , two directions, mutually perpendicular, are Found to satisfy equation 48. These are the principal directions, ang. which the principal or maximumand minimumnormal stresses act. When equation 4.7b | compated with equation a, it becomes clear that +,,,,-00n a principal plane, A principal plane is the plane of zero shear stress. Referring to the side figure, it can be found eat anegteane Teropeae, —— 0) sae yeae, “rnd principal stresses” Sah Hea be ‘Wtermined by substituting equation b into equation 47a and 4.70 ©0920, = (8.9) Note that the algebraically larger sttess given above is the maximum principal stiess, denoted by 0) , the minimum principal stress is represented by 0, It is necessary to substitute one value of the angles 8, or 00+, in order 0 determine which of the wWo corresponds to 6, in utder to determine the maximum shear stress, we have to do the sume procedufe on equation 4./b, Applying the condition dr,.,./40=0 to equation 4.70, we get (0, -4,)e0820-24,, sin 200 © (=) “ or tan20Referring. to the tangblat shown above, we can found that 20,=-(90-20,) oF 0,=0,-45" this result shows that the plane on which the maximumahesr stress acts is Sncined s9rwith espect to the principal plane. This explains Why the facie of some materials occurred. at angle of #5" when tated under tonsils ad tae strength of materia course). Refering again to the tlangult. shown aboce expressions for covdoy end nina0y can te" dewrmined, “Sutatinnny. thes expressions into equation 47, the maximumand minimimanear ates son be determined, — on Tan 7 (410) 4.7 Moht’s Circle for Two-Dimensional Stress. A sraphical technique, predicted upon equation 47, permits ne rapid transformation of stress from one plane to another, and leads azo to the ‘determination of the maximum normal and shear stresses. In this approach cauation 4.7 are depicted by a stress circle, called Mohr's circle. For the Purposes of constructing and reading values of sti2s from Mohr's circle, the it the shearing stresses on opposite faces of an element would produce shearing forces that result in a clockwise couple, these stresses are regarded as positive. Accordigly, the shearing stresses on the y faces of the element shown in Figd.da are taken 5 positive, but those on thé x faces are now negative. Given a,. 0, and +, with algebraic “Sign in accordance with the foregoing sign convention, the Procedure for obtaining Mohr's circle (Fig.4.6) is as follows: 1- Establish a rectangular coordinate system, indicating ++ and +e. Both ‘tress scales must be identical 2 Locate tne centre Cof the cite on the horizontal oxis where o¢ = (0.7 0,) 3+ Locate point a¢a., ay)- These stresses may correspond to any face of fan element such as in Fig.t.6a. It is usual 0 enecify the stresses on the positive x face 4 Draw circle with centre at Cand of radius equal to CA. S- Draw tine AB through C.-49-~48— ‘The angles on the circle are measured in the same direction as © is measured in Fig44. An angle of 28 on the circle corresponds to afid angle of 6 on the element, ‘The. state of stress associated. with the original x and y planes corpesponds to point A and Bon the circle respectively. Points lying on diameters other than AB, such as AB! , define states of stress with respect to any other set of x’ and y/ planes, rotated relative to the original set through an angle @ It is clear. that points “Aiaid By on the circle locate the principal stresses and. provide their magnitudes|.as defined by equations 48 and 49. Points D and’ represent the maximumshearing, stresses. ‘The maximum values of shear. stPéss egardless,of algebrald, sign) is given. in Equation 4.10, Mohr’ circle shows that the planes of