:

: :

, 2010.

0

XIX (
, 1896), XX ,
XXI .

,
,
, . .

, , ,
.
: Th
,
U (Kroll, 1954).
(1976)

( ).
(1974)
. (1965)

, .
U
3.5 4 ,
U, .

. ,
:
,
.
,
, , , , , ,
.
.
(, ,
, .)
. -

. -
.

1
 . -

.
-. -
. -
.
,
1 m. - -60
.
.
( ).
.
( )
.
.

.
bekerel (Bq)
. ,
kiri (1 kiri = 37 Bq) ,
, .

( 1 km)
8000 1 km 2
.
( 3.5 ).
80 300
.
U, Th i K.
.
. U 2.5 ppm.
: U-238 (99.3%), U-235 (0.7%) U-234
(0.0056%). -238
, 20
U-235. U-238 U-235
Pb-206 Pb-207 (
1). -234 2.5 x 10 5 .
U
:
, U 5 15
.

2
 100 ,
: U 2 , U(SiO 4 ) 1 x (OH) 4 x ,
(U, Y, Ca, Fe, Th) 3 Ti 5 O 16 , (Fe, Cu, U)(i, Fe) 3
(O,OH) 7 , (h, U)SiO 4 (h, U)O 2 .
U 4 U 6 . (U 4 )
Ce 4 , Zr Th
, .
,
.
U 4
- U 2 2 :
Ca(UO 2 ) 2 (PO 4 ) 2 x 12H 2 O, Cu(UO 2 ) 2 (PO 4
) 2 x 12H 2 O 2 (UO 2 ) 2 (VO 4 ) 2 x nH 2 O.
U

( 2). U

Fe-.

( 3).

1. U-238

U-238 4.510 9 ,
Th-234 24.1 ,
Pa-234 6.75 ,
U-234 2.4810
5
,
Th-230 8.010 4 ,
Ra-226 1622 ,
Rn-222 3.82
Po-218 3.05
Pb-214 26.8
Bi-214 19.7 ,,
Po-214 1.610 4
Pb-210 22.0 ,
Bi-210 5.01
Po-210 138.4
Pb-206

U .
(U 6 ) ,

3
 ,
. U
Fe. U
Eh/pH .
. Th: Th-232,
1.4110 10 ( 4),
Pb-208, Th-230 U,
U-234 U-238. Th-230
80.000 .
U :
(Ce, La, Nd, Th)PO 4 , (U, Y, Ca, Fe, Th) 3 Ti 5 O
16 , hSiO 4 , (U, Th)SiO 4 .
: 4+
U, Ce i Zr.
. Th

.

2. U Th (ppm)
(Wedepohl, 1978)
U Th

0.1 10 0.5 10
0.1 10 0.5 10
1 60 0.5 50
28 -
0.2 60 5 50
0.1 50 -
( ) 1 ~ 0.05 0.02

30 1000 1000 20000
10 100 50 250
20 200 50 500
6 30 -
1 30 0.3 20
500 3000 20000 200.000
10 700 100 1000
100 - 6000 100 10000

4
 3. U Th (ppm)
U Th
2.2 15 8 56
0.84 4
0.014 0.05
1.4 20 0.55 35
5 -
0.10 0.99 0.19 5.4
0.5 3.2 19
28 10 13
3 1244 -
5 24
0.35 2.3 0.05 2.4
0.03 2.0 -
50 300 15
20 6000 -
(0.17 10)10 3
-
27 4 27
0.3 3.5 0.3 5
0.17 0.36 0.03
1.9 5.5

4. Th-232

Th-232 1.4110 10
Ra-228 6.7
Ac-228 6.13 ,
Th-228 1.91
Ra-224 3.64
Rn-220 55.3
Po-216 0.145
Pb-212 10.64 ,
Bi-212 60.6 ,
Po-212 3.0410
7

Tl-208 3.10 ,
Pb-208

. 2.5%.
.
2 0.5 8 % 0.3
2.7%. : -39 (39.8 %), -40
(0.012 % - ) -41 (6.9 %).

()

2 .

U-235. , U 0.720 %
U-235,
. ,
U-235.
.
U-235,
U-235.

2050 .
,

. 5 km
.

,
.
U
,
pH Eh,
.
3.1 % U ( ; Armands,
1967).
U
.
U 2 (CO 3 ) 3 4 , U 2 () 2 2 U 2
( 4 ) 2 pH 7.5.
U

.
Ra-228 : Ra-228
910 7 ppm, a 810 7 ppm. U
Ra
, Fe
Mn .
Ba, Ca Mg. Ra

6
 Rn-222
3.8 .

, .

.
. 10
(Bowie, Plant, 1983). Me,
10 U
U.
Th 0.4
21.0 ppm, U 0.10 11.02 ppm ( 5; Kabata-Pendias, Pendias,
1984), Ra 0.6 1.1 ng/kg (0.0006 0.0011 ppb
0.0008 ppb, Bowen, 1979).
.
,
(
, .).
U Th.
U
100 .
U
U ( 2.2 ppm, Shacklette et al., 1978),
8 ppm U (Gough,
Severson, 1976). 5 60
ppm ( , Bowen, 1979).
U 0.8 ppb ( , Lual et al.,
1979).
U : 8
1300 ppb ( , Bowen, 1979), 5 20 ppb (Lual
et al., 1979). : Uncinia leptostachya
Coprosma arborea, 1 3 % U.

