International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163

Issue 10, Volume 4 (October 2017) www.ijirae.com

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN ENTRANCE SURFACE

DOSE (ESD) WITH TUBE VOLTAGE OF MODALITY
MAMOGRAFY ON THE VARIOUS SOURCES SURFACE
DISTANCE (SSD)
Diah Aryati Puji Lestari*
Master Student, Departement of Physics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro university, Indonesia
diah_lestari187@st.fisika.undip.ac.id
Wahyu Setia Budi
Professor, Departementf Physics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro university, Indonesia
wahyu.sb@fisika.undip.ac.id
Eko Hidayanto
Doctor,Departement of Physics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro university,Indonesia
ekohidayanto@fisika.undip.ac.id
Manuscript History
Number: IJIRAE/RS/Vol.04/Issue10/OCAE10081
DOI: 10.26562/IJIRAE.2017.OCAE10081
Received: 22, September 2017
Final Correction: 30, September 2017
Final Accepted: 05, October 2017
Published: October 2017
Editor: Dr.A.Arul L.S, Chief Editor, IJIRAE, AM Publications, India
Copyright: 2017 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License, Which Permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author
and source are credited.
Abstract -- A monitoring of radiation dose to determine the value of Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) with rhodium
filter (Rh) on Mammomat 1000 mammography plane has been conducted. The objective of this research is to
analyze the value of Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) on phantom acrylic using Mammomat 1000 mammography
machine with molybdenum (Mo) and rhodium (Rh) target/filter for tube voltage variation at various Source
Surface Distance (SSD). The research began with measuring the output of X-ray tube voltage (kVp output). Then, it
was performed a measurement of ESD values on the target / filter Mo / Rh by Multi-Purpose Detector (MPD). The
measurement technique was done by setting the Source Surface Distance (SSD) and tube voltage variation. The
tube voltages used in the study were 26, 27 and 28 kVp with constant current-time tube at 100 mAs. The
measurement results are then compared with the recommended value of the consistency tolerance limit of tube
voltage output 5% and ESD value <12 mGy. The result of this research indicated that on SSD of 57,7 cm resulted
ESD value of 7.059 mGy, on SSD of 60,7 cm resulted ESD value of 6,395 mGy, and on SSD of 63,7 cm resulted ESD
value of 5,593 mGy. The results showed that the ESD value that was generated on the Mo/Rh target was still
within the recommended tolerance range. The value of generated ESD depended on the variation of the Source
Surface Distance (SSD) and the variation of the tube voltage used.
Keywords -- Entrance Surface Dose (ESD), filter, mammography, Multi Purpose Detector (MPD)

I. INTRODUCTION
Mammography is the most effective method for early detection of harmful abnormalities in the breasts
particularly in women [9]. In the Journal of Quality Control Programme in Mammography: second level quality
controls by E.Nassivera and L.Nardin published by The British Journal of Radiology in 1997 stated that the
acceptable Entrance Surface Dose boundary value is <12 mGy [10].

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IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
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 International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Issue 10, Volume 4 (October 2017) www.ijirae.com