sideimimibhear Stress até alvays tocated at 45° from planes of principal streis a dleady “discssed above. Note tat a diagonal: ofan infiniti ses eemens alone. whjon the slg taically larger principal “stresq acts i efehea 6 as the posite shear diol Tee isimumanearng eset the postive tear dion ‘The noms) nd alee WN tog Fa ome anate ijn ot : oe Leojsoyadea.a,) tay ‘tne Use ofiMonr's giéle. is ilustidéed ig the following example, EXAMPLE 4/At a point in the Strict fsnbes th sige Gn MPa) ate represented asin Find. 76. Exiploy Moti’s etc to determines 4 the magnitude af areneation of the principal stress. aw th rete fenton of he mam ae a lated normal stresses. shoot ’ c- represent the stres tensor in @ matsk fot. ‘i sith Js ‘A=The masiimumand minim’ pindipal!tiesed’ dtd rebvesehted, by points At and Bs respectively. Hence 0-99 MPa and 0,924 MPa The orientation angle is 0% - 20° Mo's eicle clearly indicates that-of locates the a, plane. ‘Tie results may be checked by using equations 4.8 and 49 as follows 2 (80-2038 + (903 27608 hence = 96.05 MPa and 4,423.95 MPa56.30" or 0, = 28.15" ‘The state of principal stress is shown in Fig.4.7¢ » The meximumshearing stresses’ ase given by points Dang Thus Kat #96 MPa and 0{=04445°=73.15* or -16.85" ‘The maximumshear stresses can also be determined from equation 4.10 mann oes w= 4\[ 6040) (30) «43605 Na "The normal stress associated the maximumshear is given by point C. Thus only ‘This state of stress. is shawn in Fig.4.7d, According to the sign convention discussed in Section 4.2, the shear stresses in this state of stress are negative. 60 MPa c= Stress tensor of the different states of stress. are: ‘80 all in o [ 60 cal je (BRIS hel Los of sess sre equivalent, each ofthese matices is eaual to 2300 4.8 ‘THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRESS AT A POINT ‘Equation governing the transformation of stress. in the three, - dimensional case may be obtained by the use of a similar approach to the ised for the two-dimensional state of stress. Consider @ small tetrahedron isolated Iroim a body, see Fig4.8, subject to a general state of stress. The body forces are taken to be negligible. In the figure Ts, Ty, Tx are the cartesian components of stress resultant T, acting on oblique plane ABC. It is required to relate the stresses on the perpendicular planes intersecting at the origin to the normal fand shear stresses on ABC. ‘The orientation of plane ABCmay be defined in terms of the angle between 2 unit normal n to the plane and the x, y and z directions. ‘The director cosines associated with these angles are. -fie.4.9 -50--~52- FHM May Mag gD Ee gig yi Mags) (aarey 6PM gyal Fagg a ee Ce) carey Recalling that the stresses on three mutually perpendicular plates sre iced tospecify the stress at # point (one of these planes being the ablique plane in question), the remaining components are’ found by considering ose lanes perpendicular to the oblique plane. For one such plane a wold sow ‘coincide with the y' direction, and expressions for the stresses a,,.t,..1, In a similar manner, the stresses oy, ty.tyy are determined wien a coincides withthe 2 ction. Owing tothe Symmetty Ofte, Ces yy ovis teee Tyre Tey) oy af he ne sess components that derloed sre uague,‘The remain, S058 component re. ows Fagg Magee a) warn My Myer hy lg Taal Mg Ray Equations 4.17 represent expressions transforming the quantities ©, , 0, Oc: Toys Ter Tre Which, as we have noted, completely define the state of stress at point [is interesting to note that, because of x, y! and 2! are orthogonal, the nine direction cosines must satisfy trigonometric relations of the following form mitnierny=} (a) and MM ay yi