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1. The best and practical type of fluid to use as a replacement

in cases of intestinal obstruction is
a) Normal saline plus I/V potassium as required
b) Ringer lactate
c) Hartmann solution
d) Dextrose 5% plus potassium as required
e) Dextrose saline plus potassium as required
2. A patient underwent a right sided thoracotomy today. The
best form of postoperative pain relief for him/her, if available,
would be
a) I/V pethidine regularly
b) I/M pethidine regularly
c) I/M diclofenac regularly
d) I/V diclofenac regularly
e) Continuous epidural analgesia through an epidural
catheter
3. A patient underwent subtotal thyroidectomy for a huge
simple multinodular goiter today. You were called to the ward
because she is having difficulty breathing and stridor. There is
some swelling of the operation site. Your management will be
a) To call your senior to come and sort it out
b) To remove the stitches in the ward and evacuate any
haematoma present
c) To take the patient to theatre and remove the stitches
and explore the wound under anaesthesia
d) To give the patient I/V pethidine because she may be
in pain
e) To give the patient I/V diazepam because this may be
just a hysterical attack
4. A sitz bath is common procedure prescribed
postoperatively for patients with anorectal/ perineal conditions.
The patient should do it
 a) Once a day
b) Twice a day
c) Three times a day
d) Four times a day
e) As much as convenient, but specially after
defecation
5. The suitable size of a Foley catheter to use in an adult male
who has no urinary tract pathology would be
a) Size 10
b) Size 12
c) Size 14
d) Size 16
e) Size 18
6. The ideal fluid to use when filling the balloon of a Foley
catheter would be
a) Sterile distilled water
b) Normal saline
c) Dextrose 5%
d) Air
e) Antibiotic solution
7. You are about to catheterize an adult male. You have
available a whole tube containing 30 ml of lignocaine 2% gel. You
will
a) Use some of it on the external urinary meatus
b) Use some of it on the catheter tip
c) Squeeze out half of the contents of the tube down the
urethra through the external urinary meatus
d) Squeeze out all the contents of the tube down the
urethra through the external urinary meatus
e) Both a and b above
8. The minimum acceptable urine output in an adult patient
under continuous monitoring is
a) 30 ml per hour
 b) 1.5 liters per day
c) 1 ml per kg per hour
d) 0.5 ml per kg per hour
e) 2 ml per kg per hour
9. All the following procedures require full bowel preparation
except
a) Sigmoid colectomy
b) Abdominoperineal resection of the rectum
c) Closure of a sigmoid colostomy
d) Resection of a small bowel tumour
e) Elective CT scan abdomen
10. According to the Goodsall’s law of anal fistulae, if there is a
fistula in ano whose opening is in the 4 o’clock position, its
internal opening is expected to be
a) In the midline anteriorly
b) In the midline posteriorly
c) In the 4 o’clock position
d) In the 8 o’clock position
e) Absent , as it is likely to be just a sinus
11. When calculating the amount of fluid drained by an
underwater seal,
a) It is all the fluid from the zero mark up
b) It is all the fluid in the bottle
c) It is all the fluid in the bottle minus the fluid you put
in the bottle at the beginning
d) It is the fluid in the bottle plus the fluid in the tubes
e) It is not important to calculate
12. You are introducing a Foley catheter to an adult male
patient, urine started to appear from the distal end of the catheter
as expected, you will
a) Stop inserting the catheter and inflate the balloon
b) Insert the catheter till its end then inflate the balloon
 c) Insert the catheter a further few centimetres then
inflate the balloon
d) Inflate the balloon then pull the catheter slightly
e) Withdraw the catheter a few centimetres then inflate
the balloon
13. A 14 years old male fell down and fractured his left clavicle.
Your management would be
a) Take him to theatre for wiring of the fracture
b) Take him to theatre for fixation with a plate and
screws
c) Take to theatre for the insertion of percutaneous K-
wires
d) Refer him to another hospital for internal fixation
e) Prescribe him an arm sling/ holder as a definitive
treatment
14. A young child sustained a supracondylar fracture of his
right humerus. You suspect that he might have damaged his right
median nerve. All the following signs will support this except
a) Inability to oppose the thumb to the other fingers
b) Inability to flex the proximal interphalangeal joint of
the index
c) Inability to flex the distal interphalangeal joint of the
little finger
d) Inability to adduct the thumb
e) Loss of sensation over the thenar muscles
15. The suitable and convenient way to collect urine from a
paraplegic patient, who is confined to bed, is to
a) Use of a condom catheter
b) Use of an indwelling urethral catheter
c) Use of an indwelling suprapubic catheter
d) Use of clean intermittent self catheterization
e) Perform urinary diversion via an ileal conduit
16. The ideal treatment of an abscess is
 a) Conservative management and to await spontaneous
resolution
b) Surgical drainage at the time of presentation
c) The use of Ichthamol ointment to make the abscess
ripe
d) Aspiration using a syringe and a fine needle
e) Use of broad spectrum potent combination of
antibiotics
17. In which of the following sites is it most preferable to use a
local anaesthetic solution containing adrenaline
a) Fingers
b) Penis
c) Scalp
d) Thigh
e) Anterior abdominal wall
18. The advantage of adrenaline in a local anaesthetic solution
is
a) To prolong of the duration of action
b) To abolish the possibility of local anaesthetic toxicity
c) To enhance the pain killing effect of the local
anaesthetic solution
d) To speed the healing time of the wound
e) To decrease the incidence of infection
19. The maximum safe dose of lignocaine solution without
adrenaline is
a) 1 mg/ kg bodyweight
b) 2 mg/ kg bodyweight
c) 3 mg/ kg bodyweight
d) 4 mg/ kg bodyweight
e) 5 mg /kg bodyweight
20. When performing an operation under spinal anaesthesia,
which of the following signs is the most reliable that the
anaesthetic is acting adequately
 a) Waiting for 5-10 minutes after injection
b) Flushing of the limbs (vasodilatation)
c) Loss of motor activity in the lower limbs
d) Loss of touch sensation in the lower limbs
e) Loss of superficial pain sensation
21. Which of the following suture materials is the most suitable
to use for closing the rectus sheath at the end of a laparotomy?
a) Chromic catgut size 2
b) Vicryl (polyglycolide & polylactide)size 2
c) Vicryl (polyglycolide & polylactide) size zero
d) Prolene size 2
e) Prolene size zero
22. A cutting needle is used when suturing which of the
following structures?
a) Peritoneum
b) Muscles
c) Subcutaneous fat
d) Rectus sheath
e) Skin
23. A farmer presented to you with a 10 cm cut wound, which
he sustained 12 hours ago while working. The proper
management is
a) Immediate suturing
b) Delayed primary suturing
c) Secondary suturing
d) Subcuticular suturing
e) Use of tension sutures
24. A young previously healthy patient developed pain,
redness, and a serous discharge from an appendicectomy wound
on the 3rd postoperative day. The most likely cause would be
a) Too tight sutures
b) Leak of peritoneal fluid
 c) Wound infection
d) Normal postoperative event
e) Faecal fistula
25. While performing an appendicectomy you found the
appendix to be perforated with local sepsis. You removed it as
usual and started to close your incision. You will
a) Close the layers one by one as usual
b) Leave the peritoneum open, approximate the
muscles, leave the skin open
c) Leave the peritoneum open, leave the muscles
without approximation, and close the skin
d) Leave the wound completely open
e) Close the peritoneum, leave the muscles and close
the skin
26. The most important aspect of treatment of an infected
wound postoperatively is
a) Broad spectrum antibiotics
b) Culture and sensitivity then antibiotics
c) Local antibiotics
d) Suture removal and frequent dressings
e) Referral to a specialised unit e.g. plastic surgery
27. The haemoglobin of a patient who is to undergo an elective
surgery should be
a) Not less than 50%
b) Around 60%
c) More than 70%
d) Not less than 90%
e) Of any value as it does not affect the course of the
operation
28. The following operations necessitate the preparation of
blood, except
a) Mastectomy
b) Laparotomy
 c) Above knee amputation
d) Repair of a huge inguinal hernia
e) Repair of a huge incisional hernia
29. When performing a below knee amputation, the tibia should
be cut about
a) Less than 5 cm from the tibial tuberosity
b) 10-15 cm from the tibial tuberosity
c) At least 20 cm from the tibial tuberosity
d) Shorter than the fibula
e) The same length as the fibula
30. During an amputation the nerves should be
a) Cut with a sharp scalpel in line with the wound
b) Cut with scissors in line with the wound
c) Cut with scissors as deep as possible in the wound
d) Cut with a sharp scalpel as deep as possible in the
wound
e) Cut with a diathermy at any level desired
31. A patient underwent a below knee amputation six month
ago with a smooth postoperative period and has started to use a
prosthesis for two month now. He is complaining of a sharp
electrifying pain in the stump precipitated by any pressure on it.
The most likely cause would be
a) Deep seated infection
b) Too short bones in the stump
c) Neuroma (traumatic)
d) Loose pieces of bone
e) Implanted piece of suture material
32. All of the following findings differentiate a direct from an
indirect inguinal hernia except
a) Whether or not the hernia reaches the scrotum
b) The relation of the neck of the sac to the inferior
epigastric vessels
c) The relation of the sac to the spermatic cord
 d) The way and direction by which the patient reduces
the hernia
e) Whether the hernia remains reduced after reduction
and asking the patient to cough while occluding the deep
ring.
33. A valid indication for intravenous replacement of
potassium would be
a) Urgent correction required
b) Symptomatic hypokalaemia
c) A patient undergoing an elective surgery in two days
time
d) Postoperatively in a patient who a straight forward
appendicectomy
e) Both a and b above
34. A fissure in ano primarily causes
a) Pain
b) Itch
c) Bleeding
d) Back pain
e) Perianal swelling
35. Second degree internal haemorrhoids mainly cause
a) Pain
b) Bleeding
c) Perianal swelling
d) Perianal pruritus
e) Constipation
36. The lesions of mycetoma are characteristically
a) Painful
b) Painless
c) Warm
d) Cystic
e) Hard
37. The maximum amount of potassium chloride that can be
put in one unit (500 ml) of intravenous fluid is
a) 5 mmol
b) 10 mmol
c) 20 mmol
d) 30 mmol
e) 40 mmol
38. When infusing potassium chloride to a patient without an
ECG monitor, the maximum safe rate would be
a) 10 mmol/ hour
b) 20 mmol/ hour
c) 30 mmol/ hour
d) 40 mmol/ hour
e) 50 mmol/ hour
39. The amount of daily fluid requirement in a 70 kg male who
is not taking orally is
a) 30-40 ml/kg per day
b) 3-4 liters per day
c) 30-40 ml /kg per day plus ongoing losses e.g.
vomitus
d) 30-40 ml/ kg per day plus ongoing losses plus the
urine output of the day before
e) 30-40 ml/ kg per day plus the ongoing losses
adjusted according to the vital signs and renal function.
40. The daily requirement of sodium and chloride can be given
to a 70 kg fasting surgical patient postoperatively in the form of
a) One unit (500 ml) of normal saline per day
b) Two units of normal saline per day
c) Three units of normal saline per day
d) Four units of normal saline per day
e) Calculation of the deficit and giving it as sodium
bicarbonate by slow intravenous injection.
S M C M e d i c i n e Q u e s t i o n s