Mammography is one of the radio diagnostic equipment that utilizes X-rays, to form the image of breast organs on
radiographic film sheets. Low-energy X-rays will transpire the compressed "mammae" organs that will give effect
to the film laid beneath. Image of the breast organ formed in the film can be used to detect the existence of cancer
among the normal tissues. Dosing measurements using accredited "mammae" phantom is an adequate acceptable
approach. This is due to the difficulty of direct dose measurements on breast organs which will interfere with the
image on radiographic films [5]. The amount of dose which is received on the breast depends on the X-ray spectra
(target or combination of filters), tube current, composition and thickness of the breast, and exposure time [6].
Breast tyrosynthesis is a new imaging technique that aims to reduce superimposition of lesions or breast
abnormalities such as glandular tissue structure and uneven visualization size. The compression techniques were
also performed on radiographic techniques such as mammography and breast tomosynthesis [2]. A number of
doses received by either the mammary tissue or the phantom mammae of the patient is based on the coefficient
conversion of the Entrance Surface Air Kerma (ESAK) or Entrance Surface Exposure (ESE) [4]. In the measurement
of the dose received by the breast, we can utilize a dosimeter measuring equipment such as Thermolumine scence
dosimetry (TLD), multimeter piranha, and multipurpose detector (MPD). The response energy which is detected by
TLD is in the energy range of 24-32 kVp for the Mo/Mo combination, and from 26-34 kVp for the Mo/Rh
combination on mammography examination [3].
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Materials
The materials used in this research was phantom acrylic 10 cm x 10 cm with thickness variation of 1 cm, 2 cm, 3
cm, 4 cm, 5 cm and 6 cm, and used mammography machine Siemens Mammomat 1000 with the Mo/Rh target
target. The value of voltage tube used in collecting the data was 26-28 kVp with constant current-time tube at 100
mAs for each acrylic phantom thickness. The measurement of ESD value was carried out using Barracuda Multi
Purpose Detector (MPD).
2.2 Method
The measurements of the Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) value were carried out through following steps:
1. The measurement of Output Consistency on Mammography Tube Machine
The data was collected by putting MPD on the receptors table right under collimator without phantom and with
phantom acrylic with Mo/Rh target target on various Sources Surface Distance (SSD). Multi Purpose Detector (MPD)
then charged exposure with X-ray on radiation condition with different exposure kVp factor and same mAs, and
type of target / filter used Mo / Rh. The value of tubes voltage used in collecting the data was 26-28 kVp with
constant current-time tube at 100 mAs. The data collection was undertaken 3 times in each variation tube voltage
with the constant Mo/Rh target. The value of output consistency X-ray voltage tube (kVp output) in X-ray machine
can be calculated using the following formula [8] :
kVout kVsetting
x100%
% consistency of kVp output =
kVout (2.1)
Where, kVp output is value of output of tube voltage measured, kVp setting is value of tube voltage set on the
control panel.

Figure 2.1 Measurement of Voltage Output Consistency On Mammography Machine

2. Measurement of the Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) value
The ESD measurement on phantom mammography was obtained from output data through direct measurement
on possible conditions to produce good Phantom image.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
ISRAJIF (2016): 3.715 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2015): 47.91
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 International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Issue 10, Volume 4 (October 2017) www.ijirae.com

The output measurement was carried out by putting MPD on compressor table without phantom and with
phantom, with voltage value of 26-28 kVp and with constant current-time tube at 100 mAs. The MPD was put in
the X-ray radiation field so that it located in the middle and was perpendicular against X-ray radiation field. The
measurement method then was carried out by putting phantom and MPD on the receptors table in the various
Sources Surface Distance (SSD). Phantom thickness used were 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm and 6 cm., and SSD
values used were 63.7 cm; 62.7 cm; 61.7 cm; 60.7 cm; 59.7 cm; 58.7 cm; and 57.7 cm. Each phantom be panned X-
ray on the condition radiation with the value of 26-28 kVp voltage with constant current-time tube at 100 mAs.
The value of the Entrance Surface Exposure (ESE) can be calculated using the following formula [7]:
P x kV 2 x mA.s
mR
d2 (2.2)
with is exposure (mill roentgen or mR), P is equal factor of 15 (for the range of 10-30 kV), is kV tube voltage,
mA.s is current-time tube, d is the amount of SSD (cm). Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) is one of quantity units are
used in diagnostics to declare the radiation dose received radiation object (phantom or patient) were measured at
the centre of the main beam on the surface of phantom or patient. The amount of ESD can be calculated according
to [1]:
W
Dudara .
e (2.3)
cGy
Dudara (cGy) 0,876 . ( R)
R (2.4)
mGy
Dudara (mGy ) 8, 76 . ( R )
R (2.5)
W
where air D is the value of ESD in air (mGy), and e is the conversion factor of Roentgen (R) into the air cGy at
0.876 cGy / R or 8.76 mGy / R.