ygi ly O aaa RyRy RyiR ys 0 ) Peel gge yg yget Rag Dg =O-61- cos(n.x)=n, eos(ny)=n, (4.12) cosa. z)=n, ‘The theee direction cosines for the n direction are related by ro+ntentet cats) ‘The area of the perpendicular plane PAB, PAC, PBC may now be expressed’ in terms of A (the area of ABC)and the direction’ cosines: Ara Ae Aner Anew Aye Any, Ange Ags An, (4.14) Next, from the equilibrium of forces in x direction, we obtain T Am O,ANg* €eyAR,* Teg ARy Cancelling A, Ten Oye Tygly” Taal usa) Similarly, by studying the equilibrium in y and z directions we obtain Ty= aye? 80,7 My £30) Ty taMet Ty 6 OMe (ase) Equation 4.15 is known as Cauchy's stress formula. Now the stresses on the oblique plane A can be determined on the basis of known the stresses @.., 0, 18. Taye Tae Tye and @ Knowledge of the orientation (direction cosines) of a =e =o5 Consider now a Cartesian coordinete system x, y', 2! wherein x! coincides with n and y', 2! lie on the oblique plane A shown in Fig.4.9. The x'y'2" and xyz systems are related by the following direction cosines: conte xem cosxy)e ne cos(x’z)en,, C08 = Mgr CORO WR,» cosy’ .z)"n,, COs De Myre C082 M ye» coe(2’ z)# My, he normal stress acts on the plane Ais found by projecting Ts, Ty and Ts in the»? and adding: Taye (410) Since n coincides with x, the direction cosines na, ny and ne in equation 4.15 cam be replaced by mun,v/.Ryqr- Then, substituting equation 4.15 into equation 4.18 we obtain HORI My OR EM oe Tyee FasP May) HATED Similarly, by projecting ‘Ts, Ty and Ts in the y’ and 2 we obtain, respectively,4.9 PRINCIPAL STRESS IN THREE DIMENSIONS For three-dimensional case, principal stresses are the maximumor minimum hnormal stresses act on three mutual perpendicular planes “on which shear stresses are zero. These stresses are denotéd 9,02 and es. The algebraically fargest steess is represented by 0, and the smallest by 0, ‘The three mutual perpendicular planes on which a,.e, and s, act are called principal planes. Consider small tetrahedron isolated from a body (Fig4.t0, subject to ‘8 principal normal stress e, at point p-on the oblique plane ABC.It is required torelate this principal normal stress to the normal and shear stress components fact on the perpendicular planes ABO, AOCand BOC. The direction cosines of toy with respect t0 x, ¥ and 2 axes.ar€ Mx ny and Ms. The projections of @, in X. y and z direetions can be determined as follows: Tyron, 5 Ty "9 pity and T.79,hy (@) ‘The components Tx Ty and Tecan be determined, as obtained above, in terms Ors toys tees tye and the Girection cosines as follows: Toe diet Cagly* Caalte of es ey Ty2 CayRat ByRy* yelly @ Tye teat tyes Bye Equations @ and b lead (eerie eeyty * eae O Lape (0) 8), * Tyee 0 cus) yale Fatty er Fp) O ‘A nontrivial solution for the direction cosines requires that the stress determinant vanish: escunng Extn 439 bad 1 o2-f,93+ /.03- 1570 (4.20)-55- Iyea,+0,+6, 127 0,0, 40,0,*0,0,- U5, The Gal) te[ te OTe ‘The three roots of the stress cubic equation 4.20 are the principal stresses, corresponding to which are three sets of direction cosines, which establish the relationship of the principal planes to the origin of the nonprincipal axes. ‘The principal stresses are the characteristic values of eigenvalues of the stress tensor equation 4.19, Since the strest tensor is a symmetric tensor whose elements are all real, it has real eigenvalues. That is, the three principal stresses are real. The direction cosines ns, ny and ne are the eigenvectors. of the stress tensor. It is clear that the principal stressés are independent of the orientation of the original coordinate system. It follows from Equation 420 that the coefficients