41. What is the most common cause of dysphagia?

a. achalasia

b. esophageal spasm

c. a lower esophageal ring (Schatzki ring)

d. nonspecific motor disorders

e. an esophageal stricture

42. What is malignant dysphagia usually related to?

a. a squamous cell carcinoma related to Barrett's esophagus

b. an adenocarcinoma related to Barrett's esophagus

c. a squamous cell carcinoma unrelated to Barrett's esophagus

d. an adenocarcinoma unrelated to Barrett's esophagus

e. none of the answers

43. What is the drug of choice in the treatment of achalasia?

a. a nitroglycerin derivative

b. a calcium channel blocker

c. a benzodiazepine

d. an antacid

e. any of the answers

44. Achalasia is characterized by which of the following?

a. transient relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter
b. decreased resting pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter

c. abnormal production of H+ in the stomach leading to acid-induced

damage in the lower and middle esophagus

d. loss of peristalsis and relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter

e. none of the answers

45. A 25-year-old male comes to your office with an I8-month

history of chronic abdominal pain. The patient has seen several
physicians and has been diagnosed as having a "nervous
stomach," irritable bowel syndrome, and "depression."
Associated with this abdominal pain for the last 3 months has
been nonbloody diarrhea, anorexia, and a weight loss of 20
pounds. He has developed a painful area around the anus.
On examination, the patient has diffuse abdominal tenderness. He
looks thin and unwell. He has a tender, erythematous area in the
right perirectal area.
What is the most likely diagnosis?

