2.

1: Chemistry, Water and Carbon

EQ: How do the structure of molecules (e.g. water and carbon-based molecules) affect their functions?
This lecture is broken into three parts:
PART 1:
Ionic vs. covalent bonds vs hydrogen bonds
Polarity- know this well. What is it? How does it develop? What does it create?
Bonds create shape (this will be important later when we talk about structure & function)

PART 2:
Know that water is polar and this polarity leads it to have many unique properties
Know each of waters unique properties. For each property listed below, define it, explain how it is due to polarity,
and a real-life application (importance) of it:
Cohesion and adhesion
High specific heat
Solid is less dense than liquid
Universal solvent
Dissociation (dont worry about calculating pH - just know the concept of dissociation and the effect on pH

PART 3:
Know that the ability for carbon to form 4 bonds allows it to form various isomers and various molecules. This
allows for variety in molecules = variety of functions (structure & function).

2.2: Biological Molecules

EQ: Why are particular groups of biological molecules needed for lifes functions?
Monomers vs. Polymers
Groups of macromolecules
How polymers are made from monomers (dehydration synthesis) and how polymers can be broken down into
monomers (hydrolysis)
Catabolic, anabolic, endergonic and exergonic - know these terms (they will appear later)
Know the structure (including atoms), function, monomers and polymers of each of the macromolecules. You do
not need to know every example shown, but you should know a few. In addition, here are some important points:
Carbohydrates:
Know the function
The difference between monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide (and examples of
each)
Know how polysaccharides and disaccharides are synthesized from monosaccharides
Lipids: know the relationship to the cell membrane
Proteins:
Know amino acids including: the functional groups within an amino acid and how this allows them
to form peptide bonds, what makes amino acids different (R-group)
Protein structures (4 levels)
Protein functions (some examples)
Denaturation
Nucleic Acids:
Difference in structure & function between DNA and RNA

2.3: Structure and Support

EQ: What are the internal structures of a cell?
Know the structure, function and location (where in the cell/type of cell) of the following organelles:
Cytoskeleton
Cilia
Flagella
Cell Membrane
 Cell Wall
Be able to explain in depth how the structure of the cell membrane contributes to its function. Specifically:
Fluid-Mosaic Model: what does it mean? Why is it important for the functionality of the cell membrane?
Membrane proteins: various types and their function/contribution to the fluid mosaic model of the
cell membrane.
Cholesterol: function/contribution to the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane.
Phospholipid Bilayer: what does it mean? Why is it important for the functionality of the cell membrane?

2.4: Transport
EQ: How does the cell control what is transported across the membrane?
Entropy
Solute versus solvent
Passive Transport
Concentration gradient
Energy needed
The importance of a selectively permeable membrane
What can and cannot passively diffuse through a membrane? Why?
How do the proteins in the fluid mosaic model contribute the movement of molecules?
How does the concentration gradient affect the movement of molecules?
Types of passive transport?
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active Transport
Concentration gradient
Energy needed (ATP)
The importance of proteins
Tonicity
What is the movement of water in the following situations?
What is the movement of solute in the following situations?
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Will solute always move - why or why not?
Know adaptations for osmoregulation (e.g. vacuole in paramecium, fish)
How does it work?
Relate to evolution
Bulk transport
Exocytosis versus endocytosis

2.5: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

EQ: What the major characteristics that differentiate prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells
Know the three domains - which are prokaryotic? Which are eukaryotic?3
Prokaryotic:
Bacteria - good example of a prokaryotic organism (prokarya)
Flagella, cilia, pili
How do they reproduce?
Plasmids
Binary fission
How do they create genetic variation? Why do they need to do this?
Horizontal transfer
Conjugation
Transformation
 Transduction
Functional roles:
Cyanobacteria
Pathogens
Helping plants
Eukaryotic:
Animal vs. plant cells
Evolutionary benefit to membrane-bound organelles
Know the function of these organelles:
Nucleus
Ribosome
Golgi Apparatus
Rough and smooth ER
Plasma membrane
Vesicles