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4.0 Introduction
4.1 Macromechanical Failure Theories
4.1.1 Maximum Stress Theory
4.1.2 Maximum Strain Theory
4.1.3 Tsai-Hill Theory (Deviatoric energy theory)
4.1.4 Tsai-Wu Theory (Interactive tensor theory)
ult
Stress
ys
ys ult Strain
Theories:
(a) Maximum principal stress theory.
Ply Stresses:
{ } x y = [T ]{ }1 2 { }1 2 = [T ] { } x y
1
or
Ply strains:
{ }1 2 = [Q]1 2 { }1 2
Now apply the failure criteria in the material coordinate system.
4.3.1 Maximum Stress Criterion
Failure occurs when at least one stress component along the
principal material axes exceeds the corresponding strength in that direction.
2
Tensile stresses: 2 1 1
1 F1t Fiber break
2 F2t Matrix crack F 2t
2
Shear stresses:
12 F6 or 6 F6 Shear crack
Material: E-Glass/Epoxy y x1
F1t = 1,080 MPa F1c = 620 MPa
F2t = 39 MPa F2c = 128 MPa
F6 = 89 MPa
1tu = 0.028 2tu = 0.005
12 = 0.28 21 = 0.06
x x
x2
F1t
1 = x Cos 2 @ failure 1 = F1t or x = Longitudinal Tension
Cos 2
F
2 = x Sin 2 @ failure 2 = F2t or x = 22t Transverse Tension
Sin
F1c
1 = x Cos 2 @ failure 1 = F1c or x = Longitudinal Compression
Cos 2
F
2 = x Sin 2 @ failure 2 = F2c or x = 2c2 Transverse Compression
Sin
F6
6 = x CosSin @ failure 6 = F6 or x = Shear
CosSin
Uniaxial Strength of an Off-Axis Lamina
Maximum Stress Theory
y x1
1200 L-Tension
1000 x x
800 x2
600 Shear x
400
x
MPa 200 T-tension
0
-200 Shear T-Compression
-400
-600 L-Compression
-800
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
, deg
4.3.2 Maximum Strain Theory:
Failure occurs when at least one of the strain components along the
principal material axis exceeds that of the ultimate strain in that direction.
Tensile strain:
1 1ut
2 2ut 2
Compressive strain:
1 1uc 2t u
1t u
1c u No failure 1
2 2uc
2c u
Shear strain:
12 6u or 6 6u
Maximum Strain Theory Expressed in Stresses
1 = ( 1 12 2 ) / E1
Maximum strains:
2 = ( 2 21 1 ) / E2
6 = 6 / G12
2
1 = 1ut or - 1uc
@ Failure 2 1 1
2 = 2ut or - 2uc
6 = 6u 2 21 1 = F2t 2
1 12 2 = F1c 1 12 2 = F1t
No failure
1
1 = ( 1 12 2 ) / E1
Strains
2 = ( 21 1 + 2 ) / E2 y x1
Tension Loaded:
F1t
x =
Cos 2 12 Sin 2 x x
F2t
x = x2
Sin 2 21Cos 2
x
Compression Loaded:
F1c
x = Longitudinal
Cos 2 12 Sin 2
F2c
x = Transverse
Sin 2 21Cos 2
Shear Loaded:
F6
x = Shear
CosSin
Uniaxial Strength of an Off-Axis Lamina
Maximum Strain Theory
y x1
1200 L-Tension
1000 x x
800 x2
Shear
600 x
x 400
MPa 200
T-tension
0
-200
T-Compression
-400 Shear
-600 L-Compression
-800
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
, deg
4.3.3 Tsai-Hill Theory
Hill extended the von Mises criterion for ductile anisotropic material.
Azzi-Tsai extended this equation to anisotropic fiber reinforced composites.
Failure occurs when the LHS of the following equation is
equal to or greater than one.
A 12 + B 22 + C 1 2 + D 62 = 1
2
+ 2 2 + 2 =1 F1 F2 F1 F6
F1 F2 F1 F6
12 22 1 2 62
2
+ 2 2 + 2 =1 x x
F1 F2 F1 F6
x2
x
We get the failure stress:
1 Cos 4 Sin 4 1 1
= + + Cos 2
Sin 2
For Tensile Stresses
x2 2
F1t 2
F2t F6 F1t
2 2
1 Cos 4 Sin 4 1 1
= + + 2 2
Cos 2Sin 2 For Compressive Stresses
x2 2
F1c 2
F2c F6 F1c
Uniaxial Strength of an Off-AxiLamina
Tsai-Hill & Tsai-Wu Theories
y x1
1200
1000
800 x x
600
Tsai-Hill x2
x 400
Tsai-Wu x
MPa
200
0
-200
-400 Tsai-Hill
-600 Tsai-Wu
-800
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
, deg
4.3.4 Tsai-Wu Theory
Tsai-Wu theory is a simplification of Goldenblat and Kapnovs generalized
failure theory for anisotropic materials. It is stated as
fi i + fij i j = 1 I,j=1,2,3,4,5,6
For plane-stress condition:
f1 1 + f 2 2 + f6 6 + f11 12 + f 22 22 + f66 62 + +2 f12 1 2 + 2 f16 1 6 + 2 f 26 2 6 = 1
1
f66 =
F62
1
f12 1
2 f11 f 22 or f12 = 21
F1t F1c F2t F2c
Application of Tsai-Wu Failure Criterion to Angle-Ply Laminate
Solution is:
b b 2 + 4a
x =
2a
Uniaxial Strength of an Off-AxiLamina
Tsai-Hill & Tsai-Wu Theories
y x1
1200
1000
800 x x
600
Tsai-Hill x2
x 400
Tsai-Wu x
MPa
200
0
-200
-400 Tsai-Hill
-600 Tsai-Wu
-800
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
, deg
3.4 Comparison of Failure Theories
Operational Required operational
Theory Physical basis
convenience convenience
Ductile behavior of
anisotropic Can be programmed
Deviatoric Different functions Biaxial testing is
materials -F2c
strain energy required for tensile needed in addition to
"Curve fitting" for Max. stress
(Tsai-Hill) heterogeneous and compressive uniaxial testing
strenghts Interactive theory
brittle composites