a. irritable bowel syndrome

b. Crohn's disease

c. ulcerative colitis

d. bacterial dysentery

e. amebiasis

46. Which of the following investigations is the most sensitive

test for confirming the diagnosis in this patient?
a. sigmoidoscopy

b. colonoscopy

c. barium enema

d. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen

e. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the abdomen

 47. Which of the following drugs is the most appropriate initial
therapy in the acute phase of the condition described in this
case?
a. prednisone

b. sulfasalazine

c. metronidazole

d. 6-mercaptopurine

e. azathioprine

48. Which of the following statements regarding complications

of the condition described in this Case is false?
a. rectal fissures, rectocutaneous fistulas, and perirectal abscesses are
common complications of this condition

b. arthritis is sometimes seen as a complication of this condition

c. erythema nodosum and pyoderma gangrenosum are sometimes

found with this condition

d. patients with this condition are not at increased risk of colorectal

cancer

e. none of the statements is false

49. With which of the following conditions is obesity most

commonly associated?
a. alveolar hypoventilation syndrome

b. hypertension

c. hyperlipidemia

d. diabetes mellitus

e. angina pectoris

50. The use of severe calorie-restricted diets (800 kcal/day)

has been responsible for many deaths. What is the most common
cause of death in these cases?
a. sudden cardiac dealth, secondary to dysrhythmia

b. congestive cardiac failure, secondary to anemia

c. hepatic failure

d. renal failure

e. septicemia

51. Which of the following theories has (have) been postulated

to explain the physiology of obesity?
a. fat-cell theory

b. lipoprotein-lipase theory

c. thermogenesis-brown adipose tissue theory

d. all of the answers

52. A 37-year-old male comes to your office for assessment of

"skipping heart beats." These skipped beats have been a concern
for the past 8 months. The patient reports no other symptoms
accompanying these skipped beats. Specifically, he reports no
increased sweating, no palpitations, no weight loss, no chest
pain, no pleuritic pain, and no anxiety.
On physical examination, his blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg. On
auscultation of his heart you observe that Sl and S2 are normal-there
are no extra sounds or murmurs. You hear about 5 premature beats
per minute.
What is the most commonly encountered "premature contraction?"
a. a ventricular premature beat

b. an atrial premature beat

c. atrial flutter

d. atrial fibrillation

53. Most atrial premature beats discovered on clinical

examination are:
a. associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
b. completely benign

c. associated with valvular heart disease

d. associated with an increase in cardiovascular mortality

54. Most ventricular premature beats discovered on clinical

examination are:
a. associated with COPD

b. completely benign

c. associated with valvular heart disease

d. associated with an increase in cardiovascular mortality

55. A 51-year-old male comes to the Emergency Department

with an acute episode of chest pain. He has a history of atrial
fibrillation. On examination, his blood pressure is 80/60 mm Hg
and his ventricular rate is approximately 160 bpm. He is in acute
distress. His respiratory rate is 32 breaths/min. His electrocardio-
gram (ECG) shows atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular
response.
What should your first step in management be?
a. digitalize the patient

b. give the patient intravenous (IV) verapamil

c. give the patient IV procainamide

d. cardiovert the patient with a direct current (DC)

e. start rapid IV hydration

56. A 44-year-old white male comes to the Emergency De-

partment complaining of palpitations. He denies chest pain and
shortness of breath. There is no history of known heart disease or
cardiac risk factors except for mild obesity. He does admit to
drinking heavily the night before at an office retirement party.
 On physical examination, his blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg and
his ventricular rate is again 160 bpm. His ECG confirms atrial fibrillation
with a rapid ventricular response.
What should you do at this patient?

a. digitalize the patient

b. treat the patient with IV verapamil

c. treat the patient with IV procainamide

d. cardiovert the patient

e. have him perform a Valsalva maneuver by rebreathing into a paper

bag

17. What is the recommended treatment for paroxysmal

supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) with hemodynamic compromise?

a. synchronized cardioversion

b. DC countershock

c. IV adenosine *

d. IV verapamil

e. IV digoxin

A 65-year old female is admitted to the Emergency Department with a

three hours history of cyanotic shortness of breath, and substernal
chest pain. She had been discharged 5 days earlier after having a total
hip replacement for severe osteoarthritis. The hip surgery was
uneventful.

On physical examination, the patient is in obvious acute respiratory

distress. Her respiratory rate is 40 breaths/min and her breathing is
labored. Her blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg. Cyanosis is present.
There appear to be decreased breath sounds in the lower lobe of the
right lung, as well as adventitious breath sounds in all lobes.

18. Based on the information provided, what is the most likely diagnosis
in this patient?
a. fat embolus

b. acute myocardial infarction

c. dissecting aortic aneurysm

d. acute pulmonary embolism *

e. cholesterol emboli syndrome

19. Which of the following scintigraphic findings is most sensitive in

diagnosing the condition just described?

a. no perfusion defects

b. two or more medium to large perfusion defects with no V /Q

mismatch

c. two or more medium to large perfusion defects with V /Q mismatch *

d. a single medium or large perfusion defect with V /Q mismatch

20. On clinical examination of a patient with the precursor condition

leading to the ultimate diagnosis as just described, which of the
following statements is true?

a. clinical examination is diagnostic in every case

b. clinical examination is, in most cases, diagnostic

c. clinical examination is of some value but has low sensitivity and low
specificity *

d. clinical examination is of no value

e. nobody really knows for sure

21. Which of the following blood gas combinations occurs most

commonly in the condition just described?

a. decreased P02 and decreased PC02 *

b. decreased P02 and increased PC02

c. increased P02 and increased PC02

d. increased P02 and decreased PC02

22. What is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality among
hospitalized immobile patients?

a. myocardial infarction

b. cerebrovascular accident

c. deep venous thrombosis (DVT) / pulmonary embolism (PE) *

d. nosocomial infection

23. What is (are) the drug(s) of choice for patients with a documented
pulmonary embolus?

a. continuous intravenous (IV) heparin

b. intermittent IV heparin

c. intermittent subcutaneous heparin

d. any of the answers *

24. Which of the following is evidence of adequate anticoagulation with

heparin in patients with DVT/PE?

a. partial thromboplastin time (PTT) 1.2 times that of the control

b. PTT 1.4 times that of the control

c. PTT 1.5 to 2.0 times that of the control *

d. PTT 2.0 to 3.0 times that of the control

25. What is the diagnostic procedure of choice for a patient who comes
to the Emergency Department with "a swollen leg" and has one or more
of the following risk factors: prolong immobilization, long leg fracture,
pregnancy and malignancy?
a. pulmonary angiography

b. pelvic vein ultrasound

c. impedance plethysmography

d. V IQ scan *

e. MRI scan

A 24-year-old woman develops wheezing and shortness of breath when

she is exposed to cold air or when she is exercising. These symptoms
are becoming worse.