It, Iz and Is must likewise be independent of x, y and z since otherwise the principal stresses would change. For example, one may demonstrate that ‘Thus, the coefficients Ih, Tz and Is represent three invariants of the stress If now one of the principal stresses, say 0, (obtained from equation 4.200, is substituted into equation 4.18, the resulting expressions, together with nisn}sni=1, provide enough information to solve for the direction cosines, thus specifying the orientation of g, relative to the xyz system. The direction cosines of o, ana 0, are similarly obtained, In the event that o,~0,-23 , it js a simple matter to show that all planes within the continuum are principal planes. This situation exists in an ideal fluid, in which there ate no shearing stresses, and in the case of hydrostatic stress. ‘Standard_Method of Solution of the Stress_Cubic Equation 4.20 ‘There are many methods in common usage for solving a cubic equation. A simple ‘approach for dealing with equation 420 is to find one root, say «, , by plotting the equation £9) * 93-1,03+ 129,715-56- ‘or by trial and error. ‘The cubic equation is then factored by dividing by (e,~04) to arrive at a quadratic equation, The remaining roots can be obtained by applying the familiar general solution of a quadratic equation, This process Fequites considerable time and algebraic work Whatfollows is @ practical approach for determining the roots of stress cubic equation 420. According to the method, expressions that provide direc: means for solving both two-dimensional and three-dimensional stress problems are: = 23[c00(«/3)}+1\/9 5, = 25{cos(a/3+ 120°))+1,/9 (4.224) 4, + 2S[cos(a/3+240")]+ 11/9 Here the constants até given by sak oven(- ae Re ginde (4.220) 1 Onda d, land invariants 1, Iz and I are represented in terms of the given stress components by Equations 4.21. ‘Theprincipal stresses found from equation 4.22are redesignated using numerical Uubscripts so that ,>a.55 EXAMPLES3 : Ata point P, the rectangular stress components are eRn1D, Oye 8b, Oye O9y Hye HA7, Tyee -6iM8 and Ty, = 118 MPO find the principal stresses and their orientation with respect to the criginal coordinate system xy2, SOLUTION; The given stresses matrix is 19-47 6.48 “47 46 Le 645 118-83 Cal_s7- ft & eae Pa fore eres Substituting these invariants into equations 4.22b and using the results into equation 4.22a we obtain the following principal stresses 2,- 11.618 MPa, @=-9.001 MPa, o3= 28.916 MPa Consider the direction cosines that define the orientation of the maximum Principal strest o, are niny, and me, TO determine these direction cosines, teplace ¢, in equation 4.18 by the principal stress 0, = 11.618 . and substitute the other’ sess components, we obtain: (-19-11.618)ng) 4.70, 6.4524) <0 47 ngs 4(4.6-11.618)0,,4 11.81.) 0 -6.5ngy + 1.Bnyy#(-8.3= 11,618)n,, =O Saving shese equations with a2,+4fi= nti =1 the folowing drertion cosines that define the erentaton of the plane on Whig», ats, are determines ty €0s(6,.8) "0.0268, ny,“ e08(0),9) = OBB, ny —C08CE 2) = OPES similar, the dretion cosines, that define the orenavon of the planes on | Naat oc aoe For ew _ npn c08(04.3)=-85838, nyp=€08(09.9) = 0.9802. n.9 For a 278 van ny €06(05.x)* “80ST, yy = 08(05ry)* -BIOBIS, 14,,~c0H(9,.)=-0.5262 EXAMPLE: 44 With respect to the frame of referenue oxy2, the following state of stress exist. Determine the principal stresses and their associated dyections. Also check on the invariances. of ft, fz and 1 Pan tafe tt lindSOLUTION; For this state, the invariances ere Tyntedeles [gr delelns [yn 10-1) 22- 4 12=)= The stress cuble equation is : Hoye a}~fyeh+ 120,713" 0 : 4}-963-30,+1"0 (3+ 1)-39,66,710"0 a (e,+ Deh 44,¢ 129 Hence, one root of this equation is o,=-1. The other two roots are obtained from the solution of the quadratic equation, which are oy..