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Abstract - 30kW electrical power conversion system is developed power ranges up to several hundred kW. [2] Considering these
for a variable speed wind turbine system. In the wind energy trends, one of the best topologies for wind power conversion
conversion system(WECS) a synchronous generator converts the system is the full size ac-dc-ac converter. In case of the usage of
mechanical energy into electrical energy. As the voltage and synchronous generator, simple 3-phase diode rectifier with
frequency of generator output vary along the wind speed change, dc-dc chopper is more cost effective solution for ac-dc converter
a dc-dc boosting chopper is utilized to maintain constant dc link than 3-phase IGBT PWM converter. [1][3][4][5]
voltage. The input dc current is regulated to follow the optimized
current reference for maximum power point operation of turbine In [3] a buck-boost converter is proposed for dc-dc chopper
system. Line side PWM inverter supply currents into the utility and the output current reference of the chopper is decided for the
line by regulating the dc link voltage. The active power is maximum power point tracking of wind turbine. But the voltage
controlled by q-axis current whereas the reactive power can be stress of chopper switch is greater than that of boost converter.
controlled by d-axis current. The phase angle of utility voltage is Also the leakage inductance of generator and cable cannot be
detected using software PLL(Phased Locked Loop) in d-q used as an equivalent dc inductor. Control scheme in [4] is based
synchronous reference frame. Proposed scheme gives a low cost on stand-alone type wind power generating system, which
and high quality power conversion solution for variable speed requires large battery at dc-link.
WECS.
In this paper, we implemented simple ac-dc-ac converter and
Keywords-component; Variable speed wind turbine, grid proposed modular control strategy for grid-connected wind
connected PWM inverter, ac-dc-ac power converter. power generation system. Line side inverter maintains the
dc-link voltage constant and the power factor of line side can be
adjusted. Input current reference of boost chopper is decided for
I. INTRODUCTION the maximum power point tracking of the turbine without any
Wind power is the most fast growing energy source in the information of wind speed nor generator rpm. As the proposed
world. According to the technological development the wind control algorithm does not require any speed sensor for wind
energy cost reduced down to the range of 4cents/kWh recently, speed or generator rpm, construction and installation are simple,
which is competitive against conventional energy sources. The cheap, and reliable. Proposed algorithm applied to the output
total capacity of wind power is about 25,000MW and the power converter of 30kW HAWT/VAWT Dual Rotor System in
average power rating of a unit is 1.2MW in 2001. Many number Buan, Korea.[6]
of on-shore or off-shore wind farms are being built on behalf of
the policy of good tariff for electricity from natural renewable II. WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM
energy source, wind. More than 75% of large wind turbines
constructed in 2001 are variable speed machine with grid A. Wind Power Characteristics
connection .[1]
The amount of power harnessed from the wind of velocity
If the turbine serves as a voltage source for an isolated area, is as follows.
huge amount of energy storage(battery) or other energy 1
source(such as engine generator) is needed for stable operation Pw = A C p v 3 (1)
2
due to the variable wind speed characteristics. So an inexpensive
and efficient power converter for grid connection is required for Pw : wind power [W ]
modern wind energy conversion systems. High flux density : air density [kg / m3 ]
permanent magnet synchronous generators are becoming
popular in industry applications especially for gearless drive
A : swept area [m 2 ]
systems with advantages such as small size, less weight and C p : power coefficient of wind turbine
flexible design structure. Recent developments made the
trade-off benefits exceed the cost premium of machine in the
v : wind speed [m / s]
Idc Ldc Li
a
b
SG Cin Cdc
c
Vin Vdc 6
PWM SVPWM 3 2 3 2
D Vq* Vd* iq id Eq Ed
CCq CCd PLL
CCdc
- -
iq id
I dc -
+ iq* +
i d*
+
*
I dc VC PFC CCdc dc Current Control
CCq q-axis Current Control
Vdc - CCd d-axis Current Control
Vin VC Voltage Control
+ * PFC Power Factor Control
Vdc cos *
155
I dc * di d 1
= i q Vd (6)
Idc_max dt Li
diq 1
= id + ( Eq Vq ) (7)
dt Li
C dc dV dc2 (8)
= Pin Pout
Idc_min 2 dt
V in Based on these equations, the control block diagram of
V in_min V in_max
inverter is constructed as shown in Fig. 5. The dc voltage
controller maintains the power balance of dc link, which results
Figure 3. Current(torque) reference pattern for maximum output power.
in the active power transfer to the grid. The inner loop current
controller has fast response as it works in synchronous reference
frame with appropriate back-emf compensation. The reactive
D. Control algorithm for Boost-Up Chopper power also can be controlled with additional d-axis current at the
point of connection to the grid.