26. Which of the following is the prophylactic agent of choice for the
treatment of asthma in these circumstances?

a. inhaled β2-agonists *

b. oral aminophylline

c. inhaled anticholinergics

d. inhaled sodium cromoglycate

e. oral corticosteroids

A 25-year-old schoolteacher comes to a walk-in clinic with nausea,

vomiting, anorexia, aversion to her usual two-pack-a-day tobacco habit,
and right upper quadrant pain. She has been sick for the past 3 days.
Two of the students in her class have corne down with similar
symptoms. She has had no exposure to blood products and has no
other significant risk factors for sexually transmitted disease.

On examination, her sclerae are icteric and her liver edge is tender. She
looks acutely ill.

27. What is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?

a. hepatitis A*
b. hepatitis B

c. hepatitis C

d. atypical infectious mononucleosis

28. Which of the following tests is the most sensitive in confirming the
diagnosis suspected in this patient?

a. anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV)-immunoglobulin G (IgG)

b. anti-HAV-irnrnunoglobulin M (IgM)*

c. HA V core antigen

d. anti-hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg)

e. anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV)

29. Initial screening for hepatitis B should include which of the

following?

a. anti-hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HBc

b. hepatitis B early antigen (HBeAg) and anti HBe

c. HBsAg and anti-HBs

d. HBsAg and anti-HBc *

e. anti-HBe and anti-HBc

A 75-year-old male diagnosed with stage 0 cancer of the prostate 6

months ago comes to your office. He has been asymptomatic for the
past 6 months, but last week he began to develop severe pain in the
lower lumbar spine. He also appears quite pale.

On examination his prostate is rock-hard. He has tender lumbar

,yertebrae L2 to L5. Your suspicions of metastatic bone disease are
confirmed when a technetium-99 bone scan shows increased uptake of
radionuclide in L2-LS and in both femurs, both tibias, and both humeri.

30. What is the treatment of first choice at this time?

a. high-dose morphine sulfate

b. high-dose hydromorphone

c. trans dermal fentanyl

d. palliative radiotherapy to the lumbar spine *

e. acetaminophen-hydrocodone

31. You institute appropriate therapy for this patient. He quickly

becomes pain free and remains that way for 6 months. He then returns
with cervical, thoracic, and lumbar back pain; bilateral thigh pain;
bilateral knee and leg pain; and pain in both shoulders and both arms
(diffuse). Therapeutic options at this time include which of the
following?

a. intravenous (IV) chlodrinate

b. IV radioactive strontium

c. morphine sulfate

d. hydromorphone

e. all of the answers *

32. Which of the following pharmacologic agents is the drug of first

choice for the treatment of mild metastatic bone pain?

a. morphine sulfate

b. hydromorphone

c. fentanyl

d. nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) *

e. carbamazepine

33. A patient is being treated for breast cancer with adjuvant

chemotherapy after a lumpectomy. One of the drugs she is taking is
cisplatin. She develops intractable nausea and vomiting while on this
drug.
Which of the following antiemetics is the drug of first choice for this
patient?

a. prochlorperazine

b. ondansetron *

c. dimenhydrinate

d. metoclopramide

e. dexamethasone

A 17-year-old female comes to your office with her mother. Her mother
tells you that her daughter has lost 20 pounds in the last 6 months. In
addition, she has been increasingly thirsty and has been experiencing a
significantly increased frequency of urination. The patient has been
feeling generally well, but she complains that her breath smells "funny."

On examination, the patient is well below the fifth percentile for weight.
She looks thin and pale. Her blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg. She has a
few anterior cervical and axillary nodes measuring 1.0 cm. Her abdomen
is slightly tender. No other abnormalities are found.

34. If you could order only one test, which would it be?

a. urine for protein and glucose

b. fingerstick blood sugar level *

c. serum electrolytes

d. blood gases

e. complete blood count

35. Which of the following statements regarding the diagnosis of the

above disorder is (are) true?

a. this disorder is confirmed if the fasting level of the particular

substance exceeds 125 mg/ dl on two occasions

b. this disorder is confirmed if the venous plasma level of the particular

substance exceeds 200 mg/ dl on one occasion in the presence of
symptoms
c. this disorder is confirmed if, following a 3-hour test, two values
measuring the particular substance exceed 200 mg/ dl

d. all of the answers *

36. Which of the following conditions is most closely associated with

the described disorder?

a. hypercholesterolemia

b. hypothyroidism

c. hypertriglyceridemia *

d. obesity

e. cholelithiasis

37. What is the best measure of long-term control of the disease

described?

a. urine sugar levels

b. daily blood sugar levels (3 or 4 times per day)

c. hemoglobin AlC *

d. hemoglobin F

e. no microvascular or macrovascular complications

38. The hemoglobin AIC should be below what value to be of use in

predicting the development of microvascular and macrovascular com-
plications?

a.3.5%

b.5.0%

c. 7.2% *

d.9.0%

e. 10.0%
A 27-year-old type 1 diabetic comes to your office for her regular 3-
month checkup. Your urine dipstick shows proteinuria. A 24-hour urine
measurement produces a protein reading of 150 mg.

39. What should your next management step be?

a. do nothing; this is microalburninuria

b. do nothing; this is still considered normal

c. start the patient on an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

*

d. change the patient's diet-decrease protein by 10% a day

e. refer the patient to a diabetologist

40. Which one of the following statements regarding diet and diabetes is
false?

a. diet is basic in the treatment of all diabetics

b. new evidence suggests that diabetics do not have to avoid foods that
contain simple carbohydrates *

c. the diabetic on insulin therapy must have three meals plus a bedtime
snack at fixed times each day

d. the diabetic on insulin therapy should have frequent snacks

e. the diabetic on insulin should have a fixed caloric distribution

41. What is the average starting insulin dose for a newly diagnosed
diabetic?

a. 2 to 4 units

b. 6 to 8 units

c. 10 to 12 units

d. 15 to 20 units *
e. 20 to 30 units

A 24-year-old male comes to your office with an extreme feeling of

weakness, a 20-pound weight loss, a change in the color of his skin (his
skin has become very hyperpigmented), lightheadedness, and
dizziness.