Figure 2.2 The Measurement value of Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) with phantom acrylic

Figure 2.3 The Measurement Results of Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) using MPD
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
ISRAJIF (2016): 3.715 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2015): 47.91
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 International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Issue 10, Volume 4 (October 2017) www.ijirae.com

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The ESD measurement on phantom mammography was obtained from output data through direct
measurement on possible conditions to produce good Phantom image. The ESD value is showed by the table 3.1.

Table 3.1 The Value of SSD and ESD with variations tube voltage
Current Measurement
SSD (cm)
Voltage Time Results Expose Calculation Results
(KVp) (MA.s) ESD (mGy) (mR) ESD (mGy)
63.7 27.43 100 5,593 278,0728 2,436
63.7 28.15 100 5.859 292,9336 2,566
63.7 28.84 100 6,154 307,3990 2,693
62.7 27.29 100 5,637 284,2296 2,490
62.7 28.18 100 6,052 303,0686 2,655
62.7 28.71 100 6,335 314,5014 2,755
61.7 27.35 100 6,278 294,6658 2,581
61.7 28.30 100 6,752 315,4943 2,764
61.7 28.85 100 7,096 327,9537 2,873
60.7 28.11 100 6.395 321,6885 2,818
60.7 28.67 100 6,700 334,6334 2,931
60.7 29.65 100 7,381 357,8208 3,135
59.7 28.13 100 6,550 332,9501 2,917
59.7 28.69 100 7,179 346.3401 3,034
59.7 29.67 100 8,014 370.4910 3,246
58.7 28.60 100 6,554 356,0796 3,119
58.7 29.23 100 7,293 371,8550 3.257
58.7 30.34 100 8,234 400,6367 3,510
57.7 28.43 100 7,059 364,2463 3,191
57.7 29.66 100 8,441 396,2637 3,471
57.7 30.33 100 8,818 414,3707 3,630

Based on Table 3.1 showed that the smaller SSD is used, the greater value of ESD was generated for each voltage
variation tubes with current-time tube. Smaller SSD on measurement and calculation, the ESD value will increase.
The difference ESD value from measurement and calculation results was as the effect ofe existence equal factor (P)
W
which was worth 15 to voltage 10- 30 kVp tube and factor of conversion ( e ) Of (0.876 cGy / R) of Roentgen to
cGy in air as factor multiplier on calculation ESD values are theory. The graph of the correlation between SSDs to
ESD values can be shown in the following figure.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
ISRAJIF (2016): 3.715 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2015): 47.91
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 International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Issue 10, Volume 4 (October 2017) www.ijirae.com

26 kVp
9,0 27 kVp
8,8 28 kVp
8,6
8,4
8,2
8,0
7,8
7,6
ESD (mGy)

7,4
7,2
7,0
6,8
6,6
6,4
6,2
6,0
5,8
5,6
5,4
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
SSD (cm)

Figure 3.1 Graph ESD value on the measurement results

26 kVp
3,8 27 kVp
28 kVp
3,6

3,4

3,2
ESD (mGy)

3,0

2,8

2,6

2,4

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
SSD (cm)

Figure 3.2 Graph ESD value of the calculation result

Based on Figure 3.1 and 3.2 showed that the larger the SSD was used with the same voltage variations, will
produce -smaller ESD values, either measurement by calculation according to the theory. The bigger voltage tube
was used, then the value of ESD will increase, either on measurement as well calculations with variations of the
same SSD used.
IV. CONCLUTIONS
The results of this research were at 57.7 cm of SSD produced ESD value of 7,059 mGy, at 60.7 cm SSD produced
ESD value of 6.395 mGy, and on the SSD of 63.7 cm produced ESD value of 5.593 mGy. It showed that the resulting
value of ESD Mo / Rh target still was located in limit tolerance Recommended, that is <12 mGy. The amount of
ESD obtained depended on the variation Source Surface Distance (SSD) and tube voltage variation used.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
ISRAJIF (2016): 3.715 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2015): 47.91
IJIRAE 2014- 17, All Rights Reserved Page -11
 International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Issue 10, Volume 4 (October 2017) www.ijirae.com

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IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
ISRAJIF (2016): 3.715 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2015): 47.91
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