+
3Vq
+
+ + 1
+ PI PI
+ + Ls 2Vdc Cs
+
-
+
Voltage Current
Vin Vs Vdc Contrller Contrller
Vdc
- - -
(a)
Figure 5. PWM inverter DC-link voltage controller.
I dc* D
+
+
PI /
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
+
-
-
+
Idc Vin Vdc Proposed control scheme is applied and tested at the
prototype 30kW wind turbine, which has combined structure of
(b) horizontal axis and vertical axis wind turbines as shown in Fig. 6
(a). Major system parameters are listed in Table 1.
Figure 4. Circuit and control diagram of boost-up chopper.
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TABLE I. SPECIFICATION OF WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM
Components Specification
Height of Tower : 20 m
Wind Turbine Radius of main blade : 11 m
Radius of auxiliary blade : 5.5 m
Synchronous Generator
Generator
4-pole, 30kW, 3 220V
Power : 37kVA
Power Converter
IGBT 5kHz switching
157
-. Flexible controllability of active and reactive power to grid
For the further study, optimized filter design reduction of
electro magnetic interference, and efficiency evaluation of the
power converter are planned.
REFERENCES
[1] Dejan Schreiber Applied Designs of Variable Speed Wind Turbines And
New Approaches PCIM 2002
[2] L.Grzesiak, W.Koczara, M. da Ponte Application of A Permanent
Magnet Machine in the novel Hygen Adjustable-Speed Load-Adaptive
Electricity Generating System Electric Machines and Drives, 1999.
International Conference IEMD '99 , pp.398 400, 1999
[3] Yoshikazu Higuchi, Naoki Yamamura, Muneaki Ishida, Takamasa Hori
An Improvement of Performance for Small-Scaled Wind Power
Generating System with Permanent Magnet Type Synchronous
Generator Industrial Electronics Society, 2000. IECON 2000. 26th
Annual Conference of the IEEE ,vol.2 , pp.1037 1043, 2000
[4] S. Jiao, G. Hunter, V. Ramsden and D. Patterson Control System Design
for a 20kW Wind Turbine Generator with a Boost Converter and Battery
Figure 10. Variable speed power generation during field test of 30kW wind Bank Load Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2001. PESC.
turbine system in Buan, korea. 2001 IEEE 32nd Annual , Vol. 4 , pp. 2203 2206, 2001
(a) rectified dc voltage of generator(input of power converter) (b) dc current of [5] Aware, M.V.; Tarnekar, S.G.; Kothari, A.G. Unity power factor and
generator output (converter input) (c) phase current of PWM inverter to grid efficiency control of a voltage source inverter-fed variable-speed
(d) line to line voltage of grid generated voltage induction motor drive Electric Power Applications, IEE Proceedings- ,
vol.147 Issue: 5 , pp. 422 430, Sept. 2000
[6] Erich Hau, Windturbines ", Springer, 2000
[7] Siegfried Heier, "Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems",
John Wiley & Sons Ltd,1998
[8] R. Hoffmann, P. Mutschler, "The Influence of Control Strategies on the
Energy Capture of Wind Turbines", 2000 IAS Conference Record, pp.886
- 893, 2000.
[9] B.C.Jeong, J.Y.Lim, S.H.Song, Y.M.Kim, D.W.Rho, D.Y.Kim Research
for energy converting method of medium/large size wind power
generation system. proceedings of the KIEE EMECS Spring Annual
Conference, pp.459 - 462, 2001 (in Korean)
[10] B.C.Jeong, S.H.Song, D.W. Rho, D.Y.Kim, A wind turbine sinulator
with variable torque input. Transactions. KIEE. Vol. 51B, No. 8, pp.467
- 474, Aug. 2002. (in Korean)
[11] S. Muller, M. Deicke, Rik W. De Doncker Adjustable Speed Generators
for Wind Turbines based on Doubly-fed Induction Machines and
4-Quadrant IGBT Converters Linked to the Rotor Industry Applications
Conference, 2000. Conference Record of the 2000 IEEE , Volume: 4 ,
2000, pp.2249 2254, 2000
[12] N.K.Hahm, S.O.Kang, Y.J.Kim, K.H.Han, G.B.Ahn, S.H.Song,
D.Y.Kim, D.H.Rho, Y.J.Oh, Development of grid connection type
inverter for 30kW wind power generation system. Proceedings of the
KIEE EMECS Summer Annual Congerence, pp.990 - 992, Aug. 2002.(in
Korea)
Figure 11. Enlargement of time scale of Fig. 10 waveforms.
(a) rectified dc voltage of generator(input of power converter) (b) dc current of
generator output (converter input) (c) phase current of PWM inverter to grid
(d) line to line voltage of grid generated voltage
IV. CONCLUSION
Through the implementation and control of a simple ac-dc-ac
power conversion circuit, this study showed following
advantages in the application for variable speed wind turbine
controller.
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