On examination, the patient has a definite change in skin color since

you last saw him 9 months ago. His blood pressure is 90170 mm Hg and
he looks acutely ill.

On laboratory examination, his serum Na + level is low (115 mEq/L); his

serum potassium level is high (6.2 mEq/L); his urea level is elevated at
9.0 mg/dl; and his serum calcium level is elevated (12.0 mgl dl).

42. On the basis of this history, physical examination, and laboratory

findings, what is the most likely diagnosis of this patient?

a. Conn's syndrome

b. Cushing's syndrome

c. Addison's syndrome *

d. primary hyperparathyroidism

e. primary pituitary failure

43. What is the most likely cause for this patient's symptoms?

a. overstimulation of the adrenal gland

b. an adrenal adenoma

c. autoimmune destruction of the hyperparathyroid glands

d. autoimmune destruction of the adrenal gland *

e. a pituitary adenoma
44. What is the acute treatment of choice for this patient?

a. prednisone orally

b. dexamethasone orally

c. intravenous (IV) cortisol *

d. IV ACTH

e. intramuscular (1M) depo-provera

Ovulation is associated with:

A. Low oestradiol level.

B. Two degrees rise in body temperature.
C. a prior 24 hrs rise of progesterone.
D. *L H surge which occurs 38 hrs before.
E. copious watery vaginal discharge.

Primary amenorrhea is due to:

A. high Gn RL
B. Anorexia nervosa
C. Hypoprolactinaemia.
D. Sheehan disease.
E. *Congenitally absent uterus.

A 28 years old married female reported with 50 days of secondary

amenorrhea. The following is the best test for diagnosis:

A. Progesterone blood level.

B. Prolactin blood level.
C. *Circulating B subunit of h c G
D. L H & FSH hormone level
E. Ultrasonography.
 A 20 years old female reported complaining of failure to conceive one
year after her marriage. The first diagnostic test to be done is:

A. U.S
B. Hysteroscopy.
C. *Semen analysis.
D. Hysterosalpingraphy.
E. Endometrial biopsy for histopathology.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome presents as:

A. Infertility.
B. Metrorrhagia.
C. *Amenorrhea.
D. Galactorrhoea.
E. Loss of body hair.

Miscarriage or pregnancy loss:

A. Occurs in about 25-40% of all pregnancies.

B. *is defined as termination of pregnancy before 28th
week of gestation.

C. Does not increase maternal mortality rate.

D. Tends to become recurrent.
E. Is associated with mental disorders.

Miscarriage is caused by:

A. E. coli.
B. Cervical stenosis.
C. Hypersecretion of LH.
D. Hyperoestrogenaemia.
E. *Plasmodium falciparum.

Missed abortion is associated with:

A. High levels of h C G.
B. An enlarged uterus.
C. A normal gestation sac.
D. *Absent foetal heart on ultrasound.
E. A brownish vaginal discharge.
Ectopic pregnancy:

A. *Is a leading cause of maternal mortality in the first

trimester.
B. Commonly occurs in the ovary and peritoneum.
C. Is caused by the rapidly growing fertilized ovum.
D. Usually presents with mild symptoms.
E. |is treated conservatively in 90% of eases.

A woman in the reproductive age suffering from infertility due to

polycystic ovary disease is best treated by:

A. Cryosurgery of the ovary.

B. *Climophine citrate tabs.
C. Rupture of the cyst by cautery.
D. Wedge resection of the ovaries.
E. Weight reduction.

During the first trimester of pregnancy the following is true:

A. *There is a significant increase in the heart rate.

B. The total cardiac output increases by 25 percent.
C. As a result of the increase of the blood volume there is
haemodilution.
D. The blood pressure rises by 10-15 degrees.
E. There is a marked increase in the thyroid function.

The following is a cause of congenital malformation when taken during

early pregnancy:

A. Tetracycline.
B. 17 hydroxyprogesterone.
C. *Methotrexate.
D. Folic acid.
E. Testosterone.

Antepartum haemorrhage:
 A. *is any bleeding from the genital tract after 28 weeks of
gestation?
B. is a leading cause of maternal mortality in Europe.
C. does not affect foetal morbidity & mortality.
D. is not associated with a rise of blood pressure.
E. is not affected by blood dyscrasias.

The following are documented risk factors for placenta praevia except:

A. Previous caesarean section.

B. Multiple pregnancy.
C. *Primigravidity.
D. Previous dilatation & curettage.
E. Spontaneous abortion & evacuation.

Placenta praevia presents with:

A. Acute abdominal pain.

B. Heavy vaginal bleeding.
C. Absent foetal heart.
D. *Abnormal foetal presentation and lie.
E. Tense and tender abdomen.

The most accurate method of diagnosing placenta praevia is:

A. Transabdominal ultrasonography.
B. Clinical obstetric examination.
C. *Vaginal examination in the theatre under anesthesia.

C. X-Ray of the pelvis- standing lateral.

D. Transvaginal ultrasonography.

The main principles of management in the obvious case of placental

abruption are the following except:

A. Adequate blood transfusion.

B. Adequate analgesia.
C. *Delivery after 36 weeks of gestation.
D. Detailed monitoring of maternal condition.
E. Assessment of foetal condition.

Placental abruption:
 A. is associated with malpresentation.
B. *is the premature separation of a normally sited placenta.
C. can not be diagnosed on clinical evidence.
D. inevitably needs confirmation by ultrasonography.
E. does not lead to hypofibrinoginaemia.

Placental abruption is associated with the following risk factors except:

A. Hypertension and PIH.

B. Advanced maternal age.
C. *Heart disease during pregnancy.
D. Grandmultiparity and chorioamnionitis.
E. Cigarette smoking.