= 2+ 3 ie. 022-13 ,9,02-(3. agen} Cheek on the invariance: Witha set of axes chosen along the principal axes, the stress matrix will have the form: 2G 0 0 trJe] 0 2-¥3 0 0 0 -1 Hence, [yeas Vre-V-143 Tye (22 WBN 2- VB)= M2~VS)+ 1A NGI 3 (2+ 82 B=-1 Direction cosines of principal axes: (= For «= 2-8, from equation 4.18 (21 Bona 2.12 ie Bag (1-Vmy rtm 0 ratte = ‘Together with,~59- we get \ eZ) omer 3013)! yas} (o8) wie respect to x,y and 2 axes. The angles of these directions can be determined fas the cosines of these ratios. Hence, 0, 2+ 13 is in the direction of ¢ (1+ 7 dy ~ For «, Wecan solve for na, nz and nuz in a manner similar to that detailed above for o, « Thus, Gi) = For 62-1 y Proceeding in the same way, we get gel. myar-1NB » a20 4.10 NORMAL AND SHEAR STRESSES ON AN OBLIQUE PLANE — eis sometimes required to determine the shear and normal stresses acting con an arbitrary. oblique plane as in Fig.4.11. The normal stresses ‘which seting on the perpendicular planes are principal stresses. In the figure, xy and gues are. parallel to the principal axes, Denoting the direction casines of the Motigue plane ABCby fa: ny and ns, the equation 4.18 with @.=a,, 9~ 9%» "0 find tay Fer Fa Oy Feel 10 Tpsen, . Team, and Toe ast ‘Phe eesultant stress Ton the oblique plane ist Tee Tee TST? soe «@ ‘rhe normal stress on this oblique plane, from equation 417i, i= found ws = a.ntragtir ogni 2a)Fie.4- tt(aoe that 6.761, 4y=05. 8.789 BNE Kaye Te EO? Suostinuting of equation’ 4.23 into equation a Teads to x? ofni+ ain o3nt-(a,n?+0gn3 0302)" aay Expanding the above equation we get ve ozaicl = a2)+a2n2¢1 = 03)+ o5nzCl =n?) = 2a 0,n2n3~20,5,nini- 2030205 05 and using. the expressions Lentenden?, Inadentend the flowing exptession for shear stress act on the oblique plane is obtained = (C0, 6075+ (62~ 85)°05 N+ C0 By) EAED 42s) ‘This equation clearly indicates thot ifthe principal stress are all equal, the shear stress Vanishes, regardless of the choices of the eiection cosines. 4,11 OCTAHEDRAL STRESSES Let the frame of reference be chosen along a,, s, and o, axes. A plane that is equally inclined to these three axes is called an octaheral plane. Such fa plane will have ma = ny = Ma Since nzenj~ni=1, an octahedral plane will bbe defined by a -e1/J3. ‘There are eight such plones, as shown in Pig.a.t1b. Tne normal and shear stresses act on the eetahedral planes ace called octahedral normal steess and octahedral shearing stress respectively. substituting hyon,-n,- 91/3 into equations 4,23 and 4.25 we obtain aap 20,(1 MB)" s ANS eB eI 4.28) and vee fo, a2)? (02-44)? # (8,785) (27) 7 ort = 2(0, #05485)? 681824 8205+ 8,83) o te Zeta! 72 (4.28) 1 important to remember that the octahedral planes are defined with respect to the principal axes and not with referéace to an arbitraxy plane of feference, Since ou and Tu, have been expressed in toxins of the stresssimvariants, one can express these in terms of 2,085.85. tairTar and Tre WMH dict on an arbitrary planes. Using equation 4.21 ws Ty oee 828 3 Sat (4.29) Gert) 4.30) Oe be= (0,76) (0, -8,)° ea)" OC suit may be interpreted as the “The octahedral normal stress being equal to 5 mean normal stress at a given point in a body. If in a state of stress the Tra iwariant ¢,ee,re, is zero, then the normal stresses on the octahedral planes wil be ze and only che shear stress will act. This is importans from fhe point of view of the strength and failure of some materials. In such tute Ui spess, ora,e0,~0, the octahedral planes are called pure shear Planes