5. U Th
(ppm) ( , , 1984)

7
 Th U


3.6 - 17.8 9.3 - -
4.2 - 14.1 8.0 0.72 - 2.05 1.22
- 10.5 - 2.60

0.4 - 15.0 8.0 0.42 - 11.02 -
- - - 11.0
1.4 - 7.2 3.4 0.10 - 2.33 0.79
2.2 - 21.0 7.6 0.30 - 10.70 3.70

U
( 6). 4 ppb
.
U ppb,
2000 ppm, .

6. U Th (ppb)
U Th
1.1 2.5 -
0.46 2.82 < 0.05
0.8 59 -
2.2 -
3 10 -
1.8 2.7 0.01
2 0.0022
() 0.5 2.3 -
() 0.4 10 -
- 0.01
() - 0.027
() - 0.4

Ra 1 pCi l 1 ,
5 10 pCi l 1 , 10 10010 3 pCi l 1 .
Rn Ra, . pCi l
1
, pCi l 1
.
Th 10 ppm,
0.005 0.1 ppb. -40
3 ppm, 1.3 ppm,
0.3 ppm.

8
 Th
: 0.02 0.08, 20 40,
30 1000, 16 1300, 50 1300 pg/m
3
. U :
20 pg/m 3 , 500 pg/m 3 (Kabata-
Pendias, Pendias, 1984).

( ., 2002).
.

(, , ,
).
, ,
.

.
(U, Ra Rn)
.
U 0.002 mg/l, Ra 0.24 Bq/l Rn 318 Bq/l
( ., 2003). U (0.01 mg/l)
, ,
.
Ra (0.2 Bq/l) :
,
Rn (30 Bq/l) Ra
( ).

.
.

(1 Sv = 1 J/kg; .
).
(mSv). rem 100
Sv. (Gy), . k

0.00024 C.
,
.

9
 2 mSv
(e 7, 8). ,
, 11 mSv.
80 % , 20 %
.
Ma
50 mSv,
5 mSv,
.

. Rn
,
.
,
U, Rn
100 pCi/l. Rn
.
Rn ,
.
Rn: Po-218, Po-214 Po-210
.

7.

0.30 mSv (12.4 %)
U-238 Th-232 1.37 mSv (56.8 %)
-40 0.30 mSv (12.4 %)
0.02 mSv (0.83 %)
1.99 mSv

0.40 mSv (16.6 %)
0.02 mSv (0.83 %)
0.001 mSv (0.04 %)

8. mSv
, , 0
, 0,10 - 0.20
, 0.20 - 0.80
, 0.80 - 1.70

10

, 100 U
.
-40 , ,
.
: Pb-210, Bi-210 i Po-210
Rn.

.
,
0.5 cm,
0.5 m .
4010 m
1 m,
7000kg K 0.8 kg -40, 2.0 kg U 6.0 kg
Th.
U
(Michie, Cooper, 1979).
100 200 ppm U.



.

.
.

. U
U
, pH,
.

, , ,
,
.

75 % U Th, .
-

11
 ,
.
U, Th K , ,
.
20 m
.
(National Radiological Protection
Board, 1981) 80 %
. 9
.
Ra-226
Ra-228 5 pCi l 1 (Rajagopal, Tobin, 1990).

Cs-134, Cs-137, Co-58, Co-60, Sb-
125, Ba-133, Ce-144, Sr-90 Cd-109.
,

.

9.


Rn-222, Po-210, Po-218, Pb-210,
Kr-85, Xe-133 Pu-239, Pu-240

Ra-226, Ra-228, Sr-90, Pu-239,
Pb-210 Pu-240

" Ra-226, Ra-228 J-129, J-131

" Th-230, Th-232, Pu-239, Pu-240

U-235, U-238
" Po-210 Au-198, Pu-239,
Pu-240

.
, Sr Cs
(), Co
,
.

12


, U
U-235
. U
U-238, U-235
( 0,2 % U-235 0,7 % U-235).
U ,

. U
,
(. Pu). , U
,
,

, , , .
U Ti
.
XX ,
, . U
10 .
U ,

( U ;

, .).
U ,
.

.
,
.
,
. 100

(, 1996).

(, , , , ).
400 .

13

.
1/3 ,
.
,
, ,
.

U Pu.

. ,
, ,
.
.
5x10 14 Bq/m,
-, - - .
.
1000 kg .
1 % (99 % ).
,
, ., - ,
, .
180 m .
50 % ,
50 % (,
).

.
.
, .

, 1 m.

.
( ) ,
.

14
 , , .
. ,
.
, .
, ,
.

.
,
.
,

.
, .

.

. ,
.
.
2 5 km.
1000 .
.

, .

().
.

,
.

.
,

15
 .

.
,
800 m, a 300 m .
,
.

,
. ,
,
.
.

.

.
.
.
.

(
). ,

. ,
, . ,
.

.
, ,
,
.

16
 200-500 m,
.
.

() ().

,
. Pu-239
U-235 .
.
,
, .
: U-235 Pu- 239; ;
. , , 100
3,5
, 94,3 U-238, 0,8 U-235, 0,8 Pu-239 0,5
.
,
.

().

.

, .

,
.
,

. : , ,
, .
, : (),
(), (),
().

17


.
.

.
,
.
(
) .

, ,
.
,
,

.

,
.
30 .
. ,
( )
1957. , 1983. .

500 km.
()
1979. ,
. ,
. 15
,
.

. 1986.

.
50 . 150 000
, 30
200 .
,

18
 200 .
500 60 000
.


.

19