Bleeding from the following condition is not a serious threat to maternal

life:

A. Placenta praevia.
B. Hypofibrinogaemia.
C. *Vasa praevia.
D. Ruptured ectopic pregnancy.
E. Placenta increta.

Maternal mortality ratio is:

A. The number of women who die during birth in one year.

B. The number of female deaths in the reproductive age per
100,000 births.
C. *The number of deaths of women in relation to pregnancy
and child birth per 100,000 live birth.
D. The number of female deaths due to direct obstetrical
causes expressed per 1000 births.
E. The number of female deaths during pregnancy after the
28th week of gestation, labour or peuperaim related to 100,000
births.

The following is not a direct cause of maternal mortality:

A. Bleeding from ruptured ectopic pregnancy.

B. *Cerebral malaria during pregnancy.
C. Eclampsia.
D. Amniotic fluid embolism.
E. Postpartum blecdmg.
The following is not a common cause of maternal mortality in Sudan:

A. Eclampsia.
B. *Pulmonary embolism.
C. Abortion.
D. Placental abruption.
E. Puerperal psychosis

Stillbirth is caused by:

A. anemia with pregnancy.

B. *placental abruption.
C. malaria with pregnancy.
D. rupture of the membranes at 35-36 week of gestation.
E. exposure to radiation in early pregnancy.

This is true about maternal mortality in Sudan:

A. *It is estimated as 520 per 100,000 live birth.

B. Its major cause is thrombi- embolism.
C. It has been decreasing in the last ten years.
D. AIDS is one of its major causes.
E. Most of the deaths take place in hospitals.

The following is not a risk factor associated with small for dates:

A. Advancing maternal age.

B. Low socio-economic status.
C. Cigarette smoking.
D. *Family history of diabetes mellitus.
E. Chronic renal disease.

The following is an indication for artificial rupture of membranes:

A. Placenta praevia type II Posterior.

B. Prolonged first stage of labour in a patient with previous LSCS.
C. *Imminent eclampsia.
D. Preterm labour at 35 weeks of gestation.
E. Primigravida for a trial of lab our.
The following is a cause of death in eclampsia:

A. Renal failure.
B. Intracranial hemorrhage.
C. *Ketoacidosis.
D. Maternal asphyxia.
E. Heart failure.

Normal spontaneous labour is initiated by the following:

A. Increasing level of oestrogen.

B. Decreasing sensitivity of uterine muscle cells to oxytocin.
C. Sustained rising level of progesterone.
D. *No single identifiable factor.
E. Rising level of androgen produced by foetal adrenal gland.

The following cause relaxation of uterine contraction:

A. Ferrous fumarate.
B. Syntometrin.
C. *General anaesthesia.
D. Magnesium sulphate.
E. Folic acid.

The following is not a condition to be fulfilled when applying obstetric

forceps:

A. Fully dilated cervix.

B. *The consent of the patient.
C. Well known position of the occiput
D. Ruptured membranes.
E. Local or regional anaesthesia.

Preterm labour:

A. is lab our be four 39th week of gestation.

B. is not related to physical trauma.
C. *has no identifiable single specific cause.
D. can not be iatrogenic.
E. is related to foetal abnormal lie.

Preterm labour is not caused by the following:

 A. Hydramnios.
B. Multiple pregnancy.
C. Placental abruption.
D. *Intravenous saline.
E. External cephalic version.

Pregnancy induced hypertension:

A. is diagnosed at the booking clinic.

B. is a preventable condition.
C. *is diagnosed during the second half of pregnancy.
D. is not a common health problem.
E. when neglected is less dangerous on the
mothers life than the fetus.

Kielland obstetric forceps:

A. is the short curved forceps.

B. *is used for rotation and traction.
C. is the least traumatic forceps.
D. should be used when the patent is under general anaesthesia.
E. has no sliding lock.

Wrigley’s obstetric forceps:

A. is the long curved forceps.

B. *is used for delivery of the after coming head.
C. must be used without analgesia.
D. can be used for rotation when the head is in the midpelvic cavity.
E. has a sliding lock.

The following is an indication for LSCS:

A. Grandmultiparity with breech.

B. Vaginal bleeding due to placenta praevia with uterine
contractions.
C. Placenta praevia type II anterior.
D. *Transverse lie during labour.
E. Previous LSCS in a para one done for a non- recurrent cause.
The following are complications of LSCS except:

A. Iujury to the bowels.

B. Injury to the bladder.
C. Anuria.
D. *Failure to breast feed.
E. Amniotic fluid embolism.

The following is a feature of unripe cervix:

A. Soft.
B. Central in position.
C. Well applied to the presenting part.
D. *Thin.
E. Tightly closed.

The partograph monitors and records the following except:

A. Maternal vital signs.

B. Cervical dilatation.
C. Uterine contractions.
D. *Number of foetal kicks.
E. Foetal heart pattern.

3. Which of the following are TRUE with regard to normal

labour:

a) Labour commences with onset of regular painful

contractions in the presence of a dilated cervix

b) Retraction of the head during the second stage

suggests an undiagnosed malposition

c) The average time for the second stage is one hour in

the multiparous woman

d) The second stage includes both a latent and active

stage

*e) Signs of placental separation include a gush of bright

red placental blood

4. Which of the following is associated with profuse painless

vaginal bleeding in the third trimester?

a) abruptio placenta

b) umbilical cord prolapse

c) degenerating fibroid

d) placental insufficiency

*e) placenta previa

5. Which of the following is NOT a prerequisite to the use of

forceps in obstetrical delivery?

a) patient must be fully dilated

*b) full bladder

c) adequate anaesthesia

d) position of fetus known

e) ruptured membranes

12. All of the following are prerequisites for labour

suppression (tocolysis) EXCEPT:

a) intact membranes

b) live fetus

c) absence of fetal distress

*d) no dilatation

e) necessary personnel if tocolysis fails

10. When prescribing the oral contraceptive pill (OCP), which

of the following should be done:

a) Inform patients that the OCP protects against STDs

*b) Perform breast, abdominal and pelvic exams and

assess blood pressure

c) Warn patients that their risk of dysmenorrhea is

increased

d) Perform a complete physical exam after taking a

thorough sexual history

e) Perform a Beta-HCG test prior to prescribing OCP

A 45 year old lady presents after a 6 week history of a painful neck. The
pain is described as shooting in nature and severe. Now she describes
a 3 day history of right arm weakness Examination reveals weakness on
right shoulder abduction and right elbow flexion . Reflexes in her right
arm are all absent apart from triceps. There are no sensory findings. The
remainder of the examination is normal. The most likely diagnosisis:

a) CVA

b) cervical myelopathy

*c) brachial neuritis

d) radial nerve palsy

e) frozen shoulder

You examine a 78 year old right handed man who is dysphasic and has
suffered from a stroke. Which one of the following clinical signs would
you expect to find?

a) Left extensor plantar

b) Left homonymous hemianopia

c) Left sided hemiplegia

*d) Right homonymous hemianopia

e) Right lower motor neurone VIIth nerve palsy.

The following can cause bradycardia except

a) hypothermia
b) hypothyroidism

*c) severe anaemia

d) subdural haematoma

e) shock

The following drugs reduce gastric acid secretion except

*a) aluminium hydroxide

b) omeprazole

c) cimetidine

d) misoprostol

Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with

a) subdural haematoma

b) parotid gland enlargement

c) gynaecomastia

d) myopathy

*e) all of the above

Which of the following is the most likely incubation period in food

poisoning caused by Enterotoxigenic E. Coli?

a) less than 1 hour

b) 2-6 hours

c) 8-22 hours

*d) 12-72 hours

e) 3-5 days
A 42-year-old man with acute renal failure is confused. His serum
potassium is 8.1 mEq/L . The most likely abnormal ECG finding is

a) T wave inversion

b) PR interval of 300ms

c) QT interval of 0.4s

d) U wave

*e) tall tented T waves

Atrial septal defect without pulmonary hypertension typically causes :

a) Loud first heart sound

b) Raised jugular venous pressure (JVP)

*c) Loud P2 second heart sound

d) Loud A2 second heart sound

e) Displaced apex beat

A 55 year old woman complains to her general practitioner of a

progressive difficulty of holding objects with her left hand. She also
admitted to swallowing difficulties over the past 6 months. On
examination the physician noted signs of lower motor neurone
involvement . An initial diagnostic test in the work up of this patient
should include one of the following

a) barium swallow

*b) Electromyography

c) CT scan of the spine

d) MRI of the spine

e) MRI of the brain

A 60 years old man with severe hypertension presents with a history of

palpitations complains of a painful big toe that appeared overnight
abruptly. On physical examination his blood pressure was 190/125.
Upon review of his ECG it was found that he has an atrial tachycardia.

What is the most appropriate treatment for this patient

a) Propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide

b) Propranolol and furosemide

*c) Propranolol and enalapril

d) Verapamil and furosemide

e) Verapamil and hydrochlorothiazide

an epileptic on hypertensive treatment develops acute hemorrhagic

pancreatitis. Which medication is the most likely cause ?

a) Nitroglycerin

b) Propranolol

c) Nifedipine

d) Verapamil

*e) Sodium Valproate

A 18 year old intravenous drug user has the sudden onset of fever and
chills. He has pain in his right knee. Movement of his knee causes pain.
He denies any trauma to his knee. On physical examination, his knee is
red and warm. Laboratory investigations are done. His white blood
count is 15,000 cu/mm, rheumatoid factor is negative, uric acid is within
normal limits. An aspiration of his knee joint is planned to be done.
What is the likely diagnosis?

a) rheumatoid arthritis

b) osteoarthritis
*c) suppurative arthritis

d) gout

e) ankylosing spondylitis

A middle aged woman is suspected of having a coagulation disorder

affecting the intrinsic pathway before the prothrombin to thrombin
stage. Which one of the following tests would be most appropriate in
this patient ?

*a) Activated partial thromboplastin time

b) Venous clotting time

c) Activated whole blood clotting time

d) Thrombin time

e) Plasma fibrinogen

A young girl is diagnosed with rheumatic fever. All of the following

manifestations are recognised as part of the Jones major criteria for
diagnosis of rheumatic fever except

a) migratory polyarthritis of large joints

b) carditis

c) erythema marginatum

d) sydenham's chorea

e) elevated ASO titers

The following are recognised causes of body hair loss except

a) hypothyroidism

b) anorexia nervosa

c) haemochromatosis

*d) Cushing's syndrome

e) (Sheehan's syndrome) post partum pituitary necrosis

A 65 year-old newly-diagnosed hypertensive male is

about to begin anti-hypertensive medication. Which of

the following should you NOT prescribe as first-line

therapy:

a) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor

b) long acting dihydropyridine

*c) beta-adrenergic antagonist

d) low dose thiazide diuretic

e) high dose hydrochlorothiazide

Group A Strep is least likely to cause which of the

following complications:

a) scarlet fever

b) necrotizing faciitis

c) impetigo

*d) subacute bacterial endocarditis

e) glomerulonephritis

Severe bloody, afebrile diarrhea is associated with what

bacterial infection?

a) Salmonella infection

b) Enteroinvasive E.coli infection

*c) Enterohemorrhagic E. coli infection

d) Enterotoxigenic E. coli infection

e) Giardiasis

A 22 year old woman with a history of type 1 diabetes

mellitus is brought to the emergency room in coma.

Blood tests indicate a wide anion gap metabolic

acidosis. If her metabolic acidosis is due solely to

diabetic ketoacidosis, which of the following findings is

NOT consistent:

a) blood glucose increased

b) serum ketones increased

*c) serum osmolar gap increased

d) extracellular fluid volume reduced

e) urine dip positive for ketones

Which of the following is not an aggravating factor of congestive

heart failure?

a) hypertension

b) thyrotoxicosis

c) alcohol

*d) inactivity

e) arrhythmia
A child aged 4 years has had fever, malaise, vomiting and right-sided
abdominal pain for 48 hours. The following are likely diagnoses except :

a) acute pyelonephritis

b) shigella dysentry

c) ascaris lumbricoides infestation, if the child is living in the tropics

*d) right sided abdominal tumour

e) lobar pneumonia

Recognised features of tender scrotal swelling in infancy include all of

the following except:

a) inguinal hernia

b) epididymo-orchitis

c) breech delivery

d) torsion of testis

*e) teratoma

The following statements regarding retinoblastoma are correct except :

*a) it is usually fatal even if diagnosis is made early

b) the tumour is heritable

c) it may occur bilaterally

d) the finding of leucorrhoea suggests the diagnosis

e) it may present with heterochromia iris

Which one of the following skills would be expected of a 7 month old

infant but not of a 5 month old infant?

a) crawls

b) smiles socially

c) controls bowel and bladder

*d) sits unsupported

e) raises head while prone

Acute bronchiolitis is associated with all of the following except

a) a higher incidence in infants than in school children

b) respiratory syncitial virus infection

c) widespread fine crackles

*d) a polymorphonuclear leucocytosis

In childhood, hypokalaemic alkalosis is a recognised finding:

a) in a baby given feeds that are too concentrated

*b) in congenital pyloric stenosis

c) in cystic fibrosis

d) following urinary diversion

e) in renal failure

Psychosis in children is suggested by all of the following except

a) absence of speech

b) intense outbursts of temper

*c) sudden onset of stuttering

d) feelings of depersonalisation

Progressive spinal muscular atrophy of infancy presents with all of the

following except

a) severe generalised weakness

b) fasiculations seen in the tongue

*c) loss of spinothalamic tract function

d) spontaneous fibrillation on electromyography

An infant aged 16 months was referred for assessment of suspected

mental retardation. Which one of the following findings is outside the
normal range?

a) He does not scribble spontaneously with pencil on paper.

b) He does not walk alone.

c) "Ma" and "Dada" are the only words which are clearly recognizable.

d) He is unable to build a tower of 4 cubes.

*e) He is unable to throw an object.

A 6 month-old infant presents in the winter with fever, cough,

wheezing, tachypnea and decreased appetite. A chest

radiograph shows hyperaeration and streaky perihilar infiltrates

bilaterally. You diagnose bronchopneumonia. Which organism

would most likely be causing this child's infection?

a) Chlamydia pneumoniae
b) Mycoplasma pneumoniae

c) Streptococcus pneumoniae

d) Haemophilus influenzae

*e) respiratory syncytial virus

A 12 month-old girl is brought to the emergency department for the

second time in 2 days for vomiting and passage of 8 to 10 watery stools

per day.

Of the following, which provides the best estimate of the

patient’s volume deficit:

*a) weight change since the beginning of the illness

b) hydration of mucous membranes, skin turgor, and

level of consciousness

c) pulse, blood pressure, and peripheral capillary filling time

d) serum electrolytes

e) serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels

A 12 month-old girl is brought to the emergency department for the

second time in 2 days for vomiting and passage of 8 to 10 watery stools

per day.

The patient has lost 0.6 kg. She is moderately lethargic and has

dry mucous membranes and reduced skin turgor. Blood pressure is

80/40 mm Hg, and pulse is 120 per minute; capillary refill is

reasonably brisk. Lab studies reveal: sodium 131, potassium 4.8,

chloride 101, bicarbonate 16 mEq/L, urea nitrogen 24 mg/dL and

creatinine 0.6 mg/dL. The best strategy for managing this child

is to:
*a) hospitalize for administration of IV fluid therapy

b) administer an oral rehydrating solution while the

child is under medical supervision for 4-6 hours

c) instruct the parents about oral rehydration at home

d) hospitalize after giving 20 mL/kg of 0.9% saline IV

e) instruct parents on use of soy formula

Which of the following investigations is most helpful in the

assessment of a child presenting with an acute asthma attack, who

responds poorly to treatment?

a) white cell count and differential

*b) arterial blood gases

c) chest x-ray

d) pulmonary function tests

e) sweat chloride test

A 6 year-old boy is brought to emergency with a 5 day history of

fever, cough, and poor appetite, but no vomiting. On exam, he

appears unwell, is febrile, and has crusty nasal discharge and a

wet-sounding cough. Chest x-ray reveals a pulmonary infiltrate in the

right middle lobe. He is admitted to hospital for pneumonia. What is

the best management for this child?

a) observe for 24 hours with IV fluids only

b) observe for 24 hours with IV fluids and acetaminophen

c) give oral amoxicillin and acetaminophen

d) give IV ampicillin and oral acetaminophen

*e) give oral erythromycin and acetaminophen

In comparing breast milk and formula, which of the following

statements is NOT correct:

*a) breast milk has a higher percentage of protein

b) breast milk has whey:casein ratio of 60:40

c) breast milk contains leukocytes, complement and lysozymes

d) breast milk has a lower concentration of iron than iron

fortified formulae

e) breast milk has an optimal calcium:phosphorus ratio of 2:1

Most umbilical hernias in children:

a) need strapping

*b) resolve spontaneously

c) require elective surgery

d) require immediate surgery

e) are associated with a higher incidence of inguinal hernias

A newborn male spits up his first feeding and develops bilious

emesis with subsequent feedings. On physical exam he appears ill,

has a scaphoid abdomen and absent bowel sounds. Abdominal x-ray

shows air in the proximal small bowel, but a paucity of air in the

distal digestive tract. The most likely cause for this infant's vomiting

and clinical finding is:

a) antral web

b) choledochal cyst

c) Hirschsprung disease

d) tracheoesophageal fistula
*e) volvulus

Breastfeeding is contraindicated if the mother has:

a) acute EBV infection

b) acute HepA infection

c) chronic HepB infection

*d) asymptomatic HIV infection

e) none of the above

Central cyanosis in the newborn infant is most often caused by:

a) congenital heart disease

*b) lung disease

c) central nervous system disease

d) methemoglobinemia

e) hypoglycemia

Which of the following is the most significant risk factor for the

development of childhood asthma:

a) family social background

*b) parental asthma

c) stress in the family

d) parental smoking

e) presence of pets in the house3

Which of the following statements about sickle cell disease is true?

a) all patients with sickle cell disease have a homozygous HbSS

genotype
*b) sickle cell disease causes a severe chronic anemia that is not

routinely transfusion dependent

c) patients have increased susceptibility to infection by

nonencapsulated organisms

d) patients usually present with sickle cell crises within one

month of age

e) splenic dysfunction usually does not occur until the child

enters his/her teens

Which of the is more characteristic of platelet abnormalities and

not coagulation defects?

a) hematomas

b) hemarthrosis

*c) petechiae

d) minimal bleeding from small cuts

e) positive family history

When prophylactic antibiotic therapy is used for tooth

extraction in a patient with a ventricular septal defect:

a) therapy is started 24 hours prior to the procedure

b) a throat swab should be taken prior to the procedure

c) a second generation cephalosporin (cefuroxime) is the

therapy of choice
d) therapy is given for one week following the extraction

*e) erythromycin is the drug of choice for those allergic to penicillin

Which of the following predisposes infants to chronic otitis media?

a) bottle-feeding in upright position

b) abnormal tympanic membrane formation

*c) environmental factors such as daycare and passive smoking

d) allergies

e) none of the above